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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
Ch- Thermodynamics
I
X
t
I Ovewiew
and universe
*
system surrounding
,
Paramites - Fundamental
* Derived
-
*
Types of processes
* Themodynamic terms and properties
first law
*
of thermodynamics
* Internal
energy calculation
*
Equipartition of energy
calculation
*
Enthalpy
*
Work calculation
*
Thermochemistry
of Thermodynamics
* second law
I
calculation
*
Entropy
Gibbs
free energy calculation
&
*
shard
·
law
of Thermodynamics
* .
->
System
I
· ↓ ↳
en system closed
system Isolated
system
Ladiabatic
syst
-EmatteI",
,
-matte
e
- - - a mater
a
- -
>Hat X
Sur ounding
Universe-
system
->
+
# Parameters
* T
,
P ,
V, M
I
->
Derived Parameters
* H, S , 9 A Cr p
, , ,
, q
chan
P ,
T, V , N P , T , V, N
I Types of Processes
① othermal
process : At constant
temperature
heatI])
Work(s)mate
i
7 System
It
-Work (J)
-
Heat Temperature
· Measurement
·
A
form of of
hotness and
energy .
coldness .
Internal
remains
->
An = 0 AV =
0
I
&
&
DV =
W 0
=
W
=
P A
W 0
=
AP =
D
④ Adiabatic process :
Dq 0 NS 0
= =
⑤ Cyclic process : A
process
in which initial and
&
final same
s t a te
are .
WFO
qt 0
AV =
0 ,
An=0 , An = O , AT =
0 ,
AV=0 ,
DP = 0 .
I
⑦ Prreversible process : The
difference between
driving
very large
is
force and
opposing force
.
*Sudden change ;
Pint * Pest ;
Pest=Pfinal (gas)
*
Equilibrium is attained at final step only .
Moles
·
eq 1 (in context to H20)
Eg
,
: volume
·
, ,
mergy- concentration terms , temperature ,
libbs heat ,
capacity ite .
electrostatic potential .
· in nature Non-additive in
Additive natur
.
.
I
Path and
function
S t a te
->
depend upon
final -
state
defined
->
not
.
They are not upon
⑧ These
functions are
dymed on states
&
.
path .
·
U H ,
S 4 ,
Cr , up qv qP
, ,
heat
,
(g)
,
work ,
cat Instant
·
and ps
· As we
already know , Vx Temperature ;
⑧ Internal enogy
->
[Vo+ UT]
of
internal a
· we
out the change
system
-
AU= nCudT
u f(T)
=
is the
energy
internal
then
· when include Vanderwaal's
me system ,
AU= nWdO
->
AV=0 (For iother mal process
-> To law
of thermodynamics
· when there is no heat flow
blu two- Normally
that the two objects
connected bodies we
say &&
A +55
z
bes 2
-
55
+q ↓ q
-
55
-
-
W
# first law
of thermodynamics
- AU =
W+q
>9
=
0 ,
W =
0
->
for isolated sys ,
AV=0
->
is z0
Pent dv
.
w= -
ne
&
AU
for Mothermal system IT 0 0
=
=
- -
,
,
AV= g W
+
in
q
+
0
=
Pest dV
q =
isobaric process
at const volume .
tw
+8 ↳W
O
,
y
X -
w
At constant pressure
process ,
constr
constr
.
.
-
PV nRT=
# s
adiabatic 0
process q
=
↳ :
DV= Ag+ AW
AV=-Pract &
lin
contains mos monoatomic deal gas is heated
2
If
a
② A system &
fund Out8
2005
bolhormally by
0- .
a
AU
dW
d) AH
A a) Isothormal AT O
=
V =
0
-
100J
W =
-
100]
C) W = -
Pet dV
-
100] = 1 :
01325 x 105 Padr
dV = 100
1001325 . x 105
dv =
10
2
x 10-5
dv =
-
3
10
O
d) At =
xcpd*
AH =
0
I
ideal is
& 3 mot
of
an
gas compressed from 102
find
&
e-e
then out
pressure advabatically
8
to 31 at cate
-
a) AV= ?
b) W= ?
C) AS = ?
(Pressure should he
Sol" a) AV=-Pent dV
connected into Pascal)
I
--2atm X (3-0)
=-2x-7
AV= 14 atm
b) W
=
I W =
14005
-DS= ? DS =
0
for adiabatic process
I
->
tha
capacity
ht
enquired to raise the
temperature
is
*I the
my 1° .
is extensive (Addictive
* I an property .
c
4 E
=
->
spicfic heat capacity
the temperature of one
raise
* Tat required to
&
It is intensive property
-
gram by I degrees .
an
↓
Non-addition's
<plan =
1
m . At
Unit- JK gail
I
-> Molar mat
capacity
mos
* that required to raise the temperature of I
by 1
(Intensive
digree ·
property-non-additive)
Monoatomic
cm =
-
dq (Ne etc]
,
->
ndT
Diatomic-I
(O2 etc)
unit ->
TK
-
mot /
Triatomic-I
(SO2 etc) ,
* ,
->
JK" mot
git
·
JK-
TK
->
at constant volume ,
* Cr- that
capacity
-
JK molt
->
JK get
-
JK
· CP-CV = R
·
~- Poisson's
=
ratio
I
& find required to raise the
out the heat
sample containing
P
a
lemperatur by 30 of
-
%
90g of H20
at constant
pressure if Cp=405K mot
Aus (p =
d
=>
dg nCpdT
=
ndt
->
dq =
5x 40T/moltx
30K
=>
dq = 60005
-W R
-> TKt molt
p
=
↓ ↳
JK-molt
JK-mot
(p-40 =
R
Cp>CV R YO
up =
+
up =
R+ W
8 314 + 48
p =
.
48 .
3145K-mol
dg =
n (pdT)
5x 48 314
=
.
x 30
7 247
=
,
-
1
I
is heated upto 80° at constant
&
54g H20 at co
if =15
JK-gt the out heat
pressure ,
find .
An m
54g 2T 80-20 60°
= =
=
JK-molt
155k-g-1
( =
18x15
Cp-N R
dg
=
ncpd+
=
up
=
R +
W = 3x278 .
314x60
8 .
50095 .
8 I .
to 3 mol
& 2295
of mergy
is
supplied of an
gas at .
of a gas
increased What is the value
by 2 55K
.
.
of <and a ?
An 9 :
2295 n
=
3 mol AT =
2 55K
.
,
I ,
up =
de =
2 =
29 .
935K-molt
ndT 3 x 2 55.
=>
cp -W =
R
I
=29 9 -8-314 .
=21 62 . TMol-k
ideal
⑦ The heat capacity of lomol
of an
gas
at
a
temperature is 300JK+ at
constant P .
The heat
capacity of the same
go
at the same temp at constant volume .
60°
A 54g 21 80-20 =
M
=
=
W =
155Ktg-1 =
10x 15 JK-molt
up -2
=
R dg ep=
dT
R+ W 3x 270 314x60
C
=
.
50095-85
8 314 (18x15)
.
+
=
-
(p =
270-314 5K-molt
I
ideal at
& 2295
of energy
is
supplied to 3 mol
of an
O
gas
constant P The
.
temperature of
this
gas
increased by 2 55K
.
:
M=
-
93JK-mol
up
E255=
29
=
= -
=>
-W
=
=W R
=
up -
= 29 .
9-8 314 -
=21 .
62 JMol-'K-1
ideal gas at
capacity
a
① The heat -
of
10 mos
of an
&
is 3005K-
temperature
-
at constant
the same gas at the same temperature
of
volume .
3005K- 10 mol
As 10 mol Cp for
=
m
=
p 1 30JK"- / mol
3, for
=
=
Cr =
G-R
I
W =
30-8 314 .
W =
21 686 ·
JK+ mol"
Ans
Ho is raised from 15 % to
& The temperature of 54g of
75° at constant volume the change in heat during
this process , = 755K+ mol".
, ,
18
R
cp-w
=
W R
<p
=
-
W =
75 - 8 -
314
W = 66 68.
IK-mol
a= A
e
66 68. =
1 -
dq =
66 68x180
.
3x60
12 , 002045
dq =
I
① Among
the
following the
system required least amount
give temperature
to 80°
thermal energy
of
at 400 = 200 x 40 8000
200g
=
a)
b) at 20° > 100x 60 6000
100g
=
at 30° 300 50
d) 300g 15000
=
x =
# equipartition of energy
u
+
=
I
-> Degree
of freedom
-
O alomicity
a molecule
* 3m :
of
monoatomic N=1
E for ,
dof= 3x1= 3
Go 02-diatoric https://www.google.co.in/url?
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.
6
dof 3x2
=
gitaThakare%2Flect-11-energy-level-diagram
=
freedom&psig=AOvVaw0sPkfXshNppEm3kGh
698829886504000&source=images&cd=vfe&o
GCO2-Triatomic 9
&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCIDGgNT4n4IDFQAA
Ac
dof 3x3 =
3 x8 24
↳M3-My-dof
=
, ,
U
=
3 /trans)
r =
3x
= RT
r
3Rt
=
I
* For diatomic ,
dof =
3N =
3x2 =
U =
RT
=
3x1RT
+
2x1RT +
v RT
I E8 O2 N2, C2 C2, BM2 CN , CO
=
, , ,
dof 3N 3 x 3 9
=
=
~ (3N-5)
U =
3 strans -
) + 2 (rote) + 4 (rib ) :
IRT +
I RT YRT
+
3RT
-
3N
dof 3x3 =9
=
=
U =
+
I
non-limer
*
Polyatomic ,
U =
3 (trans ) -
+ 3 (Rot ) + 13N-6) (mb )
-
.
->
Ulat low
temp )= Transt Rot
Only
.
=
a
=
R+ W
r
up = .
I
# Work
- Work
↓ I
bothormal ochori
Cyclic
constt. volume
Reversible Irreversible AV =
0
WT Wit Wet Wy
=
...
W =- Pent dro
&
x
W =o
Isobaric
Adabatic
AP =
O
Free expansion
Pent =
du=ent du
du =
0
0-
calculation othermal reversible
-> work
for ↓
,
↓
-
migration
AT =
AV 0
Pent Pint
=
A dW= Pent de .
PV= uRT
du=-Pint du div , = K
du=-MRT ·
dV Because it P , Vi=P2 V2
T the
changes 1 V2
V2
=
complete log
/dw=-nRT I
--
P2 Vi
du values
Y
Clnv]Y W= 2 303 MRT
I
W ART
·
-
= -
of final
-
&
on the
difference blw the initiat and
qual volume .
= Rt
⑧W = -
Pent dV
W = -
Pent C2-vi)
Pent/RT -
W = -
W uRT Pent
(I -)
=
nR+/-)
W =
W
nR+(2-2)
=
2
=
Pent =
P2 -
11IIIIII
Pent =
zath-
-Pent= Later
Pz =
batm .111111 I
P =
loath .
I
->
Area under the PV-arne is work
12 step)
⑧
regular (single step) <Irregular
work done work done
A A PIV I
⑧
:Ill
↑
P
Pave
11/119B ↳
Figs-Irreversible one
step expansion
·
Talking about magnitude
of work done .
on (om
(Wivnersible I
=
A ,p
N
⑧ Multistep step
visible
Reversible
(Weverable) I +
:a
two step-
ve
IN easible) =
I
+
I +
El+ It
·
11 -> one
step conversible compression
#
irreversible compression
#
-> two-step
↓ N
slightly I
gater than #
multistep
"reversible P2V2
a
oversiblecompression
·
I + I + +
I + I+ +
(Wirenvisible step) =
I + I
+
I +
IN +
E+
compresion two
Iwrensban) =
I +
I+ +
& 1Og of U2 ,
P, = 20atm ,
Pc = zatm ,
T =
213K
DU= ? q 2 Whan
=
A W =
2 303 nRT
log
-
.
log o
= -
2 303x5x0 31
. .
x 273 x 1 3010 -
W =
-
34002 .
735 A
1 Cal =
4 18]
.
AV =
0
,
AV=gtW
34002 735 As
9 = -W
=
mole an
gas
②
One
of
O to 100°.
Anal = 1
,
AP= 0 (Isobaric) ,
T =
0°
,
T2 =
100:
W = -
Print dV
w = -
Pent (r2-vi)
W -Pent
Me i
= -
w = -
nR(T2-Ti)
= -
uR (373 -
273)
w = -
1x6-314(100) =-831 45 .
b) W 2 303 URT
log
= - .
2 -
-
logP2= logt =
- =
100
-
2 .
303x273273x2 .
303
P2 =
10
-
( x 2303)
log P2=
I
P2 anti
log(s)
=
Reversible-
-> w = -
2-303 URT
log - bothermal I
ideal
Pent.
( 4)-
othermal
W = -URT Traversible ,
ideal
r
2
=
ideal
- work
for
adiabatic ,
reversible
↓
,
↓
system :
↓
aligration PV=
-
RI
0
q
=
is allowed
Pir , =
Pa Va
Pvi adiabatic
sys te m
=
ver --
for
PIV , =
P2v2 -
for
exothermal
system
-> W= Pent du
Ar =
q"+dw
du=-Pirt (V2-VI) - fou adiabatic q 0
=
.
dW NRT
Ar dW
du
=
= -
F w = nwdT
I
YdW =-RI I dr
·
;
W= nCCT2-Ti)-
->
- Pint dr= .
nCdT
I 1
URT
-
dr =
xcrdt
,
I R
A so At t
-
Ren
- Coln I
TI
> en I = I E
v
TI
I & In =
In I
e V2 T
=
(v-1) In = In =
Mr()-
#
*
(v) =
=>
(2)
= (2)
->
-
->
cras
(v)
I
=> =
- >
PIV , =
P2 ve
Piv , =
Pe vo
P! T= R To
P2 (2)
"
P!)
=
=> =
Pe +2 Pava-PIV
-> + =
W =
eW= E i
Conclusion : For
reversible and
irreversible
p, +, =
P2* -
-
Reversible only P, , P2 v2"]-
V =
Tv = Tzr2o
I
e
-
v 1 1
=>
=
->
-
=
-Isothermal
=
·
P
-
->
Reversible adiabatic
rd
--
>
V
PV Const ·
- ↑
Pr
=
=
Const .
dPV+PdV = 0
div = -Pdv
I=
->
In reversible process ,
Final pressure-external pressure
natural process
-> Irreversible-sudden change ,
-
Final PF Pet .
q
.
-Pent du
gu
W =
& AV=
W Prt
(vz-viL②
.
AU= W
=
n crdt =
W From eg .
$2 ,
*
MCLT2-T1)
=
Pent (v2-VI)
(T2-T1)
-
W =
ne
-
0
1
I
2 mot a diatoric ideal gas at 300K 0 5
.
Mpa Pressure
② of
, . .
gas Calculate
exctoral
pressure of
0 1 Mpa
upto 0 2 Mpa pressure
.
- .
mol
An n 2
=
11 =
0 5
.
x 10Pa =
5x10Pa= 5bar
Pent =
P2 = 0 -
2 x 166 Pa= 2 bar
nCv(T2-T1)
=
-
Pent (V2-VI) .
=Pent
(n-n i)
.
Pent
ncCT2-T1) uR
(= )
= - .
-
- .
-(12 300)
- 1(2 3)
-
= -
Tz =
270K W
ER
=
I
W = na(T2 T1) -
5x8 314x 30
R(270-300)
= . =
xx
,
=
=- 1247 15
8 314)5
.
(5x 30 x
.
W
=
-
Reversible
O
② Adiabatically
-
n
=
2
,
Diatomic gas
P1= 5bar P2=Ibar , T1 =
300K , T2= ?, W =
3
,
Aus p, +V
=
Pe +z2
-
11
zR z
=
W up
=R
=
= v =
,
,
-
-> 51 5300
-
1 E T2
51-
1 4
-
300" =
11-n Tz
I
SoSee
1 .
ty L
I =
Tz
->
(T2)" =
1543 .
58
InT2
=H
=
=
5 244
.
5 244
T2 =
antilog .
=> Tc =
189 -
42K A
->
Graphical Representation
PO 2atm V 52.
=
= , I
UP A B
inside the curve
- -
/ W= area
/
/
/
///I
P
S
=exb
C a
PO 3P0=12PVI
I
--
= NVIX
12x2 x5
=
120 atmL
su
=120 x 1025 21 =
10
-
=120003 A
-wi
///
vW2 0
=
clockwise war
P
=O
we e W3
I
,
Wi
-
·
H- enthalpy
&T
·
change in enthalpy ->
AH= up
It is a
function of P ,
T .
nCdT
energy change
V=
· Internal
to
v)
u -
f(7 ,
dr =
(A)
+
(a)
AV =
q +W
ideal gas
(4) AV
9-Pent AV
0
=
-
for
=
v -const .
AV= 0
dT ncpdt
(A) dr Pent &V
=
dr
=
0
- =
* transfe
e
heat
gr -
- AU= DUTAPV
9x-mobarattransferable process
*
=> AH= AV+(P2V2-PIVIS DH
= ,
Isobaric ,
At constant P .
P, = P2 :
AU= DU+PAV
I
Al = AU+ PAV
I
I ↓
for reaction
For phase change
↳
AH AV+P(Vl-vs)
Multing (s = 1)
AU=Ar+AngRT
=
IPV MRT)
U +P(Vg-v!
=
g) An=
↓ &
(
Boding
- =
AU +
Prg
sublimation (s g) /H AV+(rg-vs)
-
-> =
(Ig vs)
An= DU+Prg
2A1g)
+
--
Ang (ng)p-(ng)
=
i
=2 3 Ang=- 1
=
G
:
H2(g)
+
Iz(g)
=
242(g)
Ang Up MR
=
= 2 2 0
=
-
I
+(B() +
32(g) -
2(1) 35(s) F(g)
GA(s)
+ +
1-3
Ang 1
=
= -
I
>DU-Ang
I AHLDU->Ang
Al
=
the
AU-Dng
DH= 0
=
: the
E
calculate enthalpy change on
cooling of math from 50 % to 5°C .
An AU=
ncpdT
3m
n
2
=
=
=
3x75 3x .
-
45k
Al=-10 1655 , As
03ksmol
An enthalpy of fusion 6 .
420(1) -
2011) - 420(s) -> U20 (S)
10 °) 10°C) Als ( 50)
-
(5 %) AUI
↓ ↓
AH3 =
n(cp)sdT
Du di 3x6 03 x 105
n (cp)e DH2
.
= = -
=
-
3x36 . 3x( -
5) 5
=
3x75 -
3x15) /
I
DU= DU1+AU2+Als
5) 1 3-6030) 1- 552)
=1 1129
+
+ -
- .
=-1129 .
5-18090 -
552
An=-19 , 771 55 .
① U20- H20 n =
0 =
5t
m
-
10 110°
m
90g
=
15 Stat
=
6 03KSmolt
(p)s 36 85 mol
-
= .
15 35 mol- K
(p)R = -
Drap 1 =
102 K5lg
(p)g
=
92 55 .
mol"K-
10°
DUI
OR DUL O Ally 1000 DUn 100 Ms
=>
301505
=
37650
=18405
AGn = 1 2 . x 10 x 90 AU5 =
5x92 5 x 10 .
=
1 .
0800 = 4625
Al =
1 , 82 2655
,
I
In bomb calorimeter-at constant holume-Av
①
NH2CN2y) +2 02 (9) +
H20(1)
1U=-742 7 . KI molt
T
=
290K
Al= ?
RT
An DU=
AU+Ang
DH= -772 7 x .
103 +
1 -x0
-
-
314 x298)
=
743 9K5
:
=-742
- .
.
I
# Thermochemistry
-> NESS'S LAW
A AlsFr 4g
AHI
E
Ban "Jus's"Ann
N2
Thorochemical equation 8342 CNH3
+ -
·
ArH=-I KT Mol-
reaction
->
Types of
↓
Escothermic Endothromic
ArK=(Hp-HR) = -
ve
ArH= (Eaf-tab) =
the
ArU=(Eaf-FaR)= e
from eq OSD
From ① and & .
,
eq .
↓
backward
forward
HP > HR .
UP < HR
2A +B -
2C +
2D
⑧
ArH= <Up-EHR
=
(2HC +2 HD) -
Enthalpy
Reaction
->
the
* I is the energy involved or evolved
during
at 25° and I bar
formation of
I mol
compound pressure .
02 (g) -
E(graphite +
CO2 (g) DM A4
=
Naturally occuring
carbon is graphite
not
of
state
·
&
diamond .
02 19)
-
Co2 (9) ACH # AfHO
(diamond +
CO2 ArH*
102(g) If Ho
-
Co +
E: Graphite + 342
(9) --GH6 (l) Art = Af
I
->
Enthalpy of formation (DfH)
->
Bond dissociation enthalpy (Adios)
lattice (Plattice H)
enthalpy
->
(hyd US
Hydration enthalpy
.
->
Atomisation (D art)
->
Inthalpy
->
enthalpy (ANewH)
Neutralisation
-> solution
Inthalpy (Asolt)
-> Fonisation
enthalpy (DionH)
sublimation (DSUbL)
-
enthaly
(Dfush)
Anthalpy of fusion
->
transition (trans
fulhaspy of
-
crystallization (Deryr)
->
thalpy of
-
Electron
gain Inthalpy (DegH)
->
Resonance
->
enthalpy
I
① Bond Dissociation (Always Indothoais)
enthalpy
to break
energy required
mole
I
* is the one
of bond .
BCH
⑭ N Hit A diss H
=
-
-
- on - 0+2H H =
A dis H
~ -H
->
B +
3H
A =
A diest
= Adiss H
P
- UP
P
·
0
=
c
=
0 - C+ 20 = A diss .
H(C=0)
2
HINEN)
H
I
H -
CHz +
H
H
-
-
C
AHI A dies =
C2 Cit CH -27H
Any
I
Adies Ucon) 1005 (A4 D Uco= 98 (DUz) Y ?
E
=
, ,
10
DHIADH2=
= 100 a
=
=>
& (Alattice 4)
lattice
enthalpy
· It is the
energy
involved or evolved during the &
lice(s) -
citys +
ce
S00219)
ig soy- Mg2+ (9)
+
A latt .
Bond length
is the released when one mole in gets
·
enogy of
It
of .
its or
atom
from
.
Mn (9)
same this cases
Mn(s)
- 12 (8) 4 DaH
ICIS) 2119)
-
=
.
Uc-2 = dis
Dat Dr
=
A e
I
⑦ OSNT 3019)
Adiss A9H
An 4
1 750K5 1500 500K5
=
= =
=
=
- 002
K
& On up
A Adis
300
1 500KT
=
DaH
=
10
. =
750K
, =
⑤ sublimation Enthalpy
to convert I mol solid into gas
is the heat required of
.
·
I
A sub H
Mg(s)
-
Mg(g)
U20 (s)
** Ho(g)
* Chy(g)
(Cn(s)
⑧ Ionisation Enthalpy
electron isolated
The
required
to
My (9) -
Mg2+
(g)
Al(s) - Ag+ (g) X NO Dion M
I
⑧It is the energy required to convert I more of ot
from an
of ou-from
mole a base
acid or one .
+H
CH3-COOH -> M3-COO
-CH3-C00OK--CH3-200 + H
peacid)
My 1OH)2-Mg2t + 201
Ph-OH--PK-0+Ht
⑦ Fusion (Afus H)
Enthalpy of
.
energy required to
of bird to
convert I mol
· t is the gas .
Enthalpy
Solution
⑨
dissolution of I mor
⑧
It
is the energy involved or evolved
during the
sufficient
&
amount Mo
solute in excess or
of .
⑩ Neutralisation
Enthalpy of (DNewt)
ut tout-uso -
57 1KT
.
UC + NaOH -H20
I
It combines with 1 mol
of ot
-> when I mol of
to-57 1K5
-> Avenh is always constant and equal .
↓Dion4 ↳ 52 1kJ
Hypothetical
=- :
=-5K5
Din H
& ANCUH=-57 .
1+
Awen u =
( -
57 1 .
+ 7) K5
HC NHYOH
+
=
50 .
1kJ
and) I weak base)
·
strong
n +
↓7 kg
Or-- H20
-
57 1K5
·
⑪ Transition (Stans")
Enthalpy of
mole
for the transition of of
O
required one
is the
· It
energy
allotropic form into another allotropic form for I mos.
Atrans H
Si S - S
Rhombic
Monodinic
can't be zo .
I
⑧ Enthalpy of Crystallisation/Hydration
·
Cuson + H20
-> Cuson -
5420
Ankyd .
mot
It is the involved or evolved when I
of
·
energy
anhydrous
solid
get hydrated
in its crystallised form .
⑬ Resonance enthalpy
released due to resonance in a
⑧ I is the energy
molecule
Aus H
.
HHc =
CH-4 =
CH2 --CH2 =
CH-CH =
CH2
unconjugated conjugated
- n the
when I
mole
of MIC is burned in excess
of O2 ,
the
·
released is combustion (A)
energy enthalpy of
It is
excothermic
⑧ always .
+
e -
F
↓ Bist
Asubt
↳ Bat
u(g)
A
A latt H .
Na(g)
.
↳ BegH
↓ IE
Nat Cl (g)
-
(g)
+
AfH= AsubH + I E +
/ B ) +DegH +A lates
-
on
⑦ find out the Aft for CHy-Mc-C2
An (AdissH)02 =
acK5/mot (Adirs) .
H2
=
y k5/mol
(AaU)c =
2K5/mot (ACH) Ch3CH2 =
PK5/mot
I
OH
1 .
2
. 3C1s) + 302 --BC02 -3qk5/mot
3 .
TH2 +
202 -
H20 YRKs/mot
3
1 02
+
-C13-M2-CH
z
+
(-
AfH 3qMR)KJ
=
+
(Af4)N20 =
81K5/mo) (AfH) N204 =
9 -
7Ks/mol
N20n(g) +
320(9) --N
, 0(g) +302(g)
CHO-C0-110-1-110) =
110
CO2 -102 -
N2 +
02 -
N20 81 equation)
N2tO2 9 7
-
4 7
N204
.
-
.
I
[
ArH =
[ (Af4)p- (Af HR
(81 + 3x( -
393))
-
19 7-3x110]
-
330) KJ
777 745
=
- .
x(DCH) (H -000K5/mo)
A
I
=
-
+ 342 1
(ACH) H2=-200K5/mo
A (ACH(C6H12 = -1400K5/mot
X +
102 -
da2+3e
3H2 +
BOL
-
3 A20
ArH=[(ACHR-[(DCHIP
2x 206Kt/mo)
-
Ignaphite + 242 +
102 -> C304 (1)
I
C3OH
+302--CO2 + 2H20
(flipping the eq.
CO2 + 2420 My OH +302-1-726K51mol
->
726K5/ mot
=+
↳+ 210
Co2 ->
CH304 - 02
2H2 02
24
+
-
I
Graphite + 02- ↳
CO2
Cgraphite + 242 +
102 ->
M3OU
Art= [12 x -
286) +
( 393)7
- -
[7263
C exists in
a) /A vap vo Cly 30 5 K5/mol (Naturally
=
.
.
lqud state)
b) (Ap hi) <Cly =-155 5 -
K5/mol
2) (A9M° =
715K5/mol
715K5
(XS) -> (((g) .
242(g) --
2x20(g) 2x24245
x1y(g) - (e) -
30 5K5
.
((4) -(15) -
242(g) 135 545
+
+
+
.
xCly(g) -
<(g) +
4x(g)
(135 5 + 715 434-30 5) 326K5/mol
. +
.
=
.
Y
I
-
Maxwell Equation :
Pv= nRT
2 -
+
(d) ( *) *
=
2()
+ +
So
(a)
*
(d) -
-
- (a) =
=I
"(o) (a) R
(a) (i)( )
=
*
-
5 .
( *) = -
I
my
↑S H
Prakash &H
da
=
=
TdS+ VdD
vdP-SdT
Uta U 9-God
=
dU= IdS -
Pdv
le
dA=-Pdr-sdT
very . rid
-Maxwell's equation
Find out the value
① of (4)-
du= Ids Pdv
An
-
P P xx
y
D
(a)r P
-
0
-
- -
-First thermodynamic
equation of state
I
(t) ( *)v -) ( *)s
=
+
=
(4) -
-
() = -
/) (*) -
- -
()s() =
(-) s
=-
(a) ~
& ( %)
An dH =
Tds+ VdP
) +
=
T()- +
( *) +(*) + V
=
( *) *
(E) + v rt
=
=
-
+ ,
thermodynamic equation
) =
-second
of State
↓
for ideal gas only ,
not van der maal's
I
->
Cyclic rule :
P
aT
I
(t) ( -(2) +
=
(
-
)()()
Yy
= -
=
= -
1
x =
=
1 x =
=(a)
a
* I
=
= *
I
&B =
( -)T
A =
-
* = =
Ar =
(A)v
A I ** I
=
=
= x 1
*P
a
=
of x TV .
a
***
x
= -
I
* T()(4) =
**** =
R =
ep C
-
-
X
=
Second law of Thoumodynamics
-
ass
AG = re-
spontaneous
·
&
14 =
0 -
Equilibrium
Non-sponlancous
-
the -
AG =
#
->
->
->
I Entropy
Degree of
On
On
that
In
↓
sing temp
supply
general,
randomness
sing pressure
solid id I
at
at
in a
system
constant PSV
constant +$P
see
.
I
Entropy Pass .
I
ECo2(g) O2 As= the
-C0(9) +1 Ang =
The ,
Ang 1 5-1 0 5
=
. = .
CH20 ->
242(9) + 02 (9)
Ang 3-2 1
=
=
A1 =
the
: H2(9) +1219) -
CH1(9)
Ang 0
=
AS>0 DSCO , DS =
0 ·
-> Calculation As
of
*
As =
Ne
T
Saaa e
Du dg + w
=
TdS =
da
T dS = dU-w
dS
AT Ad
=
+
T
S2
si as
ne ++
=
I
S e
ne
nar In
As =
UR In ve
# !
As =
narr
,
+uRln ( )
Ds =
->
Cas : For isotirmal process ,
IT =
DS =
UR In
VI
DS UR In
b
=
As =
nWInE
TI
->
Ca For isobaric AP O
proces
=
: ,
As
nupIn
=
I
-> Is for adiabatic proces , q =0
As
=
DS =
-
GRE6 For phase transformation ,
As =
&q
T
Ho0(1) -
H20(g)
(50 %)
100°)
at 1 atm p , (p =305 molkt ,
A
vapH
=
5003 molt
AS n pen Tz 1S1
1
=
1
50
=
=
F
373
1S1
log (323)
2 303 x 3 x 30 BS2= 1 34 JK
=
-
.
·
DS1 =
12 89Jk+.
AS =
As1 + AS2 =
12 .
89 +
1 -
34
DS =
14 .
23 JK
more
I for 1 mobi
->
H20 (e) ->
H2011) H20(1)
way
e -
-
H20()
batt bathr Latt O
100° 50°C
T 502 14
=
H20(s)
H20(s) E
0
-
10°
Later 5 atm
110°C 110°
,
Satur Satm
100° 100°
III :
- =
xx =
Sate sate s
100° 100°
/
Step
# I
H20(1) H20(1) As
nRln
-
=
Late Sate
100° 100 °
nup In
Laten satm ·
100° 502
As
H20(l) URIn
=
Step #3 H20(1) -
Late I atm
50°C 50°C
H20(l) - H20(1) AS =
n4p In T2
I attr I atm T
50 0°C
0 O 273
nup
O too
I
Entropy of Missings
->
AtB
*
- -
- -
t
- -
I
B
- - -
-
-
- -
- -
-
-
- - -
S1 =
3005k+ S2 =
200 JK 85
=
5055k
cold
that loss
of hot
body- Heat gained by body
to make it the)
* -
ncpAT
=
nCpdT if
-
final temp .
Th-hot temp ·
n
(p(Tf-Tn) n
(p (Tf-Te)
- =
Tc-Cold temp ·
If
Hot Cold
Th TC
AHI= AN2
-
I
temperature in
E 30
g
Cu Rod
having 88c
dropped a
lank
containing 500g H20 at Soc
-
Find out 8
the
a) Temperature of system
If (p1H20 =
40JKg-1
( , a =
255k-g-1
Formula : MCpdT will be used because is used in
g
unit mor
of rather than .
,
-
I
- Graphs
logp+ log v logK
0-
Ov= K-mothoral =
log K-log v
y etun
=
logk Isobaric
4
logp
↑
Isothermal
slope=- &
Isochoric
Adiabatic
7
logv- V-
logp+ logvlog
a
Isobaric
⑧
logp
logp r log v log k
=
+
Bothoral
logp logK-rlog v
=
adiabatio
Isochoric
y It Me
=
↓ monoatomic
fou =
=
>
work : Isobaric Isothermal>Adiabatic Isochoric
I
A B
A a
⑧ >
-c Temperature at A , B ,
F is Ts .
P
for Y
↑
E
[ ⑧
D emperature at 2 D
, , E is +2 .
T, >T2 .
A A - B -
and isothermal
Isochoric
c D
-
Adiabati
-
F - A - Isochoric
and Isothermal
CAND OF CHAPTER]