Cast Course in

Morse Homology VERA

vertest

I.MORSE FUNCTIONS

Understand manifolds by "scanning" them of a function

&to
⑳ -u
ama
e.g.
az

&
&min
~

the "evolution" of f(0.a] as a

grows
-

8.O: Oo OE OSE GEE OF OEEINTER

⑳

*
-

<Amin a an
=

①
*
&
W
*
~
I can be obtained
by gluing;
v8
O x:

For: "regular enough" functions this is

always the case

A
&
functions:

f:N->* if N is pet >> must have critical points

le.g.: global max & global min must be critical)

egogi
critical pts of the

height function

I
 B
-call: pEM critical pt if in some coordinates

upf =

(3(b).... (((b)) =

|E(() 0vi) =

this indep coordinates

is
of
:A critical pt xcM
of f:M+ is
generate if

(in some local coordinate system) the Hessian

Hessf =

(cxil)i.i =
1 ... m

is
nondegenerate (i.e. have ranke + 0)

btherwise x is rate)

·a ·
init U it
Ex-uxymonkeysad
x3 f sin (E) an
f
-
=

Amosolone
6xy)

#
1 vf (2x" 3y+
= - -

Hessf
(y-z)
=

st
x x3
=

↑
x-axis=es
se

(2xy zx(y)
-
vf =

↑=
x
"g"

(Eyr year
a
uf (2x -0)
=
Hess =

aitpts =t-axis
vy-axis
Hes F
(58)
=

all one degenerate not Hessflxxo-(53)

even a submanifold of r

Hessf)y 0(38%)2 =
: f.M-+ is a
function if all of its critical pts

are nondegenerate.

2nd at actual points test is a symmetric bilinear function

A
changing coordinate
gives a similar function/s Hes S")
:being degenerate nondegenerate is
indup of coordinates

·
Hess is diagonalisable 18 using implicit fact Thin

this
multiple times can be done
by changing
the coordinates):
Mouse Lemma: p nondegenerate critical pt

I
=>
local coordinates (xr..... (n) s.t.

f(x) f(p) =
-

(xi +. + xi) +
(xn1 +.. + xi)
kic the Mouse index
of fat
- -
p

isolated
nondeg critical
= >
pts are

e.g.=

8.o
Let's place ball a
ptp & draw
a
any
now a ball would roll

direction & noncit

-

unique pts

index
-> at critical pts the index index = 1

⑧
187 1
=

is the dim of the

downwards directions

index =
1

OfgiFE E E 8 ⑱..
Tran
index = 8
⑳

tp.
onthe
d own

from
pr Be
- a

Mava =Ma
3
&
↑
me: to obtain manifolds we add thickenedb-all

onto M called behandles (see: Manco's lecture)

& then we can reconstruct a
spot manifold
handles.
using
be
Mouse theory can used to prove

· Morse inequalities:
bi = ith betti #l=wh (HiMM: IC)

c.:-# of critical pts of index i

Then for all kidim M =

n we have

(n -

(x- 1+... + (-1)c)bx -

br ++...
-
+ (-1)b.
&
(1c =E( -
1bi x(n) =

hom. eg
↓
M"
M

·
Poincare conjecture in dim 45: simply connected M
& = 5

MES
=>

nomeomorphic
the
the proof is
given by small fuses Whitney trick to

prove Thm)
theodism

·
Morse
theory can also be used to compute Hx(M)

5
I MORSE
H0M0LyGY

M"smooth manifold

f:M-R Morse function

we want to make sense of "where the ball rolls":

Leto be a Riemannian metric on M (i.e. positive def.

inner product on TM- vTpM)

: the gradientof off (w.n.t.g) is

defined by

8(PF,V) Gf.v =

mI:if
& the metric inherited from MEH" then
is

the ball rolls in the direction

of -7 +

If gives
a
restonfield on M

letY:M bethe
negative gradientflow I t(p) =

-7p7

Y. idy=

Of
↑

antical pt k
phondg for & of index

Spi 4xCM:himY (x)

=

+ - -
D
+
=
p]
Api 4x y
hn y (x) py
= =

reg.
=
=

Ap negative (f)
↑

Hess
eigenspace of
=

Top positive eigenspace of Hess

Ihm (Thom):Dp=8P <
open disc

3
Ap jn
-

& M
=YOp butin
gen. this might be
not a
ch-complete

del:(frg) is Morse -
Smale if V
p.q
cit pts. ApNq

M(p-q). Δpn tq =

⑥
50: M(pg) is a manifold of dimension indip)-ind (a)
·

is ind(p) <ind(a) M(p(a) =

$
M(p(q) u
flow lines from p to a =>
noncompact
=
·

· P

↑
↑
W(t yx(X) w/tim.WTH p &
hmNSt =
=
=

M*pal flow =

lines from p to a 3 M(p(a)/R

=

↑v(t) 4s(y(t))
+

modulispace of flowlines between &

p q

if ind(q)
=> =
ind(p) =>
M(p.q) 0 =

not Morse-Smale:

⑱.
-9.. ind/pl=ind(al = 1

M(p,q)
but P
+

Fact (smale):(frg) is Mouse-small for a

generic

Riemannian metric g

(i.e. Eg:(frg) is Morse -

Small is
open & dense in

the
space of Riemannian
metrics
=g:perturb a little bit:
of

①
this is Morse- small

and (min) 0, =
and (max 2 =

ind(p) ind(p) =1 =

M*(pmin) lpts =

M*(p'min) 2pts =

M*(max - p) 2pts =

M*(max p) 2pts -
=

still not open

M+(maxmin) 4f =

M
 How to
compactify M*(pq)?

nigi::
for M*(maxmin) we can add

broan flow lines: min

max-p ->

M*(maxmin) 4
= -·

#hm:M closed. (g) Morse-smale. Then M*(prg) has

a natural
compactification

itff)
ind(p)-ind(g) -
1

(p.q) =
0
k0
=
U
ent
vic
M*(p-n,)
(f)
M* (un-v)
+ ...
+
M*(ur,q)
-

X
508)*
n - k
critical pts of f
E4 =

·g
↓
expg) is a smooth mid v/ counts & the amensional

#ata of iprg) is u M*(p-n,) M* (un-v)

+ ...
+
M*(ur,q)
-

ent (f)
vic

&
mb: ·
ind(p) > ind (vi) ) ..
ind (we) > ind (a)
·

ind(p)-ind(q)=1:M*(pra) is cpctor dim

ind(p)-ind(q) 1:M*(p(a)
= 15
=
1(1(0.1))
& c(p.q) =

u M *(p
- 1) M*(n- q)
+

ind(r) ind(q) 1
= +

of Morse homology (own I2)

&inition
/g) Morse-smale on M

smlfg. PIn
ind(p) k
=
la rectorspace gen. by 9p:ind(p1 b] =

-up .dyrp) Intpall.q -

(a..(frg)
& I
sometimes I
h 1
don't write M
=
-

this defines
...

*""Calfig) ecan/frgly'..

&
 2
Lemna:z 0
=

k
proof:and
=

v(up) 2)21m
=

ind(r)
(p.r(((v)
k 1
=
-
+ 2
=

indial-bes and ssp.r(l/M*all q

the coefficient of a in dip is

Imtsp.)l/MAr -all (M *(p.w) M*(w,all

10M*)p.aLES.
5 =

+ =

ind(r) k
=

1
X
-

1-dim mfd => even #082 pts

so Calfg)ecan/frgley"..
eiffig) was ... -

is a
chain-complex

H2(f g).dut
- fromima
②2
&m2: · We can define ...
* Calfigleconfigle.. - 1

over I

by choosing an orientation for p for each p.t emit #

↑
ForInIs this

mono-o::
⑱

let be & f(x)

->
x
apt 7 c
=

on
=

-> then fill is an

(n-1)-dim
mrd w/Dprf" () <-
k-1 dim

1ft(c) k dim
tq <- n -

still so Tolprftrc) (c)) Txfx)

TxStaf
I =

↑
↑ oni, as

o
of
&riented as 0
of Ope Mc oriented as a Ma

of tg MC

=>

gives a
sign to the pts of MPral

·
the obtained Holfrg) is indep of the choice of on

I
 (0.90)
Thm: &
firg.) Morsc-small for M

HM)fa-90) Hm(fuge)
=> =

idea:those a "nia"path (ftgel connecting (forgd & (fnrge)

for some to it is not Mouse &

on (ferge) is Mouse
not
Small

This field on 0.17 M

gives
x
a

X (1 t)t(1 t)Xt 49 ft
+

=
= -
+
-

1
X 0 t 0 =
& cnt pt of fo
p
=

0R

t1 & cut pt of fo
p
=

define flow-lines IM
just as before we can
of X on

& the
we assume that ascending &
descending
submanifolds are a generic prop of (ftgel)
k
·
For pait pt of to of index

hb(p) = 2i
g.enth(f)
1m((0.pl.(a(l.q
↑
moduli space of flows of X from (ip) to dial

/no p-action > dim and (p)-ind(a))

·
h is chain
a
map

just as in the =
0
argument:h2 wh)
=

I
0. / &
&

·
monover he calfog.) ->
Calfig) is indep. of the

choice of nice path (ferge) up

to chain homotopy.

18
 ·logod lfugal arrant forgo

- c
nstant (forg0)

this induces:

Cafford Focaltural to calorgol

- id

hash
=>
is chain-homotopic to
idcalford

& similarly to the idc(t-gi)

5.
Calforso) is chain homotopy up to calfirgil
s

Thm Hx(( -g)

=

H+
=
(M)
idea: (g) Morse -
Small us
CN-decomposition = M

&k+ Do fa
(n-lf(g)
r

(a((y)
-

&... -
+
+ ..

is the same as the coresponding CN-chain complex

11
 More EXAMPLES
VERA
ExCERCISES & VERTES

FOR Morse Honoroau

2

↑
⑳

&
2: M 5+3
=

fi(x-yz)+ - z ........

coordinate charts
Uiia-+58
(xy) (xyyy)
+

Y.: 0-52

*y)+>(xyr()
to(i(x,y) y) =

so
altofil-g(**) *ait pt

n0 0 =
p 0.0.1) is the
only citpt on a
=>

-y
=
= =

the Messian is
age of allies toel
index 2
=>

similarly g =(0.0.-1) is the

only ait pt on 2
of index o

*
show that there are no critical pts along the equator.

-g.5:5 9(x1.. -xn+1): =

xi +. + xi 1 - =

(xw.. -
xn + 1) 1- >
Xn+ 1

is a Mouse fath w/ 2 cit pts

 torus TS' x gl
&g.
=

·
W f(x -y) sin" (πx) sint(π y)
+

↑
=

&

yy<8
I

GE 2πsin(πx)cx(ty)E htsin(πy)cos(πy)
= =

(v) 2
=
-
(x,y) (3.0)-(.9).(3.1)()
=

critical pts
index 0.1 L

↑ ca(+y))+
c(π x)0
Hessf nosing
IT
o
=

cnt
pts

gap-line
9 through the
origin:
(
4(00.93/(x-y-2)
-

o2
* =

-
(tx- tytz)

* show that
F(xryrz) =Enz
y- x+ + z2
induces a
function on MP3

Check that I has a

nondegenerate critical pits of indus 0.1 82.
③
construct a Mouse fath for RP"

R"
↑
ut: Rp =

-683/(kn...(nx)-(txc...txn +
1)

·ty f((...(nx]) =tantive a: EM

Compute the critical pts & Hess

in coordinate chants

h(xv.-xu+]=xn03 +
->
........)
-
itis
missing
construct Mass-fet
m

for 14
& a