Unicellular d- cell

→ increasing size .

multicellular →
increasing d- cell size
4
number of all
9- 2
Apoptosis
Introduction of mechanisms
:
Apoptosis • There are a number through which

Apoptosis programmed cell death is normal

component of the apoptosis be induced cells
•
, or a can in .

of
development y health multicellular organisms Me The sensitivity of cells to
any of these stimuli can
.

of of factors
Cells die in
response to variety stimuli
y during apoptosis vary depending on a number such as the
•
a

they do
Lso in a controlled .
regulated fashion .
expression of pro -

ly anti-apoptotic proteins
•
This makes
apoptosis distinct from another form of cell death called leg .
the Bet -2
proteins or the Inhibitor of Apoptosis

of cells Proteins ) severity of

necrosis in which uncontrolled cell death leads to
lysis , , the the stimulus
} the
stage
inflammatory responses by potentially . to serious health
problems .
of the cell cycle .

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✗

)
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eg :
lancing mavis an
Mati
↳ kwsu hitam g- dipoforg -
gangrene
usually Kevin kaki

Apoptosis by contrast is cells active

•
. a
process in which
play an

role in their death C which often

own
↳ Kalan
is
why apoptosis is

✗ dimatikan . akan
gadi cancer cell mutation : delete sambung batik ,

referred to as cell suicide ) .

by then jadi abnormal

the cells to eg
:
orgyibekeya dim biding radiation
Upon receiving specific signals instructing undergo
,

*
akandirehalcanskjp → lain
Kaia ktsektor

of distinctive the
apoptosis , a number changes occur in

GÉmatÉÉxfragment
bell -

↳ supposedly rantai panjang E✗thn8io8ignatsh✓ variety of stimuli )

c.
also called as

&
ligand molecule

* A
family of proteins known as
caspases are
typically 1) In some cases the apoptotic stimuli comprise aexiñnsic

activated in the early stages of apoptosis .

±s such as the
binding of death inducing ligands to cell

cellular
* These
proteins breakdown or cleave
key components surface receptors called death receptors .

for normal cellular function either be

that are
required including a) These ligands can soluble factors or can be

the surface of the cells

structural
proteins in the
cytoskeleton } nuclear
proteins expressed on such as

such as DNA
repair enzymes
.

cytotoxic T lymphocytes .

* The caspases can also activate other degradative 3) The latter occurs when T-cells
recognized damaged
DNases which virus infected cells from
enzymes such as ,
begin to cleave DNA or
becoming neoplastic
C. cancerous ) infected cells from
in the nucleus or rims
spreading
-
.

the infection .