Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Semester 2019/2020
General Chemistry
(Chemy 101)
1st Semester 2019/2020
Contents
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
• Thomson
• Rutherford
• Dalton
Scale of Atoms
Atomic Diameter 10-8 cm
Nuclear diameter 10-13 cm
Useful units:
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
A Charge
Element Symbol
Z
X 27
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 13 Al?
13 protons, 14 (27 - 13) neutrons, 13 electrons
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
1 2 3 235 238
H 1H (D) 1H (T) 92 U 92 U
1
12 13 14
6C 6C 6
C
14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Transition Metals
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons
14
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
15
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Chemical Compounds
Ionic compounds
Molecular compounds
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Molecular Compounds
They consist of a combination of nonmetals or
nonmetals + metalloids
P4O10
H2O2 CH3CH2Cl
HCO2H
CH3CH(OH)CH3
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Molecular Compounds
A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-
number ratio of the atoms in a substance
molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Molecular Compounds
A Structural formula shows the arrangement of
atoms in the molecule of a compound.
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Ionic Compounds
They consist of a combination of cations and
an anions
The formula is usually the same as the
empirical formula
The sum of the charges on the cation(s) and
anion(s) in each formula unit must equal zero
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
… and
opposites
attract.
The highly
ordered solid
collection of ions
is called an
“ionic crystal”.
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Al2O3
Al3+ O2-
Al2O3
Aluminum oxide 1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2
Calcium bromide CaBr2
Ca2+ PO43– Ca2+ Br-
3 x +2 = +6 2 x -3 = -6
Ca3(PO4)2
Ca3(PO4)2
Calcium phosphate Ca2+ PO43-
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Polyatomic Ions
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Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Inorganic Nomenclature
NaCl = sodium chloride
MgI2 = magnesium iodide
Al2O3 = aluminum oxide
Na2S = sodium sulfide
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Molecular Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide
32
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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40
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
H C OH H C NH2 H C C OH
H H H
41
Ch. (2): Atomic Structure and Chemical Compounds Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah
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