Stress Transformation
Plane Stress
3‐1
Introduction
• Let us start from axial loading
situation
• Axial force causes axial stresses
in the member
• Which can be seen in the figure
• Note that stresses are being
determined only on planes
perpendicular to the axis of the
member
• Axial forces cause both normal
and shearing stresses on planes
which are not perpendicular to
the axis of the member
3‐3
Stresses on oblique plane
• We pass a section making an angle 
with a normal plane
• Draw the free‐body diagram of the left
part of the member
• Equilibrium conditions tells that
distributed forces acting on the section is
equal to force P
• Area on which P is acting is A
A0  A cos  A  A0 cos 
• The force P can be resolve into two components
F  P cos  V  P sin 
• Normal and shearing stresses on A
  F A   V A
3‐4
1
 Stresses on a material point
Stresses on oblique plane • Stress situation at a point
• So we can write • The point can be taken as a
cube  zz  zy
P cos  P • One normal and two shear stress  zx
  F A   cos 2 
A0 cos  A0 on each face
 yy  xz
• Value depends upon the loading
P sin  P and orientation of point on the
 xy
  V A   sin  cos  structure
A0 cos  A0 • On parallel faces, stress is equal
σxx
σyz  yz  yx
• The material point is in σyz
σxy
 xx
• So stresses on a point are function of  σyx
equilibrium
• Despite same loading situation and same • Convention for positive stress σyy
geometry, and same point of interest, is properly defined (as shown) σzx
the value of stresses changes as the σzy
orientation of plane on which it is acting • If stresses are known on three z O σzz
mutually perpendicular y
is changed x
planes, these can be
• As special cases, let us look at the calculated on any plane First subscript: Face
stresses for  = 0o, 45o, and ‐ 45o passing through the point Second Subscript: Direction
3‐5

Introduction Introduction
 yy • Stress on a beam under pure bending
• If stress is not there on one of the three
plane, then it is called plane stress σxx σxx
• Stress is given by,
situation y σxy, • At a particular point, the stress is as
x  yy xy
shown
• we deal with only two normal and one  
My σxx σxx
xx
shear stresses σyy I
• 2‐D stress situation • Stress on a Torsion member under twist
Tc
σxx σxx • Stress is given by  xy  J
• In subsequent discussion we will
consider plane stress situation y σxy • At a particular point, the stress is as
x shown
σyy

xy
• Note the loading, orientation, etc

2
Introduction Introduction
• Stress on a beam under transverse loading • The calculated stress acts on the body (structure) in a particular
• Stress can be calculated by relevant direction as per the defined axis system and loading situations
formulas • Many a times, we are interested in finding state of the stress of the
• At a particular point, the stress is as shown same point but in a different coordinate system
σxx σxx

• Stress on a member under general loading xy

Sign conventions
• Stress is given by relevant formulas Tensile Normal stress is positive
• At a particular point, the stress is as shown
A shearing stress is positive if it
• Note the loading, orientation, etc acting on the positive (negative)
σyy face and is directed towards
positive (negative) direction
• Will stress change if we change the
σxx σxx
orientation of point? Angles are measure from x‐axis and
xy counter clock wise are positive
• Is this stress the maximum stress at the σyy
point? The (n,t,z) axis system has the same
order as (x,y,z) axis system

Stress Transformation (2‐D) Stress Transformation

• We know the stresses at point in x‐y coordinate system, we • Consider a prismatic wedge
want to find out the stresses on the same point in x’‐y’ (also as shown
called n‐t ) coordinate system • Identify area of each face
• Cut another plane at angle  and use equilibrium to find out • Identify forces on each face
n and nt
• Use equilibrium to find out
unknown stresses

y
y nt A

n A n
n
x (A cos ) 
A cos   x
x
xy (A cos )
A
xy (A sin )
A sin  y (A sin )

3
 Stress Transformation Stress Transformation
• Sum forces n direction
y
nt A • Sum forces t directions
F n  0 :  n A   x  A cos   cos    xy  A cos   sin 
n A n F  0:  A   x  A cos   sin    xy  A cos   cos  y
t nt
nt A
  y  A sin   sin    xy  A sin   cos   0 x (A cos )    y  A sin   cos    xy  A sin   sin   0
x n A n
 n   x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos  xy (A cos ) x (A cos ) 
xy (A sin )  nt    x   y  sin  cos    xy  cos   sin  
2 2 x
y (A cos ) xy (A cos )
• Using the trigonometric relationships, • Using these trigonometric relations xy (A sin )
x  y  x  y y (A cos )
n   cos 2   xy sin 2  x  y
2 2  nt   sin 2   xy cos 2
2
• Replacing  with +900, we get t
 x  y  x  y sin 2  2 sin  cos  cos 2   1 cos2 2
t   cos 2   xy sin 2 sin 2  2 sin  cos  cos 2   1 cos2 2 cos 2  cos 2   sin 2 
2 2 sin 2   1 cos2 2
cos 2  cos 2   sin 2  sin 2   1 cos2 2

Problems related to stress

Thank You transformation (Plane Stress)

4
 Problem 60
MPa Solution
• For the given state of plane stress, 60o • We know the formula
determine the normal and shearing
stresses exerted on the oblique plane. 90 x  y  x  y
MPa n   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
60
 x  y
Solution Strategy  nt   sin 2   xy cos 2
MPa

60 2 90
MPa
• Pass the oblique plane through the point MPa
nt
90
MPa
• Here we have, y
t
• Consider the wedge element y
nt x n
t n
• Identify the known and unknown stresses x n
 x  0,  y  60 MPa,  xy  90 MPa   60o
n
• Use equations to find out the unknown n

stresses
n
t
• We know all data to be used in formulas
nt
y
x 90
MPa
60
MPa

60
MPa
Solution 90
Solution n n
MPa
nt t
y
• Calculating some initial terms t • Although, we have solved the problem, but let us y
nt
x n check out the second wedge element also
x 90
x  y 0  60  x  y 0  60 n MPa
  30   30 2  120 o
60
2 2 2 2  x  0,  y  60 MPa,  xy  90 MPa   120o MPa

x  y 0  60  x  y0  60
 n  30  30 cos  120o    90  sin  120o   nt  30 sin  120o    90  cos  120o    30   30 2  240o
2 2 2 2
 
 n  30  30    12    90    2
3
    90    
 nt  30   2
3 1
2   n  30  30 cos  240o    90  sin  240o   nt  30 sin  240o    90  cos  240o 
 n  30  15  77.94  nt  25.98  45
 n  32.94 MPa
 n  30  30    12    90      2
3
    90    
 nt  30   2
3 1
2 
 nt  70.98MPa
 n  30  15  77.94  nt  25.98  45
 t  30  30 cos  120o    90  sin  120o 
 t  92.94 MPa  n  32.94 MPa  nt  70.98 MPa

5
 Another Problem
Graphical Representation • At a point in the structural member subjected to plane stress,
there are normal and shearing stresses on horizontal and vertical
planes through the point as shown
• Use the stress transformation equation to determine
y y
• The normal and shearing stress on plane AB
32.94
All MPa 60 • The normal and shearing stress on plane CD, which is
92.94 perpendicular to plane AB
70.98

100 MPa
x x
t n D t
= ‐60o 48o
nt
90 A D
n
z 80 MPa A x
42o C 48o
x nt
C B n
60 MPa B
n

3 ‐ 22

Solution
• Here we have,
 x  80 MPa,  y  100 MPa,  xy  60 MPa n Graphical Representation
t y n
80 MPa 42o
• For first part =+42o x
nt y y
 n   x cos    y sin   2 xy sin  cos 
2 2
60
MPa
 n  80 cos 2  42o    100  sin 2  42o   2  60  sin  42o  cos  42o  100 All MPa 100 40.3 -95.8
MPa
 n  95.8MPa
 nt    x   y  sin  cos    xy  cos 2   sin 2   80 = 42o
x x
 nt    80  100  sin  42o  cos  420    60   cos 2  42o   sin 2  42o   95.8
 nt  95.8 MPa 60
100 z
MPa z
y
• For second part =‐48o 60
MPa t
x
 n  40.3MPa T  nt  95.8 MPa 80 MPa 48o
nt n
n

6
 Solve Yourself 50 MPa

• The stresses shown act on a point on

free surface of a stressed body.
• Determine the normal and shearing 53o
120 MPa
stresses on this point on the inclined
plane 50 MPa

x  y  x  y
n   cos 2   xy sin 2  n   x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos 
2 2
 nt  
 x  y
sin 2   xy cos 2  nt    x   y  sin  cos    xy  cos 2   sin 2   Thank You
2

 n  46.6 MPa C  nt  47.4 MPa

3 ‐ 25