Integration of fisheries technology with solar

PV technology in three area of Indonesia

Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2255, 020027 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0014305
Published Online: 03 September 2020

Samsul Ma'arif, Eko Adhi Setiawan, and Agus S. Pamitran

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© 2020 Author(s).
 Integration of Fisheries Technology with Solar PV
Technology in Three Area of Indonesia
Samsul Ma’arif1, a), Eko Adhi Setiawan2, b) and Agus S. Pamitran1, c)
1
Departement of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas of Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok 16424, Indonesia.
2
Departement of Electrical Engineering, Universitas of Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok 16424, Indonesia.

a)
Author:samsul.maarif8@ui.ac.id
b)
Corresponding author:ekoas@eng.ui.ac.id
c)
Author:pamitran@eng.ui.ac.id

Abstract. The marine fisheries sector in Indonesia has a potential to be a fishing industry which is directly processed in
the high seas. Fisheries potential should be in line with potential energy sources in the region. Energy sources that have the
potential to support the fishing industry include floating solar PV, ground mounted PV and generators. The purpose of this
study is to investigate three potential energy sources that are suitable to be integrated with the fishing industry in three
regions of Indonesia. The method used to analyze energy costs and optimize the energy needed for fishing industry is using
HOMER Pro software. Ground mounted PV produces the lowest average energy costs in Bitung at $ 0.157/kWh, but does
not include the cost of land for solar PV construction. On the result, the average energy cost in Bitung is $ 0.1898/kWh, its
shows that the best way to increase the effectivity of its industry is creating a floating solar PV technology system.

INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has a marine fisheries sector, which is one of the main activities towards the contribution of the national
economy [1]. Indonesia also has 11 potential fisheries management areas (FMA), but regarding the potential of
fisheries and the level of utilization of fish resources is still not good in its superintendence, such as potential around
Indian Ocean starts from South Java to South of Nusa Tenggara [2, 3]. From that regions, It can be obtained large eye
tuna up to 132,000 tons / year, with average quantity between 2008 - 2012 is up to 107,603 tons / year [2, 4]. In 4.0
industrial era, Fisheries sector in Indonesia should be changed into a fishing industry based on smart fishing industry
in order to increase the effectivity of its production [5].
Normally, The potential of fisheries in Indonesia should be in line with energy sources in that area, such as solar
or wind resources [6]. Furthermore, The potential of solar energy in Indonesia is up to 4.8 kWh/m2/day, but the great
potential of this resource is still not developed well [7]. Whereas, the titl angle of solar PV in Indonesia is relatively
low around 10o – 15o [8]. Solar energy models are suitable to be integrated with the fishing industry such as floating
solar PV. Renewable energy application in fishing industry will make it independent, produce lower environmental
impacts, and have better economic results due to more competitive electricity costs [9]. For example for floating solar
PV in a reservoir with 300 kWp capacity and produces 425,000 kWh / year, where the water saved in the covered area
reaches 5,000 m3 or 25% of the storage capacity in the reservoir [10, 11].
Floating solar PV has many advantages compared to solar panels that installed on land, including land savings due
to expensive land costs, reducing water evaporation, improving water quality, reducing the effects of dust and energy
efficiency at higher power plants because of the temperature at the bottom of the panel lower [12]. The purpose of this
study is to integrate the potential of fisheries with the potential of renewable energy that uses floating solar PV to
make smart fishing industries, in order to get a low average energy cost and a rapid break even point.

The 4th International Tropical Renewable Energy Conference (i-TREC 2019)

AIP Conf. Proc. 2255, 020027-1–020027-6; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0014305
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-2014-4/$30.00

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 METHODOLOGY
HOMER Pro software is used to create a model for floating solar PV technology [7, 13-15]. This simulation
requires data on capital expenditures, operations and maintenance, and replacement costs [7]. HOMER simulation can
evaluate the system of energy requirements from an economic and technical point of view based on optimization and
sensitivity analysis [15]. Algorithms in HOMER consider different technologies from databases, variations in
technology costs, electricity loads, and availability of energy resources [15]. Data on the potential of capture fisheries
are obtained from literature studies and fisheries production data obtained from Balai Pusat Statistik in each region.

FIGURE 1. Location of Case Study

From 11 fisheries management areas of Indonesia (FMA-RI) three locations were selected for research case
studies, Indramayu as the western part of Indonesia with coordinates 60 13 '52.22 "S and 1080 26' 06.21" E, Bitung as
the central part of Indonesia. coordinate points 10 23 '28.56 "N and 1250 11' 8.79" E then Kepulauan Aru as eastern
Indonesia with coordinates 70 02 '32.15 S and 1330 47' 59.08 "E [16]. The location of the case study more clearly can
be seen in Figure 1.

Hour Hour
(a) (b)

Hour
(c)
FIGURE. 2 Daily profile of fish processing industry (a) Indramayu (372 ton/day), (b) Bitung (223 ton/day) and (c) Kep. Aru
(160 ton/day)

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 The daily electricity load profile in the fish processing process is entered into the simulation, using a blank load
profile model, assuming an annual scale (kWh / day), for Indramayu around 18,325.5 kWh / day with a peak load of
2,072.2 kWp , Bitung 12,115.3 kWh / day with a peak load of 1,438.48 kWp and Kepulauan Aru 8,756 kWh / day
with a peak load of 1,087.39 kWp. In random variability simulated, 10% day-to-day and 10% timestep. The daily
profile is explained in figure 2. Load profile data is obtained from equipment that supports the fisheries industry with
fisheries production that varies in each region.
The initial costs used for the simulation are shown in table 1. There are three items that simulated in the simulation
including the total cost of floating solar PV ($ / kWp), the total cost of the inverter and wiring ($ / kWp) then the cost
of batteries per unit. For operating and maintenance costs it is assumed to be around 2%. Discount and inflation rate
is 6% fund 2.57% [17].

TABLE 1. Cost of configuring Solar PV systems

Ground Floating
Component
mounted PV PV
Estimated Cost of Floating Solar PV
PV Panel ($/kWp) 700 [17] 700 [17]
Floating structure, mooring and anchoring ($/kWp) - 637.5 [17]
Mounting structure on the ground ($/kWp) 125 -
Workforce installation ($/kWp) 300 [17] 300 [17]
Other Costs (including contracts, permits and shipping) ($/kWp) 50 [17] 50 [17]
Total Cost Floating Solar PV ($/kWp) 1,170 1,687.5
Inverter and wiring costs
Inverter ($/kWp) 150 [17] 150 [17]
Other hardware costs (including racking and wiring) ($/kWp) 150 [17] 150 [17]
Total Inveter + wiring ($/kWp) 300 300
Battery ($/kWh) 83.33 83.33
Assumption of Land Cost ($/m2) 140 -

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The simulation results in the three case study areas in Indonesia are explained in table 2. The table shows that the
optimum capacity of off grid floating PV. The component which mentioned on the table such as PV, Battery, and
inverter. The replacement of battery and inverter must be happened in the tenth year, and the PV must be replaced in
the twenteth year when the project have finished. The lowest levelized cost of energy will be used for the reference
for searching of off grid floating PV.
TABLE 2. Configuring Off Grid Floating Solar PV

Region Component Quantity

Solar PV 8,790 kWp
Indramayu Battery Storage 48,527 kWh
Converter 2,150 kW
Solar PV 4,360 kWp
Bitung Battery Storage 28,417 kWh
Converter 1,550 kW
Solar PV 3,130 kWp
Kep. Aru Battery Storage 20,256 kWh
Converter 1,200 kW

Irradiation and temperature results in each region, affecting the configuration of the floating solar PV system [19,
20]. From the three areas of Indonesia, the average solar radiation and ambient temperature are different in each month.
Like the average radiation and temperature in Indramayu 5.08 kWh/m2/day and 29.04 oC, Bitung 5.69 kWh/m2/day
and 33.65 oC, Kepulauan Aru 5.83 kWh/m2/day and 32.34 oC. Solar radiation and temperature are explained in figures
3.

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 (a) (b)
FIGURE 3. (a) Monthly Average Solar Radiation, (b) Monthly Average Environmental Temperature [16]

A summary of the costs of the three areas of Indonesia to build floating solar PV and solar PV on land requires
initial costs, operation and maintenance (O & M) in each year and the replacement cost when the project has been
going on for 10 years. The cost summary is explained in table 3. From table 3, the highest costs is for solar PV, but it
can still be used up to 20 years, until the project is completed. The cost of structuring floating solar PV is higher
compared to land structure, this can affect the initial cost of solar PV construction, but the cost of land for the
construction of solar PV on land has not been calculated.
TABLE 3. Cost Summary of Ground and Floating PV

Capital Cost Operating Cost Replacement Cost

Region Component
Floating Ground Floating Ground Floating Ground
Solar PV $14,800,000 $10,300,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
Converter $645,000 $645,000 $0 $0 $475,639 $475,639
Indramayu
Battery $4,000,000 $4,000,000 $1,180,000 $1,180,000 $2,950,000 $2,950,000
Total $19,445,000 $14,945,000 $1,180,000 $1,180,000 $3,425,639 $3,425,639
Solar PV $7,360,000 $5,120,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
Converter $465,000 $465,000 $0 $0 $342,902 $342,902
Bitung
Battery $2,340,000 $2,340,000 $690,330 $690,330 $1,730,000 $1,730,000
Total $10,165,000 $7,925,000 $690,330 $690,330 $2,072,902 $2,072,902
Solar PV $5,280,000 $3,680,000 $0 $0 $0 $0
Converter $360,000 $360,000 $0 $0 $265,473 $265,473
Kep. Aru
Battery $1,670,000 $1,670,000 $492,082 $492,082 $1,230,000 $1,230,000
Total $7,310,000 $5,710,000 $492,082 $492,082 $1,495,473 $1,495,473

The table 4 shows that starting from 20 years of expenditure. The fuel cost is assumed up to $ 0.755 / Liter then
the fuel costs are increased annually by 3%. For operating and maintenance costs is assumed up to $ 2,217 / day and
the operating and maintenance cost is increased 2% each year.

TABLE 4. Cost Summary of Generator

Cost Indramayu Bitung Kep. Aru

Capital ($) 399,000 215,000 175,000
Replacement($) 291,787 157,228 127,976
O&M ($) 25,843 25,843 25,843
Fuel ($) 47,355,086 28,053,947 18,814,086
Salvage ($) -11,572 -6,235 -5,075

Captured fishery products from three regions of Indonesia in 2013 to 2017 are explained in table 5. The difference
values of fisheries production in 5 years in each region are averaged to be more accurate. Fisheries production is also
influenced by the number of fishermen and the number of boats.

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 TABLE 5. Capture Fisheries Production Volume [21]
Indramayu Bitung Kep. Aru
Year
[Ton] [Ton] [Ton]
2017 139,713 44,305 60,525
2016 139,049 49,635 58,764
2015 136,091 49,299 57,545
2014 126,783 124,426 55,627
2013 128,548 133,200 55,194
Average 134,037 80,173 57,531

There is a case in Indramayu with 40,665 fishers and a total of 6,059 units of ship with several sizes. The average
number of Indramayu fishermen trips with ship sizes <5GT in a month is around 15 trips [22]. The average operational
cost of each trip is about $ 653 per month and $ 1,434 monthly income, so they have a profit up to $ 781 [22]. The
operational costs for conducting a fishing business consist of variable costs and fixed costs. Variable costs, namely
the costs required to make one arrest include fuel, supplies and ice blocks. Whereas for fixed costs are the costs of
ship repairs, engine repairs and repairs to fishing gear. In general, the number of variable costs follows the size of the
ship, the larger the size of the ship, the higher the operational costs needed. Based on the operational costs calculation,
it can be seen that fuel is the largest component in the need for variable costs. This is because the distance between
the fishing base to the fishing ground is quite far, which is around 4-6 miles around Indramayu, Ciasem, and Cirebon
[22].
TABLE 6. Cost Analysis Energy Sources

Floating Solar PV Ground Mounted PV Generator

Region
Total NPC ($) LCoE ($) Total NPC ($) LCoE ($) Total NPC ($) LCoE ($)
Indramayu 24,075,380 0.2338/kWh 19,570,510 0.1901/kWh 48,060,140 0.4667/kWh
Bitung 12,921,300 0.1898/kWh 10,686,800 0.157/kWh 28,445,780 0.4178/kWh
Kep. Aru 9,297,453 0.1912/kWh 7,693,328 0.1582/kWh 19,137,830 0.3935/kWh

In the case of Indramayu, if the fishermen have a trip number 15 times in one month and variable costs are swollen,
It can be solved by build a fishing industry based on smart fishing industry which can integrate a potential energy
sources with potential fisheries. The most potential energy sources is a solar radiation, so PV can be installed there,
even in land or in water as a floating solar PV. If the solar PV energy source is installed on land, the fishing industry
will also be built on land, but must consider the cost of land to make the fishing industry. In table 6, the average cost
of energy in solar PV on land is the lowest, but not including the cost of land.
Land needed to build PV solar on land in Indramayu Regency with PV solar capacity of 8790 kWp. The size of
the solar panel with a capacity of 335 Wp is 2 m2, meaning that for a capacity of 1 kWp it requires a land area of 6
m2. So the land needed to build land solar PV in the Indramayu area requires 52,740 m2. Assumed the cost of land is
$ 140 / m2, meaning the cost of land needed is $ 7,383,600. The total cost needed to build a ground mounted PV is the
total NPC added to the cost of land, so the total cost is $ 26,954,110. In this case the total cost of floating solar PV for
the indramayu region is $ 24,075,380. So the total total cost for building energy sources on floating solar PV is 11%
lower. Whereas to build energy sources on floating PV the total costs incurred are 50% lower compared to generators.
So levelised cost of energy for making floating solar PV in the Indramayu region is $ 0.2338 per kWh with a 20-year
project duration.
CONCLUSIONS
The potential of energy sources to support the fishing industry in the indramayu region with the lowest energy
costs is solar PV installed on land with a total energy cost of $ 26,954,110, but it should calculate the cost of landmark
to build the energy source up to $ 7,383,600. However, the energy source of floating solar PV that supports the fishing
industry does not need to require landmark costs. So the energy source that is more suitable for supporting the fishing
industry in Indramayu region floating solar PV, it shows from the total cost of floating solar PV which 11% lower
compared to ground PV and the total cost of floating solar PV is 50% lower compared to generator energy source.
The Author would like to thank this work was supported and funded by “Hibah Panduan Penelitian Unggulan
Perguruan Tinggi (PUPT) No. NKB-1731/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2019”

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