Lecture

1.8.Resonantl i g ht-matteri
.1.Reminder:Vnperturbedsyst#
n teracti o n-1.se
Quantum mechanics all about
is
solving Schrodinger 's equation
•

ihddtH7=HN
-
For
eigenstates 14? .
:

itolYi7=EilN
.
For a TLS with states to> -
-
tf) and 127 -
-

(9) with energies to -0

and Ey -
-

two the Hamiltonian of the unperturbed system reads :

t=aKo
•
We know that the
eigenvalues are Eo
-

- o and Ey
-

too

and that the eigenstates are 107=40) and le> -

(9) .

↳ If we did not know them we could calculate

them via : .

Eigenvalues : det (II II ) -

-
- o

r
n

Eigenstates : (H -

7.II 17? so

side note :
sanity check that o and Wo are the eigenvalues
and 107 -
l'd and 117=191 the
eigenstates :

l : :X :) -
.

ow to :X :L -

. ooo r
-
The
temporal evolution in the basis of the
energy eigenstates
is given by huts > Oct) 147057 where Oct ) I itith )
exp
= - -

• It
shfooowo ) → TCH -

fo )
wot

14cg ? =
co 107 t
Cy 177 =
cost¥7 107 t ei% sin ( Ea 127)

+ pick
wot '
feel I Yoo, > cos ( 0oz) lol #1117
-

-
IYCH > = =
sin

Precession on the Bloch sphere

around the axis given
y

by the
energy eigenstates .
↳
 1.8.2.Dynami
general
c si n thepresenceofageueri
form of
c perturbati
a
f.me
TLS Hamiltonian is
given by :

( )
HH Hee
IF =

Hu Hz

.
It is Hermitian (A A
-

-
"
= AT) → Hee, Azz EIR and Hu -
HEE

We set the of Hq o Thea :

energy
--
can
•

I
*

with two =
Haz Hu
-

Eigenvalues :E±=hTz[woIFfE#

Eigenrectorsi-H-fj.eien.sc#ioy--ihsinE
-
It" sin ( Ez ) 107 t
%
cos (E) 177

'I
IMI
with tanto) -
and Lance)
-

Wo Re Cr )

side note : The calculation of the eigenstates 1447 and 147 is rather

long and not important .

You can quickly check the eigenvalues
E+ and E -
by inserting them into :
dat CA -
XI ) so
 t
The states he 7 and he energy eigenstates of
-

•
> are the the

perturbed system .

They form a basis that can be used to

express
147 :

14+7
-

147=6107 t Cela > = C -

LY 7 to
y

'
In this basis 147 can be written as IT> =
and It
,
4

( Ej )
o
can be written as H' I =

E
t

%:÷÷:::::c: :*::*:
re

-
relative

Precession

defined
to

occurs
the E

around
axis

147 and 142

.

the

t
f
htt>
axis
by :

Imo, > ly 7 14+7

-

•
= C to
t
-

•
I Y CED -
-

ICHI Yoo,> - C
.
-

eiw -
t
ly
-

7 + c
+
eiwttlyt>
eiw ( c e- iswttlytz
t -

ly z
-

=
-
+ c,

w --

global phase c .
f. chapter 1. 8.7 .

with w = Eth we
= Eth and Awe =
we - w
,
.
-
sidenotesi .
In the literature, often the
energy zero is not set to

state zero but instead to

Hintz .
Then It is
given by

( )
-
Wo r
It -

- the .
They Et
-

-
Itza TEE
r Wo

.
In the literature several communities use the convention
,

that Eo Then IT
7 Ee .
is given by :

I
=hT2[% ?!
#

Example RD Wo ,
DER and tuco)> = to>

.
RD Wo → Et E E
{ tr
RD Wo -71447 7oz (107-1177) IY Fg (107 )
-

" =
and 7 = -
177

↳ Energy eigen axis given by E axis

•
107 and 117 can be expressed as a combination of 145 and IT> i

↳ 7h24 Yt > 14-7 ) and Tz (145 7)

-

107 t 117 ly
-
-
-
- -

a
look at time evolution of 147 :

•
lycos ? =
107 =
Tf (l Yt> t 147 )

ie# yty)
'

I Yet, > UCH Ncos > HE e' tht ( ly y

-

. - = -

↳ Precession around I - axis .

1. 8.3
-
.
Semi - classical approach
Sar I
-
We now consider a TLS with
energy two driven by an

electromagnetic wave of frequency w:

.
The Hamiltonian can be written as

IotH where Ito toooo )

-
.
is the Hamiltonian of the unperturbed
system and It, is the
perturbation .

.
In atomic
quantum optics Ito is often labelled It and It . ,
is

often labelled Ap Ca atom :

, fifield)

.
In the semi -
classical approach , we treat the TLS quantum mechanically
and the EM wave
classically :
Fett =
E. I cos earth

For a dipole transition and where the rotating approximation ( RWA holds :
.
wave

Ii÷)r here r is the Rabi frequency

side note will what the RWA

: .
We see in
chapter 1.8 O.
.
is and

when it is valid
 •

r is a measure for the

driving strength and depends on the amplitude of

the EM ware Eo and the dipole matrix element µ ' i

o

r=lMoqL
'

M is a measure for how strong a transition couples to light (in

dipole approximation) and is calculated by :

.Mij=-ecilI
#

side note : Here Ii > does not refer to the state vector representation of the
States but to the actual wavefunction Mi CED .
• To see what happens at a driven Ths we need to solve

ihddtH7=H tor II Hetty

- =

they.eiot%£w!)
h-rrzeiwtc.ee)
"

it colt ) GI
{
=

H) -1917
h-rzeiwtc.lt)
'

if i, ee, = t two Get) H

•
To solve these coupled differential equations with explicit
time
dependence eiwt change the basis to rotating
,
we a

frame .
This is a common trick in
quantum optics .
The

observer rotates around the Bloch sphere with

frequency wi

dolt) =
colt) dy CH =
eiwtqce,
i wt
↳ colt) -
do Ctl ↳
guys e- d, Ct)

↳
ICH = -
iwiiwtd,at + eiwtdjce,
•

Inserting this in equations in and Cal yields :

i.dolt) - ra d, Ctl
•

i dict) -
Nz dolt) -
cu -
ooo ) dict

'
This can be interpreted as an effective Hamiltonian

÷:i:::::i:.
 IT has
•

exactly the form that we discussed in section 1. 8.2 .

Therefore we see that :

i÷÷:i:÷: : :÷
E
±
=
Et C su
- ±
M¥7

tanto) Fw
-

- -
1.8.4.Resouantkabioscil afioIz.tn
exact resonance :
Sw -

- o → G -
-

Ee = ±
It r
IIT? -
Tz ( 107 t 117 )

IF 7 Try ( 107
-
-

-
177 )

As have in 2. 8.2 the

precession of 147 occurs around
•

we seen .

the axis given by ITT> and I -47 Here I axis

: -
.

"
•
This is known as Rabideau and the rotation
angle
is
given by hit with the Rabi frequency r .

• This can easily be seen as :

tuco, > d. lie d IT -17

-

-
7 +
+

ITCH > = Ect ) IYTOD

X
'

em
"
eimtd.IT >
-

d+ INT >
'

= + G)

eine ( d. he fired+ III )

'
= > +

yr yr
global phase precession with
frequency r

rt is known the pulse In Edt) is time dependent :

•

as area . case

fretldt.IM/hfEoCtId
•
To visualize Rabi oscillations ,
we consider the case tuco> 7=0

•
Intros ) -

-
o d- -
colt> -
tr and disown -17=71

Inserting this into G) i

ITA ) > =

Frg feint II > + first, # y)

inset
'

irrzt
V2[ ( 102 (107-1477 ]
-

117 (2)
-

e
-

te

•
As ITCH ? =D.CH/o7tdpCt7l77 and IYCE) -
-

Colello> text) 177

we need to calculate dolt) , dict) and coal,CKH .

Rotatingtramei
*

dolt ) -
5014747

de
Using cat

Ct) =
=z
=
feint
cos

tree, >
Cra
+ firm )
t ) c/
V
I
I .

Item giant,
'
-

↳" ga,
= -
i. sin ( Nz t )

Lahtraonei
•

•••

iffy
-

coat
-

-
dolt)
-

Courbet)
-

int
"
GCE) -

-
day e- .
<

iwt
= -

e
-
i. sin ( Mzt )
 Kochi
'
and
.

Often , only 14cal are plotted

:

:÷::

•
In real experiments ,
Rabi oscillations are
damped due to

limited Ty and dephasing For

.
an effective damping rate g

one obtains :

&
1.8.5.slightlydetuuedkabioscillal.io#
.
Let's consider the case of finite defining da .

Reminder :

Ee -
Et Es ,
±
THE ]
'
IT > =
sin ( Ed 107 t cos CEI 117

IT > =
cos (E) 107 -
sin (E) 117

tanto) Fw
-

- -

'
As we have seen in 1. 8.2 .
the
precession of the system occurs

with ( Eet E) Its .

This can be
interpreted as an effective Rabi frequency :

Designer withdetuningthefreq.eu#oftheoscil atiohgiuoreases-

.
As tan cog -

-
-

Foo , increasing detouring

•

up
.

rotates

/
the
precession axis

withdctningtheampliude
oftheafiongdae yet

As will be shown on the

following slides :

kiHT=I.sin(rezt
 -

Unfortunately doing ,
the math is long . . .
We again start in

14cg ? -
- o and calculate ( Guy R =
Idiot

•
As we have seen before, the temporal evolution of a state is

the
given in
energy eigen basis by
:

-
i w t
iwyt
IT-7 de IES
-

ITCH d
-

> =
e
.
te

•
For a
sytecn with Ltcol ? -

-
107 we can calculate d- and device :

•
d ,
= Lol I 5 .

dy -

- Loiret )

= sin CE)
=
cos cozy

ice e

Ii wit
-

NT
"
-

ITCH s
cos (E) e III + since ) >
FEET
=
( cos coz )ieFF the> + ,
since wit,
global phase
=
cos eiretly> + sin coz ) Eire tht>
 Now let 's Idea if
'

again calculate lentil

-
= -

id , Ct ) = L1 ITCH )

=
all cos (E) I ret III
(

+ since ) filet NT >

"

= -
cos (E) sin
IE ) I ret'

+ sin cozlcosl Ele

- i ret

t
=
since ) cos CE) ( eine - eine )
Eet
since) sin 2i sin f -

2
)
= - i since ) sin ( ÷)

12
'
-
lentil -

-
Ide
2

=L since, sin #
Ill
rig
'
= .

sin create )

Note :
To see
why since =
Efg consider :

tanto
-

-
-

Ew
1-
#
y
sin to> =

FEE FEE
1.8.6.chapter
Therotatiagwareapproximation.tn
1. 8.2 .
,
we have described the interaction of the

EM wave and the TLS by

rzeiwt
(Feint )
O

II
,
o

This is the rotating (RWA)

known wave
approximation
•

as .

and it holds only when :

•
Near resonance : Jw K W two

weak
coupling : the Wo
-

•
In general ,
the
dipole interaction between an EM wave and a TLS

is given by :

"' " "

(one.in#.eEeiit-n*t)
where ith IE I fatE.
*
r .
and -

When rotating It
switching to frame wit becomes
•
a w
,

"""

Hi = -
a
www.n
.

frit )
 RWA
•
In the ,
the terms
rotating with w two are
neglected as

they oscillate faster than

any
relevant timescale and are

" "
thug averaged out .
Summary
.

Perturbing a TLS rotates the precession axis and frequency .

The
-

precession frequency is
given by the
energy separation of

the new eigen energies and the axis is defined by the new
eigenstates .

'
In the semi -
classical approach ,
the TLS is treated quantum mechanically
and the EM wave
-

classically rrzeiwt
)
o

- it =
Ito +
I
,
with ItohKo:o) and hit
↳ g.
we
g

•
For an EM wave in resonance with the TLS : Rabi oscillations

i÷nienr=uoi
The rotation
angle is given by bit in of a time dependent
-

or case -

amplitude of the EM wave

by Sree'dt

.
When detaining EM wave w from the TLS the
frequency
increases re -
TIE and the
amplitude of the Rabi

oscillation decreases .

Damping occurs due to limited lifetime and coherence