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úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
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cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
www.nie.lk
uqøKh iy fnodyeÍu - wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
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.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh - 11 fYaK
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2016
© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ISBN - 978-955-25-0020-6
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w;S;fha isg u wOHdmkh ksrka;rfhka fjkiaùïj,g Ndckh fjñka bÈßhg .uka

lrñka ;sìKs' uE; hq.fha fuu fjkiaùu ±ä f,i YS>% ù we;' bf.kqï l%ufõoj, fuka
u ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Ndú;h w;ska yd ±kqu W;amdokh iïnkaOfhka o .; jq oYl fol
;=< úYd, msì§ula olakg ,eìKs' fï wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh o 2015g wod<
wOHdmk m%;i s xialrK i|yd wm%udo j iqÿiq mshjr .ksñka isà' f.da,Sh j isÿjk
fjkialï .ek fyd¢ka wOHhkh lr foaYSh wjYH;d wkqj wkqj¾;khg ,lalr YsIH
flakøa Sh bf.kqï-b.ekaùï m%fõYh mdol lr .ksñka kj úIhud,dj ie,iqï lr mdi,a
moaO;sfha kshuqjka f,i fiajh lrk .=re Nj;=ka jk Tn fj; fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
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fujeks kj u. fmkaùfï WmfoaYk ix.%yhla Tn fj; ,ndfokafka ta u.ska Tng jvd;a

odhl;ajhla ,ndÈh yelsfõ h hk úYajdih ksid h'
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fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ks¾udKh jQfha fuu úIh lafIa;%hg wod< .=re Nj;=ka yd iïm;a
mqoa.,hka /ilf.a fkdmiqng W;aidyh yd lemùu ksid h'
wOHdmk moaO;sfha ixj¾Okh Wfoid ksu jq fuu ld¾hh ud b;du;a Wiia f,i w.h
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wkqYdil;ajh ( Ydia;S%h lghq;= uKav,h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
fufyhùu ( tï't*a'tia'mS' chj¾Ok uhd

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a - ^úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh&
wëlaIKh (( wd¾' tia' fÊ' mS' Wvqfmdarej - wOHlaI" úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
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tÉ'tï' udmd .=Kr;ak ñh - lÓldpd¾h
wdpd¾h' tka' uqyqkoa ka uhd - iyldr lÓldpd¾h
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ví'ta'ã'r;akiQßh uhd - m%Odk jHmD;s ks,OdÍ" úY%dñl" cd'w'wd
ví'ã'úfÊisxy uhd - m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß" úY%dñl" cd'w'wd
tÉ'ta'tia'fla'úch;s,l uhd - YS'% ,xld wOHdmk mßmd,k fiajh - 1" úY%dñl"
ví'ã'úð;md, uh- .=re WmfoaYl" ß§.u fldÜGdi wOHdmk ld¾hd,h
ta'tï'mS'msf.ard uhd - ks'w wOHlaI" úY%dñl" YS'% ,xld wOHdmk" mßmd,k fiajh - III
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YS'% ,x'w'm'fia' III
frdnÜ wrx., uhd - wOHlaI ^úY%dñl& - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
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fla' whs'fÊ' mSßia uhd - .=re fiajh" fuf;daÈia; Wiia úoHd,h" fudrgqj
wdpd¾h fla' wdßhisxy uhd - úoHd .=re ^úY%dñl&" úoHd f,aLl
id.r .=Kj¾Ok uhd - .=re fiajh - Ydka; f;dauia úoHd,h - .,alsii a
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NdId ixialrKh - - tia' ù'mS' isßfiak uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h ^úY%dñl&

cd;sl wOHdmk úoHd mSG
mß.Kl msgq ieliqu- - wd¾'wd¾' fla m;srK - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
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.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia
YS% ,xldfõ oekg mdi,aj, ls%hd;aul úIhud,dj hqla;s m%;m
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jQ kj úIhud,dj 2015 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul fõ' fuf;la ld,hla .=re Nj;=ka úiska ish
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ix.%yh fjkqjg ñka bÈßhg fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh .=re fldg .kakg isÿjkjd we;'
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o hkak;a ta i|yd .; lsÍug fhdað; ld,Éfþo ixLHdj;a" fuys we;=<;a lr we;'
mdvu wjidkfha isiqka úiska <`.d lr.; hq;= bf.kqï M, fudkjd o hkak
meyeÈ,sj olajd we;s w;r fï u`.ska oekqu" l=i,;d yd wdl,am hk ;sú
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ixl,am yd Ndú; ;dlaIKsl joka fudkjd o hkak fuys i|yka lr we;' fuu ixl,am
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neúka ta i|yd wfkl=;a úIhj,g idfmalaI j úYd, m%udKhla øjH" WmlrK yd fuj,ï
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hï bf.kqï mßirhla ;=< bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh id¾:l jqjd o hkak

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Nj;dg ksoyi we;' fuys § .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhys uq,ska i|yka lr we;s cd;sl wruqK"q
uq,sl ksmqK;d yd úoHd úIhud,dfõ wNsu;d¾: flfrys úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
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.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia ix
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úIh ks¾foaYh xvii
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh i|yd Wmfoia

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úIhud,dfõ u ixialrKhls' 2007 § mdi,a moaO;shg y÷kajd fokq ,enQ úIh ud,dj
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úiska lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj, m%;M
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(i) udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúO iudcfha
ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr .ksñka cd;sl taldnoaO;dj" cd;sl Rcq .=Kh" cd;sl
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wkkH;dj ;yjqre lsÍu'
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odhdohka y÷kd .ekSu iy ixrCIKh lsÍu'
(iii) udkj whs;sjdislïj,g .re lsÍu" hq;l = ï yd j.lSï ms<sn| oekqj;a ùu" yDohdx.u
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iudk;ajh iy wfkHdakH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ wdl,am yd l=i,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu'
cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ jd¾;dj - ^2003&
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cd;sl fmdÿ ksmqK;d
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wruqKq uqÿkam;a lr .ekSug odhl jkq we;'
(i) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<sn| oekqu" rEml Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh hk
wkqldKav y;rla u; ikakf s õok ksmqK;d mokï fõ'
idlaIr;dj ( idjOdkj weyqïlka §u" meyeÈ,s j l;d lsÍu" f;areï
.ekSu i|yd lshùu" ksjerÈ j iy ksrjq,a j ,sùu' M,odhS
whqßka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu'
ixLHd ms<sn| oekqu ( NdKav" wjldYh yd ld,h" .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh iy ñkqï
i|yd l%udkql, + b,lalï Ndú;h'
rEml Ndú;h ( f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<ìs Uq lsÍu iy f¾Ld"
wdlD;s iy j¾K .<mñka úia;r" Wmfoia yd woyia
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f;dr;=re ;dCIK m%ùK;ajh( mß.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSfï § o fiajd mßY%hka
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fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;dA
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fuu ksmqK;d idudðl" ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhkag wod< fõ'
iudc mßirh ( cd;sl Wreuhka ms<sn| wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchl

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S " iudc iïnkaO;d" mqo.
a ,sl p¾hdj"
idudkH yd ffk;sl iïm%odhhka" whs;sjdislï" j.lSï"
hq;l
= ï iy ne£ï'
xiii
% h
s 11 -
fYaK
% h
s úoHdj
ffcj mßirh ( iÔù f,dalh" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .iaje,a" jkdka;r"

uqyqÿ" c,h" jd;h iy Ôjh- Ydl" i;a;j a yd ñksia
Ôú;hg iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõ§ nj yd l=i,;d'
fN!;sl mßirh ( wjldYh" Yla;h s " bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia Ôú;hg
tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we÷ï" ksjdi"
fi!LH" iqj myiqj" kskoa " ksial,xlh"úfõlh" wmøjH iy
u,my lsÍu hkdÈh yd iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh"
ixfõ§;dj yd l=i,;dj' bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu
i|yd fuj,ï iy ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï l=i,;d
fuys wvx.= fõ'
(iv) jev f,dalhg iQodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu'
;u jD;a;hS <eÈhd iy wNsfhda.;d y÷kd .ekSu'
yelshdjkag iß,k whqßka /lshdjla f;dard .ekSu iy jdisodhl yd ;sridr
Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu hk yelshdjka Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod<
fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=i,;d'
(v)
F
wd.u iy wdpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d T
RA
mqoa.hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdrO¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql,
+ yeisÍï
rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a WÑ; foa f;dard thg iß,k fia lghq;= lsÍu i|yd
D
w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iaùhlrKh'
(vi) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmK q ;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;Hh" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a
ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdjka ;=<ska m%ldY jk úfkdaoh" i;=g" wdfõ. iy tjka
udkqIsl w;aoelSï'
(vii) zbf.kSug bf.kSuZ ms<sn| ksmqK;d

YS>f
% hka fjkia jk" ixlS¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k l%hs dj,shla
yryd fjkiaùï yiqrejd .ekSfï § yd Bg ixfõ§ j yd id¾:l j m%;ps dr oelaùu;a
iajdëk j bf.k .ekSu;a i|yd mqoa.,hka yg Yla;h s ,nd §u'
xiv
6 -11 úoHd úIh ud,dfõ wNsu;d¾:
• wdiajdockl bf.kqï mßirhla ;=<ska úoHd;aul ixl,am yd uQ,O¾u

l%udkql,
+ j f.dvk`.d .kshs'
• úoHdfõ l%shdj,s yd úoHd;aul l%uh WÑ; whqßka fhdod .ksñka .eg¨ úie£ug wjYH
ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'
• mßir iïm;aj, úNjH;d wjfndaO lr .ksñka tu iïm;a m%{df.dapr j l<ukdlrKh
lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'
• YdÍßl yd udkisl jYfhka fi!LH iïmkak Ôjk rgdjla i|yd úoHd {dkh fhdod
.ekSug wod< ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .kshs '
• foaYfha ixj¾Okhg odhl úh yels id¾:l mqrjeishl= f,i iduQysl j Ôj;a ùu
i|yd o" jeäÿr wOHdmkh yd wkd.; /lshd i|yd o" wjYH ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr
.kshs'
• iajdNdúl ixisoaê yd úYajh ms<sn| úoHd;aul moku wjfndaO lr .ekSug wjYH
•
ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'
n,h yd Yla;h
F T
s Ndú;fha § m,odhS;dj yd ld¾hCIu;dj m%Yia; uÜgulg j¾Okh
RA
lr .ekSu i|yd WÑ; ;dCIKh fhdod .ekSug W;aiql fjhs'
•
D
úoHdfõ .;sl iajNdjh iy iSud y÷kd f.k tÈfkod Ôú;fha w;a ú¢k isÿùï iy
úúO udOH Tiafia ,efnk f;dr;=re úoHd;aul ks¾Kdhl wkqj w.ehSfï l=i,;d
j¾Okh lr .kshs'
xv
bf.kqï -b.ekaùï l%h
s dj,sh i|yd fhdað; wkqm<
s f
s j<

jdrh ksmqK;d uÜgu ld,Éfþo
1'1 Ydl mglj, ,dlaIKsl wkdjrKh lrhs' 04
1'2 i;a;ja mglj, ,dlaIKsl wkdjrKh lrhs' 04
1'3 m%NdixYaaf,aIKfha jeo.;alu ms<n s |j wkafõIKh lrhs' 05
I 2'1 úúO ñY%K j¾. ms<n s | wkafõIKh lrhs' 05
jdrh 2'2 ñY%Khl ixhq;h s m%ldY lsÍu i|yd úúO ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrhs' 05
2'3 ñY%K fjka lsÍu i|yd úúO l%u Ys,am Ndú; lrhs' 05
% h
3'1 hdkaa;sl
% ;rx. iy úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.j, .=K ms<sn|j wkafõIKh lrhs' 07
s
3'2 tÈfkod Ôú; ls%hdldrlï iy úoHd;aul lghq;j = , § èjks ;rx. ms<sn| oekqu Ndú; lrhs' 04
3'3 cHdñ;sl m%ldY úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u iy kshu tÈfkod ðú; wjYH;d iy úoHd;aul lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrhs' 12
1'4 ñksidf.a wdydr ÔrK ls%hdj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs' 04
DR
1'5 ñksidf.a Yajik ls%hdj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs' 05
1'6 ñksidf.a nysiai%dù ls%hdj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs' 03
II
1'7 ñksidf.a ixirK ls%hdj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs' 05
xvi
1'8 ñksidf.a iudfhdackh yd iuiaÓ;s lsh % dj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs' 05

jdrh
2'4 wï," Niau iy ,jKj, .=K wkafõIKh lrhs' 07
AF
2'5 ridhksl m%;l s %shd wdYs;
% ;dm úm¾hdi wkafõIKh lrhs' 08
3'4 ;dmc M, ms<n s | j wkafõIKh lrhs' 12
3'5 úoHq;a WmlrKj, cjh iy Yla;h s m%udKkh lrhs' 05
3'6 tÈfkod Ôú; wjYH;d iy úoHd;aul lghq;j = , § bf,lafg%dksl úoHdj ms<ns | oekqu Ndú; lrhs' 05
T
2'6 úoHq;a ridhksl fldaIhl ix>gl iy wod< ridhksl m%;l s %shd wkafõIKh lrhs' 04
2'7 úúO úoHq;a úÉfþok ls%hdj,s wkafõIKh lrhs' 04
2'8 úLdok ls%hdj,s ms<sn| wkafõIKh lrhs' 03
3'7 úoHq;a pqïnl n,h iy tys Ndú; ms<n s | wkafõIKh lrhs' 04
3'8 úoHq;a pqïnl fm%r a K ixisoê
a h iy tys Ndú; ms<sn|j wkafõIKh lrhs' 05
2'9 yhsfv%daldnka iy tajdfha jHq;amkakj, iajNdjh iy Ndú; wkafõIKh lrhs' 03
2'10 nyqwjhúlj, úúO;ajh wkafõIKh lrhs' 03
III 4'1 ffcj f.da,fha mj;sk ixúOdk uÜgï yd tajdfha mj;sk wka;¾ ls%hd wkafõIKh lrhs' 03
4'2 mßir moaO;sj, iu;=,s;;djh mj;ajdf.k hEu i|yd odhljk hka;K % wkafõIKh lrhs' 05
jdrh
4'3 úúO mßir ¥Il yd tajdfha wys;lr n,mEï .fõIKh lrhs' 05
4'4 Ôjk rgdj fjkia ùu u.ska isÿjk n,mEï ms<n s | .fõIKh lrhs' 05
úoHdj
4'5 ;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl;ajh oelaúh yels wdldr ms<sn|j wkafõIKh lrhs' 10
11 - fY%aKsh - úoHdj - úIh ks¾foaYh

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu ikaOdrh bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo
1'0 ffcj 1'1 Ydl mglj, • mgl • úNdcl yd iaÓr mglj, ,laIK ,ehsia;= .;
04
moaO;sj, ,dlaIKsl • Ydl mgl lrhs'
m,odhS;dj by< wkdjrKh lrhs' • úNdcl mgl • uDÿia;r" ia:q,fldaKdia;r iy oDvia;r hk mgl
kexùu i|yd • iaÓr mgl zir, iaÓr mglZ f,i kï lrhs'
% h
Ôjh yd ffcj
s
• ir, mgl • ffY,u iy maf,dahu hk mgl zixlS¾K iaÓr
l%shdj,s • ixlS¾K mgl mglZ f,i kï lrhs'
.fõIKh lrhs' • ffY,u yd maf,dahu mgl tajdfha úfYaI ,laIK
DR
Ndú;fhka ixlS¾K iaÓr mgl f,i y÷kd .kshs'
• ffY,u yd maf,dahu mglfha lD;H m%ldY lrhs'
xvii
1'2 i;a;ja mglj, 04
AF
,dlaIKsl • i;a;ja mgl • m%Odk i;a;ja mgl f,i wmsÉPo" iïnkaOl" fmaYs
wkdjrKh lrhs' • wmsÉPo mgl yd iakdhq mgl y÷kajd fohs'
• iïnkaOl mgl • wmsÉPo mglj, lD;H yd msyá s ia:dk m%ldY lrhs'
• reêrh iïnkaOl mglhla nj úia;r lrhs'
T
• fmaYs mgl
• fmaYs mgl f,i isk÷ s " lxld, yd yD;a fmaYs mgl
• iakdhq mgl
m%ldY lrhs'
• ñks i a YÍrh ;= < m% Odk • isk÷s " lxld, yd yD;a fmaYs mglj, lD;H yd
mgl msysá ia:dk yd tajdfha msysá ia:dk m%ldY lrhs'
lD;H • ffi,fha yevh wkqj fmaYs mgl y÷kd.kshs'
• iakdhq ffi,fha jHqyh yd lD;H m%ldY lrhs'
úoHdj
• m%NdixYaf
a ,aIKh • m%NdixYaf,aIKh hkq l=ulaoehs m%ldY lrhs'
1'3 m%NdixYaaf,aIKfha 05
• m% N dixYa f ,a I Kh flfrys • m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd n,mdk idOl m%ldY
jeo.;alu ms<ns |j
n,mdk idOl lrhs'
wkafõIKh lrhs'
• ldnkavfhdlaihsâ • m%NdixYaf,aIKfha wka;M, y\qkd.ekSu i|yd
• c,h
% h
ir, ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrhs'
s
• wdf,dal Yla;h s
• m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd ldnkavfhdlaihsâ"
• yß;m%o
• m%NdixYaf,aIKfha M, wdf,dal Yla;hs yd yß;m%oj, wjYH;djh
• m%NdixYaf,aIKfha ld¾hNdrh ikd: lsÍu i|yd ir, ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrhs'
DR
• m%NdixYaf,aIKh ;=,s; ridhksl iólrKhla
u.ska m%ldY lrhs'
xviii
• m%NdixYaf,aIKfha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'
AF
1'4 ñksidf.a wdydr ÔrK • ÔrKh • ÔrKh hkq l=ulaoehs m%ldY lrhs'
ls%hdj,sh wkafõIKh • ñksidf.a wdydr ÔrK 04
• ÔrK lsh% dj,sh iy uqLh" wkakfi%da;h" wdudYh"
lrhs' ls%hdj,sh l=vd wka;%h" uydka;%h yd .=o ud¾.fha lD;H
T
• ÔrKfha oS wlaudj" w.akHdYh úia;r lrhs'
yd fÄg .%kaÓj, ld¾hNdrh' • wlaudj" w.akHdYh yd fÄg .%kÓ a j, ld¾h Ndrh
• wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh wdYs%; m%ldY lrhs'
frda." wdndO yd tajd je<elaùu' • ldfndayhsfâ%g " fm%dà
a k" ,smv
s ÔrKfhka ,efnk
• mdpkh wka;M, yd ta iïnkaO tkaihsu ,ehsia;= .;
• u< noaOh lrhs'
• .eiag%há s ia • wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh wdYs%; frda. " wdndO yd tajd
• WK ikaksmd;h je<elaùu ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
úoHdj
• Yajikh • ndys r Ya jikfha hdka ; %K h ^wdYa j dih yd 05
1'5 ñksidf.a Yajik
ls%hdj,sh wKafõIKh • Yajik ls%hdj,sh m%Yajdih& meyeos,s lsÍug ir, ls%hdldrlula
lrhs' • wdYajdih isÿ lrhs'
• m%Yajdih • ld¾hCIu jdhq yqjudrej i|yd Yajik mDIaGhl
• Yajik mDIaGhl ,dCIKsl
% h
we;s ,dlaIKSl iy Yaf,aIau, mg,fha iy
s
• Yajik wdldr
• ijdhq Yajikh mCIauj, ld¾h Ndrh úia;r lrhs'
• ks¾jdhq Yajikh • ndysr Yajikh yd ffi,Sh Yajikh hkq l=ulaoehs
• Yla;h s .nvd lsÍu' meyeÈ,s lrhs'
DR
• Yajik moaO;sh wdYs; % frda." wdndO • ijdhq Yajikfha ;=,s; ridhksl iólrKh
yd tajd je<elaùu ^fiïm%;Y s Hdj" m%ldY lrhs'
xix
laIh frda.h" kshqfudakh s dj" weÿu" • Yla;s jdylhla$Yla;s yqjudre tallhla f,i
Ya j d ikd, s l d m% o d yh fyj ;a
AF
ATP j, ld¾hNdrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
fn%dkalhsàia&'
• Tlaiscka j, wjYH;djh iy msg lrk Yla;s
m% u dKh u; ijdhq iy ks ¾ jdhq Ya j ikh
ikaikaokh lrhs'
1'6 ñksidf.a nysiai%dú

T • Yajik moaO;sh wdYs%; frda." wdndO yd tajd
j<lajd .ekSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
ls%hdj,sh wKafõIKh udkj nysiai%djh • nysiai%djh hkq l=ulaoehs m%ldY lrhs' 03

lrhs' • ñksidf.a nysiai%dú wjhj yd nysiai%dú M,
• jDlal j, lD;H
,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
• uq;% ksmoùfï ls%hdj,sfha mshjr
• nysiai%dú moaO;sh wdYs%; frda. • jDlalj, lD;H m%ldY lrhs'
wdndO yd tajd je<elaùu' • uq;% ksmoùfï lsh
% dj,sh fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• jDlal wl¾ukH ùu • nysiai%dù moaO;sh wdYs%; frda." wdndO yd tajd
úoHdj
• fk*arhsàia j<lajd .ekSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
• jDlal .,a
1'7 ñksidf.a ixirK • udkj reêr ixirKh 05
ls%hdj,sh • reêrfha ixhq;h s yd lD;H
wKafõIKh lrhs' • reêrfha ixhq;h s yd lD;H m%ldY lrhs'
• ixirKh
• mqmaMqiSh ixirKh • mqmaMqiSh yd ixia:dksl ixirKh úia;r lrhs'
• ixia:dksl ixirKh • reêr mSvkh wdl=xp yd úia;dr mSvk f,i úia;r
% h
s
• reêr mSvkh lrhs'
• jid ixirKh • yD;a pl%h yd yD;a Yío úia;r lrhs'
• ixirK moaO;sh wdYs%; frda. • jid ;r,fha yd jid moaO;sfha ld¾h Ndrh úia;r
DR
wdndO iy tajd je<elaùu' lrhs'
• we;frdiafl,frdaishdj • reêr ixirK moaO;sh wdYs%; frda." wdndO iy
(Atheroscleosis) tajd je<elaùu ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
xx
• yDohdndO
AF
• wêreêr mSvkh
• f;%dïfndaish
T
1'8 ñksidf.a • ñksidf.a iudfhdackh 05
iudfhdackh yd • iakdhq iudfhdackh
iuia:s;s ls%hdj,sh • fud<fha yd iqIqïkdfõ • uOH iakdhq moaO;sfha ^fud<h yd iqIqïkdj& uQ,sl
wkafõIKh lrhs' m%Odk lD;H lD;H ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
• m%;l S ls%hdj • m%;l
S ls%hdjla hkq W;af;achla i|yd we;s jk
• m%;l S pdmh CIKsl iy wksÉPdkq. m%;p s drhla nj m%ldY
• m¾hka; iakdhq moaO;sh lrhs'
• iajhx idOl iakdhq • m%;l
S pdmh iakdhq moaO;sfha lD;Huh tallh nj
moaO;sh' y`ÿkd .kshs'
• ridhksl iudfhdackh • m%;l
S pdmhl fldgia y÷kd .kshs'
úoHdj
• iuia:;
s sh'
• iajhx idOl iakdhq moaO;sfha jeo.;alu m%ldY

lrhs'
• wkqfõ.S iy m%;Hdkqfõ.s ls%hdjka i|yd WodyrK
olajhs'
% h
s
• m% Odk wka; rdi¾. .%k aÓ " ta jdfha msy sà ï yd
lD;Hhka meyeos,s lrhs'
• iuiaÓ;sh hkq l=ula oehs m%ldY lrhs'
DR
• foay WIaK;ajh" reêr .a¨fldaia uÜgu iy c,
ixhqq;sh hdukh úia;r lrhs'
xxi
AF
T
úoHdj
2'0 Ôú;fha • ñY%K • ñY%K hk moh meyeÈ,s lrhs' 05

2'1 úúO ñY%K j¾.
.=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| wkafõIKh • ñY%K j¾. • iucd;Sh iy úIucd;Sh ñY%K hkak meyeÈ,s
jeäÈhqKq lrhs' • iucd;sh ñY%K lrhs'
lsÍï i|yd • úIucd;sh ñY%K • iucd;Sh iy úIucd;Sh ñY%Kj, .=K ,ehsi;
a =
mod¾:" • ødjH;dj
% h
.; lrhs'
mod¾:j,
s
• ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk • úúO j¾.fha ñY%K ms<f
s h, lrhs'
.=K iy
idOl • ksrl
S I
a K u; mokï j § we;s ñY%K iucd;Sh
tajdfha
• ødjHfha iajNdjh iy úIucd;Sh ñY%K f,i fjka lr olajhs'
wka;¾
DR
iïnkaO;d • ødjlfha iajNdjh • ødjH;dj hk moh w¾: olajhs'
wkafõIKh • WIaK;ajh • ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl i|yka lrhs'
lrhs'
xxii
• ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl mÍlaId lrhs'

• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § ødjH;djh flfrys
AF
n,mdk idOl md,kh lrk wdldrh ms<sn|
i;su;a nj fmkajhs'
T
2'2 ñY%Khl ixhq;hs • ñY%Kj, ixhq;h s • ñY%Khl ixhq;h s ialkaO Nd.hla f,i m%ldY 05
m%ldY lsru
S i|yd • ialkaO Nd.h lrhs'
úúO ks¾Kdhl
• mßud Nd.h • ñY%Khl ixhq;h s mßud Nd.hla f,i m%ldY
Ndú;
• ujq, Nd.h lrhs'
lrhs'
• u.ska ixhq;hs • ñY%Khl ixhq;h s ujq, Nd.hla f,i m%ldY
• u.ska ixhq;h
s îdkaøKh& lrhs'
• ialkOh iy mßudj weiqfrka ødjKhl ixhq;hs
m%ldY lrhs'
• ujq, m%udKh iy mßudj weiqßka ødjKhl
ixhq;hs m%ldY lrhs'îdkaøKh&
úoHdj
• wdldrfhka m%ldYs; ødjKhl ixhq;h s
idkaøKh f,i kï lrhs'
• fok ,o ixhq;h s lska hq;a ñY%Khla ms<sfh,
lrhs'
• m%dudKsl ødjKhla ms<sfh, lrhs'
% h
s
• m%dudKsl ødjKhla ms<fs h, lsÍfï jeo.;alu
w.h lrhs'
• ñY%Kj, ixhq;hs g wod< ir, .eg`t úi|hs'
DR
2'3 ñY%K fjka lsÍu • fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,am • § we;s fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,am úia;r lrhs' 05
i|yd úúO l%u Ys,am • hdka;%sl fjka lsÍï • úúO fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,am Ndú; lr ñY%Khl
xxiii
Ndú; lrhs' • jdIamlS rKh we;s ix>gl fjkalrhs'
AF
• fmÍu • § we;s fjka lsßfï l%u Ys,m a Ndú; jk wjia:d
• iaMálSlrKh i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
• mqk¾iamálSlrKh • uqyÿq c,h u.ska ¨Kq ksIma dokh lsÍfï lsh
% dj,sh
• ødjl ksiaidrKh
T
úia;r lrhs'
• ir, wdijkh • ¨Kq ksIamdokfha § Ndú; lrk fjka lsÍfï
• Nd.sl wdijkh l%u bÈßm;a lrhs'
• yqud, wdijkh • YS% ,xldfõ iajdNdúl uQ,dY% u.ska i.kaO f;,a
• j¾Kf,aL Ys,amh ksiaidrKh lrk l%u úia;r lrhs'
• fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,amj, Ndú; Wod - l=re\q f;,a" me`.sß f;,a
• uqyqÿ c,h u.ska ¨Kq ksIm
a dokh
• i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh
úoHdj
2'4 wï," Niau iy • wï," Niau iy ,jK • wï," Niau iy ,jKj, wdfõKsl ,laIK 07
,jKj, .=Kdx. • m%n, wï, iy ÿn, wï, ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
wkafõIKh lrhs' • wï,j, fN!;sl ,laIK" • wï, yhsv%cka whk m%Njhla f,i;a" Niau
ridhksl ,laIK iy Ndú; s a whk m%Njhla f,i;a meyeÈ,s lrhs'
yhsfv%dlai,
% h
• m%N, Niau iy ÿn, Niau • m%n, wï, iy ÿn, wï, w;r fjki i|yka
s
• Niauj, fN!;sl ,laIK" lrhs'
ridhksl ,laIK iy Ndú; • m%n, wï, iy ÿn, wï, i|yd ksoiqka imhhs'
• wï, Niauj, WodiSklrKh • m%n, Niau iy ÿn, Niau w;r fjki i|yka
DR
• ,jK lrhs'
• m%n, Niau iy ÿn, Niau i|yd ksoiqka imhhs'
xxiv
• ,sÜuia lvodis iy pH lvodis u.ska wï, Niau

fjkalr .kshs'
AF
• wï, iy Niau m%;slh s% d lsÍfuka ,jK iy
c,h iEfok nj i|yka lrhs'
• WodiSkSlrKh hk moh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
T
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § WodiSkl s |
s rKfha fh§ï ms<n
idlÉPd lrhs'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wï," Niau iy ,jKj,
Ndú; wkafõIKh lr ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
úoHdj
ikaOdrh bf.kqï m,

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu ld,Éfþo
2'5 ridhksl m%;ls %shd • ridhks l m% ; s l s% h d wdYs % ; ;dm • ridhksl m%;l

s %shdjla isÿjk úg ;dm úm¾hdi 08
wdYs%; ;dm úm¾hdi úm¾hdi isÿjk nj w;aoelSï wkqj m%ldY lrhs'
wkafõIKh lrhs' • ;dmodhl iy ;dm wjfYdaIl • ;dmodhl iy ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;slsh % dj,g
m%;l
s %shd WodryK imhhs'
• m%;l
s %shd ;dmh • ;dmodhl iy ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;l s %h
s d lsym s hla
% h
s
• m%;l
s %shd wdYs%; ;dm wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
úm¾hdi ks¾Kh lsÍu' • ;dmodhl iy ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;l s %shd hkak
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
DR
• fok ,o m%;sls%hdjla wdYs%; ;dm úm¾hdi
mÍlaIKd;aulj ks¾Kh lrhs'
• fok ,o m%;l s %shdjla wdYs%; ;dm úm¾hdih
xxv
mÍlaIKd;aulj ks¾Kh lsÍfï § isÿ lrk
AF
Wml,amk i|yka lrhs'
• ridhksl m%;slh s% dj,g wod< ;dm úm¾hdi
ishü Ôùka i|yd;a" tÈfkod Ôú;fha §
iy l¾udka;j, § ;a jeo.;ajk nj ms<s.ksh's
2'6 úoHq;a ridhksl

fldaIhl ix>gl
• úoHq;a ridhkh
• úoHq;a ridhksl fldaI
T • iskala" fldm¾ iy ;kql i,a*h
Ndú;lr úoHq;a ridhksl fldaIhla ;khs
s qßla wï,h 04
iy wod< ridhksl • lef;davh iy lef;dav • Tla i s l rKh bf,la f g% d a k ms g ls Í ula iy

m%;l
s %shd wkafõIKh m%;l s %shdj TlaisyrKh bf,lafg%dak ,nd.ekSula f,i
lrhs' • wefkdavh iy wefkdav m%ldY lrhs'
m%;l s %shdj • TlaislrKh isÿjk bf,lafg%davh" wefkdavh
• iuia; m%;l s %shdj f,i y`ÿkajhs'
• TlaisyrKh isÿjk bf,lafg%davh lef;davh
úoHdj
f,i y`ÿkajhs'
• Zn/Cu, Fe/Cu iy Zn/Fe jeks ir, úoHq;a

ridhksl fldaI i|yd wefkdav" lef;dav iy
iuia; m%;ls %shd ,shd olajhs'
• ndysr mßm:h yryd wefkdavfha isg lef;davh
% h
olajd bf,lafg%dak .,d hk nj m%ldY lrhs'
s
2'7 úúO úoHq;a • úoHq;a úÉfþokh • úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj mßlaId lr úoHq;a úÉfþoH 04
DR
úÉfþok ls%hdj,s • wdï,slD; c,h úoHq;a iy úoHq;a wúÉfþoH øjH y\qkd .kshs'
wkafõIKh lrhs' úÉfþokh • úoHq;a úÉfþok ls %hdj,shl wefkdavh iy
• c,Sh CuSO4 ødjKhla úoHq;a
xxvi
lef;davh y÷kd .kshs'

úÉfþokh • fidaähï laf,darhsâ ødjKh" wdï,slD; c,h
AF
• c,Sh fidaähï laf,darhsâ iy fldm¾ i,afmaÜ ødjKh iïnkaO úoaH; q a
ødjKhla úoHq;a úÉfþokh
úÉfþokh wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
• vjqkfa .a fldaIh Ndú; lr
• § we;s úoHq;a úÉfþok lsh % dj,shla i|yd wefkdav"
T
fidaähï ksiaidrKh lsÍu'
lef;dav iy iuia; m%;l s %shdj ,shd olajhs'
• úoHq;a f,daydf,amkh
• vjqkaf.a fldaIh fhdod .ksñka isÿ flfrk
• hlv u; fldm¾ úoHq;a
f,daydf,amkh lsÍu' fidaähï ksiaidrK úia;r lrhs'
• úoHq;a f,daydf,amk ls%hdj,sh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• hlv u; ;U f,dayfha úoHq;a f,daydf,amk
ls%hdj,sh wod< m%;ls %shd iys;j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• hlv u; ;Uj, úoHq ; a f,da y df,a m kh
wdo¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd ir, lsh % dldrlï isÿ lrhs'
• úoHq;a f,dayf,amkfha Ndú; i|yka lrhs'
úoHdj
2'8 úLdok ls%hdj,s • úLdokh • úLdokh hkq l=ulaoehs meyeÈ,s lrhs' 03

ms<sn| wkafõIKh • hlv u, ne£u • hlv u, ne£u flfrys n,mdk idOl mÍlaId
lrhs' • hlv u, ne£u md,kh lrhs'
• u, ne£u i|yd wjYH idOl i|yka lrhs'
% h
• u, ne£fï ls%hdj,shg wod< m%;ls %shd ,shd olajhs's
s
• u, ne£fï iS>; % dj fjkia lrk idOl kï lrhs'
• u, ne£u md,kh lrk whqre úia;r lrhs'
• hlv iïnkaOj lemlsÍfï wdrlaIl l%uh úia;r
DR
lrhs' ^lef;daãh wdrlaIdj&
• hlvj, lef;daãh wdrlaIdj i|yd iqÿiq f,day
xxvii
ilsh
% ;d fYaK
% h
s mokï lrf.k f;dard .kshs'
• u, ne£u md,kh lsÍfï we;s jeo.;alu fmkajd
AF
fohs'
03
• yhsfv%dldnk • yhsfv%dldnk hkq ldnka iy yhsv%cka muKla

2'9 yhsfv%dldnk iy
T
tajdfha jHq;amkakj, • we,aflak fYaK% hs wvx.= ixfhda. nj úia;r lrhs'
iajNdjh iy Ndú; • t;Ska ^t;s,Ska& • we,aflak hkq C-C ;ks nkaOk iy C- H nkaOk
wkafõIKh lrhs' • t;skaj, jHq;amkak muKla wvx.= yhsfv%dldnk nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• laf,dafrda t;Ska ^jhskhs,a • we,aflakj, jHqy w¢hs' ^Wmßu ldnka mrudKq
laf,darhsâ& ixLHdj 5 i|yd f¾Çh jHQy muKs&
• fgÜrdmaf,dafrd t;ska • t;Ska iy tajdfha jHq;amkakj, jHqy w¢hs'
úoHdj
2'10 nyq wjhjlj, nyqwjhjl • talwjhjl" nyqwjhjl" nyqwjhùlrKh 03
úúO;ajh • talwjhjl iy nyqwjhùlrKh iy mqkrdj¾;k tall hk mo meyeÈ,s
wkafõIKh lrhs' • nyqwjhjl j¾. lrhs'
• iïNjh wkqj • nyqwjhjlj, iïNjh u; mokïj tajd
îajNdúl$lD;su& j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
% h
s
• jHqyh wkqj • iajNdúl iy lD;su" nyqwjhjl i|yd
^f¾Çh$YdLd odu iys; yria odu ksoiqka imhhs'
iys;& • nyqwjhjlj, jHqyh u; mokïj tajd
DR
• nyqwjhjlj, .=K iy Ndú; j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
• fok ,o tal wjhjlj,ska jHq;amkak
lrk ,o nyqwjhjlj, Ndú; i|yka
xxviii
lrhs'
AF
• f¾Åh" YdLd odu iy yria odu iys;
nyqwjhjl igyka u.ska bÈßm;a lrhs'
• tosfkod Ôù;fha § iy l¾udka;j, §
T
nyqwjhjlj, jeo.;alu w.h lrhs'
úoHdj
3'0 úúO Yla;s 3'1 hdka;s%l ;rx. iy • ;rx. • ls %h dldrlï u.sk a hdka ;% sl ;rx. p,s ;fha 07
wdldr" mod¾: úoHq;a pqïnl • hdka;s%l ;rx. iajNdjh wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
iy Yla;s w;r ;rx.j, .=K ms<sn|j • ;S¾hla ;rx. • ;rx. u.ska mod¾: iïfma%IKhlska f;drj
wka;¾ wkafõIKh lrhs' • wkajdhdu ;rx.
Yla;h s iïfm%aIKh isÿ lrk nj m%ldY lrhs'
iïnkaO;d" • ;rx. p,s;h yd iïnkaO
• ;S¾hla iy wkajdhdu ;rx.j, fjkialï
% h
Yla;s mßj¾;k fN!;sl rdYs
s
m%Yia; • ixLHd;h meyeÈ,s lr iqÿiq WodyrK bÈßm;a lrhs'
uÜgñka • ;rx. wdhduh • ;rx.hl m%ia;dßl ksrEmkh Ndú;fhka
ld¾hCIu • fõ.h hdka;%sl ;rx. p,s;fha iajNdjh yd
DR
f,i yd • úia:drh ;rx. p,s;h yd iïnkaO fN!;sl rdYs meyeÈ,s
m,odhS f,i • úoHq;a pqïNl ;rx. lrhs'
Ndú; lrhs' • úoHq;a pqïNl ;rx. j¾Kdj,sh îxLHd;h" ;rx. wdhduh" úia:drh" iy fõ.h&
xxix
AF
• udOHfha wxY= foda , kh úuls k a f;drj"
tls f klg ,ïnlj foda , kh jk úoHq ; a
lafIa;h% la iy pqïnl flaI;%hla fya;f
= jka úoHq;a
T
pqïnl ;rx. yg.kakd nj m%ldY lrhs'
• úoHq;a fCIa;h% iy pqïnl fCIa;h % hk folg u
,ïnl jQ ÈYdjla Tiafia úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.
m%pdrKh jk nj m%ldY lrhs'
• úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. m%pdrKh i|yd udOHhla
w;HjYH fkdjk nj m%ldY lrhs'
• ßla;fha § úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. m%pdrKh jk
fõ.h 3 x 108 ms-1 nj m%ldY lrhs'
• úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. ;s¾hla ;rx. wdldrfhka
m%pdrKh jk nj m%ldY lrhs'
úoHdj
• úoHq;a pqïnl j¾Kdj,sfha wvx.= my; oelafjk
úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.j, m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hka
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
f¾äfhda ;rx." iQCIu ;rx. wfOdarla; ;rx.
" oDYH wdf,dalh" mdrcïnq, lsrK" x - lsrK
% h
s
iy lsrK'
• iq¾hhdf.a isg mDÓúhg ;dmh iy wdf,dalh
m%pdrKh jkafkaa úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. wdldrfhka
DR
nj m%ldY lrhs'
3'2 tÈfkod Ôú; • èjks ;rx. • èjks ;rx.j, wkajdhdu iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
xxx
ls%hdldrlï iy • èjks ;rx. m%pdrKh • èjks ;rx." i ïmS v k iy úr,k j ,s k a 04
AF
úoHd;aul lghq;j = , • èjks fõ.h
iukaú;jk nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
§ èjks ;rx. ms<sn| • ix.S; NdKav
• èjks ;rx. iïfm%Ia Kh i|yd udOHla wjYH jk
oekqu Ndú; lrhs' • èjks ,dCIKsl
• Y%jH;d mrdih iy nj m%ldY lrhs'
T
wfkl=;a ixLHd; mrdi • >k" øj iy jdhq udOHj, ;rx. fõ.h fjkiajk
ms<sfj, m%ldY lrhs'
• èjks ksIm
a dokh lrk w dldrh wkqj ix.S; Ndkav
j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
• ;dr;dj" úmq,;dj iy èjks .=Kh hkdosh èjks
,dCIKsl f,i i|yka lrhs'
• ;dr;dj ixLHd;h u;" úmq,;dj úia;drh u;"
iy èjks .=Kh" èjks m%Njh u; r|d mj;sk
nj m%ldY lrhs'
úoHdj
• Y%jH;d iSudj" wfOda èjks iy w;s èjks ixLHd;
ms<sn|j i|yka lrhs'
3'3 cHdñ;sl m%ldY • cHdñ;sl m%ldY úoHdj • jl% o¾mKj, m%;ì s ïN ms<sn|j wkafõIKh lsÍu 12
úoHdfõ uq,O¾u iy • mrdj¾;kh i|yd ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrhs'
kshu tÈfkod Ôú; • jl% o¾mk ^f.da,sh& • jl% o¾mKhl O%ejh" jl%;d flakøa h" kdNsh iy
wjYH;d iy • jl% o¾mk yd iïnkaO mo m%Odk wlaIh y÷kd.ksh's
% h
úoHd;aul lgqh;q = • jl% o¾mkj, m%;ìs ïN • W;a;, iy wj;, o¾mK u; m;s;jk my;
s
i|yd Ndú; lrhs' • W;a;, o¾mk oelafjk lsrKj, yeisÍu meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd
• wj;, o¾mk mrdj¾;k kshu fhdod .kshs'
• m%Odk wlaIhg iudka;rj meñfKk lsrKh'
DR
• jl%;d flakøa h yryd .uka .kakd lsrKh'
• kdNsh yryd .uka .kakd lsrKh
xxxi
• W;a;, o¾mKj, m%;ì s ïN ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd
AF
lsrK igyka w¢hs'
• wj;, o¾mKj, my; oela f jk wjia : dj,
m%;ì
s ïN ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd lsrK igyka w¢hs&
( , u>r, u=r, f<u<r, u=f, u<f
T
• wod, wjia:dj, § jl% o¾mK Ndú; lrhs'
• j¾;kh • j¾;kh wdo¾Ykh i|yd ir, lsh % dldrï isÿ lrhs'

• ;, mDIG u.ska isÿjk • .yk;r udOH iy úr,;r udOH fjka lr olajhs'
j¾;kh • j¾;k kshu m%ldY lrhs'
• j¾;k kshu • j¾;k wxlh hk moh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• .yk;r udOH iy úr,;r • mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh wdo¾Ykh i|yd
udOH ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrhs'
• j¾;kdxlh • zwjê fldaKhZ hk moh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
úoHdj
• wjê fldaKh iy mQ¾K • mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;k ixisoê
a h iy tys Ndú;
wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ldp u.ska m%;sìïN we;sùu • W;a ;, ldp iy wj;, ldpj,s k a iEfok
• W;a;, ldp m%;sìïnj, iajNdjh wkafõIKh lsÍu i|yd
• wj;, ldp lsh
% dldrlï isÿ lrhs'
• ir, wkaùlaIh • ldphla i|yd m%Odk wCIh" kdNsh iy m%ldY
flakaøh hk mo meyeÈ,s lrhs'
% h
s
• ldphla u; m;s;jk my; oelafjk lsrKj,
yeisÍu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• m%Odk wlaIhg iudka;r lsrKh
DR
• m%ldY flakaøh yryd lsrKh
• kdNsh yryd hk lsrKh
• wdf,dalfha m%;sj¾;H;d uq,O¾uh i|yka lrhs'
xxxii
• wj;, ldpj, m%;sìïN i|yd lsrK igyka
AF
ks¾udKh lrhs'
• W;a;, ldpj, m%;sìïN i|yd my; oelafjk
wjia:d i|yd lsrk igyka ks¾udKh lrhs'
T
( W H, , , ,
)
• W;a;, ldp iy wj;, ldpj, Ndú; i|yd
WodyrK bÈßm;a lrhs'
• lsrK igykla Ndú;fhka ir, wkaùCIh lsh
% dj
úoHdj
3'4 ;dmc M, ms<n
s |j • ;dmc Yla;hs iy Ndú; meyeÈ,s lrhs' 12
wkafõIKh lrhs' • WIaK;ajh • úúO j¾.j, WIaK;aj udk kï lrhs'
• WIaK;aj udk ^ùÿre - riÈh" ùÿre - uOHidr" ixLHdxl&
• ;dm yqjudrej • ùÿre - riÈh WIaK;ajudkfha ls%hdldß;ajh
• ;dm Odß;dj ms<sn|j fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
% h
s
• úYsIG
a ;dm Odß;dj • fi,aishia WIaK;aj mßudKh y÷kd .kS'
• ;dm yqjudrejk m%udKh • ksrfmaCI WIaKa;j mßudKh y÷kd .kS'
• fi,aishia iy ksrfmalaI WIaK;aj mßudK w;r
DR
iïnkaO;dj m%ldY lrhs'
• úúO WIaK;aj uekSu i|yd WIaK;aj udk Ndú;
lrhs'
xxxiii
• tla jia;=jl isg ;j;a jia;=jlg ;dmh .uka
AF
lsßu i|yd ;sìh hq;= ;;a;j
a h m%ldY lrhs'
• jia;=jl ;dm Odß;dj w¾: olajhs'
• øjHhl úYsIG a ;dm Odß;dj w¾: olajhs'
T
• yqjudre jQ ;dm m%udKh fiùu i|yd
Ndú; lrhs'
• wjia:d úm¾hdi
• ú,hkh • WIaK;aj fjkia ùulska f;drj" øjdxlfha § iy
• jdIaml
S rKh ;dmdxlfha § wjia:d úm¾hdi isÿjk nj m%ldY
• jdIamNS jKh lrhs'
• ú,hkfha úYsIGa .=ma; ;dmh • jdIamlS rKh iy jdIamN S jkh .=Kd;aulj ii|hs'
• jdIaml
s rKfha úYaIaG .=ma; • ;dmdxlh" ysudxlh" øjdxlh hk mo meyeÈ,s lrhs'
;dmh • ú,hkfha úYsIG a .=ma; ;dmh iy jdIaml
s rKfha
úYsIGa .=ma; ;dmh hk mo w¾: olajhs'
úoHdj
• m%idrKh
• >k • >k" øj yd jdhq m%idrKh wdo¾Ykh i|yd
• øj ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrhs'
• jdhQ
% h
• ;dm ixl%uKh
s
• ikakhkh • ;dm ixl%uKh jk l%u ;=k meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ixjykh • ;dm ixl%uKh jk újO wdldr i|yd WodyrK
• úlsrKh bÈßm;a lrhs'
DR
• ;dmc M, j, fh§ï
• úoHq;a Yla;h
s iy cjh • úoHq;a WjdrKhl W;ai¾ckh jk Yla;h s iy
xxxiv
3.5 úoHq;a WmlrKj, • úoHq;a WmlrKhl Yla;s cjh meyeÈ,s lrhs' 05

cjh iy Yla;h
s
AF
W;ai¾ckh E = VIt • úoHq;a Yla;h s yd cjh iïnkaO ir, .eg¨
m%udKkh lrhs' • úoHq;a WmlrKhl cjh úi|hs
P = VI • úúO úoHq;a WjdrKj, CIu;d m%udKkh wkqj
• .Dy úoHq;a mßm:h Yla;h s mßfNdackh jk m%udKh ms<sn|j
T
iei£u isÿ lrhs'
• ld¾hlaIu Ndú;h i|yd úúO úoHq;a WjdrK
iei£u isÿ lrhs'
• úoHq ; a Yla ; s mßfNda c kh ld¾hla I u lr
.ekSfï l%u ms<n s |j úia;r lrhs'
• .Dy úoHq;a mßm:hl Wmdx. kï lrhs'
• mßm: igykla Ndú;fhka Wmdx. .Dy úoHq;a
mßm:hg iïnkaO ù we;s wdldrh iy tajdfha
we;s m%fhdack meyeÈ,s lrhs'
úoHdj
• .Dy úoHq;a mßm: Ndú;fha § ie,ls,su;a úh

hq;= wdrlaIs; mQfrdafjdamdhka ms<sn|j úia;r
lrhs'
• úoHq;a Yla;s uekSu i|yd lsf,dafjdÜ meh tallh
% h
s
Ndú; lrhs'
• ikakdhl iy w¾O ikakdhl w;r fjki
meyeÈ,s lrhs' 05
3.6 tÈfkod Ôú;
DR
wjYH;d iy • ksi`. w¾O ikakdhl i|yd WodyrK bÈßm;a
úoHd;aul lghq;j = , lrhs'
§ bf,lafg%dksl • ndyH w¾O ikakdhl foj¾.h ms<sn| meyeÈ,s
xxxv
úoHdj ms<sn| oekqu lrhs'
AF
Ndú; lrhs' • ikaê vfhdavhl jHqyh úia;r lrhs'
• ir, ls % h dldrlï u.s k a vfhda vhl ls %h dj
wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
• w¾O ;rx. iDcq l rKh iy mQ ¾ K ;rx.
T
iDcqlrKh ls%hdldrlï weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• w¾O ;rx. iDcqlrkh" mQ¾K ;rx. iDcq lrkh
iy iqugkh mßm: igyka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• LED, m%ldYvfhdav iy iQ¾h fldaI Ndú; lr
ir, ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrhs'
• LED, m%ldY vfhdav iy iQ¾h fldaIj, Ndú;
iy ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
• pnp iy npn g%dkaisisgrj, jHqyh iy mßm:
ixfla; meyeÈ,s lrhs'
úoHdj
• ir, ls%hdldrlï weiqfrka npn g%dkaisiagrhl
j¾Ol ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ir, lsh% dldrlï weiqfrka g%dkaii

s agrhl iaúÉÑ
ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• mßm: igyka weiqfrka g%dkaisiagrhl j¾Ok
ls%hdj iy iaúÉÑ ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
% h
s
3'7 úoHq;a pqïnl n,h • pqïnl lafIa;h% l ;nk ,o Odrd • pqïnl lafIa;%hl ;nk ,o úoHq;a Odrd /f.k 05
iy tys Ndú; ms<sn| /f.k hk ikakdhlhla u; hk ikakdhlhla u; ls%hd;aul jk pqïnl n,h
DR
wkafõIKh lrhs' n,h wdo¾Ykh i|yd ls%hdldrï isÿ lrhs'
• n,fha úYd,;a j h flfrys • n,fha úYd,;ajh flfrys n,mdk idOl i|yka
xxxvi
n,mdk idOl lrhs'
AF
• ikakdhlfha È. • n,fha ÈYdj fidhd.ekSu i|yd maf,ñxf.a ju;a
• úoHq;a Odrdj kS;hs Ndú; lrhs'
• pqïnl lafIa;%fha • Yío úldYlhl ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
m%N,;dj • maf,ñxf.a ju;a kS;sh wdo¾Ykh i|yd ls%hdldÍ
T
• pqïnl n,fha osYdj wdlD;shla ilia lrhs'
• maf,ñxf.a ju;a kS;h s • ir, Odrd fudagrhl m%Odk fldgia kï lr
• pqïnl n,h Ndú; jk wjia:d tajdfha wjYH;djh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• Yío úldYlh • ir, Odrd fudagrhl ls%hdj rEm igyka weiqßka
• ir, Odrd fudagrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
úoHdj
• úoHq;a pqïnl fm%r a Kh • úoHq;a pqïnl fm%r a K ixisoaêh wdo¾Ykh i|yd
05
3'8 úoHq;a pqïnl fma%rK • ika k dhlhla yryd fma % ß ; ir, lsh% dldrlï isÿ lrhs'
ixisoê
a h iy tys • úoHq; a pqïnl fma%rK ixis oaêh .=Kd;aulj
ú'.d'n
Ndú; ms<n s |j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• fmaß % ; ú'.d'n fha úYd,;ajh
wkafõIKh lrhs' • fmaß% ; ú'.d'n fha úYd,;ajh flfrys n,mdk
flfrys n,mdk idOl
% h
idOl i|yka lrhs'
s
• pq ï nl la f Ia ; % h lg ,ïNlj • iDcq ikakdhlhl fm%aß; Odrdfõ ÈYdj fidhd
p,kh jk iDcq ikakdhlhl .ekSu i|yd maf,añxf.a ol=K;a kS;sh Ndú;
fm%ßa ; ú'.d'n lrhs'
DR
• iDcq ikakdhlfha fm%ß a ; ú'.d'n • nhsisl,a vhskfudaj iy uhsfl%daf*dakfha ls%hdj
ÈYdj meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd úoHq;a pqïnl fm%ra Kh fhdod
• maf,ñxf.a ol=K;a kS;sh' .kshs'
xxxvii
xxxvii
• úoHq;a pqïnl fmar % Kfha Ndú; • m%;Hdj¾; Odrd cklhl m%Odk fldgia iy
AF
• nhsisl,a vhskfudaj tajdfha wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• m%;Hdj¾; Odrd cklhl fm%ß a ; ú'.d'n,h ld,h
• uhsl%fmdaKh
iu. úp,kh jk whqre m%ia;dßlj ksrEmkh
• m%;Hdj¾; Odrd cklh
lrhs'
T
• mßKdulh • ir, Odrd yd m%;Hdj¾; Odrd fjki meyeos,s
• wêlr mßKdul lrhs'
• wjlr mßKdul • mßKdulhl jHqyh úia;r lrhs'
• mßKdulhl lsh % dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• mßKdulhl m% d:ñl iy oaú;shs l o`.rj,
fmdgj,a ixLHd iy tajdfha fjda,aáh;d w;r
iïnkaOh m%ldY lrhs'
• mßuKdulhl m%odk iy m%;sodk cj w;r
iïnkaO;dj m%ldY lrhs'
• wjlr iy wêlr mßKdulj, jHqyh iy ls%hdj
úoHdj
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• wêlr yd wjlr mßKdul Ndú; lrk wjia:d
i|yd WodyrK bÈßm;a lrhs'
• mßKdul yd iïnkaO ir, .eg¨ úi| hs'
4'0 iajNdúl 4'1 ffcj f.da,fha • mdßißl iu;=,s;;djh • ffcj f.da,fha mj;sk ixúOdk uÜgï 03
ixisoê aA mj;sk ixúOdk • ffcj f.da,fha ixúOdk OQrdj,shg wkqj m%ldY lrhs'
ms<sn|j ukd uÜgï yd tajdfha uÜgï • ffcj f.da,fha mj;sk ixúOdk uÜgï úia;r
wjfndaOfhka mj;sk wka;¾lsh % d • tffllhd lrhs'
hq;=j" wkafõIKh lrhs' • .ykh • o¾YSh .yk j¾Ok jl%fha rgdj y÷kd .kshs'
% h
iajNdúl • udkj .yk j¾Ok jl%fha rgdj y÷kd .kshs'
s
• m%cdj
iïm;a • mßir moaO;sh • udkj ck.yk j¾Okhg n,mdk lreKq
nqoaêu;a f,i • ffcj f.da,h úia;r lrhs'
DR
yd ;sridr • .yk j¾Okh iy j¾Ok
f,i Ndú; jl%
lsÍu i|yd
xxxviii
mDÓúfha yd
AF
wjldYfha
iajNdjh"
.=K yd
lsh
% dj,s
T
.fõIKh
lrhs'
úoHdj
4'2 mßir moaO;sj, • Yla;hs yd fmdaIl .,dhEu • wdydr odu yd wdydr cd, ;=,ska Yla;h s yd
05
iu;=,;s ;djh • mßir moaO;sh ;=< Yla;h
s fmdaIl .e,Su úia;r lrhs'
.,d hEu' • ffcj tla/iaùfï wys;lr n,mEï úia;r
mj;ajdf.k hEu
• mßir moaO;sh ;=< øjH lrhs'
i|yd odhl jk
plSh
% lrKh • ixLHd msrñv yd ffcj ialkaO msrñvj,g
% h
hka;K% wkafõIKh
s
• Ôùkaf.a wka;¾ ls%hd idfmalaIj Yla;s msrñvfha jeo.;alu m%ldY
lrhs'
• ffcj - N+ ridhk pl% lrhs'
• ldnka pl%h • mßir moaO;shl Yla;h s .e,Su tal ÈYd;aul
DR
• khsgc
% ka pl%h nj ms<s.kshs'
• iajNdúl mßirh ;=< øjH pls%hj .,dhk nj
rEm igyka wdÈfhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
xxxix
• ffcj - N+ ridhk pl% hkq l=ula oehs
AF
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ldnka pl%h" khsgc % ka pl%h yd fmdiamria
pl%h ffcj - N+ - ridhk pl% f,i i|yka
lrhs'
T
• rEm igyka Ndú;fhka ldnka pl%h yd
khsgc% ka pl%h meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• mdßißl iu;=,s;;djh flrys n,mdk lreKq
úia;r lrhs'
• mdßißl iu;=,s;;djh øjH plS%lrKh u;
r|d mj;sk nj ms<s.kshs'
úoHdj
4'3 úúO mßir ¥Il • mi" c,h yd jdhq ¥IKh • mßir ¥IKh hkq l=ula oehs m%ldY lrhs'
yd tajdfha wys;lr • mßir ¥IKhg n,mdk idOl 05
• mi" c,h yd jdhq ¥IKhg n,mdk lreKq
n,mEï .fõIKh • lDIs ridhksl øjH iy fidhd n,d jd¾;d lrhs'
lrhs' fmdfydr wêlj Ndú;h' • úúO m%Njhka u.ska uqodyßk mßir ¥Il
• e - wmøjH" kHIaÀl wmøjH" ms<sn| jd¾;djla ilia lr bÈßm;a lrhs'
% h
s
.Dyia: wmøjH" ld¾ñl wmøjH • úúO m%Njhka u.ska uqodyßk mßir ¥Ilj,
bj;,Su' ;sìh yels ridhksl øjH kï lrhs'
• ld¾ñl wmøjH • mßir ÿIKh i|yd fm!oa.,sl odhl;ajh
DR
• yhsfv%dldnk" SO2, NO2. ms<sn| ;lafiare lrhs'
CFC, wxY=uh øjH" yß;d.dr
• mßir ¥IKh i|yd úúO wdh;k u.ska we;s
jdhq" ner f,day'
odhl;ajh ;lafiare lrhs'
xl
• .Dyia: ridhksl øjH nyq,j

• § we;s wys;lr n,mEï i|yd mßir ¥IKh yd
AF
Ndú;h
iïnkaO úúO ixisoë a ka n,mdk wdldrh
• fmdis, bkaOk yd wmøjH oykh'
úia;r lrhs'
• mßir ¥IKfha wys;lr n,mEï
• mßir ¥IKfha we;s wys;lr n,mEï ms<sn| j
• iDcq n,mEï
T
• f.da,Sh WKqiqu ikaksfõokh i|yd úúO l%u Ndú; lrhs'
• wï, jeiai • ishü mßir ¥IK j¾. wka;rdodhl nj iy
• ´fidaka ia;rh ydhkh mi ¥IKh YS% ,xldfõ we;s m%Odk mßir ÿIK
• m%Nd ridhksl OQu wdldrh nj ms<s.ksh's
• ffcj tla/iaùu • tla iïm;l ÿIKh ;j;a iïm;aj, ¥IKh
• iqfmdaIKh yd wka;¾ iïnkaê; nj ms<s.kshs'
• úlsrK uÜgu by< hdu • mßir ¥IKh wju lsÍu i|yd ñksidf.a
• jl% n,mEï ueÈy;a ùu wjYH nj ms<s.kshs'
• jdiia:dk wysñùu
• ldka;drlrKh
úoHdj
• Ydlj, M,odhs;djh wvqùu'
• ñksid úiska ksIamdÈ; • Ôjk rgdj fjkiaùu flfrys n,mdk idOl
f.dvke.s,s" m%;u
s d jeks jHqy m%ldY lrhs'
yd iajNdúl mßirh • Ôjk rgdj fjkiaùu u`.ska we;sjk .eg¿ ms<ns |j
úkdYùu yd ydhkh .fõIKh i|yd jHdmD;shla ie,iqï lr lsh % d;aul
• fi!LH Wmøj lrhs'
• ffcj úúO;ajh wvq ùu
% h
• jHdmD;s f ha wkdjrKj,g wkq . ;j wfkla
s
• wdl%uKsl úfYaI we;sùu
lKavdhï iu`. ikaksfõokh i|yd iqÿiq l%u
• wd¾Ól ydks
Ndú; lrhs'
4'4 ( Ôjk rgdj • Ôjk rgdj fjkiaùug
• fnda fkdjk frda. hkq l=ula oehs m%ldY lrhs' 05
DR
fjkiaùu u`.ks a n,mdk lreKq yd n,mEï
• we;eï fnda fkdjk frda. i|yd fjkiajk Ôjk
isÿjk n,mEï ms<sn| • kd.ÍlrKh
rgdj fya;= ldrlh nj ms<s.kshs'
.fõIKh lrhs' • ld¾ñllrKh
xli
• fnda fkdjk frda. yd Ôjk rgdj$ mßir ¥IKh

• jdKsclrKh jQ
w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj úia;r lrhs'
AF
lDIsl¾udka;h • Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk y÷kdfkd.;a ksoka.; jl=.vq
• ñksid úiska f.dvk.k ,o frda.h yd tys jHdma;sh flfrys n,mdk idOl
jdßud¾. moaO;s .fõIKh lrhs'
T
• nyq, yd úúO f,i øjH yd • ñksid úiska mßirh flfrys we;s lrk wys;lr
Yla;h s Ndú;h' n,mEï kej;;a iDKd;aul f,i ñksid u;
• fnda fkdjk frda. yd n,mdk nj ms<s.ksh's
wdndOj, j¾Okh
• ksoka.; jl=.vq frda.h • mßir ys ; ldó Ôjk rgdjla fj; kej;
• Èhjeähdj wkq.;ùfï jeo.;a lu ms<s.ksh's
• ms<sld
• yDo frda.
• wefia iqo we;sùu
• y;sh
úoHdj
• fmky¿ frda.
• .eiag%hà
s ia
4'5 ( ;sridr ixj¾Okh • mßir l<ukdlrKh yd ;sridr • ;sridr ixj¾Okh iy mßir l,ukdlrKh
10
i|yd odhl;ajh ixj¾Okh hkafkka woyia lrkafka l=ula oehs m%ldY lrhs'
oelaúh yels wdldr • talj.dj fjkqjg nyq j.dj • tal j.dj fjkqjg nyq j.dj" ffcj m,sfndaO
ms<sn|j .fõIKh • ffcj - m<sfndaO md,kh md,kh yd ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;h ;sridr
lDIsld¾ñl Ndú;hka nj ms<s.kshs'
% h
lrhs' • ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;h
s
• kej; jk j.dj • mßir iu;=,s;;dj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd kej;
• mdrïmßl oekqu iy ;dlaIKh jkdka;r j.d lsßu" m%lD;s l%uhla f,i idlÉPd
Ndú;h lrhs'
DR
• lDIsl¾udka;h • lDIsl¾uh" ffjoH úoHdj" wdydr yd jdßud¾.
• ffjoH úoHdj hk fCI;% i|yd idïm%odhsl oekqu iy ;dlaIKh
.fõIKh lrhs'
xlii
• wdydr
• jdß ud¾. • woaú;sh c, l<ukdlrK l%uhla f,i YS% ,xldfõ
AF
• ldnka md igyk" c, md jej ms<s .kshs'
• idïm%odhsl ffjoH úoHdj fjk;a fCI;%hla nj
igyk yd wdydr ie;mqï wju
iy tys úoHd;aul me;slv ;jÿrg;a .fõIKh
lsÍu'
T
l< hq;= nj w.h lrhs'
• wm øjH l<ukdrlKh" wju
• idïm%odhsl wdydr l%u wmf.a foaY.=Kh yd Ôjk
lsÍu" kej; Ndú;h
;;a;ajhg .e<fmk w;r" fi!LHj;a Ôú;hlg
m%;splsh
% lrKh
Wmldr jk nj ms<s.kshs'
• >k wmøjH
• wdydr ie;mqula hkq l=ulaoehs úia;r lrhs'
• c,h
• md i<l=Kla hkq l=ula oehs ldnka yd c,hg
• jdhq yd jd;fha we;s wxY=uh wod<j úia;r lrhs'
øjH • md igyka yd wdydr ie;mqï wju lsÍu jeo.;a
• ksjerÈ f,i kS;s lsh% d;aul nj ms<s.kshs'
lsÍu' • wm øjH yd le,s li, hkq fudkjdoehs úia;r
úoHdj
• Yla;s l<ukdlrKh lrhs'
• n, Yla;s w¾nqoh iy • >K" c,h" jd;h yd jd;fha we;s wxY=j,g wod<j
;dlaIKsl .eg,q wm øjH l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| úia;r lrhs'
% h
s úoHdj
T
AF
DR
xliii
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;dj 01 ( ffcj moaO;sj, m,odhS;dj by< kexùu i|yd Ôjh yd

ffcj l%shdj,s .fõIKh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 ( Ydl mglj, ,CIKsl wkdjrKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 04 hs
bf.kqï m, (
• úNdcl yd iaÓr mglj, ,laIK ,ehsia;. = ; lrhs'
• uDÿia;r" oDVia;r yd ia:Q,fldaKdia;r ir, ia:sr mgl f,i m%ldY
lrhs'
• ffY,u yd maf,dahu hk mgl ixlS¾K ia:r
s mgl f,i m%ldY lrhs'
• ffY,u yd maf,dahu mgl tajdfha ,laIK Ndú;fhka ixlS¾K iaÓr
mgl f,i y÷kd .kshs'
• ffY,u yd maf,dahu mglfha lD;H m%ldY lrhs'
mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia (-
F T
RA
• mglhla hkq l=ulaoehs úia;r lr Ydlj, yuqjk mgl j¾. i|yd
WodyrK fiùug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
D
• úNdcl mgl hkq l=ulaoehs úia;r lr tajdfha ,laIK ,ehsia;=.; lsÍug
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
• rEm igyka Ndú;fhka Ydlj, úNdcl mgl yuqjk ia:dk fmkajkak'
• iaÓr mgl hkq l=ulaoehs úia;r lr" tajdfha ,laIK u; iaÓr mgl ir,
iy ixlS¾K f,i j¾. lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'
• ffY,u yd *af,dahu mgl ixlS¾K iaÓr mgl j¾. nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ffY,u yd *af,dahu mglj, iaÓr lod ksÍlaIKh lr tajd ixlS¾K
mgl f,i y÷kd .ekSug isiqkag bv ,nd fokak'
• ffY,u yd *af,dahu mglj, lD;H iei|Sug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
• Ydl mgl ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsßug isiq lKavdhïj,g Wmfoia
fokak'
uQ,sl joka$ ixl,am

• ir, mgl" ixlS¾K mgl" úNdcl mgl" iaÓr mgl" ffY,u" *af,dahu
.=Kd;aul fhojqï - ffY,u yd *af,dahu mglj, iaÓr lod" rEm igyka" uDÿia;r"
oDVia;r yd ia:Q,fldaKdia;r mglj, wdlD;s'
1
% h
s úoHdj
we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd Wmfoia (-

• my; ±lafjk ks¾Kdhl Ndú;fhka isiqkaf.a bÈßm;a lsßï we.hSu isÿ
lrkak'
• oDYH wdOdrl Ndú;h
• lKavdhula f,i lghq;= lsÍu
• f;dr;=rej, ksrjoH;dj
• ld, l<ukdlrKh
F T
RA
D
2
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 ( i;a;j

a mglj, ,dCIKsl wkdjrKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• m%Odk i;a;j a mgl f,i wmsÉPo" iïnkaOl" fmaYs yd iakdhq mgl
y÷kajd fohs'
• wmsÉPo mglj, lD;H yd msysá ia:dk m%ldY lrhs'
• reêrh iïnkaOl mglhla nj úia;r lrhs'
• fmaYs mgl f,i isk÷ s " lxld, yd yD;a fmaYs mgl m%ldY lrhs'
• isk÷s " lxld, yd yD;a fmaYsj, lD;H yd msysá ia:dk m%ldY lrhs'
• ffi,fha yevh wkqj fmaYs mgl y÷kd.kshs'
• iakdhq ffi,fha jHqyh yd lD;H m%ldY lrhs'
mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia(-

• úúO mgl u.ska i;a;j a foay f.dvke`.S we;s wdldrh oelafjk lod
mska;+r$ ùäfhda mg fmkajkak'
• lshùï øjH$ ùäfhda mg wdY%fhka wmsÉPo mgl msysá úúO ia:dk yd
F T
tajdfha lD;H fiùug fhduq lrkak'
• ;srlrk ,o lod$ ùäfhda mg u`.ska reêrh iïnkaOl mglhla nj
meyeÈ,s lr fokak'
RA
• ;sr lrk ,o lod$ ùäfhda mg$ rEmigyka u`.ska fmaYs mgl ksÍlaIKh
D
lr tajdfha lD;H yd msysá ia:dk biau;= lr fmkajd fokak'
• fmaYS ffi,j, ;sr lrk ,o lod u.ska tajd isk÷
fmaYs f,i y÷kd .ekSug bv i,ikak'
s " yD;a yd lxld,
• iakdhq ffi,fha jHqyh yd lD;H oDYHdOdrl fhdodf.k úia;r

lrkak'
• isiq lKavdhïj,g i;a;j a mgl ms<n
s | f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug Wmfoia
fokak'
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
wmsÉPo mgl" fmaYs mgl" iïnkaOl mgl" iakdhq mgl" reêrh" isk\
s q
fmaYs" lxld, fmaYs" yD;a fmaYs'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï - ms<f

s h, lrk ,o lod" lshùï øjH$ ùäfhda mg" wKaùlaIh'
3
% h
s úoHdj

• isiqkaf.a bÈßm;a lsÍï we.hSu i|yd my; ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrkak'
• oDYHdOdrl Ndú;h
• lKavdhula f,i lghq;= lsÍu'
• ld, l<ukdlrKh'
F T
RA
D
4
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 ( m%NdixYaf,aIKfha jeo.;alu ms<sn| wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• m%NdixYaf,aIKh hkq l=ulaoe hs m%ldY lrhs'
• m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd n,mdk idOl m%ldY lrhs'
• m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd ldnkavfhdlaihsâ" wdf,dal Yla;h
s yd yrs;m%oj,
wjYH;dj ikd: lsÍug ir, lsh % dldrlï isÿ lrhs'
• m%NdixYaf,aIKfha wka; M, y÷kd.ekSu i|yd ir, ls%hdldrlï isÿ
lrhs'
• m%NdixYaf,aIKh ;=,s; ridhksl iólrKhla u.ska m%ldY lrhs'
• m%NdixYaf,aIKfha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

• m%NdixYaf,aIKh hkq l=ula oehs isiqkag y÷kajd fokak'
iy wdf,dal Yla;h
F T
• m%Ndixiaf,aIKhg n,mdk idOl ldnkavfhdlaihsâ" c,h" yrs;m%o
s f,i isiqkag y÷kd .ekSug bv i,ikak'
RA
• by; idOlj, wjYH;dj fmkaùu i|yd ir, mrSCIK ie,iqï lsÍug
Wmfoia ,nd oS ta i|yd jd¾;djla ilia lsÍug Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
^c,h yer&
D
• m%NdixYaf,aIKfha wka; M, y÷kd.ekSu i|yd isiqkag mrSlI
a K lsru
S g
myiqlï i<ikak'
• m%NdixYaf,aIKfha oS ksmofjk .a,qfldaia .nvd fkdlrk kuq;a" ta
fjkqjg Ydl mglj, msIg
a h .nvd lrk nj Tjqkg
a wjfndaO lrjkak'
• Tlaic
s ka m%NdixYaf,aIKfha w;=re M,hla nj y÷kd .ekSug bv i,ikak'
• m%NdixYaf,aIKfha oS ksmofjk msIg
a h y÷kd .ekSu i|yd ir, mrSCIKhla
ie,iqï lsÍug Wmfoia ,nd oS ta i|yd jd¾;djla iEoSug Wmfoia fokak'
• m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd ;=,;
s ridhksl iólrKhla f.dvke.Sug isik q a
fhduq lrkak'
• ;=,s; mßirhla i|yd m%NdixYaf,aIKfha jeo.;alu .fõIKh lsÍug
isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
5
% h
s úoHdj
uQ,sl joka$ ixl,am - m%NdixYaf,aIKh" yrs;m%o
.=Kd;aul fhojqï - NaOH/ KOH "nkaika odylh" f;mdj" mÍlaIK k<" fmd,s;k
S a
nE.a" îlr" l`t lvodis" we,afmk;a;"s kQ,a" t;fkda,a" whãka
ødjKh" fmÜá% oSish" äuhs fld<" ud¾l¾ mEka" mqkS," ñkqï
ird" lïì oe,'
• isiq lKavdhï u.ska isÿ lrkq ,nk mÍlaIK my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl
Ndú; lrñka w.hkak'
• m¾fhaIK wegjqïj, ksrjoH;dj
• ksjerÈ ksrl
S I
a K ,nd .ekSu iy jd¾;d lsÍu
• ksjerÈj ks.ukj,g t<öu'
• ld, l<ukdlrKh
F T
RA
D
6
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4 ( ñksidf.a wdydr ÔrK ls%hdj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• ÔrKh hkq l=ulaoehs m%ldY lrhs'
• ÔrK ls%hdj,sh yd uqLh" wkakfi%da;h" wdudYh" l+vd wka;%h" uydka;%h
yd .=o ud¾.fha lD;H úia;r lrhs'
• wlaudj" w.akHdYh yd fÄg .%ka:j
s , ld¾h Ndrh m%ldY lrhs'
• ldfndayhsfâ%g" fm%dà
a k" ,smsv ÔrKfhka ,efnk wka;M, yd ta iïnkaO
tkaihsu ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
• wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh wdYs;
% frda." wdndO yd tajd je<elaùu ms<n
s | f;dr;=re
bosßm;a lrhs'
F T
• rEm igyka$ ùäfhda mg Ndú;fhka nqoê
a l,ïnk ieishla u`.ska wdydr
ÔrK moaO;sfha fldgia y÷kajd fokak'
• ÔrK lsh
R
lD;Hhka idlÉPd lrkak'
A
% dj,sh yd uqLh" wkakfi%d;
a h" wdudYh" l=vd wka;h
% yd uydka;f
% ha
D
• rEm igyka Ndú;fhka wlaudj" w.akHdYh" yd fÄg .%ka:j
Ndrh biau;= lr olajkak'
s , ld¾h
• ldfndayhsfâ%g" fm%dà
a k" ,smsv ÔrKfhka ,efnk wka;M, yd ta iïnkaO
tkaihsu ms<sn| j idlÉPd lr jd¾;d lrjkak'
• oDYHdOdrl yd wdlD;s Ndú;fhka wdydr ÔrK lsh
% dj,sh yd tys wka;M,"
ms<sn| j bÈßm;a lsÍula i|yd isiqka fhduq lrjkak'
• wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh wdYs;
% frda." wdndO iy tajd je<elaùfï l%u .fõIKh
lr l=vd fmd;a msxpla ilia lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
uQ,sl joka$ ixl,am

ÔrK ls%hdj,sh" ÔrKfha wka;M," wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh iïnkaO frda.
yd wdndO'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï - wdlD;s" lshùï øjH$ ùäfhda mg
7
% h
s úoHdj
we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd Wmfoia(-

• isiqkaf.a bÈßm;a lsÍï we.hSu i|yd my; ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrkak'
• iqÿiq oDYHdOdrl Ndú;h
• lKavdhula f,i lghq;= lsÍu
• ld, l<ukdlrKh
F T
RA
D
8
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5 ( ñksidf.a Yajik ls%hdj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• ndysr Yajikfha hdka;K
% h ^wdYajdih yd m%Yajdih& meyeÈ,s lsÍug ir,
ls%hdldrlula isÿ lrhs'
• ld¾hlaIu jdhq yqjudrejla i|yd Yajik mDIaGhl we;s ,dlaIKsl iy
Yaf,aIau, mg,fha yd mlaIauj, ld¾hNdrh úia;r lrhs'
• ndysr Yajikh iy ffi,Sh Yajikh hkq l=ulaoehs meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ijdhq Yajikfha ;=,s; ridhksl iólrKh m%ldY lrhs'
• Yla;s jdylhla$Yla;s yqjudre tallhla f,i ATP j, ld¾h Ndrh meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
• Tlaisckaj, wjYH;djh yd msglrk Yla;s m%udKh u; ijdhq Yajikh
yd ks¾jdhq Yajikh ikaikaokh lrhs'
f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'

F T
• Yajik moaO;sh yd iïnkaO frda." wdndO yd tajd j<lajd .ekSu iïnkaOj

RA
D
• iqÿiq ls%hdldÍ wdlD;shla Ndú; lrñka wdYajdi iy m%Yajdi ls%hdj,s
úia;r lrkak'
• jdhq yqjudrej isÿùug Wmldß jk Yajik mDIaGh i;= úfYaI ,laIK
.fõIKh lsÍug isiqkag u`. fmkajkak'
• rEm igyka $iÔúlrKh $ùäfhda o¾Yk Ndú;fhka Yajik mDIaGhl
,dCIKsl y÷kd .ekSug isiqkag u`. fmkajd" fuu ,CIK jdhq yqjudre
ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍug flfia bjy,a jkafkaoehs .fõIKh lsÍug isik
q g
a
bv fokak'
• ffi,Sh Yajikh ms<sn|j idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
• ijdhq Yajikfha ;=,s; ridhksl iólrKh f.dvkexùu i|yd u`.
fmkajkak'
• ATP hkq Ôùkaf.a Yla;h
s yqjudre lsÍfï i¾j;% tallh nj;a" Yajikfha
oS ksmojk ish,q u Yla;h
s .nvd lsÍu$ fjk;a wdldrhlg udre lsÍu
ATP wdOdrfhka isÿjk nj;a wjfndaO lr.ekSug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
• iqÿiq WodyrK fhdod .ksñka ijdhq yd ks¾jdhq Yajikh úia;r
lrkak'
9
% h
s úoHdj
• Tlaisckaj, wjYH;dj yd Yla;h

s ksoyia lsÍu u; ijdhq iy ks¾jdhq
Yajikh ikaikaokh lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
• Yajik moaO;sh yd iïnkaO frda. iy wdndO ms<sn| j iy tajd j<lajd
.ka k d l%u .fõIKh lr bÈßm;a ls Í ug is i qk a fhduq lrkak '
^fiïm%;Ys Hdj" laIh frda.h" kshqfudakh
s dj" weÿu" Yajdikd,sld m%odyh
fyj;a ^fn%dkalhsàia&'
uQ,sl joka$ ixl,am

• wdYajdih" m%Yj
a dih" Yajik mDIaGh" ijdhq Yajikh" ks¾jdhq Yajikh"
ATP "laIh frda.h" kshqfudakh
s dj" weÿu" Yajdikd,sld m%odyh
^fn%dkalhsàia&
.=Kd;aul fhojqï -
• rEm igyka" pdÜ igyka" wdlD;s" ùäfhda mg'
F T
• wdYajdih iy m%Yajdih fmkaùu i|yd ir, WmlrK iE§fï § isiqkaf.a
A
odhl;ajh my; ks¾Kdhl Ndú;fhka w.hkak'
R
D
• iqÿiq wdlD;shla f;dard .ekSu
• ls%hdj,sh úia;r lsÍfï yelshdj
• frda. iy wdndO ms<n
s | isik
q f
a .a bÈßm;a lsÍfï my; ks¾Kdhl Ndú;fhka
w.hkak'
• ld,h l<ukdlrKh
• o;a;j, ksrjoH;dj
10
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6 ( ñksidf.a nysiai%dú lsh

% dj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• nysiai%djh hkq l=ulaoehs m%ldY lrhs'
• ñksidf.a nysiai%dù wjhj iy nysiai%dù M, ,ehsia;. = ; lrhs'
• jDlalj, lD;H m%ldY lrhs'
• uq;% ksmoùfï lsh % dj,sh fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• nysiia d% ú moaO;s wdYs;
% frda." wdndO yd tajd j<lajd .ekSu ms<n
s | f;dr;=re
bÈßm;a lrhs'

• rEm igyka" ,sms" ùäfhda o¾Yk Ndú;fhka nysiai%djh hkak úia;r lr
fokak'
• nysiai%djh iy u< øjH msg lsßu w;r fjki y÷kd .ekSug isiqkag
u`. fmkajkak'
• ñksidf.a nysiai%dùh M, ,ehsia;. = ; lsßug isiqkag iydh jkak'
F T
• uQ;% ksmoùfï ls%hdj,sh fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
• nysiia d% ù moaO;sh wdYs;
A
% frda." wdndO yd jDlalj, lD;H ms<n
R
iys;j bosßm;a lsÍug isiqkag iydh jkak'
s òj wdo¾Yk
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
D
• nysiai%djh" jDlal" jDlaldKq" uQ;%
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
• rEm igyka" ùäfhda o¾Yk" PdhdrEm" ,sms'

• jDlalj, lD;Hhka hgf;a isiqkaf.a bÈßm;a lsßï my; ks¾Kdhl
wdOdrfhka ;lafiare lrkak'
• lKavdhula f,i lghq;= lsßu'
• oDYHdOdrl Ndú;h'
• f;dr;=rej, ksrjoHd;dj
• ld, l<ukdlrKh
11
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7 ( ñksidf.a reêr ixirK ls%hdj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• reêrfha ixhq;hs yd lD;H m%ldY lrhs'
• mqmaMqiSh iy ixia:dksl ixirKh úia;r lrhs'
• reêr mSvkh" wdl=xp iy úia;dr mSvk f,i úia;r lrhs'
• yD;a pl%h iy yD;a Yío úia;r lrhs'
• jid ;r,fha iy jid moaO;sfha ld¾h Ndrh úia;r lrhs'
• reêr ixirK moaO;sh wdYs%; frda." wdndO iy tajd je<elaùu ms<sn|
f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'

• rEm igyka$ ,sms$ ùäfhda o¾Yk Ndú;fhka reêrfha ixhq;h s úia;r
lrkak'
• reêr ixirK moaO;sfha m%Odk fldgia úoyd oelaùu i|yd rEm igyka"
j.=" m%ia;dr igyka ^pdÜ& fmkajkak'
F T
• wdlD;s$ rEm igyka Ndú;fhka yDofha lD;H úia;r lrkak'
RA
• reêrfha lD;Hhka úia;r lrkak'
• jid ;r,h ksmoùu yd tys lD;Hhka fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
• reêr ixirK moaO;sh wdYs;
D
% frda." wdndO iy tajdfhka je<elaùu ms<n
fmd;a msxpla ilia lsÍug isiqkag u`. fmkajkak'
• isiqka ,jd ie<iqï l< flá m%Yak mÍlaIKhla mj;ajkak'
s |j
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
• mqmMqiSh ixirKh" reêr mSvkh" wdxl=p yd úia;dr mSvkh" yD;a Yío"
jid ;r,h'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
• wdlD;s" ,sms øjH$ùäfhda o¾Yk'

• isiqkaf.a flá m%Yak úpdrd;aul jev igyka my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl
Ndú;fhka w.hkak'
• m%Yakj, wod<;ajh yd .=Kd;aul nj'
• ie<iqïlrKh'
• ksjerÈ ms<;
s r
= e'
• ixúOdk l=i<;d
12
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8 ( ñksidf.a iudfhdackh yd iuiaÓ;s lsh

% dj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• uOH iakdhq moaO;sfha ^fud<h" yd iqIqïkdj& uQ,sl lD;H ,ehsia;.
= ;
lrhs'
• m%;l
S ls%hdjla hkq W;af;achla i|yd we;sjk laIKsl iy wksÉPdkq.
m%;p
s drhla nj m%ldY lrhs'
• m%;l
S pdmh iakdhq moaO;sfha lD;Huh tallh nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• m%;l
S pdmhl fldgia y÷kd .kshs'
• iajhx idOl iakdhq moaO;sfha we;s jeo.;alu m%ldY lrhs'
• wkqfõ.S yd m%;Hdkqfõ.S ls%hdjka i|yd WodyrK imhhs'
• m%Odk wka;rdi¾. .%kaÓ" tajdfha msysàï iy lD;Hhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• iuiaÓ;sh hkq l=ulaoehs m%ldY lrhs'
lrhs'
F T
• foay WIaK;ajh" reêr .a,Qfldaia uÜgu iy c, ixhq;h
s hdukh úia;r
RA
D
• wdlD;s $rEm igyka $ùäfhda o¾Yk Ndú; lrñka fud<fha iy
iqIqïkdfõ ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• m%;l
S ls%hdj iy m%;l
S pdmh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• iajhx idOl iakdhq moaO;sfha jeo.;alu iy tys ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lsÍug
idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
• m%Odk wka;rdi¾. .%kaÓ" tajdfhys msyà
s u iy lD;Hhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• iuiaÓ;sh hkq wNHka;r mßirh hdukh i|yd we;s hka;K
% hla f,i
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• foay WIaK;ajh" reêr .a,qfldaia uÜgu iy c, ixhq;f
s ha iuiaÓ;sh
fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• isiqka úiska ie<iqïl< jHqy.; rpkd m%Yak mÍlaIKhla mj;ajkak'
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
• ñksidf.a iudfhdackh" iuiaÓ;sh" m%;l
S ls%hdj" m%;Sl pdmh" uOH
iakdhq moaO;sh" m¾hka; iakdhq moaO;sh" iajhx idOl iakdhq moaO;sh'
13
% h
s úoHdj
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
• wdlD;s" ,sms øjH$ùäfhda o¾Yk'

• isiqkaf.a jHqy.; rpkd mÍlaIKh i|yd my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl Ndú;
lrñka w.hkak'
• m%Yakj, wod,nj yd ksjerÈ nj'
• ms<s;=re m;%fha ksjerÈ nj'
• ,l=Kq fjkalr oelaùu'
• ms<s;=rem;a ,l=Kq lsÍu'
F T
RA
D
14
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;dj 02 ( Ôú;fha .=Kd;aul nj jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd mod¾:" mod¾:j,

.=K iy tajdfha wka;¾ iïnkaO;d wkafõIKh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 ( úúO ñY%K j¾. ms<sn| wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• ñY%K hk moh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• iucd;Sh iy úIucd;Sh ñY%K hk mo meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• iucd;sh iy úIucd;sh ñY%Kj, .=K ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
• úúO j¾.fha ñY%K ms<f s h, lrhs'
• ksÍlaIK u; mokïj § we;s ñY%K iucd;Sh fyda úIucd;Sh ñY%K
f,i fjka lr .kshs'
• ødjH;dj hk moh w¾: olajhs'
• ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl i|yka lrhs'
• ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl mÍlaId lrhs'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl md,kh lrk
T
wdldrh ms<sn| i;su;a nj fmkajhs'
F
RA
• isiq w;aoelSï wkqj bÈßm;a lrk WodyrK Ndú; lrñka zñY%KhZ hk
moh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
D
• ñY%K ,ehsia;=jla ilia lr tajd iucd;Sh fyda úIucd;Sh f,i j¾.
lsÍug u`. fmkajkak'
• lKavdhï ls%hdldrlula u.ska úúO j¾.j, ñY%K ilia lsÍug isiqkag
mjrkak'
• ms<sfh, lrk ,o ñY%K iucd;Sh yd úIucd;Sh f,i isiqka ,jd j¾.
lrjkak'
• iqÿiq WodyrK Ndú; lrñka ødjH;dj hk moh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl wkafõIKh lr jd¾;d lsßu i|yd isiq
lKavdhïj,g mjrkak'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § ødjH;dfõ fh§ï isiqka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'
uQ,sl joka$ ixl,am

• ñY%K
• iucd;Sh ñY%K $ødjK
• úIucd;Sh ñY%K
• ødjH;dj
15
% h
s úoHdj
.=K;aul fhojqï (-
• îlr" ù¥re l+r

• isiqka lKavdhï ñY%K ms<f
s h< lsÍfï ls%hdldrlïj, fh§ isák úg
my; ks¾Kdhl mokï lr .ksñka w.hkak'
• Wmfoia ms<sme§u
• ls%hdldÍ iyNd.s;j
a h
• WmlrK ksis wdldrfha ms<sfh, lsÍu
• ksÍlaIK yelshd
• o;a;$ f;dr;=re jd¾;d lsÍu
• ødjl yd ødjH ksjerÈ wkqmd;fhka fhdod .ekSu
F T
RA
D
16
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2 '2 ( ñY%Khl ixhq;h

s m%ldY lsÍu i|yd úúO ks¾Kdhl Ndú;
lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• ñY%Khl ixhq;h s ialkaO Nd.hla f,i m%ldY lrhs'
• ñY%Khl ixhq;h s mßud Nd.hla f,i m%ldY lrhs'
• ñY%Khl ixhq;h s ujq, Nd.hla f,i m%ldY lrhs'
• fok ,o ixhq;hs lska hq;a ñY%Khla ms<sfh, lrhs'
• ialkaOh iy mßudj weiqfrka ødjKhl ixhq;h s m%ldY lrhs'
• ujq, m%udKh iy mßudj weiqßka ødjKhl ixhq;h s m%ldY lrhs'
• n wdldrfhka m%ldYs; ødjKhl ixhq;h s idkaøKh f,i kï lrhs'
v
• m%dudKsl ødjKhla ms<sfh, lrhs'
• m%dudKsl ødjKhla ms<sfh, lsÍfï jeo.;alu w.h lrhs'
• ñY%Kj, ixhq;h s g wod< ir, .eg`t úi|hs'
T
F
• ñY%Khl ixhq;hs jeo.;a jk wjia:d ms<sn| isik
q a iu. idlÉPd lrkak'
A
• ñY%Khl ixhq;h s
ialkaO Nd.hla f,i
R
•
• mßud Nd.hla f,i
•
•
ujq, Nd.hla f,i
ialkaOh
D
f,i
mrsudj
ujq, ixLHdj
• f,i m%ldY l< yels nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
mrsudj
• isiqka lKavdhï lr úúO ixhq;s iys; ñY%K ms<sfh, lsÍug mjrkak'

• ialkaO Nd.h" mßud Nd.h ujq, Nd.h" ujq,$mßud iy ialkaO$mßud
iïnkaO ir, .eg¨ úi£ug isiqkag u`. fmkajkak'
s m v , v v iy n v f,i i|yka lr we;s fnda;,a
• ix>glhkaf.a ixhq;h
iy Ndck /ia lrk f,i isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
n
• v f,i m%ldYs; idkaøKh ødjKhl ixhq;sh f,i y÷kajd fokak'
• isiqka lKavdhï lr Tjqkg iïu; ødjK ms<f
s h, lsÍug mjrkak'
17
% h
s úoHdj
uQ,sl joka$ ixl,am

• ñY%Khl ixhq;h
s " ialkaO Nd.h" mßud Nd.h" ujq, Nd.h" idkaøKh
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
• mßudñ;sl ma,dialj
=
• mqkS,
• ñkqï irdj
• fojqï fnda;,h
• wod< ridhksl øjH
• iqÿiq ;rdoshla

• iïu; ødjK ms<sfh, lsÍfï ls%hdldrlul isiqka ksr; j isák úg my;
oelafjk ks¾Kdhl mokï lr .ksñka we.hSu isÿ lrkak'
• WmlrK yd øjH mßyrKh
a h
•
•
F T
,nd .kakd ñKqïj, ksrjoH;dj
jev lrk ia:dkfha msßisÿlu
• ixhq;h
A
s m%ldY lsÍu yd iïnkaO ixLHd;aul .eg¨ úi|Sug i,iajd
isiqka w.hkak'
R
D
18
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3 ( ñY%K fjka lsÍu i|yd úúO l%u Ys,am Ndú; lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• § we;s fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,am úia;r lrhs'
• úúO fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,am Ndú; lrñka ñY%Khl we;s ix>gl
fjkalrhs'
• § we;s fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,am Ndú; wjia:d i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
• uqyqÿ c,h u.ska ¨Kq ksIamdok lsh% dj,sh úia;r lrhs'
• ¨Kq ksIm a dokfha § Ndú; lrk fjka lsÍfï l%u bÈßm;a lrhs'
• YS% ,xldfõ iajdNdúl m%Nj u.ska i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh lrk l%u
úia;r lrhs' Wod - me`.sß f;,a" l=re÷ f;,a

• ksjfia § Ndú; lrk ir, fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,am ms<sn| j mka;s ldur
• my; oelafjk fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,am Ndú; lsßug wjia:dj ie,fik
• hdka;s%l fjka lsÍu

F T
ls%hdldrlï isiq lKavdhïj,g mjrkak'
•
•
jdIamN
fmÍu
RA
s jkh$ jdIaml S rKh
•
•
•
iaMálSlrKh
D
mqk¾iaMálSlrKh
j¾Kf,aLYs,amh
• my; oelafjk fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,am mka;s ldurfha § wdo¾Ykh lr
tajdfha jdis iy wjdis idlÉPd lrkak'
• ir, wdijkh
• ødjl ksiaidrKh
• yqud, wdijkh
• Nd.sl wdijkh
• by; fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,m a y;r yd iïnkaO isoO a dka; meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• fok ,o ñY%Khl ix>gl fjka lsÍu i|yd Ndú; l< yels fjka
lsÍfï l%u Ys,am ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
• uqyqÿ c,fhka ¨Kq ksIamdokh lsßfï § Ndú; jk fjkalÍ s fï l%u Ys,am
wjOdrKh lrñka ¨Kq ksIamdok lsh % dj,sh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• YS% ,xldfõ iajdNdúl m%Njj,ska i.kaO f;,a ksii a drK lsh% dj,sh meyeÈ,s
lsÍu i|yd idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
kso (- l=re÷ f;,a$ me`.sß f;,a'
19
% h
s úoHdj
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
• jdIamsNjkh$ jdIamSlrKh" hdka;l

%s fjka lsÍu" fmÍu" iaMálSlrKh
j¾Kf,aLYs,ma h" ir, wdijkh' ødjl ksii a drKh" yqud, wdijkh
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
• mqkS," fmryka lvodis" j¾Kdf,aL lvodis" îlr" ùÿre l+r" fírk

mqkS,h" ,sìla lkafvkairh" wdijk ma,dialj= " wdOrlh" nkaika
odylh'

• fjka lsÍfï l%u Ys,am ms<sn| ls%hdldrlfuys isiqka ksr; jk úg my;
i|yka ks¾Kdhl Tiafia isiqka ;lafiare lrkak'
• øjH yd WmlrK yeisr ùu
•
•
ls%hdldß iyNd.S;j
F T
a h
ksÍlaIK jd¾;d lsÍu yd idlÉPd lsÍu
•
RA
ld¾h mßY%fha msßisÿ nj
20
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4 ( wï, " Niau iy ,jKj, .=K wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• wï," Niau iy ,jKj, wdfõKsl ,laIK ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
• wï, yhsv%cka whk m%Njhla f,i;a" Niau yhsfv%dlais,a whk m%Njhla
f,i;a meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• m%n, wï, iy ÿn, wï, w;r fjki i|yka lrhs'
• m%n, wï, iy ÿn, wï, i|yd ksoiqka imhhs'
• m%n, Niau iy ÿn, Niau w;r fjki i|yka lrhs'
• m%n, Niau iy ÿn, Niau i|yd ksoiqka imhhs'
• ,sÜuia lvodis iy pH lvodis u.ska wï, Niau fjkalr .kshs'
• wï, iy Niau m%;l s %shd lsÍfuka ,jK iy c,h iEfok nj i|yka
lrhs'
• WodiSkSlrKh hk moh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § WodiSkslrKfha fh§ï ms<sn| idlÉPd lrhs'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wï," Niau iy ,jKj, Ndú; wkafõIKh lr
,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
F T
RA
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § jeo.;ajk wï," Niau iy ,jKj, ,dCIKsl .=K
D
fidhd ne,Su i|yd isiqkg mjrkak'
• wï,j, yhsv%cka whk mj;sk nj i|yka lrkak'
• Niauj, yhsfv%dlais,a whk mj;sk nj i|yka lrkak'
• ,sÜuia lvodis" iq,n wï, - Niau o¾Yl iy pH lvodis Ndú; lrñka
wï, iy Niau fjka lr y÷kd .ekSu i|yd ir, ls%hdldrlï ie,iqï
lrkak'
• pH o¾Yl Ndú; lrñka m%N, wï, iy ÿ¾j, wï, wdo¾Ykh lrkak'
• WodyrK Ndú;fhka m%n, wï, iy ÿ¾j, wï,j, fjki meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
• WodiSklrKh hk moh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ,jK i|yd WodyrK ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
• wï, iy Niau m%;slh s% d lsÍfuka ,jK iy c,h ksmofjk nj i|yka
lrkak'
• ,jKj, .=K idlÉPd lrkak'
• tofkod Ôù;fha § WodiSklrKfha fh§ï idlÉPd lrkak'
• tÈfkod Ôù;fha § wï," Niau yd ,jKj, Ndú; wkafõIKh lr
,ehsia;= .; lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
21
% h
s úoHdj
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
wï," Niau" ,jK yd WodiSklrKh
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
,sÜuia lvodis" pH lvodis" iqÿiq wdï,sl yd Ndiañl ødjK"
iqÿiq iajNdúl o¾Yl"*sfkdam;a ,Sk"a fu;s,a Tf¾kaÊ
a
• o¾Yl Ndú; lr wï," Niau yd ,jK fjkalr y÷kd .ekSfï lKavdhï

ls%hdldrlïj, kshef<k úg § isiqka we.hSu isÿ lrkak
• WmlrK yd øjH mßyrKh
• ls%hdldÍ iyNd.S;j
a h
• ksÍlaIK jd¾;d lsÍu
• ld¾hh mßY%h msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSu'
F T
RA
D
22
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'5 ( ridhksl m%;l

s %shd wdYs%; ;dm úm¾hdih wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• ridhksl m%;ls %shdjla isÿjk úg ;dm úm¾hdi isÿjk nj w;aoelSï
wkqj m%ldY lrhs'
• ;dmodhl iy ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;l s %shdj,g WodryK imhhs'
• ;dmodhl iy ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;l s %shd lsysmhla wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
• ;dmodhl iy ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;l s %shd hkq fudkjd oehs meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
• fok ,o m%;ls %shdjla i|yd ;dm úm¾hdi mÍlaIKd;aul j ks¾Kh
lrhs'
• fok ,o m%;slh s% djla i|yd ;dm úm¾hdi ks¾Kh lsÍfï § isÿlrk
Wml,amk i|yka lrhs'
• ridhksl m%;l s %shdj,g wod< ;dm úm¾hdi ish¨ u Ôùka i|yd
tÈfkod Ôú;fha § iy l¾udka;j, § jeo.;ajk nj ms<s.ksh's
F T
• iqÿiq mÍlaIKhla fhdod .ksñka ;dmodhl m%;l s %shdjla wdo¾Ykh
lrkak'
RA
• iqÿiq mÍlaIKhla fhdod .ksñka ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;l s hs% djla wdo¾Ykh
lrkak'
D
• fjk;a ;dmodhl iy ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;l
lrkak'
s %shd ms<sn| j idlÉPd
• m%;l
s s%hl iy M, i;= Yla;h s weiqre lr .ksñka ;dmodhl iy ;dm
wjfYdaIl m%;l s %shd meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ;dmodhl m%;l s %shdjl § M,j, wvx.= Yla;s m%udKh m%;l s %shlj,
wvx.= Yla;s m%udKhg jvd wvq nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;l s %shdjl È M, i;== Yla;s m%udKh m%;l s %shl i;=
Yla;s m%udKhg jvd jeä nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• Yla;s igyka ud¾.fhka ;dmodhl m%;l s %shd ksrEmKh lrkak'
• Yla;s igyka ud¾.fhka ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;l s %shd ksrEmKh lrkak'
• m%n, wï, iy m%n, Niau Ndú;fhka m%;l s %shdjl oS isÿ jk ;dm
úm¾hdih ks¾Kh lrkak'
• ;kql ødjKhl >k;ajh iy úYsIg a ;dm Odß;dj" c,fha >k;ajh
iy úYsIag ;dm Odß;djg iudk jk nj Wml,amkh lrkak'
• m%;l
s %shdjl oS isÿ jk ;dm úm¾hdih iïnkaO ir, .eg,q úi|sug
YsIHhka fhduq lrkak'
• ridhksl m%;l s %shdjla yd iïnkaO jk ;dm úm¾hdih b;d jeo.;a
jk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
23
% h
s úoHdj
• m%n, wï, ;kql lsÍfï oS c,hg wï,h tla lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= w;r
m%n, wï,hlg c,h tl;= lsÍu isÿ fkdl< hq;= nj i|yka lrkak'
• 10 jk fYaK % fs ha oS ridhksl úm¾hdih ms<sn| bf.k .ekSfï § ;dm
úm¾hdih ms<sn| w;aoelSï ,nd we;' ;dm odhl iy ;dm wjfYdaIl
m%;ls s%hd ms<sn| j Tjqkf a .a w;aoelSï isysm;a lrùu i|yd mejreula
fokak'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § my; oelafjk wjia:dj, § isÿjk ;dm úm¾hdi
ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrkak'
• .a¨fldaia c,hg tl;= lsÍu'
• le,aishï Tlaihsâ c,hg tl;= lsÍu'
• hqßhd c,hg tl;= lsÍu'
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
;dmodhl m%;l
s %shd" ;dm wjfYdaIl m%;l
s %shd" ;dm úm¾hdih
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
mÍlaIK k," fojqï fnda;,h" ùÿre l+r"
T
iqÿiq ridhksl øjH ^Wod(- HCl,NaOH,NH4Cl &
F
we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd Wmfoia
RA (-
lrkak' D
• ir, .eg¨ úi§u my; oelafjk ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lr we.hSï isÿ
• o;a; ksjerosj y÷kd .ekSu'

• wdod< f;dr;=re iólrKhg wdfoaY lsÍu'
• ksjerÈ iq¿ lsÍï u.ska ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu'
24
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'6 ( úoHq;a ridhksl fldaIhl ix>gl yd wod< ridhksl m%;l
s %shd
wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• iskla "a fldm¾ iy ;kql i,amshqßla wï,h Ndú; lr úoHq;a ridhksl
fldaI ksmojhs'
• TlaislrKh bf,lafg%dak msg lsÍula iy TlaisyrKh bf,lafg%dak
,nd.ekSula f,i m%ldY lrhs'
• TlaislrKh jk bf,lafg%davh wefkdavh f,i y÷kajhs'
• TlaisyrKh isÿlrk bf,lafg%davh lef;davh f,i y÷kajhs'
• Zn/Cu, Fe/Cu iy Zn/Fe hk ir, úoHq;a ridhksl fldaI i|yd
wefkdav" lef;dav hk iuia; m%;l s %shd ,shd olajhs'
• ndysr mßm:h yryd wefkdavfha isg lef;davh olajd bf,lafg%dak
m%jdy jk nj i|yka lrhs'

• ;kql H2SO4 i,a*h
T
s qßla wï,h" Cu iy Zn Ndú; lrñka úoHq;a
F
ridhksl fldaIhla ilia lrkak'
RA
• fldaIfha ls%hdj ksÍlaIKh i|yd isiqkg wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
• úoHq;a ridhksl fldaIhla u.ska úoHq;a Odrdjla ksmofjk whqre úia;r
lrkak'
D
• l=uk f,dayh bf,lafg%dak bj;a lrñka (+) whk njg m;ajkafka
oehs meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• Zn ;yvqfõ .s,S we;s fldgi Èhùug fya;j = meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• Zn ;yvqfõ isg Cu ;yvqj olajd bf,lafg%dak m%jdy jk nj i|yka
lrkak'
• Cu l+f¾ § fuu bf,lafg%dakj,g isÿjkafka l=ulaoehs isiqka iu`.
idlÉPd lrkak'
• ødjKfha mj;sk H+ u`.ska fuu bf,lafg%dak ,nd .kakd nj;a tys
s ,hla f,i H2 jdhqj ksmoù th Cu ;yvqj wi,ska bj;a ù hk
m%;M
nj;a i|yka lrkak'
• bj;ajk bf,lafg%dk a o we;=<;a j m%;l
s h
%s dj i|yd ridhksl iólrKh
,shk whqre meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• bf,lafg%dak bj;aùu TlaislrKhla f,i y÷kajd fokak'
• TlaislrKh isÿjk bf,lafg%davh wefkdavh f,i y÷kajd fokak'
• by; úoHq;a ridhksl fldaIfha Zn ;yvqj wefkdavh f,i i|yka
lrkak'
• bf,lafg%dak ,nd .ekSu TlaisyrKh f,i y÷kajd fokak'
• lef;davfha § H+ u.ska bf,lafg%dka ,nd .kakd nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
25
% h
s úoHdj
• fuu úoHq;a ridhksl fldaIfha Cu ;yvqj lef;davh f,i i|yka

lrkak'
• my; oelafjk úoHq;a ridhksl fldaI i|yd wefkdaäl" lef;daäl
iy iïmQ¾K m%;l s %shd meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• Zn/Cu fldaIh
• Fe/Cu fldaIh
• Zn/Fe fldaIh
• ilsh
% ;d fYaK
% h
s wkq.ukh lrñka by; fldaIj, wefkdavh iy
lef;davh y÷kd .kakd wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
uQ,sl joka$ ixl,am

TlaislrKh" TlaisyrKh" wefkdavh" lef;davh" ridhksl fldaI'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
îlr" ;kql i,amh
s qßla wï,h" fldm¾ ;yvq" iskl
a a ;yvq" fldm¾
jh¾" LED n,an

F T
RA
• úoHq;a ridhksl fldaI ms<sn| jd¾;djla ms<sfh, lsÍug mjrd my;
D
ks¾Kdhl u; mokï lr.ksñka isiqka we.hSu isÿ lrkak'
• wvx.= lreKqj, ksrjoH;dj'
• jd¾;dfõ lreKq bÈßm;a lr we;s ms<sfj,
• jd¾;dfõ wvx.= lreKqj, m%udKj;a nj'
26
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'7 ( úúO úoHq;a úÉfþok ls%hdj,s wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• úoHq ; a ika k dhl;dj mßla I dlr úoHq ; a úÉfþoHh iy úoHq ; a
wúÉfþoHh y\qkd .kshs'
• úoHq;a úÉfþok ls%hdj,sh i|yd wefkdav iy lef;dav y÷kajd fohs'
• fidaähï laf,darhsâ ødjKh" wdï,slD; c,h iy fldm¾ i,afmaÜ
ødjKh iïnkaO úoHq;a úÉfþokh wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
• § we;s úoHq;a úÉfþok lsh % dj,shla i|yd wefkdav" lef;dav iy iuia;
m%;ls %shdj ,shd olajhs'
• vjqkf a .a fldaIh fhdod .ksñka isÿ flfrk fidaähï ksiaidrKh
úia;r lrhs'
• úoHq;a f,daydf,amkh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• hlv u; ;U f,dayfha úoHq;a f,daydf,amk ls%hdj,sh wod< m%;l s %shd
iys;j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• hlv u; ;Uj, úoHq;a f,daydf,amkh wdo¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd ir,
ls%hdldrlula mj;ajhs'
F T
• úoHq;a f,daydf,amkfha Ndú; i|yka lrhs'

RA
ls%hdldrlï mjrkak'
D
• úoHq;a úÉfþoH iy úoHq;a wúÉfþoh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd isiqkg
• my; oelafjk ødjK iy øj j¾. imhd úoHq;a úÉfþoh iy úoHq;a

wúÉfþoH y÷kd .eksug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
Wod - N=ñf;,a" ¨Kq j;=r" t;fkda,a" wdi%; c,h" wdï,slD; c,h
• wdï,slD; c,fha úoHq;a úÉfþokh wdo¾Ykh lr wefkdaäl" lef;daäl
iy iïmq¾K m%;l s %shd i|yka lrkak'
• ldnka bf,lafg%dav fhdod c,Sh fldm¾ i,afmaÜ ødjKfha úoHq;a
úÉfÊokh wdo¾Ykh lrkak'
• ldnka bf,lafg%dav fhdod c,Sh NaCl ødjKfha úoHq;a úÑfþokh
wdo¾Ykh lrkak'
• c,Sh NaCl ødjKfha úoHq;a úoÉfþokh i|yd wefkdaäl" lef;daäl iy
iïmQ¾K m%;slh s% dj ,sùu i|yd u`. fmkajkak'
• fuu úoHq;a úÉfþok ls%hdj,sfha wefkdavh iy lef;davh hkq l=ula
oehs meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ú,Sk NaCl úoHq;a úÉfþokh u.ska fidaähï f,dayh ksiaidrKh lr
.kakd nj i|yka lrkak'
• úYd, mßudKfhkaa fidaähï f,dayh ksiaidrKh lr .ekSfï § úfYaI
wdldrfha fldaIhla fhdod .ekSug isÿjk nj iy thg vjqki a a fldaIh
f,i kï lrk nj i|yka lrkak'
27
% h
s úoHdj
• vjqki a a fldaIfha wod< bf,lafg%dav kï lrkak'

• vjqkia a fldaIfha wefkdavfha iy lef;davfha m%;ls h
%s d isik
q a ,jd ,shjkak'
• laf,daÍka by; ls%hdj,sfha w;=re M,hla nj i|yka lrkak'
• rEm igyka fyda ùäfhda o¾Yk u.ska vjqki a a fldaIfha ieleiau úia;r
lrkak'
• fidaähïj, m%fhdack idlÉPd lrkak'
• laf,daÍkaj, m%fhdack idlÉPd lrkak'
• úoHq;a úÉfþokh ms<sn| oekqu fhdod.ksñka úoHq;a f,daydf,amkh isÿ
lrk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• hlv mDIaGhla u; ;U wdf,amkh lrk whqre wdo¾Ykh lrkak'
• úoHq;a f,daydf,amkh i|yd wjYH jk jia;=j lef;davh f,i fhdod
.; hq;= nj i|yka lrkak'
• úoHq;a úÉfþoH wdf,am l< hq;= f,dayfha (+) whk wvx.= jk ødjKhla
úh hq;= nj i|yka lrkak'
• wefkdavh wod< (+) whk ødjKhg iemhsh yels f,dayh úh hq;= nj
i|yka lrkak'
• úoHq;a f,daydf,amkfha Ndú; idlÉPd lrkak'
uQ,sl joka ixl,am

F T
f,daydf,amkh'
RA
• úoHq ;a úÉfþoHh" úoHq ; a wúÉfþoHh" f,da y ksi a idrKh" úoHq; a
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (- D
• îlr" c,Sh fldm¾ i,afmaÜ ødjKh" ldnka bf,lafg%davh" fidaähï
laf,darhsâ ødjK'

• lKavdhï ls%hdldrlïj, ksr; j isák úg my; oelafjk ks¾Kdhl
u; mokï j isiqka we.hSu isÿ lrkak'
• Wmfoia ms<sme§u
a h
• ksÍlaIK l=i,;d
• ld¾hh mßY%h msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSu'
28
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'8 ( úLdok ls%hdj,s ms<sn| wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• úLdokh hkq l=ula oehs meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• hlv u, ne¢u flfrys n,mdk idOl mÍCId lrhs'
• u, ne£u i|yd wjYH idOl i|yka lrhs'
• u, ne£fï ls%hdj,shg wod< m%;ls %shd ,shd olajhs'
• u, ne£fï iS>%;dj fjkia lrk idOl kï lrkak'
• u, ne£u md,kh lrk whqre úia;r lrhs'
• hlvj, lemlsÍfï wdrlaIl l%uh úia;r lrhs'^lef;daäh wdrlaIdj&
• ilsh
% ;d fYaK
% sh wdOdrfhka hlvj, lef;daäh wdrlaIdjg iqÿiq f,day
f;dard .kshs'
• u, ne£u md,kh lsÍfï we;s jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'

• f,day úLdokh hkq l=ula o hkak iy th isÿjk whqre meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
F T
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § u, ne|Su ms<sn| j Tjqkf
a .a w;aoelSï m%ldY lrk
RA
f,i isiqka fufyhjkak'
• rEmigyka yd ùäfhda o¾Yk u.ska u, neoSfï ydks lr ;;aj bosßm;a
lrkak'
D
• u, ne£u i|yd c,h yd Tlaiscka w;HdjYH nj fmkajd oSug
mrSlIa K isÿ lrkak'
• my; i|yka ;;a;ajhka u, ne£u flfrys n,mdk wdldrh wdo¾Ykh
lsÍu i|yd ir, ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrkak'
• wï,
• Niau
• ,jK
• wï," NIau yd ,jKj, u, ne£u flfrys jk n,mEu idlÉPd
lrkak'
• hlv jd;hg iy c,hg ksrdjrKh jQ úg úLdokh jk whqre úia;r
lrkak'
• oaú f,day úLdokh iy lef;da ãh wdrlaIKh wdo¾Ykh i|yd
ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrkak'
• u, neòsu md,kh lsÍfï jeo.;alu iy l%u ms<sn| idlÉPd lr
tÈfkod ðú;fha § fuu l%u fhdod .kakd wdldrh yd wjia:d ms<sn|
jd¾;djla ieliSug isiqkag u`. fmkajkak'
29
% h
s úoHdj
uQ,sl joka ixl,am

• úLdokh" u, lEu" lef;daãh wdrlaIKh" oaúf,day úLdokh
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
• mÍlaIK k," l=vd hlv weK iaj,amhla

• u<ne§u ms<sn| isiq jd¾;d we.hSu i|yd my; ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrkak'
• lreKqj, ksrjoH;dj
• lreKqj, m%udKd;aulNdjh
• u< ne£u j<lajd.ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= lsh% d ud¾. bÈßm;a
lsÍu'
F T
RA
D
30
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'9 ( yhsfv%dldnk iy tajdfha jHq;amkakj, iajNdjh yd Ndú;

wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• yhsfv%dldnk hkq ldnka iy yhsv%cka muKla wvx.= ixfhda. nj
úia;r lrhs'
• we,aflak hkq C-C ;ks nkaOk iy C- H nkaOk muKla wvx.=
yhsfv%dldnk nj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• we,aflakj, jHqy w¢hs' ^Wmßu ldnka mrudKq ixLHdj 5 la i|yd
f¾Åh jHqy muKs'&
• t;ska iy tajdfha jHq;amkakj, jHqy w¢hs'

• tÈfkod Ôú;fha oS Ndú; lrk bkaOk j¾. lsysmhla ,ehsia;= .; lrk
f,i isiqkag mjrkak' ^Wod (- N+ñf;,a" fmg%,a" bá" ffcj ialkaO&
• by; bkaOkj, ixhq;h s ms<s sn| j idlÉPdjla fufyh jkak'
F T
• by; bkaOkj,ska tll ldnka iy yhsv%cka wvx.= nj i|yd mÍlaId
lsÍug ir, ls%hdldrlula isÿ lrkak'
lrkak'
RA
• fndfyduhla bkaOkj, jeämqru wvx.= jkafka C iy H nj i|ykaa
D
• C iy H muKla wka;¾.; jk ixfhda. yhsfv%dldnk f,i kï lrk
nj i|yka lrkak'
• we,aflak hkq C-C talnkaOk iy C -H nkaOk wvx.= yhsfv%dldnk
fYaK
% h
s la nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ldnka mrudKq 05 la olajd we,aflakj, jHqy we£ug isiqkag wjia:dj
,nd fokak' ^f¾Çh jHqy muKs&
• iqÿiq øjH Ndú; lrñka ir, we,aflak i|yd jHqyh f.dv k.kak'
^Wmßu C mrudKq 2 la i|yd&
• we,aflak i|yd fmdÿ iQ;h % CnH(2n+2) jYfhka jHq;amkak lrkak ^n=
ldnka mrudKq ixLHdj&
• t;Ska i|yd jHqyh y÷kajd fokak' (C=C)
• laf,dafrdt;Ska " fgÜg%d*af,dafrdt;Sk"a t;Skaj, jHq;amkak f,i y÷kajd
fokak'
• laf,dafrdt;Ska yd fgÜrdmaf,dfrdat;Skaj, jHqy we|Su i|yd isiqkag
wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
yhsfv%dldnk" we,aflak" t;Ska" laf,dafrdt;Ska" fgÜrd*af,drdt;Ska"
31
% h
s úoHdj
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
fmg%,a" ãi,a" N+ñf;,a" bá Ca(OH)2,CuSO4,îlrh" ùÿre ;yvqj" ì%i,a
fnda¾â" úoHd.dr wKql wdlD;s lÜg,h" laf,a $ fmd,siaghsÍka ;yvqj

• we,aflak" t;Ska yd tajdfha jHq;amkak i|yd wdlD;s ilia lsÍfï ksr; j
isák úg my; ks¾Kdhl u; mokï j isiqka w.hkak'
• ksa¾udKYS,s;j
a h
• jvd iqÿiq iy úhoï wêl fkdjk øjH Ndú;h'
• ksrjoH;dj
F T
RA
D
32
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'10 ( nyqwjhjlj, úúO;ajh .fõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• talwjhjlh" nyqwjhjlh" nyqwjhùlrKh iy mqkrdj¾;k tallh
yd hk mo y÷kajhs'
• nyqwjhjlj, iïNjh u; mokï j tajd j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
• iajdNdúl iy lD;%su nyqwjhjl i|yd ksoiqka imhhs'
• nyqwjhjlj, jHqyh u; mokï j tajd j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
• fok ,o talwjhjl j,ska jHq;amkak lrk ,o nyqwjhjlj, Ndú;
i|yka lrhs'
• f¾Çh" YdLd odu iys; iy yria odu iys; nyqwjhjl igyka u.ska
bÈßm;a lrhs'
• tosfkod Ôù;fha § iy l¾udka;j, § nyqwjhjlj, jeo.;alu
w.h lrhs'
isiqkg Wmfoia fokak'

F T
• t;Ska jHqy lsysmhla iqÿiq mßos tlsfkl iïnkaO lr weò oelaùug
nj i|yka lrkak'
RA
• t;Ska wKq tlaùfuka iEfok È.= odu wKq fmd,s;Ska f,i kï lrk
D
• by; ksoiqk weiqßka talwjhjlh" nyqwjhjlh yd mqkrdj¾;k
tallh hk mo úia;r lrkak'
• nyqwjhjl ;ekSfï i|yd talwjhjl wKq tlsfkl yd iïnkaO
ùfï ls%hdj,sh nyqwjhùlrKh f,i y÷kajk nj i|yka lrkak'
• talwjhjl wKq tlsfkl yd iïnkaO ù iEfok wKq nyqwjhjl
f,i ye¢kafjk nj m%ldY lrkak'
• nyqwjhjl ;ekSu i|yd tlsfkl iu`. iïnkaO jk ir, wKq tal
wjhjl f,i kï lrk nj i|yka lrkak'
• fmd,sjhsk,a laf,darhsâ (PVC) iy fmd,sfÜÜrd*a¨fjdfrda t;Ska ys
jHqy we£ug isiqkag mjrkak'
• nyqwjhhjlj, iïNjh u; mokï j nyqwjhjl iajNdúl iy
ixYaf,aIs; f,i j¾. lr olajkak'
33
% h
s úoHdj
nyqwjhjlh îïNjh u; mokïj&
iajdNdúl nyqwjhjl ixYaf,aIs; nyqwjhjl

iajdNdúl rn¾ fmd,s;Ska
fm%daàka PVC
msIagh fg*af,daka
.a,hsfldcka fmd,siaghsÍka
fi,shqf,daia
• nyqwjhjlj, jHqy u; mokï j tajd f¾Çh odu iys;" YdLd odu
iys; iy yria odu iys; f,i j¾.SlrKh lrkak'
• f¾Çh" YdLd odu iy yria odu rEm igyka u.ska bÈßm;a lrkak'
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § iy l¾udka;j, § nyqwjhjlj, Ndú; ms<sn|
j .fõIKh lrk f,i isiqkg mjrkak'
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
F T
talwjhjl" nyqwjhjl" nyqwjhùlrKh" mqkrdj¾;k tallh"
iajNdúl nyqwjhjl" ixiaf,aIs; nyqwjhjl" f¾Çh nyqwjhjl"
A
Ydl odu nyqwjhjl" yriaodu nyqwjhjl'
.=K;aul fhojqï
D R
laf,a $ fmd,siaghsßka ;yvqj" weuqKï
mEka" fm< fmd;" wfkl=;a uqøs; øjH'
q l+re" ì%ia,a fnda¾â" udl¾
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § iy l¾udka;j, § nyq wjhúlj, Ndú; ms<n s |

fidhd ne,Su i|yd isiqkg ,nd ÿka mejreu my; ks¾Kdhl u;
mokï j isiqka w.hkak'
• úúO uq,dY% wdÈh Ndú; lsÍu
• ks¾udKYS,s;ajh
• úIh lreKq ksrjoH;dj
• ksudj
34
% h
s úoHdj
ksmK
q ;dj( úúO Yla;s wdldr" mod¾: iy Yla;s w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;d" Yla;s
mßj¾;k m%Yia; uÜgñka ld¾hCIu f,i yd M,odhS f,i Ndú;
lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 ( hdka;s%l ;rx. iy úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.j, .=K ms<sn| j
wkafõIKh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (07 hs
bf.kqï M, (
• ls%hdldrlï u.ska hdka;%sl ;rx. p,s;fha iajNdjh wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
• hdka;ls% ;rx. u.ska mod¾: iïfma%IKhlska f;dr j Yla;hs iïfm%Ia Kh
isÿ lrk nj m%ldY lrhs'
• ;S¾hla iy wkajdhdu ;rx.j, fjkialï meyeÈ,s lr iqÿiq WodyrK
bÈßm;a lrhs'
• ;rx.hl m%iA;dßl ksrEmKh Ndú;fhka ;rx. p,s;fha iajNdjh yd
;rx. p,s;h yd iïnkaO fN!;sl rdYs' îxLHd;h" ;rx. wdhduh" úia:drh
•
;rx. fõ.h& meyeÈ,s lrhs'
F T
udOHfha wxY= foda,kh ùulska f;drj tlsfklg ,ïnlj foda,kh
RA
jk úoHq;a lafIa;%hla iy pqïnl lafIa;%hla fya;f
;rx. yg .kakd nj m%ldY lrhs'
= jka úoHq;a pqïnl
•
D
úoHq;a fCIa;%h iy pqïnl fCIa;%h hk folg u ,ïnl jQ ÈYdjla Tiafia
úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. m%pdrKh jk nj m%ldY lrhs'
úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. m%pdrKh i|yd udOHhla w;HjYH fkdjk nj
m%ldY lrhs'
• ßla;fha § úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. m%pdrKh jk fõ.h 3 x 108 ms-1 jk nj
m%ldY lrhs'
• úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. ;S¾hla ;rx. wdldrfhka m%pdrKh jk nj m%ldY
lrhs'
• úoHq;a pqïnl j¾Kdj,sfha wvx.= my; oelafjk úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.j,
m%dfhda.ls Ndú;hka meyeÈ,s lrhs' f¾äfhda ;rx." iqlI a u ;rx.
wfOdarla; ;rx. " oDYH wdf,dalh" mdrcïnq, lsrK" x - lsrK iy γ -
lsrK'
• iq¾hhdf.a isg mDÓúhg ;dmh iy wdf,dal a m%pdrKh isÿjkafka úoHq;a
pqïnl ;rx. wdldrfhka nj m%ldY lrhs'

• ia,sxlsh fyda fjk;a iqoqiq wegjqula Ndú; lr wkajdhdu iy ;S¾hla
;rx. p,s;h wdo¾Ykh lrkak'
• ksÍCIK mokï lr .ksñka my; lreKq wjfndaO lr.ekSu i|yd
35
% h
s úoHdj
isiqka fufyhjkak'
• wkajdhdu ;rx.j, oS ;rx.h .uka .kakd udOHfha msysá wxY= a
;rx.h .uka .kakd ÈYdj Tiafia foda,kh ùu'
• ;S¾hla ;rx.j, oS ;rx.h .uka .kakd udOHfha msysá wxY+ ;rx.h
.ukakd .kakd ÈYdjg ,ïnl j foda,kh ùu'
• ;rx.h u.ska mod¾:h iïfm%I a Khlska f;dr j Yla;hs iïfmaI%a Kh
isÿ lsÍu'
• rEm igyka Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka wkajdhdu iy ;S¾hla ;rx.
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• wkajdhdu iy ;S¾hla ;rx. i|yd WodyrK fidhd .ekSug isiqkag
mjrkak'
• wkajdhdu iy ;S¾hla ;rx. i|yd úia:dmkh-ÿr m%ia;drh bÈßm;a
lrkak' fuh ;rx.hl m%ia;dßl ksrEmKh f,i y÷kajd fokak'
• ;rx.hl m%ia;dßl ksrEmKh Wmfhda.s lr.ksñka ixLHd;h" ;rx.
wdhduh" úia;drh" iy ;rx. fõ.h hk mo meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• N+ lïmk ;rx. iy iqkdñ ;rx. ms<n s |j fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• tlsfklg ,ïnl ÈYd Tiafia úoHq;a lafIa;%fha iy pqïNl lafIa;%fha
foda,kh fya;f
T
= jka yg .kakd úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. rEm igykla
F
weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
•
RA
úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.j, my; oelafjk ,dlaIKsl meyeÈ,s lsßu i|yd
nj' D
• úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. m%pdrkh id|yd udOHhla w;HjYH fkdjk
• ßla;fha § fõ.h 3 x 108 ms-1 jk nj'

• ;S¾hla ;rx. wdldrfhka m%pdrKh jk nj'
• úoHq;a pqïnl j¾Kdj,sh bÈßm;a lrkak'
• f¾äfhda ;rx." iqlaIu ;rx." wdfOdrla;" oDYH wdf,dalh" mdrcïnq,
" X - lsrK iy γ -lsrKj, Ndú; fláfhka idlÉPd lrkak'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï
ia,sxlsh
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
hdka;l
%s ;rx." wkajdhu ;rx." ;S¾hla ;rx." ixLHd;h" ;rx. wdhduh"
;rx. fõ.h" úia:drh" úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx." úoHq;a pqïnl j¾Kdj,sh'

• lKavdhï ls%hdldrlï iy idlÉPdfõ ksr;j isák úg my; oelafjk
ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrñka isiqka we.hSu isÿ lrkak'
• WmlrK ksishdldrj yeisrùu'
• ksjerÈ ksÍlaIK ,nd .ekSu'
• idlÉPdfõ § lsh% dldÍ iyNd.S;j
a h'
36
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 ( tÈfkod ðú; lsh % dldrlï iy úoHd;aul lghq;j

= , § èjks
;rx. ms<sn| oekqu Ndú; lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• èjks ;rx.j, wkajdhdu iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• èjks ;rx." iïmSvk iy úr,kj,ska iukaú; jk nj meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
• èjks ;rx. iïfm%Ia Kh i|yd udOHla wjYH jk nj m%ldY lrhs'
• >k" øj iy jdhq udOHj, ;rx. fõ.h fjkiajk ms<sfj< m%ldY
lrhs'
• èjks ksIm
a dokh lrk wdldrh wkqj ix.S; NdKAav j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
• ;dr;dj" úmq,;dj iy èjks .=Kh hkdosh èjks ,dCIKsl f,i
i|yka lrhs'
• ;dr;dj" ixLHd;h u;" úmq,;dj" úia;drh u;" iy èjks .=Kh"
èjks m%Njh u; r|d mj;sk nj m%ldY lrhs'
•
F T
Y%jH;d iSudj" wfOda èjks iy w;sèjks ixLHd; ms<sn| j i|yka

lrhs'
RA
D
• rEm igyka fyda fjk;a bf.kqï wdOdrl ^mß.Kl iudlrK" ùäfhda
o¾Yk wdÈh& Ndú; lrñka my; oelafjk lreKq meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• úr,k yd iïmSvk wkqlu % hlska èjks ;rx. iukaú; jk nj'
• èjksh wkajdhdu ;rx.hla f,i m%pdrKh jk nj'
• èjksh m%pdrKh i|yd udOHhla wjYH jk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• jdhq" øj iy >k udOH ;=< wkqm< s sfj<ska m%fõ.h jeäjk wdldrhg
èjks m%pdrKh jk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• úúO ix.S; NdKavj, èjks ksIm a dokh jk wdldrh wdo¾Ykh lr
tajd jdhq l|ka lïmkh" ;ka;= lïmkh iy mg, lïmkh wdÈ
jYfhka j¾. lrkak'
• iqÿiq èjks m%Nj Ndú; lr ;dr;dj" úmq,;dj iy èjks .=Kh wdÈfha
fjkialï w;aoelSug isiqkg wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
• ;dr;dj" ixLHd;h u;" úmq,;dj úia;drh u;" èjks .=Kh èjks
m%Njh u; r|d mj;akd nj fmkajd fokak'
• èjksfha Y%jH mrdih" wfOdaèjksh iy w;sèjksh wdÈh y÷kajd foñka
• wfOdaèjks iy w;sèjksj, Ndú; ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrkak'
37
% h
s úoHdj
.=Kd;aul fhojqï
ix.S; NdKav" iriq,a lÜg,h
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
èjks ;rx." èjks fõ.h" ;dr;dj" úmq,;dj" èjks .=Kh" Y%jH;d
mrdih"wfOdaèjks" wksèjks

• my; oelafjk ks¾Kdhl u; mokï j idlÉPdfõ È isiq odhl;ajh
w.hkak'
• ilSh% odhl;ajh
• wod< lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu'
• wka whf.a woyia j,g ijka §u'
F T
RA
D
38
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3 ( cHdñ;sl m%ldY úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u iy kshu tÈfkod ðú;
wjYH;d iy úoHd;aul lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• jl% o¾mKj, m%;sìïN ms<sn| j wkafõIKh lsÍu i|yd ls%hdldrlu isÿ
lrhs'
• jl% o¾mKhl O%ejh" jl%;d flakaøh" kdNsh iy m%Odk wlaIh y÷kd.ksh's
• W;a;, iy wj;, o¾mK u; m;s; jk my; oelafjk lsrKj, yeisÍu
meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd mrdj¾;k kshu fhdod .kshs'
• m%Odk wlaIhg iudka;r j meñfKk lsrKh'
• jl%;d flakaøh yryd .uka .kakd lsrKh'
• kdNsh yryd .uka .kakd lsrKh
• W;a;, o¾mKj, m%;ì s ïn ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd lsrK igyka w¢hs'
• wj;, o¾mKj, my; oelafjk wjia:dj, m%;ì s ïn ks¾udKh lsÍu
i|yd lsrK igyka w¢hs&
•
F T
(u → ∞ , u > r , u = r , f < u < r , u = f , u < f )
wod< wjia:dj, § jl% o¾mK Ndú; lrhs'
•
•
RA
j¾;kh wdo¾Ykh i|yd ir, ls%hdldrï isÿ lrhs'
.yk;r udOH iy úr,;r udOH fjka lr olajhs'
•
•
•
D
j¾;k kshu m%ldY lrhs'
j¾;k wxlh hk moh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh wdo¾Ykh i|yd ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrhs'
• zwjê fldaKhZ hk moh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh ixisoaêh iy tys Ndú;hka úia;r lrhs'
• W;a; , ldp iy wj;, ldpj,s ka iEfok m%; sì ïnj, iaj Ndjh
wkafõIKh lsÍu i|yd ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrhs'
• ldphla i|yd m%Odk wCIh" kdNsh iy m%ldY flakøa h hk mo meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
• ldphla u; m;s;jk my; oelafjk lsrKj, yeisÍu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• m%Odk wlaIhg iudka;r lsrKh
• m%ldY flakøa h yryd lsrKh
• kdNsh yryd hk lsrKh
• wdf,dalfha m%;j s ¾;H;d uq,O¾uh i|yka lrhs'
• wj;, ldpj, m%;ì s ïn i|yd lsrK igyka ks¾udKh lrhs'
• W;a;, ldpj, m%;sìïn i|yd my; oelafjk wjia:d i|yd lsrK igyka
ks¾udKh lrhs'
( u →∝ , u > 2f, u = 2 f , f < u < 2 f , u = f , u < f )
39
% h
s úoHdj
• W;a;, ldp iy wj;, ldpj, Ndú; i|yd WodyrK bÈßm;a

lrhs'
• lsrK igykla Ndú;fhka ir, wkaùCIfha ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• W;a;, iy wj;, o¾mKj,ska iEfok úúO m%;ì s ïn ksÍlaIKh
i|yd ir, ls%hdldrlï fufyhjkak'
• m%;ì s ïnj, iajNdjh ms<sn| j ^;d;aúl" w;d;aúl nj" Wvqlr = e" hál=re
nj" úYd, fyda l=vd nj& idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
• jl% o¾mKj, O%ejh" kdNsh" m%Odk wCIh" jl%;d flakøa h hk mo
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• m%Odk wCIhg iudka;r lsrKh" jl%;d flakøa h yryd .uka .kakd
lsrKh iy kdNsh yryd .uka .kakd lsrKh hk lsrK o¾mKh u;
m;s; jQ úg mrdj¾;kh jk wdldrh rEm igyka u.ska ksrEmKh
lsÍu i|yd isiqka fufyhjkak'
• W;a;, o¾mKh u.ska m%;ì s ïN we;sjk wdldrh ksrEmKh lsÍug
lsrK igyka we£u i|yd isiqka fufyhjkak'
• wj;, o¾mKh u.ska m%;ì
F T s ïN we;sjk my; wjia:d i|yd lsrK

igyka we|Su iòyd isiqka fufyhjkak'
RA
(u → ∞, u > r , u = r , f < u < r , u = f , u < f )
• tÈfkfod Ôú;fha oS iy fjk;a wjYH;d i|yd jl% o¾mK Ndú;hg
D
.kakd wjia:d f.k yer olajñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
• lsrK ;=,sldjla Ndú; lrñka jd;h - c,h" jd;h - ùÿre jeks udOH
folla i|yd wdf,dal lsrKhl j¾;kh wdo¾Ykh lrkak'
• .yk;r udOH iy úr,;r udOH WodyrK Ndú; lrñka meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
• j¾;k kshu m%ldY lrkak' j¾;k kshu yd iïnkaê; mo f,i
m;k lsrKh" j¾;k lsrKh" m;k fldaKh" j¾;k fldaKh iy
wNs,ïnh hk mo meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• j¾;k wxlh y÷kajd fokak' ^.Kkh lsßï wkjYHhhs&
• mQ¾K wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh iqÿiq lsh % dldrula u.ska wdo¾Ykh lrkak'
• wdo¾Ykfha ksÍlaIK mokï lr .ksñka wjê fldaKh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
• W;a;, iy wj;, ldp u.ska ;efkk úúO m%;sìïn ms<sn| j
wkafõIKh lsÍu i|yd isiqka fhduq lrkak'
• wj;, ldp u.ska ;efkk m%;ì s ïn lsrK igyka u.ska ksrEmKh
i|yd isiqka fhduq lrjkak'
• W;a;, ldp u.ska ;efkk m%;ì s ïn lsrK igyka u.ska ksrEmKh
lsÍu i|yd isiqka fhduq lrkak'
( u →∝ , u > 2 f , u = 2 f , f < u < 2 f , u = f , u < f ) wjia:d
i|yd
40
% h
s úoHdj
• ir, wkaùCIfha lsh % dj lsrK igyka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'

uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
;d;aúl m%;ì
s ïn" w;d;aúl m%;ì
s ïn" O%ejh" jl%;d flakøa h" kdNsh"
m%Odk wlaIh" lsrK ;=,sldj" j¾;kdxlh" wjê fldaKh" mQ¾K
wNHka;r mrdj¾;kh" ir, wkaùCIh'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï
wj;, o¾mk" W;a;, o¾mk" wj;, ldp" W;a;, ldp" m%ldY
w,afmfk;a;s " ùÿre l=Üá'

• my; oelafjk ks¾Kdhl u; mokïj lKavdhï ls%hdldrlïj, §
isiqkaj we.hSu isÿ lrkak'
• WmlrK ksishdldrj iy wdrlaI;
s j yeisrùu'
• ksjerÈ ksÍlaIK ,nd .ekSu'
• ksÍlaIK u; mokïj ksjerÈ ks.ukj,g t<ôu'
T
• wka wh iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu'
F
RA
D
41
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4 ( ;dmc M, ms<sn| j wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• úúO j¾.j, WIaK;aj udk kï lrhs'
^ùÿre - riÈh" ùÿre - uOHidr" ixLHdxl&
• ùÿre - riÈh WIaK;ajudkfha ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn| j fláfhka
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• fi,aishia WIaK;aj mßudKh y÷kd .kS'
• ksrfmaCI WIaK;aj mßudKh y÷kd .kS'
• fi,aishia iy ksrfmalaI WIaK;aj mßudK w;r iïnkaO;dj m%ldY
lrhs'
• úúO WIaK;aj uekSu i|yd WIaK;ajudk Ndú; lrhs'
• tla jia;=jl isg ;j;a jia;=jlg ;dmh .uka lsÍu i|yd ;sìh hq;=
;;a;j a h m%ldY lrhs'
• jia;=jl ;dm Odß;dj w¾: olajhs'
•
•
øjHhl úYsIg
F T
a ;dm Odß;dj w¾: olajhs'
yqjudre jQ ;dm m%udKh fiùu i|yd Q = mcθ Ndú; lrhs'
•
RA
WIaK;aj fjkia ùulska f;drj" øjdxlfha § iy ;dmdxlfha §
wjia:d úm¾hdi isÿjk nj m%ldY lrhs'
•
•
•
jdIamN
D
S jKh iy jdIaml S rKh .=Kd;aul j ii|hs'
;dmdxlh" ysudxlh" øjdxlh hk mo meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ú,hkfha úYsIg a .=ma; ;dmh iy jdIamslrKfha úYsIag .=ma; ;dmh
hk mo w¾: olajhs'
• >k" øj yd jdhq m%idrKh wdo¾Ykh i|yd ls%hdldrlï isÿ lrhs'
• ;dm ixl%uKh jk l%u ;=k meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ;dm ixl%uKh jk úúO wdldr i|yd WodyrK bÈßm;a lrhs'

• úúO j¾.fha WIaK;ajudk isiqkg m%o¾Ykh lr tajd kï lrkak'
• riÈh - ùÿre WIaK;ajudkfha ieleiau meyeÈ,s lr riÈh l|l
m%idrKh WIaK;ajh uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• whsia Èhùfï iy c,h keàfï WIaK;aj u; mokï j fi,aishiaa
WIaK;aj mßudKh ilia lr we;s nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• fi,aih s ia iy fl,aúka WIaK;aj mßudK w;r iïnkaO;dj olajkak
• ksrfmaCI WIaK;aj mßudKh y÷kajd fokak' tys Y+kHh - 2730C jk
nj o i|yka lrkak'
• isiqkg imhd we;s WIaK;ajudk Ndú; lr úúO WIaK;aj uekSu
i|yd Tjqka fhduq lrkak'
42
% h
s úoHdj
• by< WIaK;aajh we;s jia;=jl isg my< WIaK;ajh we;s jia;=jla

fj; ;dmh .uka lrk nj meyeÈ,s lr fokak'
• tla jia;=jl isg ;j;a jia;=jlg ;dmh ixl%uKh jk l%u i|yka
lr tajd kï lrkak'
• úúO l%u u.ska ;dmh ixl%uKh jk wdldrh fláfhka meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
• øjHhl úYsIg a ;dm Odß;dj w¾: olajkak'
• jia;=jl ;dm Odß;dj w¾: olajd th jia;=fõ ialkaOfha iy jia;=j
;kd we;s øjHfha úYsIg a ;dm Odß;dfõ .=Ks;h nj fmkajd fokak'
• yqjudre jk ;dm m%udKh Q = mcθ u.ska ,nd fok nj meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
• Q = mcθ Ndú;fhka ir, .eg¨ úi£u i|yd isiqka fhduq lrjkak'
• mod¾:fha wjia:d úm¾hdi ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s lrkak' ^>k - øj&
wjia:d úm¾hdih" øj - jdhq wjia:d úm¾hdih&
• ú,hkfha úYsIg a .=ma; ;dmh iy jdIamSlrKfha úYsIg
a .=ma; ;dmh
hk mo w¾: olajkak'
• jdIam s lrKh iy jdIa m sN jKh hk ls %h dj,sj , iudklï iy
fjkialï fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
F T
• >k" øj iy jdhqj, ;dmc m%idrKh ir, ls%hdldrlï weiqßka
.=Kd;aulj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
RA
• ;dmc m%idrKfha m%;M
isiqkaj fhduq lrkak'
s , iy Ndú; ms<sn|j .fõIKh lsÍu i|yd
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
• fi,aih
D
s ia WIaK;aj mßudKh" ksrfmalI
a ^fl,aúka&WIaK;aj mßudKh
• jia ;= j l ;dm Odß;dj" øjHhl úYsI ag ;dmOdß;dj" ú,hkh"
jdIamls rKh" jdIamN S jKh" øjdxlh" ;dmdxlh" ysudxlh" ikakhkh"
ixjykh" úlsrKh" wjia: d úm¾hdi"s ú,hkf.a .=ma ; ;dmh"
jdIamlS rKfha .=ma; ;dmh'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï -
• oaúf,day má" WIaK;ajudk" WIaK;aj md,l

• WIaK;ajh uekSu iy yqjudre jQ ;dm m%udKh fidhd .ekSfï
ls%hdldrlfï § my; ks¾Kdhl mokïj isiqka we.hSug ,la lrkak'
• ksjerÈj WIaK;ajudkh Ndú;h
• ksjerÈ mdGdxl igyka lsÍu'
• wod< f;dr;=re iólrKhg wdfoaY lr ksje/È m%;M
s , ,nd.ekSu'
43
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5( úoHq;a WmlrKj, cjh iy Yla;h

s m%udKkh lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• úoHq;a WjdrKhl W;ai¾ckh jk Yla;h s iy cjh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• úoHq;a Yla;hs yd cjh iïnkaO ir, .eg¨ úi|hs
• úúO úoHq;a WjdrKj, CIu;d m%udKkh wkqj Yla;h s mßfNdackh jk
m%udKh ms<sn| j iei£u isÿ lrhs'
• ld¾hlaIu Ndú;h i|yd úúO úoHq;a WjdrK iei£u isÿ lrhs'
• úoHq;a Yla;s mßfNdackh ld¾hlaIu lr .ekSfï l%u ms<sn| j úia;r
lrhs'
• .Dy úoHq;a mßm:hl Wmdx. kï lrhs'
• mßm: igykla Ndú;fhka by; Wmdx. mßm:hg iïnkaO ù we;s
wdldrh iy tajdfha we;s m%fhdack meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• .Dy úoHq;a mßm: Ndú;fha § ie,ls,u
s ;a úh hq;= wdrlaIs; mQfrdafjdamdhka
ms<sn| j úia;r lrhs'
• úoHq;a Yla;s mßfNdackh uekSu i|yd lsf,dafjdÜ meh tallh Ndú;
lrhs'

F T
• úoHq;a WmlrKj, oS úoHq;a Yla;h
A
s fjk;a Yla;s wdldrhlg mßj¾;kh
R
jk nj ksoiqka u.ska f.k yer olajkak'
D
• úoHq;a WmlrKhl CIu;dj w¾: olajkak'
• úoHq;a WmlrKhla u.ska mßfNdackh lrk Yla;s m%udKh E = Pt
u.ska ,ndfok nj fmkajd fokak'
• úoHq;a WmlrKhla yrydV úNj wka;rhla iemhQúg t;=<ska I Odrdjla
.uka .kafka kï tys Yla;s W;ai¾ckh jk iS>%;dj P = VI u.ska
,ndfok nj fmkajd fokak'
• by; ;;a;j a h hgf;a W;ai¾ckh jk Yla;s m%udKh E = VIt u.ska
,nd fok nj fmkajd fokak'
• ksjfia Ndú; jk úúO úoHq;a WmlrKj, laIu;d ,ehsia;= .; lr
tu WmlrK Ndú; lsÍfï oS jeh jk úoHq;a Yla;h s .Kkh lrk
f,i isiqkg mjrkak'
• cd;sl úÿ,sn, cd,h u.ska wmf.a ksfjia fj; iemfhk úÿ,sh
m%;Hdj¾; Odrdjla jk w;r tys fjda,aàh;dj 230V iy 50 Hz
ixLHd;hlska hqla; nj i|yka lrkak'
• m%Odk úÿ,sh iÔù iy WodiSk flan,a folla u.ska ksjig ,nd
fok nj i|yka lrkak'
• .Dy úoHq;a mßm:hl 5 A mßm: iy 13A/ 15A úÿ,s mßm: meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
• .Dy úoHq;a mßm:hl" wdf,dal mßm:h yd j,h mßm: we;s nj
i|yka lrkak'
44
% h
s úoHdj
• mrsm:h ;=, wvx.= Wmdx. kï lr iy tajd iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh

iy tajdfha lsh
% dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• .Dy úoHq;a mßm:hl we;s wdrlaIdl mq¾fjdamdhhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ksjig iemfhk úÿ,sh lsf,da fjdÜ meh j,ska uefkk nj i|yka
lrkak'
• úoHq;a Yla;hs uekSfï tallhla f,i lsf,da fjdÜ meh y`ÿkajd
fokak
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
• CIu;dj" lsf,dafjdÜ meh" m%;Hdj¾:l Odrdj
.=Kd;aul fhojqï
• .Dy úoHq;a mßm: wdlD;s"jh¾"iaúÉÑ"mßm: ìòsk'

• isiqkg ,nd fok ,o mejreug Tjqka ,ndfok ,o m%;p s dr my;
ks¾Kdhl u; mokïj we.hSug ,la lrkak'
F T
• tla /ia lr.kakd ,o f;dr;=re m%udKh
• úúO j¾.fha WmlrK ms<sn| iei|Su'
RA
• ksjerÈj .Kkhka isÿ lsÍu'
• úÿ,sn,h wrmsßueiqïj Ndú; lsßu ms<sn|j bÈßm;a lr we;s
fhdackd'
D
45
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'6 ( tÈfkod Ôú; wjYH;d iy úoHd;aul lghq;=j, §

bf,lafg%dksl úoHdj ms<sn| oekqu Ndú; lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• ikakdhl iy w¾O ikakdhl w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ksi`. w¾O ikakdhl i|yd WodyrK bÈßm;a lrhs'
• ndyH w¾O ikakdhl foj¾.h ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ikaê vfhdavhl jHqyh úia;r lrhs'
• ir, ls%hdldrlï u.ska vfhdavhl ls%hdj wdo¾Ykh lrhs'
• w¾O ;rx. iDcqlrKh iy mQ¾K ;rx. iDcqlrKh ls%hdldrlï
weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• w¾O ;rx. iDcqlrKh" mQ¾K ;rx. iDcq lrKh iy iqugkh mßm:
igyka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• LED, m%ldYvfhdav iy iQ¾h fldaI Ndú; lr ir, lsh % dldrlï isÿ
lrhs'
• LED, m%ldYvfhdav iy iQ¾h fldaIj, Ndú; iy ,laIK úia;r
•
lrhs'
F T
pnp iy npn g%dkaisisgrj, jHqyh iy mßm: ixfla; meyeÈ,s lrhs'
•
lrhs'
RA
ir, ls%hdldrlï weiqfrka npn g%dkaisiagrhl j¾Ol lsh % dj meyeÈ,s
•
lrhs' D
ir, ls%hdldrlï weiqfrka npn g%dkaisiagrhl iaúÉÑ ls%hdj meyeÈ,s
mßm: igyka weiqfrka g%dkaisig

a rhl j¾Ok lsh% dj iy iaúÉÑ ls%hdj
meyeÈ,s lrkak'

• úoHq;a ikakdhl iy úoHq;a mßjdrlj, ikakdhl;dj ms<n s | j ksoyia
bf,lafg%dakj, yeisÍu Ndú;fhka fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• úoHq;a ikakdhl iy úoHq;a mßjdrlj, w;r ueo .=K olajk øjHhla
f,i w¾O ikakdhl y÷kajd fokak'
• WIaK;ajh by< ke`.Su mokï lr .ksñka w¾O ikakdhl oe<sil
ikakdhl;dj by< hk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• w¾O ikakdhl .=K fmkajk uq, øjH f,i is,l s ka (Si) iy czfïkshï
(Ge) y÷kajd oS tajd ksi`. w¾O ikakdhl f,i kï lrkak'
• w¾O ikkdhl .=K fmkajk ixfhda. iy øjH kï lrkak'
• is,slka iy czfïkshï uQ, øjH fmdiamria (P) iy fndfrdaka (B) uq,
øjHj,ska ud;%Kh lsÍfuka n-j¾.fha iy p-j¾.fha ndyH w¾O
ikakdhl ilia lr .kakd wdldrh rEm igyka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• p -n ikaêh ms<sn| j y÷kajd fokak'
46
% h
s úoHdj
• p -n ikaêh bÈß keUqrej iy miq keUqrej mj;sk úg§ ikaêh yryd

bf,lafg%dak m%jdy jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lr fokak'
• p - n ikaê vfhdvhl ieliqu" ndysr fmkqu iy mßm: ixfla;h
y÷kajd fokak'
• m%;Hdj¾; Odrdjla vfhdavh yryd .uka .kakd úg isÿ jk fjkia
lï meyeÈ,s lr tajd m%ia;dßl j ksrEmK h lrkak'
• vfhdavlh m%dfhda.sl Ndú; f,i
• w¾O - ;rx. iDcQlrKh
• iqugkh iys;j mq¾K - ;rx. iDcqlrKh ^fia;= mßm:h muKs'&
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ir, Odrd u.ska ls%hd;aul jk WmrKhg (+) iy (-) w.% udre lr
úÿ,sh iemhSfï § jk ydksh je<elaùu i|yd vfhdavhla Ndú; l<
yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdavh y÷kajd § tys ixfla;h iy th Ndú;hg
.kakd wjia:d bÈßm;a lrkak'
• iQ¾h fldaIh p-n ikaêfha fhÿula f,i y÷kajd § úoHq;a m%Njhla
f,i tys jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• igyka weiqßka pnp y npn g%dkaisiagrj, p-n ikaê ieleiau meyeÈ,s
F T
lr tys w.% kï lrkak'
• npn iy pnp g%dkaisiagrj, iïu; ixfla; bÈßm;a lr tys w.% kï
lrkak'
RA
• úfudaplfha B ysi u`.ska oelafjkqfha g%dkaisiagrh ;=<ska Odrdj .uka
D
.kakd ÈYdj nj i|yka lrkak'
• oS we;s mßm: igykla Ndú; lr g%dkaisiagr ix{d j¾Olhla ilia
lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrjd tys ls%hdj ksÍlaIKhg isik q a fhduq lrkak'
• § we;s mßm: igykla Ndú; lr g%dkaisiagr iaúÉÑhla ilia lsÍug
isiqka fhduq lrjd tys ls%hdj ksÍlaIKhg isiqka fhduq lrkak'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï
• vfhdav" g%dkaisiagr" m%;f
s rdaOl" iïnkaOl lïì'
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
• ksi. w¾O ikakdhl" ndyH w¾O ikakdhl p - j¾.fha w¾O ikakdhl"
n - j¾.fha w¾O ikakdhl
• p- n - ikaêh" vfhdavh" w¾O ;rx. iDcqlrKh" mQ¾K ;rx.
iDcqlrKh" iqugkh" g%dkaisiagrh" g%dkaisiagrh keUqre lsÍu
g%dkaisiagr j¾Olh" g%dkaisiagr iaúph

• mßm: ilia lsßfï ls%hdldrlfï § my; oelafjk ks¾Kdhl u;
mokï j isiqka w.hkak'
• fok ,o mßm: igykla wkqj mßm:h f.dv ke`.Su'
• mßm:fha ls%hd;aul ;;a;j
a h'
• wegjqfï ksudj'
47
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'7 ( úoHq;a pqïnl n,h yd tys Ndú; ms<n

s | wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• pqïnl lafIa;h% l ;nk ,o úoHq;a Odrd /f.k hk ikakdhlhla
u; ls%hd;aul jk n,h wdo¾Ykh i|yd ls%hdldrï isÿ lrhs'
• pqïnl n,fha úYd,;ajh flfrys n,mdk idOl i|yka lrhs'
• pqïnl n,fha ÈYdj fidhd.ekSu i|yd maf,ñxf.a ju;a kS;hs Ndú;
lrhs'
• Yío úldYlhl ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• maf,ñxf.a ju;a kS;hs wdo¾Ykh i|yd ls%hdldÍ wdlD;shla ilia
lrhs'
• ir, Odrd fudagrhl m%Odk fldgia kï lr tajdfha wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
• ir, Odrd fudagrhl ls%hdj rEm igyka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lrjkak'
F T
• ir, ls%hdldrlula weiqfrka úoHq;fha pqïnl M,h ms<sn| j isysm;a
• ol=K;a lial=remamq kS;h

j i|yka lrkak' A
s Ndú; lr pqïnl lafIa;%fha ÈYdj ms<sn|
R
• pqïnl lafIa;h
D
% l ;nk ,o Odrd /f.k hk ikakdhlhla u; n,hla
ls%hd lrk nj Odrd ;=,dj fyda fjk;a iqÿiq wegjqula Ndú;fhka
fmkajd fokak'
• ls%hd lrk n,fha úYd,;ajh" úoHq;a Odrdj" pqïnl lafIa;%h ;=<
;sfnk ikakdhlfha os. iy pqïnl lafIa;%fha m%n,;dj u; r|d
mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• ls%hd lrk n,fha osYdj maf,ñxf.a ju;a kshufhka ,nd .; yels nj
meyeos,s lrkak'
• ikakdhlh ;=<ska Odrdfõ ÈYdj iy pqïnl lafIa;%fha ÈYdj fjkia
lrk úg n,fha ÈYdj fjkiaùu maf,ñxf.a ju;a kshuh u.ska
fidhd .ekSug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
• ir, ls%hdldrlï weiqßka Yío úldYlhl ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• maf,ñxf.a uj;a kS;hs wdo¾Ykh i|yd ls%hdldÍ wdlD;shla ;ekSug
isiqkag mjrkak'
• ir, Odrd fudagrhl m%Odk fldgiaj, wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
^wdfïprh" pqïnl O%ej" kHdhfoaY LKav" iam¾Yl&
• rEm igyka iy úoHd.dr fudagr wdlD;sh Ndú;fhka ir, Odrd
fudagrhl ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• úoHq;a Yla;h
s hdka;% Yla;hs g mßj¾;kh lsÍu i|yd fudagrh fhod
.kakd nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
48
% h
s úoHdj
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (
• Odrd ;=,dj" Yío úldYlh" úoHd.dr fudagr wdlD;sh
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
• pqïnl n,h" maf,ñxf.a ju;a kS;h
s " ir, Odrd fudagrh" wdfïprh"
kHdh foaY LKav" iam¾Yl'

• maf,ñxf.a ju;a kS;hs wdo¾Ykh i|yd ls%hdldÍ wdlD;sh ;ekSu
my; oelafjk ks¾Kdhl u; mokïj w.hkak'
• wdlD;sh u.ska wod< rdYskf
a .a ÈYd ksjerÈj yd meyeÈ,s j
wdo¾Ykh lsÍfï yelshdj'
• iqug lsh
% dldÍ;ajh
• WmlrK ksudj
• WmlrKh myiqfjka ksmoùfï yelshdj
• WmlrKfha ir, nj'
F T
RA
D
49
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'8 ( úoHq;a pqïnl fmar

% K ixisoaêh iy tys Ndú; ms<n
s |j
wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• úoHq;a pqïnl fm%ra K ixisoêa h wdo¾Ykh i|yd ir, ls%hdldrlï
isÿ lrhs'
• úoHq;a pqïnl fmar% K ixisoê a h .=Kd;aul j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• fmaß
% ; ú'.d'n fha úYd,;ajh flfrys n,mdk idOl i|yka lrhs'
• iDcq ikakdhlhl fm%aß; Odrdfõ ÈYdj fidhd .ekSu i|yd
maf,añxf.a ol=K;a kS;h s Ndú; lrhs'
• nhsisl,a vhskfudaj iy uhslf % *dakfha ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd
úoHq;a pqïnl fm%r a K ixisoê a h fhdod .kshs'
• ir, Odrd iy m%;Hdj¾; Odrd w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• m%;Hdj¾; Odrd cklhl m%Odk fldgia yd tajdfha wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
•
F T
m%;Hdj¾; Odrd cklhl fm%ß
whqre m%ia;dßl j ksrEmKh lrhs'
a ; ú'.d'n,h ld,h iu. úp,kh jk
•
•
RA
mßKdulhl jHqyh úia;r lrhs'
mßKdulhl ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
•
•
D
mßKdulhl m%d:ñl iy oaú;Shl
fjda,aáh;d w;r iïnkaOh m%ldY lrhs'
s o`.rj, fmdgj,a ixLHd iy tajdfha
mßKdulhl m%odk iy m%;os dk cj w;r iïnkaO;dj m%ldY lrhs'

• wjlr iy wêlr mßKdulj, jHqyh iy ls%hdj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• wjlr yd wêlr mßKdul Ndú; lrk wjia:d iòyd WodyrK bosßm;a
lrhs'
• mßKdul yd iïnkaO ir, .eg¨ úi|hs'

• ir, lsh % dldrlï weiqfrka úoHq;a pqïnl fm%r
a Kh ms<sn| w;aoelSï
,nd .ekSu i|yd isiqka fhduq lrkak'
• iDcq ikakdhla fyda ikakdhl o`.rhla u; n,mdk pqïnl lafIa;%h
úp,kh jk úg tys fofl<jr yryd úNj wka;rhla fm%r a Kh jk
nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• fmaß
% ; fjda,aàh;djg mrsm:hla ;=<ska úoHq;a Odrdjla .uka lrúh
yels neúka th úoHq;a .dul n,hla f,i kï lrk nj i|yka
lrkak'
• fmaß
% ; úoHq;a .dul n,fha úYd,;ajh flfrys n,mdk idOl i|yka
lrkak'
50
% h
s úoHdj
• fm%ßa ; úoHq;a .dul n,fha ÈYdj fidhd .ekSu i|yd ir, lsh % dlrlï
isÿ lsÍug isiqka fufyhjkak'
• úoHq;a pqïnl fm%r a Kh i|yd ksoiqka fidhd .ekSug idlÉPdjla
fufyhjkak'
• iDcq ikakdhlhla pqïnl flaI;%hg ,ïnlj p,kh jk úg tys
fol<jr yryd úoHq;a .dul n,hla fmar % Kh jk nj fmkajd fokak'
• maf,ñxf.a ol=K;a kS;h s bÈßm;a lr th fm%ßa ; Odrdfõ ÈYdj fidhd
.ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrkak'
• nhsisl,a vhskfudajl iy uhslf % *dakhl m%Odk fldgia y÷kajd oS
tajdfha ls%hdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• rEm igyka u.ska iy úoHd.dr vhskfuda wdlD;sh Ndú;fhka m%;Hdj¾;
Odrd ckhlhl m%Odk fldgia y÷kajd oS tys ls%hdlß;ajh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
• o`.rh N%uKh jk úg jg w¾Ohlg jrla fm%ß a ; Odrdfõ ÈYdj
fjkiajk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• fmaß % ; úoHq;a .dul n,h ld,h iu. úp,kh jk whqre m%ia;dßlj
ksrEmkh lr olajkak'
T
• ir, Odrd iy m%;Hdj¾; Odrd w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrkak'
F
• vhskfudajl È hdka;%sl Yla;h s úoHq;a Yla;hs g mßj¾;kh jk nj
RA
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• úoHd.dr mßKdul wdlD;sh fyda fjk;a iqÿiq wegjqula Ndú;fhka
D
mßKdulhl m%Odk fldgia y÷kajd fokak'
• úoHq;a pqïnl fm%r a K uQ,O¾uh Ndú;fhka mßKdulhl ls%hdldß;ajh
meyeos,s lr fokak'
• úp,H fjda,aàh;djla tla w.hl isg fjk;a w.hla olajd fjkia
lsÍug fhdod .kakd WmlrKhla f,i mßKdulh y÷kajd fokak'
• m%d:ñl iy oaú;Shsl o`.rj, fmdgj,a ixLHd iy fjda,àh;d w;r
iïnkaO;dj bÈßm;a lrkak'
• by; iïnkaO;dj Ndú;fhka ir, .Kkhka lsÍug fhduq lrkak'
• mßmQ¾K mßKdulhla i|yd m%odk cjh iy m%;os dk cjh w;r
iïnkaO;dj bÈßm;a lr ir, .Kkhka i|yd fhduq lrjkak'
• wêlr iy wjlr mrsKdul iy tajdfha Ndú;hka y÷kajd fokak'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï
úoHd.dr mßKdul wdlD;sh" úoHd.dr vhskfuda wdlD;sh" uhslf
% *dakh
uQ,sl joka$ixl,am
• úoHq;p
a ï
q nl fm%r
a Kh" fm%ß
a ; úoHq;a .dul n,h" fm%ß
a ; Odrdj
• vhskfudaj" wêlr mßKdul" wjlr mßKdu
51
% h
s úoHdj

• fok ,o WmlrKj, fldgia ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Sfï ls%hdldrlï j,§
my; ks¾Kdhl u; mokïj isiqka w.hkak'
• WmlrKfha m%Odk fldgia kï lsÍu'
• úúO fldgiaj, lsh % dldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lsßu'
• WmlrKh wdrlaIj s mßyrKh lsÍu i|yd .;hq;= ls%hdud¾. ms<sn|j
lreKq bÈßm;a lsßu'
F T
RA
D
52
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;dj 4'0 ( iajdNdúl ixisoaê

A ms<sn| j ukd wjfndaOfhka hq;= j" iajdNdúl
iïm;a nqoê
a u;a f,i yd ;sridr f,i Ndú; lsÍu i|yd mDÓúfha
yd wjldYfha iajNdjh" .=K yd ls%hdj,s .fõIKh'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 ( ffcj f.da,fha mj;sk ixúOdk uÜgï yd tajdfha

mj;sk wka;¾ls%hd wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• ffcj f.da,fha mj;sk ixúOdk uÜgï" OQrdj,shg wkqj m%ldY
lrhs'
• ffcj f.da,fha mj;sk ixúOdk uÜgï úia;r lrhs'
• o¾YSh .yk j¾Ok jl%fha rgdj y÷kd .kshs'
• udkj .yk j¾Ok jl%fha fjkiaùï rgdj y÷kd .kshs'
• udkj ck .yk j¾Okhg n,mdk lreKq úia;r lrhs'
F T
• rEm igyka" PdhdrEm" wdlD;s" iÔúlrK o¾Yk yd ùäfhda mg
RA
Ndú;fhka OQrdj,shg wkqj ffcj f.da,fha mj;sk ixúOdk uÜgï
y÷kd .ekSug isiqkag bv ,nd fokak'
• zúfYaIhZ hk moh úia;r lrkak'
D
• iEu ixúOdk uÜgul u ,CIK y÷kd .ekSu i|yd isiqka fhduq
lrjkak'
• idlÉPdjla ud¾.fhka o¾YSh .yk j¾Ok jl%hla f.dvkxjkak'
• o¾YSh .yk j¾Ok jl%h úYaf,aIKh lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
• udkj .yk j¾Ok jl%h y÷kajd fokak'
• o¾YSh .yk j¾Ok jl%hlsk"a udkj .yk j¾Ok jl%hla
wm.ukh jk wdldrh ms<sn| isiqka oekqj;a lrkak'
• udkj ck.yk j¾Okh flfrys n,mdk lreKq fidhd
fmdaiagrhl wdldrfhka bÈßm;a lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'
uQ,sl ixl,am (-
• úfYaIh" tffllhd" .ykh" m%cdj" mßir moaO;sh" ffcj f.da,h"
.yk j¾Ok pl%h'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
• PdhdrEm wdlD;s" rEm igyka" ùäfhda mg'
53
% h
s úoHdj
we.hSï yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd Wmfoia (-

• isiqkaf.a fmdaiag¾ ks¾udK my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl Ndú;fhka w.h
lrkak'
• f;dr;=rej, ksjerÈ nj'
• f;dr;=rej, wod,;ajh
• ks¾udKYS,Snj ^úúO wdlD;s$j¾K Ndú;h&
• wdl¾YKSh ksudj'
F T
RA
D
54
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2 ( mßir moaO;sj, iu;=,;

s ;djh mj;ajdf.k hEu iòyd odhl
jk hdka;K
% wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• wdydr odu yd wdydr cd, ;=<ska Yla;hs yd fmdaIl .e,Su úia;r
lrhs'
• ixLHd msrñv yd ffcj ialkaO msróvj,g idfmalaI j Yla;s
msrñvfha jeo.;alu m%ldY lrhs'
• mßir moaO;shl Yla;h s .e,Su tal ÈYd;aul nj ms<s.ksh's
• iajdNdúl mßirh ;=< øjH plsh % j .,d hk nj rEm igyka
wdÈfhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ffcj - N+-ridk pl% hkq l=ula oehs meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ldnka pl%h" khsgc% ka pl%h yd fmdiamria pl%h
ffcj- N+- ridhk pl% f,i i|yka lrhs'
• rEm igyka Ndú;fhka ldnka pl%h yd khsgc % ka pl%h meyeÈ,s
•
lrhs'
F T
mdrsirsl iu;=,s;;djg n,mdk idOl úia;r lrhs'
•
ms<s.kshs'
RA
mdßißl iu;=,s;;dj øjH plS%lrKh u; r|d mj;sk nj
mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia(- D

• m%d:ñl Yla;s m%Njh ms<sn| yd mßir moaO;shla ;=<ska Yla;h
s yd
fmdaIl .,dhdu ms<sn| j .fõIKh i|yd isiqkag u`. fmkajkak'
• isiqka lKavdhï lr " Tjqka yg mßir moaO;shla úYaf,aIKh lr
tys we;s" wdydr cd, f.dvke.Sug i,iajkak'
• tu wdydr cd, j, we;s wdydr odu fjkalr oelaùug isiqka fhduq
lrkak'
• wdydr oduhl tla tla fmdaIS uÜgfï isÿjk Yla;s ydksh úia;r
lrkak'
• ffcj tla/ia ùu úia;r lrkak'
• fmdaIS uÜgï ms<sn|j imhd we;s o;a; Ndú; lr ixLHd msrñv"
ffcj ialkaO msrñv yd Yla;s msrñvj, igyka we£ug isiqka
fhduq lrjkak'
• tu msrñv mdßißl msrñv f,i y÷kajkak'
• mdßißl msrñv w;ßka Yla;s msrñvh muKla ieuúg u Wvql=rej
mj;sk nj yd mßir moaO;shla ;=< Yla;h s .,d hdu tal ÈYd;aul
nj isiqka yg u;=lr olajkak'
55
% h
s úoHdj
• iajdNdúl mßirfha øjH plS%h j .,dhdu ms<n s | j idlÉPd

lrkak'
• ldnka pl%h" khsgc % ka pl%h yd fmdiamria pl%h ffcj - N+ -
ridhk pl% f,i y÷kajd fokak'
• ldnka pl%h yd khsgc % ka pl%h ksrEmKh i|yd rEm igyka Ndú;
lsru
S g isiqka yg u`. fmkajkak'
• mdßißl iu;=,s;;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl úia;r lsÍug
Wmfoia fokak'
• mdßißl iu;=,s;;dj" øjH plS%lrKh u; ròd mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s
lr fokak'
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
• lshùï øjH • j.=
• rEm igyka • ùäfhda mg
uQ,sl joka ixl,am (-

• wdydr odu" wdydr cd," Yla;s msróv" ixLHd msrñv" ffcj ialkaO
F T
msrñv" ffcj - N+ - ridhk pl%'
R
we.hSï yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd Wmfoia (-
A
• mdßißl msróv f.dvkexùfï ls%hdldrlu my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl
Ndú; lr w.hkak'
D
• ksje/È mßudKh
• msróv j¾. ms<sn| ixl,amuh wjfndaOh'
56
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3 ( úúO mßir ¥Il yd tajdfha wys;lr n,mEï .fõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• mßir ¥IKh hkq l=ula oehs m%ldY lrhs'
• mi" c,h yd jdhq ¥IKhg n,mdk lreKq fidhd n,hs'
• úúO m%Njhka u.ska uqodyßk mßir ¥Il ms<sn| jd¾;djla iod
bÈßm;a lrhs'
• úúO m%Njhka u.ska uqodyßk mßir ¥Ilj, ;sìh yels ridhk
øjH kï lrhs'
• mßir ÿIKh i|yd fm!oa.,sl odhl;ajh ms<sn| ;lafiare lrhs'
• mßir ¥IKh i|yd úúO wdh;k u.ska we;s odhl;ajh ;lafiare
lrhs'
• § we;s wys;lr n,mEï i|yd mßir ¥IKh yd iïnkaO úúO
ixisoëa ka n,mdk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'
• mßir ¥IKfha we;s wys;lr n,mEï ms<sn| j ikaksfõokh i|yd
úúO l%u Ndú; lrhs'
•
•
F T
ish¨ u mßir ¥Il j¾. wka;rdodhl nj ms<s.kshs'
tla iïm;l ÿIKh ;j;a iïm;aj, ¥IKh yd wka;¾ iïnkaê;
•
nj ms<s.kshs'
RA
mßir ¥IKh wju lsÍu i|yd ñksidf.a ueÈy;a ùu wjYH nj

ms<s.kshs'
D
• my; i|yka oE .fõIKh lr bÈßm;a lsÍug isiq lKavdhï fhduq
lrkak'
• mßir ¥IKh hkq l=ula o hkak
• mßir ¥IKh isÿ jk m%Odk wdldr
• c," jdhq iy mi ÿIKhg n,mdk lreKq
• c,fha" jd;fha yd mfia ¥Ilj, meje;sh yels ridhksl øjH
fudkjdoehs i|yka lrkak'
• mßir ¥IKh i|yd we;s fm!oa.,sl odhl;ajh yd úúO wdh;kj,
we;s odhl;ajh ;lafiare lr bÈßm;a lsÍug isiq lKavdhï
fufyhjkak'
• mßir ¥IKfha we;s iDcq yd jl%dldr wys;lr n,mEï i|yka
lsÍug isiq lKavdhï fufyhjkak'
• tla iïm;l ¥IKh ;j;a iïm;aj, ¥IKh yd wka;¾
iïnkaO;dj idlÉPd lrkak'
• mßir ¥IKh wju lsÍug ñksidf.a ueÈy;a ùu wjYH nj fhda.H
WodyrK Ndú;fhka úia;r lrkak'
• mßir ¥IKh jk wdldr ùäfhda o¾Yk u.ska fmkajkak
57
% h
s úoHdj
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
• lshùï øjH" j.=" rEm igyka" ùäfhda mg
uq,sl joka yd ixl,am (-

mßir ¥IKh" c, ¥IKh" mi ¥IKh" jdhq ¥IKh" mßir ¥Il

• my; oelafjk ks¾Kdhl u; mokï j isiq bosßm;a lsÍï w.hkak'
• tl;= lrk f;dr;=rej, wod< nj
• lKavdhï ls%hdldrlï
• M,odhs f,i ikaksfõokh
• f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd úúO uQ,dY% Ndú; lsÍu'
F T
RA
D
58
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'4 ( Ôjk rgdj fjkiaùu u`.ska iÿs jk n,mEï ms<n
s | .fõIKh
lrhs'
bf.kqï m, (
• Ôjk rgdj fjkiaùu flfrys n,mdk idOl m%ldY lrhs'
• Ôjk rgdj fjkiaùu u`.ska we;sjk .eg¨ ms<sn| j jHdmD;shla
ie,iqï lr ls%hd;aul lrhs'
• wkdjrK wfkla lKavdhï iu`. ikakf s õokh i|yd iqÿiq l%u Ndú;
lrhs'
• fnda fkdjk frda. hkq l=ula oehs m%ldY lrhs'
• we;eï fnda fkdjk frda. i|yd fjkia jk Ôjk rgdj fya;= ldrlh
nj ms<s.kshs'
• fnda fkdjk frda. yd Ôjk rgdj$ mßir ¥IKh w;r wka;¾
iïnkaO;dj úia;r lrhs'
• ksoka .; jl=.vq frda.h i|yd fya;= yd tu frda.fha jHdma;sh ms<sn|
•
j .fõIKh lrhs'
F T
ñksid úiska mßirh flfrys we;s lrk n,mEï kej;;a iDKd;aul
•
RA
f,i ñksid u; n,mdk nj ms<s.ksh's
mßir ys;ldñ Ôjk rgdjla fj; kej; wkq.;ùfuys jeo.;alu

ms<s.kshs'
D
• mqoa.,hl=f.a Ôjk rgdj flfrys n,mdk idOl ^wdydr" jD;a;h s "
úfõlh .; lsÍu" fi!LHh" ksjdi wdÈh& ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrhs'
• me/kakkaf.a Ôjk rgdj ms<n s | wjOdkhg ,la lrkak'
• Ôjk rgdj fjkiaùu ms<sn| j .fõIKh i|yd jHdmD;shla
ie,iqï lr" ls%hd;aul lsÍug isiq lKavdhï fhduq lrkak'
• my; oelafjk ud;Dld isiqka lKavdhï w;r fnod § bÈßm;a
lsÍula i|yd myiqlï i,ikak'
• kd.ÍlrKh
• ld¾ólrKh
• jdKsc lDIsl¾uh
• jdß ud¾. moaO;s
• úia;D; f,i yd úúOdldr f,i øjH yd Yla;s Ndú;h
• fnda fkdjk frda.hla hkq l=ulaoehs meyeÈ,s lrkak'
• fnda fkdjk frda. lSmhla i|yka lrkak'
• ksoka.; jl=.vq frda.h yd fjk;a fnda fkdjk frda. i|yd fya;=
úh yels idOl ms<sn| j mejreula lsÍug isiqkag u`. fmkajkak'
59
% h
s úoHdj
• frda. jHdma;sh" fnda fkdjk frda. yd Ôjk rgdj$ mßir ¥IKh

w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;d ms<n s | j idlÉPd lrkak'
• mßir ys;ldñ Ôjk rgdj fj; kej; wkq.; ùfï jeo.;alu
meyeÈ,s lrkak'

• ld¾ñlrKh" kd.ßlrKh" fnda fkdjk frda.
.=Kd;aul fhojqï (-
• lshùï øjH" Pdhd rEm" ùãfhda mg'

• my; ks¾Kdhl weiqfrka ksoka.; jl=.vq frda.h yd iïnkaO mejreu
w.hkak'
• f;dr;=rej, ksje/ÈNdjh'
• f;dr;=rej, m%udKj;a Ndjh
• bÈßm;a lsßu'
F T
RA
D
60
% h
s úoHdj
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'5 ( ;sridr ixj¾Okh iòyd odhl;ajh oelaúh yels wdldr ms<snò
wkafõIKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
• ;sridr ixj¾Okh iy mßir l<ukdlrKh hkafkka woyia lrkafka
l=ula oehs m%ldY lrhs'
• tal j.dj fjkqjg nyq j.dj" ffcj m,sfndaO md,kh yd ldnksl
fmdfydr Ndú;h ;sridr lDIsld¾ñl Ndú;hka nj ms<s.kshs'
• mßir iu;=,s;;dj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd kej; jkdka;r j.d lsßu"
m%lD;s l%uhla f,i idlÉPd lrhs'
• lDIsl¾uh" ffjoH úoHdj" wdydr yd jdßud¾. hk fCI;% i|yd idïm%odhsl
oekqu iy ;dlaIKh .fõIKh lrhs'
• woaú;sh c, l<ukdlrK l%uhla f,i YS% ,xldfõ jej ms<s .kshs'
• idïm%odhsl ffjoH úoHdj fjk;a fCI;%hla nj iy tys úoHd;aul
me;slv ;jÿrg;a .fõIKh l< hq;= nj w.h lrhs'
•
F T
idïm%odhsl wdydr l%u wmf.a foaY.=Kh yd Ôjk ;;a;j
w;r" fi!LHj;a Ôú;hlg Wmldr jk nj ms<s.ksh's
a hg .e<fmk
•
•
RA
wdydr ie;mqula hkq l=ulaoehs úia;r lrhs'
md i<l=Kla hkq l=ula oehs ldnka yd c,hg wod<j úia;r lrhs'
•
•
•
D
md igyka yd wdydr ie;mqï wju lsÍu jeo.;a nj ms<s.ksh's
wm øjH yd le,s li, hkq fudkjdoehs úia;r lr hs'
>K" c,h" jdhq yd jd;fha we;s wxY=j,g wod<j wm øjH l<ukdlrKh
ms<sn| úia;r lrhs'
• ffk;sl ;;ajhka ls%hd;aul lsÍfï yd tajdg fhduq ùfï jeo.;alu
ms<s.kshs'
• Ndú;hg .; yels Yla;s m%Nj iy ;dlaIKhg wkqj Yla;s w¾nqoh úia;r
lrhs'
• Yla;h s l<ukdlrKh f,i wod, Yla;s m%Njhg wkqj tÈfkod Ôú;fha
ld¾hhka .e,mSu úia;r lrhs'
• Yla;h s l<ukdlrKh" Yla;s w¾nqohg ms<shula nj úia;r lrhs'
• wju ydkshla iys;j m%Yia; uÜgulska Yla;h s Ndú;h ms<sn| fidhhs'
• .Dyia; WmlrKj, ld¾hlaIu;dj .fõIKh lrhs'
• Yla;s mßfNdackh wêlAIKfha jeo.;alu ms<. s kshs'
• iqÿiq Yla;s m%Njhla Ndú;fhka Yla;h s mßfNdackh lrhs'
• wjia:djg wkqj fhda.H l%u Ndú;fhka Yla;h s mßfNdackh lrhs'
• .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amfha § iajNdúl Yla;h s Wmßu f,i Ndú; lsÍu
ms<sn| fidhd n,hs'
61
% h
s úoHdj

• ;sridr ixj¾Okh iy mßir l<ukdlrKh hkafkka woyia lrkafka
l=ula oehs úia;r lrkak'
• ztal j.djZ iy nyq j.dj hkq l=ula oehs l=Uqr" fyak" f.j;a; wd§
WodyrK Ndú;fhka y÷kajd fokak'
• tal j.dj fjkqjg nyq j.dfõ we;s jákdlï úia;r lrkak'
• ffcj m<sfndaO md,kfha w.h foaYSh WodyrK Ndú;fhka úia;r
lrkak'
• ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;fha w.h isiqka iu`. idlÉPd lrkak'
• mßir iu;=,s;;dj mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd kej; j.d lsßu" m%lD;s
l%uhla f,i idlÉPd lrkak'
• idïm%odhsl oekqu yd ;dlaIKh Ndú;h ms<snoj my; i|yka
ud;Dld hgf;a isiqka lKavdhïj,g bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd u.
fmkajkak'
• lDIsl¾uh" ffjoH úoHdj" wdydr" jdßud¾.'
• idïm%odhsl wdydr l%u" idïm%odhsl ffjoH úoHdfõ úoHd;aul
iajNdjh hk tajd wjOdkhg ,lajk mßoafoka isiqkaf.a bÈßm;a
F T
lsßï idlÉPdjg n\qka lrkak'
• ldnka md igyk" c, md igyk" wdydr ie;mqï .Kkh lsÍug
isiqkag mjrkak'
RA
• woaú;Sh c, l<ukdlrKh i|yd WodyrKhla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ
D
jej w.h lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
• foaYSh ffjoH l%uh .ek f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug isiqka yg mjrkak'
• foaYSh wdydr ixialD;sh ms<sn| idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
• Yla;s w¾nqoh hkq l=ulaoehs isiqka iu. idlÉPd lrkak' ^Ndú;hg
.; yels Yla;s m%Nj iy ;dlaIKh wkqj&
• tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wkqj¾;kh jQ Yla;s l<ukdlrK l%u hgf;a
jd¾;djla ilia lsßug isiqkag mjrkak'
• Yla;s w¾nqohg ms<shula f,i Yla;s l<ukdlrKfha w.h idlÉPd
lrkak'
• — Yla;hs wmf;a hk wjia:d wju lrñka Yla;h s m%Yia; uÜgñka
Ndú; lrk wjia:d hk uefhka jd¾;djla ilia lsÍug isiqkag
mjrkak'
• .Dyia; WmlrKj, ld¾hlaIu;dj ueksh yelafla flfia oehs úia;r
lrkak'
• Yla;s mßfNdack m%udKh wëlaIKh ms<sn| isiqka iu`. idlÉPd
lrkak'
• Yla;s mßfNdack l%u ms<sn| isiqka iu`. idlÉPd lr tajd ,ehsia;=
.; lrkak'
• .Dy ks¾udK Ys,m a fha § iajNdúl Yla;sh Ndú;fha jeo.;alu úia;r
lrkak'
62
% h
s úoHdj
• wmøjH yd le,s li, fjka lr y÷kd .ekSug isiqkag mjikak'

• ùäfhda o¾Yk yd rem igyka Ndú;fhka wmøjH l<ukdlrKh l<
yels úúO l%u úia;r lrkak'
• ffk;sl ;;a;ja hka ls%hd;aul lsÍu iy tajdg fhduq úfï jeo.;alu
úia;r lrkak'
• kej; Ndú; l< yels Yla;s m%Nj hk uefhka l=vd fmd;a msxpla
ilia lsÍug isiqkag mjrkak'

• wdydr ieliqu" md i<l=K" mqk¾ckkSh yd mqk¾ckkSh fkdjk
Yla;s m%Nj

• my; ks¾Kdhl weiqfrka jd¾;dj w.hkak'
• .Dyia: WmlrKj, ld¾hlaIu;dj
• Yla;hs wmf;a hdu
• Yla;h
s l<ukdlrKh
F T
RA
D
63

11 - TG

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.=re ud¾f.

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

w;S;fha isg u wOHdmkh ksrka;rfhka fjkiaùïj,g Ndckh fjñka bÈßhg .uka

fujeks kj u. fmkaùfï WmfoaYk ix.%yhla Tn fj; ,ndfokafka ta u.ska Tng jvd;a

fufyhùu ( tï't*a'tia'mS' chj¾Ok uhd

wëlaIKh (( wd¾' tia' fÊ' mS' Wvqfmdarej - wOHlaI" úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j'

úIh kdhl;ajh mS' u,úm;srK uhd

wNHka;r iïm;a odhl;ajh -

ndysr iïm;a odhl;ajh -

NdId ixialrKh - - tia' ù'mS' isßfiak uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h ^úY%dñl&

tla tla m%Odk ksmqK;dj hgf;a wod< fYaK % h

hï bf.kqï mßirhla ;=< bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh id¾:l jqjd o hkak

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsúvh iii

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsúvh v

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia ix

úIh ks¾foaYh xvii

bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh i|yd Wmfoia

tu Wodr mrud¾:h bgq lr .ekSfï l%udkql,

0'1 cd;sl wruqKq

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ jd¾;dj - ^2003&

(i) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

(iii) mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d

iudc mßirh ( cd;sl Wreuhka ms<sn| wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchl

ffcj mßirh ( iÔù f,dalh" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .iaje,a" jkdka;r"

(iv) jev f,dalhg iQodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

(vi) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmK q ;d

(vii) zbf.kSug bf.kSuZ ms<sn| ksmqK;d

• wdiajdockl bf.kqï mßirhla ;=<ska úoHd;aul ixl,am yd uQ,O¾u

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh - 11 fYaK

1'8 ñksidf.a iudfhdackh yd iuiaÓ;s lsh % dj,sh wkafõIKh lrhs' 05

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh - 11 fYaK

1'2 i;a;ja mglj, 04

• m%NdixYaf,aIKfha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

1'6 ñksidf.a nysiai%dú

ls%hdj,sh wKafõIKh udkj nysiai%djh • nysiai%djh hkq l=ulaoehs m%ldY lrhs' 03

• iajhx idOl iakdhq moaO;sfha jeo.;alu m%ldY

2'0 Ôú;fha • ñY%K • ñY%K hk moh meyeÈ,s lrhs' 05

• ødjH;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl mÍlaId lrhs'

Ndú; lrhs' • jdIamlS rKh we;s ix>gl fjkalrhs'

• ,sÜuia lvodis iy pH lvodis u.ska wï, Niau

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh - 11 fYaK

2'5 ridhksl m%;ls %shd • ridhks l m% ; s l s% h d wdYs % ; ;dm • ridhksl m%;l

mÍlaIKd;aulj ks¾Kh lsÍfï § isÿ lrk

2'6 úoHq;a ridhksl

iy wod< ridhksl • lef;davh iy lef;dav • Tla i s l rKh bf,la f g% d a k ms g ls Í ula iy

• Zn/Cu, Fe/Cu iy Zn/Fe jeks ir, úoHq;a

lef;davh y÷kd .kshs'

2'8 úLdok ls%hdj,s • úLdokh • úLdokh hkq l=ulaoehs meyeÈ,s lrhs' 03

• yhsfv%dldnk • yhsfv%dldnk hkq ldnka iy yhsv%cka muKla

ls%hdldrlï iy • èjks ;rx. m%pdrKh • èjks ;rx." i ïmS v k iy úr,k j ,s k a 04

• W;a;, o¾mKj, m%;ì s ïN ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd

• j¾;kh • j¾;kh wdo¾Ykh i|yd ir, lsh % dldrï isÿ lrhs'

• wj;, ldpj, m%;sìïN i|yd lsrK igyka

• tla jia;=jl isg ;j;a jia;=jlg ;dmh .uka

3.5 úoHq;a WmlrKj, • úoHq;a WmlrKhl Yla;s cjh meyeÈ,s lrhs' 05

• .Dy úoHq;a mßm: Ndú;fha § ie,ls,su;a úh

úoHdj ms<sn| oekqu lrhs'

• ir, lsh% dldrlï weiqfrka g%dkaii

n,mdk idOl lrhs'

• ffcj - N+ ridhk pl% hkq l=ula oehs

• .Dyia: ridhksl øjH nyq,j

• fnda fkdjk frda. yd Ôjk rgdj$ mßir ¥IKh

ksmqK;dj 01 ( ffcj moaO;sj, m,odhS;dj by< kexùu i|yd Ôjh yd