Name: Joydeep Naskar

Class: XII- Science

Roll:
School: Kendriya Vidyalaya,
IIM Joka
Session: 2015-16
 INDEX

Acknowledgement
I would like to thank the CBSE, for
providing me the opportunity to carry out
this investigatory project. I also take this
opportunity to express my sincere
gratitude to my Chemistry teacher, Mr.
Devi ma’am, for guiding me and imparting
a sound base of knowledge pertaining to
this topic which ensured the successful
completion of this project. I would also
like to thank him for unending assistance
to enable completion of the exercise.

CERTIFICATE
This is to hereby certify that the
original and genuine investigatory
project has been completed sincerely
and satisfactorily by Gopaluni Anjani
Pravallika of class XII
Pragathi The School, Bangalore,
regarding his project titled “To study the
effect of various solutes on the
elevation of boiling point of water” as
per the CBSE practical work
requirement for the session 2023-24.
Teacher’s Signature Examiner’s Signature

What Is Boiling Point?

The temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid becomes
equal to its external pressure is called boiling point.
Why addition of non-volatile solute increases boiling
point?
The vapour pressure of the solution decreases upon addition
of non-volatile solute, according to Raolt’s Law. Hence,
boiling point of the solution increases.
The increase in boiling point of a liquid when a non-volatile
solute is added in it is called boiling point elevation.
The figure shows the vapour pressure
curves for the pure liquid solvent and
the solution. At the temperature Tb,
the vapour pressure of the pure
solvent
becomes equal to the atmospheric
pressure P and Tb is the
boiling point of the solvent. But the
vapour pressure of the two solutions 1
and 2 at Tb is P1 and P2 respectively, which
are less than atmospheric pressure and
therefore it is needed to heat the solvent
to a higher temperature say T1 and T2 for
solutions 1 and 2 respectively in order that
the vapour pressure becomes equal to the
atmospheric pressure. Thus T1 and T2 are
the boiling points of the solutions 1 and 2
respectively .Thus it is clear that the
solution has higher boiling point than the
pure solvent or Tb.
Evidently (T1- Tb)and (T2 -Tb) are the
elevation in boiling points of solutions 1
and 2 respectively.
Since its magnitude is determined by the
vapour pressure lowering the elevation in
boiling point is also proportional to solute
concentration.

From (1) and (2),

Where, Kb is the molal elevation constant
or molal ebullioscopic constant.

It is quite clear from the above discussion

that we can calculate molecular mass of
solute by measuring the elevation in
boiling point of a solution and elevation in
boiling point is a colligative property.
AIM:
To study the effect of various solutes on the
elevation of boiling point of water

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1.Bunsen burner 2. Tripod stand
3. Wire mesh 4. 250ml flask
5. Glass stirrer 6. Thermometer
7. Solutes under investigation
8. Tap Water
PROCEDURE:
1.Set up the apparatus using a 250ml beaker containing
200ml of the experimental solution.

2.Put the beaker on a tripod stand with a wire mesh and

use a Bunsen burner to heat the solution
3.A celestial thermometer calibrated up to 110◦C is
immersed in the solution in the beaker with the help
of a clamp stand.
4.The initial temperature taken before starting the
experiment was considered as the room temperature.
5.At first, find the boiling point of tap water. This
temperature is taken as the standard boiling point of
the solution.
 6.Now, prepare three different concentrations of NaCl
and boil 250ml of each one by one in the beaker.
7.Take the readings of the temperature after every 20
seconds
8.After 90 seconds, take the readings after every 10
seconds in order to easily find out the concurrent
result.
9.Repeat the procedure similarly for different
concentrations of glucose and take the observations
accordingly.

OBSERVATION:
The boiling point of tap water as solvent is found to be 99.3°C
Least count of thermometer: 0.1°C

Table for elevation in boiling point:

Mass of Molal concentration Measured Elevation in b.p. from
solute (moles/kg) temperature of b.p. experiment
(grams) (°C) (°C)
For NaCl
0.125 99.8 0.5

0.25 100.2 0.9

0.5 100.7 1.4

1.0 102.1 2.8

For Glucose

0.125 99.4 0.1

0.25 100.6 1.3

0.5 101.1 1.8

1.0 101.2 1.9

RESULT & CONCLUSION

On increasing the concentration, the boiling point of

NaCl and glucose increases.
 DISCUSSION AND SOURCES OF ERROR
The two experiments were not conducted simultaneously and
due to non-availability of distilled water, tap water was also
used. Moreover, due to prolonged heating, some of the
solution evaporates bringing about a change in the actual
concentrations. So it can be suggested that increase in b.p is
dependent only on the number of moles of solute and not on
the nature of the solute whether it is NaCl or glucose. Also,
NaCl dissociates into ions Na+ and Cl-, giving rise to two ions
from one unit.
The difference between theoretical predictions and
experimentally found values can be attributed to experimental
errors as experiment was not conducted in controlled
laboratory conditions.
It is proved that when a non-volatile solute is added to a
volatile solvent, the b.p. of the solvent increases. Also, this
increase in b.p is not dependent on the nature of the solute but
depends only on the number of moles of the solute. Thus, this
elevation in b.p. is a colligative property.

BIBILOGRPAHY
Various books and websites were referred while
making this project:
1) Chemistry Textbook for class XII, PartI,
NCERT
2) Chemistry Laboratory Manual for class XII,
NCERT 3) Wikipedia.org
4) ConnectUEdu
5) Youtube.com