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Reinforced Concrete Design Worked examples to BS 8110

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Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked examples to BS 8110

Mohamed Elhassan B.Sc. M.Sc.

University of Khartoum, Sudan
© 2018 Mohamed Elhassan

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any other form
without the written consent of the copyright holder.

Disclaimer
The author bears no responsibility for any consequence that may occur as a result of
the usage of this work. This book should be treated more like a design note book than
as a standard design textbook. Kindly refer to more standard books on structural
design for more knowledge.

i
Introduction
This work is intended to provide students, and practising engineers, with a guide to
meeting the requirements of BS 8110: Structural Use of Concrete part 1 and contains
worked examples which have been prepared to give a detailed indication of the
process of designing reinforced concrete members to this code.

ii
Contents Page

Introduction ii
Symbols iv
Example 1 Beam sizing 1
Example 2 Simply supported singly reinforced rectangular beam 2
Example 3 Simply supported doubly reinforced rectangular beam 4
Example 4 Continuous beam 6
Example 5 Transfer beam 9
Example 6 Continuous solid slab spanning in one direction 11
Example 7 Solid slab spanning in two direction 13
Example 8 Flat slab 15
Example 9 Ribbed slab 18
Example 10 Waffle slab 20
Example 11 Stair slab 22
Example 12 Short column subjected to axial load 24
Example 13 Short column subjected to axial load and moment in one direction 25
Example 14 Short column subjected to axial load and biaxial moment 26
Example 15 Braced slender column 27
Example 16 Shear wall 29
Example 17 Axially loaded footing 30
Example 18 Isolated footing subjected to axial load and moment 32
Example 19 Combined footing 34
Appendix Selected tables from BS 8110 37

iii
Symbols

Symbol Definition
𝑨𝑪 Area of concrete

𝑨𝑺 Area of tension reinforcement

𝑨𝑺,𝒎𝒊𝒏 Minimum area of reinforcement

𝑨𝑺,𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 Provided area of reinforcement

𝑨𝑺,𝒓𝒆𝒒 Required area of reinforcement

𝑨𝑺𝑪 Area of vertical reinforcement in a column

𝑨𝑺𝑽 Total cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement

𝒃 Width or effective width of the section or flange in the compression zone

𝒃𝒆 Breadth of the effective moment transfer strip

𝒃𝑽 Breadth of section (for a flanged beam width, below the flange)

𝑪 Cover

𝒅 Effective depth of the tension reinforcement

𝒆 Eccentricity of lateral load and shear centre

𝑭 Total design ultimate load (1.4 𝐺𝐾 + 1.6 𝑄𝐾 )

𝑭𝑪 Ultimate load capacity of wall

𝒇𝑪𝑼 Characteristic strength of concrete

𝒇𝒔 Estimated design service stress in the tension reinforcement

𝒇𝒚 Characteristic strength of reinforcement

𝒇𝒚𝒗 Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement

𝑮𝑲 Characteristic dead load

𝒉 Overall slab depth

𝒉 Depth of column section

𝒉𝒇 Thickness of the flange

𝑰 Second moment of area of shear walls

𝑲 A measure of the relative compressive stress in a member in flexure

𝑲′ Value of K above which compression reinforcement is required

𝑲𝑺 Horizontal coefficient of earth pressure

𝑳 Length of wall

𝑳𝒕 Length of wall in tension

𝒍 Effective span

iv
𝒍𝒆𝒙 , 𝒍𝒆𝒚 Effective height of a column about x and y axis

𝒍𝒙 Length of shorter side of two-way spanning slab

𝒍𝒚 Length of longer side of two-way spanning slab

𝑴 Design ultimate moment at the section considered

𝑴𝑹 Moment of resistance

𝑴𝒕 Design moment transferred between slab and column

𝒎𝒔𝒙 Maximum design ultimate moments of unit width and span lx

𝒎𝒔𝒚 Maximum design ultimate moments of unit width and span ly

𝑵 Design ultimate axial load on a column or wall

𝑸𝑲 Characteristic imposed load

𝑺 Distance between points of inflection

𝑺𝑽 Spacing of links along the member

𝒕 Thickness of wall

𝒖 Effective length of the outer perimeter of the zone

𝒖° Effective length of the perimeter that touches the loaded area

𝑽 Design shear force due to ultimate loads

𝒗 Design shear stress at a cross section

𝒗𝒄 Design concrete shear stress

𝑽𝒆𝒇𝒇 Design effective shear including allowance for moment transfer

𝒗𝒔𝒙 , 𝒗𝒔𝒚 Shear force per unit width in x and y directions

𝑾 Total design ultimate load

𝒛 Lever arm

𝜶𝒔𝒙 , 𝜶𝒔𝒚 Moment coefficients for simply supported two-way spanning slabs

𝜷 Effective height factor for columns

𝜷𝒃 Redistribution ratio

𝜷𝒔𝒙 , 𝜷𝒔𝒚 Moment coefficients for restrained two-way spanning slabs

𝜷𝒗𝒙 , 𝜷𝒗𝒚 Shear force coefficients for restrained two-way spanning slabs

𝝈𝒕 Tensile stress in shear wall

∅𝒃 Bar diameter

∅𝒍 Link diameter

v
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 1 - Beam Sizing

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A concrete beam carries 𝐺 = 150 KN and 𝑄 = 50 KN Has an

𝐾 𝐾
stated, all
references are effective span of 6 m supports a 250 mm brick wall. Determine
from: BS8110-1 suitable dimension for the beam if grade 35 for concrete is to be used.

It is recommended that the beam breadth match the wall thickness, b = 250 mm
so that b = 250 mm

Section 3.2.1.2.2
Loading
Assume 15 KN for the self-weight of the beam
F = 311 KN
Ultimate Load F = 1.4 x (150 + 15) + 1.6 x 50 = 311 KN
Therefore maximum shear = 155.5 KN
Distributed load along the beam length = 311/6 = 51.83 KN/m F = 51.83 KN/m

Bending
𝑊 × 𝐿2 51.83 × 62
Maximum moment = = = 233.25 KN. m
8 8 M = 233.25
KN.m
The case with no compression steel will be considered, So
Section 3.4.4.4 𝑀 233.25 × 106
< .156, < .156, ∴ d > 414 mm
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 250 × 𝑑 2 × 35

For mild conditions of exposure, the cover = 20 mm. so for 8 mm

Table 3.3, 3.4 Cover = 20 mm
links and 16 mm bars Overall depth h = d + 20 + 8 + 16/2 = 450
mm. take h = 500 mm, then d = 464 mm

Shear
𝑉 155.5 × 1000
Section 3.4.5.2 shear stress v = = = 1.34 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏×𝑑 250 × 464
For C35 concrete, maximum v allowed = 0.8√35 = 4.73 N/mm2.
Therefore v < 4.73 OK Shear OK

Deflection
Table 3.9 6000
basic span − effective depth ratio = = 12.93 < 20 OK
464
Deflection OK
∴ A beam size of 250 mm by 500 mm deep would be suitable.

1
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 2 - Simply Supported singly reinforced Rec. Beam

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A simply supported reinforced concrete beam carries 𝐺 = 30 KN/m

𝐾
stated, all
references are including self-weight and 𝑄𝐾 = 10 KN/m. Has a span of 5 m. Design
from: BS8110-1 the beam for bending and shear if grade 30 and 460 are to be used
for concrete and all steel respectively. Take d = 550mm and b =
250mm

Loading
Section 3.2.1.2.2
Ultimate Load F = 1.4 x 30 + 1.6 x 10 = 58 KN/m F = 58 KN/m
Bending
𝑊 × 𝐿2 58 × 52
Maximum moment = = = 181.25 KN. m M = 181.25 KN.m
8 8
6
𝑀 181.25 × 10
Section 3.4.4.4 𝐾= = = 0.079 < .156
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑢 250 × 5502 × 30
2

∴ No compression reinforcement is required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − )}
0.9

z = 0.903d = 496.5 mm Z = 496.5 mm

𝑀 181.25 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 836 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 496.5

Provide 3T20, area provided 942.6 mm2 Provide 3T20

Shear
𝑊×𝐿
maximum design shear load = = 58 × 5/2 = 145 KN
2
𝑉 145 × 1000
Section 3.4.5.2 shear stress 𝑣 = = = 1.05 N/mm2 < 0.8√30 𝑣 = 1.05 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝑏×𝑑 250 × 550
shear links
at distance d from face of support V = 145-58x0.55 = 113.1 KN
𝑉 131.1 × 1000
shear stress 𝑣 = = = 0.954 N/mm2
𝑏×𝑑 250 × 550
1/3
0.79 100𝐴𝑆 400 1/4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
𝑣𝑐 = ( ) ( ) ( )
Table 3.8 𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25

Only two 20 mm bars extent a distance d from the support face

2
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

1 1
100𝐴𝑆 3 100 × 628.4 3
∴( ) =( ) = 0.77 < 3 ,
𝑏𝑑 250 × 550
1 1
400 4 400 4
( ) =( ) = 0.923 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒)
𝑑 550
𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
( ) = 1.05
25
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.51 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 vc = 0.51N/mm2

𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝑏(𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 ) 250 × (0.954 − 0.51)

Table 3.7 = = = 0.254
𝑆𝑉 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 × 460

Provide T8 at 200 mm c/c

𝐴𝑆𝑉 2 × 50.3
= = 0.5 𝑂𝐾
𝑆𝑉 200

Deflection
5000
Table 3.9 basic span-effective depth ratio = = 9.1
550
basic ratio for simply supported rectangular beam = 20
modification factor for tension reinforcement
Table 3.10
2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2 × 460 × 836
𝑓𝑠 = ∗ = = 407.98
3𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏 3 × 942.6
𝑀 181.25 × 106
= = 2.4
𝑏𝑑 2 250 × 5502
(477 − 𝑓𝑠 )
modification factor = 0.55 + ≤ 2.0 = 0.73
𝑀
120 (0.9 + 2 )
𝑏𝑑
basic ratio = 20 x 0.725 = 14.5
Deflection OK
actual ratio = 9.1 < basic ratio = 14.5 OK

3
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 3 - Simply Supported doubly reinforced Rec. Beam

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A rectangular beam is 250 mm wide by 600 mm depth. The beam
stated, all
references are is simply supported and spans 8 m. carries dead load 𝐺𝐾 = 20 KN/m
from: BS8110-1 including self-weight and imposed load 𝑄𝐾 = 15 KN/m. The concrete
and steel grades are 30 and 460 respectively. Design the beam.

Loading
Section 3.2.1.2.2 Ultimate Load F = 1.4 x 20 + 1.6 x 15 = 52 KN/m F = 52 KN/m

Bending
𝑊 × 𝐿2 52 × 82 M = 416 KN.m
Maximum moment = = = 416 KN. m
8 8
Section 3.4.4.4 𝑀
𝐾=
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢

Table 3.3, 3.4 For mild conditions of exposure the cover = 20 mm. so for 8 mm
links and 16 mm bars Overall depth h = d + 20 + 8 + 16/2 = 600
mm. d = 564 mm

416 × 106
= 0.1744 > 0.156
250 × 5642 × 30
∴ Compression reinforcement is required

Section 3.4.4.4 𝐾′
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − )}
0.9
Z = 438.2 mm
z = 0.777d = 438.2 mm

(𝐾 − 𝐾 ′ )𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 (0.1744 − 0.156) × 250 × 5642 × 30

𝐴𝑆 ′ = = = 190.25 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 0.95 × 460 × (564 − 36)

Provide 2T16, area provided 402.2 mm2

𝐾′𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 0.156 × 250 × 5642 × 30

𝐴𝑆 = + 𝐴𝑆 ′ = + 190.25 = 2133.77 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 438.2

Provide 5T25, area provided 2454.5 mm2

Shear
Section 3.4.5.2 𝑊×𝐿
maximum design shear load = = 52 × 8/2 = 208 KN
2
𝑉 208 × 1000
shear stress 𝑣 = = = 1.475 N/mm2 < 0.8√30 OK 𝑣 = 1.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏×𝑑 250 × 564

4
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

shear links
at d from face of support V = 208- 52 x 0.565 = 178.67 KN
𝑉 178.67 × 1000
shear stress𝑣 = = = 1.267 N/mm2
𝑏×𝑑 250 × 564
1/3
Table 3.8 0.79 100𝐴𝑆 400 1/4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
𝑣𝑐 = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25

Only three 25 mm bars extent a distance d from the support face

1 1
100𝐴𝑆 3 100 × 1472.7 3
∴( ) =( ) = 1.023 < 3 ,
𝑏𝑑 250 × 550
1 1
400 4 400 4
( ) =( ) = 0.923 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒)
𝑑 550
𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
( ) = 1.0626
25
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.687 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 vc = 0.687N/mm2

Table 3.7 𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝑏(𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 ) 250 × (1.267 − 0.687)

= = = 0.33
𝑆𝑉 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 × 460

Provide T8 at 200 mm c/c

𝐴𝑆𝑉 2 × 50.3
= = 0.5 𝑂𝐾
𝑆𝑉 200

Deflection
8000
Table 3.9 basic span-effective depth ratio = = 14.19
564
basic ratio for simply supported rectangular beam = 20
modification factor for tension reinforcement
Table 3.10
2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2 × 460 × 836
𝑓𝑠 = ∗ = = 266.6 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏 3 × 942.6
𝑀 416 × 106
= = 5.23
𝑏𝑑 2 250 × 5642
modification factor for tension reinforcement:
(477 − 𝑓𝑠 )
= 0.55 + = 0.836 ≤ 2
𝑀
120 (0.9 + 2 )
𝑏𝑑
Modification factor for compression reinforcement:
Table 3.11 ′
100𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
= 0.285
𝑏𝑑
Mod. Factor = 1.086

∴ basic ratio = 20 x 0.836 x 1.086 = 18.15

Deflection OK
actual ratio = 14.2 < basic ratio = 18.15 OK

5
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 4 - Continuous Beam

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete continuous beam carries 𝐺 = 80 KN/m

𝐾
stated, all
references are including self-weight and 𝑄𝐾 = 60 KN/m. the beam is 250 mm wide
from: BS8110-1 by 800 mm depth and has three equal spans of 6m. The beam also
carries RC slab 200 mm thick spans 4 m centres in the transverse
direction. Design the beam for bending and shear if grade 30 and
460 are to be used for concrete and all steel respectively.

Loading
Section 3.2.1.2.2 Ultimate Load F = 1.4 x 80 + 1.6 x 60 = 208 KN/m
Total ultimate load on a span = 208 x 6 = 1248 KN
F = 1248 KN
As the loading is uniformly distributed, 𝐺𝐾 > 𝑄𝐾 and the spans are
equal, the coefficients in the table below may be used to calculate the
design ultimate bending moments and shear forces.

Table 1 Design ultimate bending moments and shear forces

At outer Near At first At middle At interior

support middle of interior of interior support
end span support span
Table 3.5 Moment 0 0.09Fl - 0.11Fl 0.07Fl -0.08Fl
Shear 0.45F __ 0.6F __ 0.55F
NOTE l is the effective span;
F is the total design ultimate load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk).
No redistribution of the moments calculated from this table should be made

Bending
a) Mid span of 1st and 3rd spans - design as T section

Table 3.5 Maximum moment = 0.09 𝐹𝑙 = 0.09 x 1248 x 6 = 673.92 KN.m M = 673.92 KN.m
0.7 × 𝐿 6000
Section 3.4.1.5 Effective width of flange = 𝑏𝑤 + = 250 + 0.7 × = 1090 𝑚𝑚
5 5
For mild conditions of exposure, the cover = 20 mm. so for 10 mm
Table 3.3, 3.4
links and 20 mm bars Overall depth
h = d + 20 + 10 + 20/2 = 800 mm.
d = 760 mm d = 760 mm

The moment of resistance of the concrete only

𝑀𝑅𝐶 = 0.45 × 𝑏 × ℎ𝑓 × 𝑓𝑐𝑢 (𝑑 − 0.5 × ℎ𝑓 )
= 0.45 × 1090 × 200 × 30 × (760 − 100) = 1942.4 KN. m

6
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

The neutral axis lies in the flange.

𝑀 673.92 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.155 < 0.156
Section 3.4.4.4 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 250 × 7602 × 30

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − )}
0.9

z = 0.779d = 591.95 mm
Z = 591.95 mm
6
𝑀 673.92 × 10
𝐴𝑆 = = = 2605.2 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 591.95

Provide 6T25, area provided 2945 mm2 (bottom steel for 1st and 3rd spans)

b) Mid span of 2nd span - design as T section

Table 3.5 Maximum moment = 0.07 𝐹𝑙 = 0.07 x 1248 x 6 = 524.16 KN.m M = 524.16 KN.m

𝑀 524.16 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.121 < 0.156
Section 3.4.4.4 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 250 × 7602 × 30

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − )}
0.9

z = 0.84d = 638.4 mm Z = 638.4 mm

𝑀 524.16 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 1879 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 638.4

Provide 4T25, area provided 1963.6 mm2 (bottom steel for 2nd span)

c) Interior support - design as rectangular section

Maximum moment = 0.11 𝐹𝑙 = 0.11 x 1248 x 6 = 823.68 KN.m M = 823.68 KN.m

6
𝑀 823.68 × 10
Table 3.5 𝐾= = = 0.19 > 0.156
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑢 250 × 7602 × 30
2

Thus, compression steel is required.

(𝐾 − 𝐾 ′ )𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 (0.19 − 0.156) × 250 × 7602 × 30

𝐴𝑆 ′ = = = 468.11 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 0.95 × 460 × (760 − 40)

This area will be provided by extending the span reinforcement

beyond the supports.

𝐾′𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 0.156 × 250 × 7602 × 30

𝐴𝑆 = + 𝐴𝑆 ′ = + 468.11 = 3093.6 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 0.775 × 760

Provide 4T32, area provided 3217 mm2 (Top steel for interior support)

Shear
Table 3.5 maximum design shear load = 0.6 𝐹 = 1248 x 0.6 = 748.8 KN
𝑉 748.8 × 1000
Section 3.4.5.2 shear stress 𝑣 = = = 3.95 N/mm2 < 0.8√30 OK
𝑏×𝑑 250 × 760

7
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

shear links
shear at d from face of support= 748.8- 208 x 0.76 = 590.72 KN
𝑉 590.72 × 1000
Table 3.8 shear stress 𝑣 = = = 3.1 N/mm2 𝑣 = 3.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 250 × 760
1/3
0.79 100𝐴𝑆 400 1/4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
𝑣𝑐 = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25

Only four 25 mm bars extent a distance d from the support face

1 1
100𝐴𝑆 3 100 × 1963.6 3
∴( ) =( ) = 1.011 < 3 ,
𝑏𝑑 250 × 760
1 1
400 4 400 4
( ) =( ) = 0.85 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒)
𝑑 760
𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
( ) = 1.0626
25
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.679 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 vc = 0.68 N/mm2
Table 3.7 𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝑏(𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 ) 250 × (3.1 − 0.68)
= = = 1.38
𝑆𝑉 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 × 460

Provide T10 at 100 mm c/c T10 at 100

𝐴𝑆𝑉 2 × 78.54
= = 1.57 𝑂𝐾
𝑆𝑉 100
Deflection
Table 3.9 6000
basic span-effective depth ratio = = 7.9
760
basic ratio for continuous flanged beam = 20.8
Table 3.10
modification factor for tension reinforcement

2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2 × 460 × 2605.2

𝑓𝑠 = ∗ = = 271.3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏 3 × 2945
𝑀 673.92 × 106
2
= = 4.667
𝑏𝑑 250 × 7602
modification factor for tension reinforcement =
(477−𝑓𝑠 )
= 0.55 + 𝑀 = 0.858 ≤ 2
120(0.9+ )
𝑏𝑑2

∴ basic ratio = 20.8 x 0.858 = 17.85

actual ratio = 7.9 < basic ratio = 17.85 OK Deflection OK

8
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 5 - Transfer Beam

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete transfer beam carries 𝐺 = 1400 KN/m

𝐾
stated, all
references are including self-weight and 𝑄𝐾 = 1000 KN as shown in the figure below.
from: BS8110-1 Design the beam for bending and shear if grade 30 and 460 are to
be used for concrete and all steel respectively.

Loading

Section 3.2.1.2.2 Ultimate Load F = 1.4 x 1400 + 1.6 x 10000 = 3560 KN F = 3560 KN
Shear stress not to exceed 4 N/mm2 (avoid reinforcement congestion).
Take b = 600 mm

𝑉 3560 × 103
∴d= = = 1483.33 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑏 4 × 600
Take overall depth = 1600 mm (d = 1500)
Bending

Maximum moment = 3560 x 1.5 = 5340 KN.m M = 5340 KN.m

Section 3.4.4.4 𝑀 5340 × 106

𝐾= = = 0.132 < .156
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑢 600 × 15002 × 30
2

∴ No compression reinforcement is required

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − )}
0.9

z = 0.821d = 1232 mm
Z = 1232 mm
𝑀 5340 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 9918.6 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 1232

Provide 8T40, area provided 10053 mm2 Provide 8T40

Shear
at distance d from face of support V = 3560 KN

shear stress 𝑣 = 4 N/mm2

1/3
Table 3.8 0.79 100𝐴𝑆 400 1/4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
𝑣𝑐 = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25

9
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK
1 1
100𝐴𝑆 3 100 × 10053 3
∴( ) =( ) = 1.038 < 3,
𝑏𝑑 600 × 1500
1 1
400 4 400 4
( ) =( ) = 0.719 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒)
𝑑 1500
𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
( ) = 1.05
25
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.69 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
vc = 0.69 N/mm2
Table 3.7 𝐴𝑆𝑉 𝑏(𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 ) 600 × (4 − 0.69)
= = = 4.5446
𝑆𝑉 0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 × 460

Provide 4 Legs T12 at 90 mm c/c

𝐴𝑆𝑉 4 × 113.1
= = 5.03 𝑂𝐾
𝑆𝑉 90

Deflection
1500
Table 3.9 basic span-effective depth ratio = = 1.0
1500
basic ratio for cantilever beam = 5.6
Table 3.10 modification factor for tension reinforcement

2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2 × 460 × 9919

𝑓𝑠 = × = = 302.58
3𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏 3 × 10053
𝑀 5340 × 106
= = 3.95
𝑏𝑑 2 600 × 15002
(477−𝑓𝑠 )
modification factor = 0.55 + 𝑀 = 0.58 ≤ 2.0
120(0.9+ )
𝑏𝑑2

basic ratio = 5.6 x 0.58 = 3.248

actual ratio = 1 < 3.25 OK Deflection OK

10
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 6 - Continuous solid slab spanning in one direction

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A four-span reinforced concrete slab spanning in one direction carries
stated, all
references are 𝐺𝐾 = 1.5 KN/m2 and 𝑄𝐾 = 2.5 KN/m2. The effective span is 6m and
from: BS8110-1 Grade 30 and 460 are to be used for concrete and all steel
respectively. Design the slab.

6000 6000 6000 6000

Basic span-effective depth ratio = 26

6000
= 230.76 𝑚𝑚, 𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 250 𝑚𝑚
26

Loading
Section 3.2.1.2.2 Ultimate Load F = 1.4x(1.5+0.25x24) +1.6x2.5 = 14.5 KN/m/m F = 14.5 KN/m/m
Total ultimate load on a span = 14.5 x 6 = 87 KN
As the area of each bay exceeds 30 m2, ≤ 1.25 and The
𝑄𝐾
𝐺𝐾

characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5 KN/m2, the coefficients

in the table below may be used to calculate the design ultimate
bending moments and shear forces.

Table 1 Design ultimate bending moments and shear forces

End support/slab connection At first middle interior

Simple Continuous interior interior support

At outer Near At outer Near support spans

Table 3.12
support middle support middle
of end of end
span span
Moment 0 0.086Fl - 0.04Fl 0.075Fl - 0.086Fl 0.063Fl - 0.063Fl

Shear 0.45F __ 0.46F __ 0.6F __ 0.5F

NOTE l is the effective span;

F is the total design ultimate load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk).

Bending

Table 3.12 Maximum moment = 0.086 𝐹𝑙 = 0.086 x 87 x 6 = 44.9 KN.m M = 45 KN.m

Table 3.3, 3.4 For mild conditions of exposure the cover = 20 mm. so for 10 mm
links and 20 mm bars Overall depth
h = d + 20 + 16/2 = 250 mm.
d = 222 mm d = 222 mm

Section 3.4.4.4 𝑀 45 × 106

𝐾= = = 0.03
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1000 × 2222 × 30

11
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

Z = 210.9 mm
)}, z = 0.95d = 210.9 mm
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 −
0.9

𝑀 45 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 488.3 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 210.9

Provide T10 at 150 mm centres, area provided 523 mm2/m

Transverse reinforcement
0.13𝑏ℎ
Provide minimum area of steel = = 0.13 × 1000 × 250/100
100
𝐴𝑆 = 325 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚

provide T10 at 200 mm centres, area provided 393 mm2/m

Shear
Table 3.12 maximum design shear load = 0.6 𝐹 = 87 × 0.6 = 52.2 KN
𝑉 52.2 × 1000
Section 3.4.5.2 shear stress 𝑣 = = = 0.235 N/mm2 < 0.8√30 OK
𝑏×𝑑 1000 × 222
shear at d from face of support= 52.2- 14.5 x 0.22 = 49 KN
𝑉 49 ∗ 1000
shear stress 𝑣 = = = 0.22 N/mm2 𝑣 = 0.22𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 1000 ∗ 222
1/3
0.79 100𝐴𝑆 400 1/4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
Table 3.8 𝑣𝑐 = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25
1 1
100𝐴𝑆 3 100 × 523 3
∴( ) =( ) = 0.618 < 3 ,
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 222
1 1
400 4 400 4
( ) =( ) = 1.16 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒)
𝑑 222
𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
( ) = 1.0626
25
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.48 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Since v < vc, shear reinforcement is not required

Deflection
6000
basic span-effective depth ratio = = 27, basic ratio = 26
222
modification factor for tension reinforcement
Table 3.9
2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2 × 460 × 488
𝑓𝑠 = × = = 286 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏 3 × 523
𝑀 45 × 106
= = 0.913
𝑏𝑑 2 1000 × 2222
modification factor for tension reinforcement =
(477 − 𝑓𝑠 )
= 0.55 + = 1.43 ≤ 2
𝑀
120 (0.9 + 2 )
𝑏𝑑
∴ basic ratio = 26 x 1.43 = 37.2

actual ratio = 27 < basic ratio = 37.2 Deflection OK

12
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 7 - Two-way Slab

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete slab spanning in two directions, as shown in

stated, all
references are the figure below, carries 𝐺𝐾 = 7.5 KN/m2 including self-weight and
from: BS8110-1 𝑄𝐾 = 5 KN/m2. Grade 30 and 460 are to be used for concrete and
all steel respectively. Design the slab if the cover is equal to 25 mm.

𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 250 𝑚𝑚

Loading
Section 3.2.1.2.2 Ultimate Load F = 1.4 x 7.5 + 1.6 x 5 = 18.5 KN/m2 F = 18.5 KN/m2

Bending
𝒍𝒚
=𝟏
𝒍𝒙
Bending strength and deflection are usually the governing criteria in
the design of slabs. The corner panel should be checked because the
moments are larger in this panel.
Table 3.14 𝛽𝑠𝑥 = −0.047 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽𝑠𝑥 = 0.036

Maximum support moment:

M = -42.6 KN.m
𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = −0.047 × 18.5 × 72 = −42.6 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

b = 1000 mm, d = 220 mm and 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . d = 220 mm

𝑀 42.6 × 106
Section 3.4.4.4 𝐾= = = 0.03
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1000 × 2202 × 30

)}, z = 0.95d = 209 mm

𝐾 Z = 209 mm
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 −
0.9

𝑀 42.6 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 466.5 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 209

Provide T10 at 150 mm centres, area provided 524 mm2/m

13
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

Maximum sagging moment:

𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.036 × 18.5 × 72 = 32.6 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 M = 32.6 KN.m

𝑀 32.6 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.0225
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1000 × 2202 × 30
2

Section 3.4.4.4
)}, z = 0.95d = 209 mm
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − Z = 209 mm
0.9

𝑀 32.6 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 357 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 209

Provide T10 at 200 mm centres, area provided 393 mm2/m

Shear
Table 3.15 𝛽𝑣𝑥 = 0.40
maximum shear load = 𝛽𝑣𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 = 0.4 x 18.5 x 7 = 51.8KN/m width
𝑉 51.8 × 1000
shear stress 𝑣 = = = 0.235 N/mm2
𝑏×𝑑 1000 × 220
100𝐴𝑆 100 × 524
Table 3.8 = = 0.238
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 220
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.45 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑣 = 0.45𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Since v < vc, shear reinforcement is not required

Deflection
7000
Table 3.9 basic span-effective depth ratio = = 31.8
220
basic ratio = 26
Table 3.10 modification factor for tension reinforcement

2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2 × 460 × 357

𝑓𝑠 = ∗ = = 278.6 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏 3 × 393
𝑀 32.6 × 106
2
= = 0.674
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 2202
modification factor for tension reinforcement =

= 0.55 +
(477−𝑓𝑠 )
𝑀 = 1.6 ≤ 2
120(0.9+ )
𝑏𝑑2

∴ basic ratio = 26 x 1.6 = 41.6

Deflection OK
actual ratio = 31.8 < basic ratio = 41.6

14
 University of Khartoum Job Title

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 8 - Flat Slab

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete Flat slab spanning 7 m in both directions, as

stated, all
references are shown in the figure below, carries superimposed dead load 1.5 KN/m2
from: BS8110 and imposed load 𝑄𝐾 = 3 KN/m2. Grade 30 and 460 are to be used
for concrete and steel respectively. Design the slab if the cover is equal
to 25 mm.

7000
= 269 𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑎𝑦 300 𝑚𝑚
26

Loading
Section 3.2.1.2.2 Ultimate Load F = 1.4 x (1.5 + 24 x 0.3) + 1.6 x 3 = 17 KN/m2 F = 17 KN/m2
Ultimate load per panel = 17 x 7 x 7 = 833 KN

Bending
As the area of each bay exceeds 30 m2, ≤ 1.25 and The
𝑄𝐾
Section 3.5.2.3 𝐺𝐾

characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5 KN/m2, the coefficients

Section 3.7.2.7
in the table 3.12 BS8110 may be used to calculate the design
ultimate bending moments and shear forces.

1. First interior support:

Table 3.12 𝑀 = −0.086𝐹𝐿 = −0.086 × 833 × 7 = −501.5 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Section 3.7.2.7 This moment may be reduced by 0.15Fh c

Assume column 500 x 500 mm2

0.15 x 833 x 0.5 = 62.5 KN.m

Then the net negative moment = - 501.5 + 62.5 = - 439 KN.m

Middle strip moment = 0.25 x - 439 = - 110 KN.m

Column strip moment = 0.75 x - 439 = - 330 KN.m

15
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

For Middle strip:

b = 3500 mm, d = 260 mm and 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .

Section 3.4.4.4 𝑀 110 × 106

𝐾= = = 0.015
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3500 × 2602 × 30

)}, z = 0.95d = 247 mm

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 −
0.9

𝑀 110 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 1020 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 247

Provide T12 at 300 mm centres, area provided 1319 mm2/strip

For column strip:

b = 3500 mm, d = 260 mm and 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .

𝑀 330 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.05
Section 3.4.4.4 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3500 × 2602 × 30

)}, z = 0.94d = 245 mm

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 −
0.9

𝑀 330 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 3082.3 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 245

Provide T12 at 100 mm centres, area provided 3958 mm2/strip

2. Near middle of end span:

Table 3.12 𝑀 = 0.075𝐹𝐿 = 0.075 × 833 × 7 = 438 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Middle strip moment = 0.45 × 438 = 198 KN.m

Column strip moment = 0.55 × 438 = 241 KN.m

For Middle strip:

b = 3500 mm, d = 260 mm and 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .

Section 3.4.4.4 𝑀 198 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.028
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3500 × 2602 × 30

)}, z = 0.95d = 247 mm

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 −
0.9

𝑀 198 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 1835 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 247

Provide T12 at 150 mm centres, area provided 2639 mm2/strip

For column strip:

b = 3500 mm, d = 260 mm and 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .

Section 3.4.4.4 𝑀 241 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.034
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3500 × 2602 × 30
2

)}, z = 0.95d = 247 mm

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 −
0.9

16
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

𝑀 241 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 2232.74 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 247

Provide T12 at 125 mm centres, area provided 3167.5 mm2/strip

Shear
𝑉𝑡 = 833 𝐾𝑁
Table 3.12
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1.15 𝑉𝑡 = 833 × 1.15 = 957.95 𝐾𝑁

Assume column 500 × 500 mm2

At column face:
𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 958 × 1000
𝑣= = = 1.84 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑢° ∗ 𝑑 4 × 500 × 260
Table 3.8
100𝐴𝑆 100 × 3958
= = 0.435
𝑏𝑑 3500 × 260
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.55 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Punching shear perimeter u = (500 + 3×260) × 4 = 5120 mm

𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 958 × 1000 𝑁
𝑣= = = 0.72 < 1.6𝑣𝑐
𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 5120 × 260 𝑚𝑚2
Equation 29a (𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 )𝑢𝑑 (0.72 − 0.55) × 5120 × 260
∴ ∑ 𝐴𝑠𝑣 sin 𝛼 ≥ = = 517.86 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 × 460

Provide 8 two legs T12 shear links.

0.4𝑢𝑑
Area provided 1810 mm2 > = 1218 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣

Deflection
at the centre of the span:
Table 3.9 7000
basic span-effective depth ratio = = 26.93
260
basic ratio = 26
Table 3.10
modification factor for tension reinforcement

2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2 × 460 × 2233

𝑓𝑠 = ∗ = = 216.2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏 3 × 3167.5
𝑀 241 × 106
= = 1.019
𝑏𝑑 2 3500 × 2602
modification factor for tension reinforcement =
(477 − 𝑓𝑠 )
= 0.55 + = 1.6825 ≤ 2
𝑀
120 (0.9 + 2 )
𝑏𝑑
∴ basic ratio = 26 × 1.6825 = 43.745

actual ratio = 26.93 < basic ratio = 43.745

17
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 9 - Ribbed slab

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A four-span reinforced concrete ribbed slab spanning in one direction.
stated, all
references are The characteristic dead load including self-weight is 𝐺𝐾 = 4.5 KN/m2
from: BS 8110-1 and the characteristic live load is 𝑄𝐾 = 2.5 KN/m2. The effective span
is 6m and Grade 30 and 460 are to be used for concrete and all
steel respectively. Design the slab considering a 0.5 m width of floor
is supported by each rib.

Loading
Section 3.2.1.2.2 Ultimate Load = 1.4x4.5+1.6x2.5 = 10.3KN/m2 F = 10.3 KN/m2
Total UL on the span = 10.3x6x0.5 = 31 KN

Bending

1. At mid-span:

The maximum positive moment occurs near middle of end span, So

Table 3.12 the max. moment = 0.075 𝐹𝑙 = 0.075 x 31 x 6 = 13.95 KN.m/rib M = 14 KN.m
Assume the cover = 20 mm. so for 8 mm links and 16 mm bars
Overall depth h = d + 20 + 8 + 16/2 = 280 mm. ∴ d = 244 mm d = 244 mm

ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑅 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − ) = 0.45 × 30 × 500 × 80 × (244 − 40) = 110 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2
∴ 𝑁. 𝐴. 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
Section 3.4.4.4 𝑀 14 × 106
𝐾= = = 0.0156
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 500 × 2442 × 30

)}, z = 0.95d = 231.8 mm

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − Z = 231.8 mm
0.9

𝑀 14 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 138 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 231.8

Provide 2T10, area provided 157 mm2

1. At a support: design as rectangular section

Table 3.12 Maximum moment = −0.085 𝐹𝑙 = −0.085 × 31 × 6 = − 15.8 KN. m/rib M = - 15.8 KN.m
6
𝑀 15.8 × 10
Section 3.4.4.4 𝐾= = = 0.0176
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 500 × 2442 × 30

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − )} , z = 0.95d = 231.8 mm
0.9

𝑀 15.8 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 156 𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 231.8

18
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

Provide 2T10, area provided 157 mm2

Shear
Table 3.12 maximum design shear load = 0.6 𝐹 = 0.6 x 31 = 18.6 KN
𝑉 18.6 × 1000
shear stress 𝑣 = = = 0.5 N/mm2 < 0.8√30 OK
𝑏×𝑑 150 × 244
shear at d from face of support = 18.6- 5.15 x 0.244 = 17.3 KN
𝑉 17.3 × 1000
shear stress 𝑣 = = = 0.47 N/mm2
𝑏×𝑑 150 × 244
1/3
0.79 100𝐴𝑆 400 1/4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
𝑣𝑐 = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25

Only four 25 mm bars extent a distance d from the support face

1 1
100𝐴𝑆 3 100 × 157 3
Table 3.8 ∴( ) =( ) = 0.754 < 3 ,
𝑏𝑑 150 × 244
1 1
400 4 400 4
( ) =( ) = 1.13 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒)
𝑑 244
𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
( ) = 1.0626
25 𝑁
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.57 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑣𝑐 = 0.57
𝑚𝑚2
Since v < vc, shear reinforcement is not required

Deflection
6000
basic span − effective depth ratio = = 24.59
Table 3.9 244
basic ratio = 20.8
modification factor for tension reinforcement

2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2 × 460 × 138

𝑓𝑠 = ∗ = = 269.55 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏 3 × 157
𝑀 14 × 106
= = 0.47
𝑏𝑑 2 500 × 2442

Table 3.10 modification factor for tension reinforcement =

(477 − 𝑓𝑠 )
= 0.55 + = 1.8 ≤ 2
𝑀
120 (0.9 + 2 )
𝑏𝑑
∴ basic ratio = 20.8 x 1.8 = 37.44
Deflection OK
actual ratio = 24.59 < basic ratio = 37.44

19
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 10 - Waffle Slab

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete waffle slab spanning 6 m in each direction. The
stated, all
references are characteristic dead load including self-weight is 𝐺𝐾 = 5.0 KN/m2 and
from: BS8110-1 the characteristic live load is 𝑄𝐾 = 2.5 KN/m2. Grade 30 and 460
are to be used for concrete and all steel respectively. Design the slab
for an internal panel considering a 0.5 m width of floor is supported
by each rib.

Loading
Section 3.2.1.2.2 Ultimate Load n = 1.4 x 5 + 1.6 x 2.5 = 11 KN/m2
n = 11 KN/m2
Bending
𝒍𝒚 6
= =𝟏
𝒍𝒙 6
The slab will be designed as two way slab, so
Table 3.14 𝛽𝑠𝑥 = −0.031 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽𝑠𝑥 = 0.024

1. At mid-span:

𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.024 × 11 × 62 = 9.5 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 9.5 × 0.5 = 4.75 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑟𝑖𝑏 M = 4.75 KN.m
Assume the cover = 20 mm. so for 8 mm links and 16 mm bars
Overall depth h = d + 20 + 8 + 16/2 = 280 mm. ∴ d = 244 mm d = 244 mm
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑅 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑓 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − ) = 0.45 × 30 × 500 × 80 × (244 − 40) = 110 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2
∴ 𝑁. 𝐴. 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛

b = 500 mm, d = 244 mm and 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .

Section 3.4.4.4 𝑀 4.75 × 106

𝐾= = = 0.005
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 500 × 2442 × 30

)}, z = 0.95d = 231.8 mm

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − Z = 231.8 mm
0.9

𝑀 4.75 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 46.89 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑟𝑖𝑏
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 231.8

Provide 2T8, area provided 100.6 mm2/rib

20
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

1. At a support: design as rectangular section

Table 3.14 𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = −0.031 × 11 × 62 = −12.3 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

𝑚𝑠𝑥 = 9.5 × 0.5 = −6.15 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚/𝑟𝑖𝑏
M = - 6.15 KN.m
𝑀 6.15 × 106
𝐾= 2 = = 0.0069
Section 3.4.4.4 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑢 500 × 2442 × 30

)}, z = 0.95d = 231.8 mm

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − Z = 231.8 mm
0.9

𝑀 6.15 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 60.7 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑟𝑖𝑏
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 231.8

Provide 2T8, area provided 100.6 mm2/rib

Shear
Table 3.15 𝛽𝑣𝑥 = 0.33
For one rib maximum design shear load = 𝛽𝑣𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥
= 0.33 x 11 x 6 x 0.5 = 10.9 KN
𝑉 10.9 × 1000
shear stress 𝑣 = = = 0.3 N/mm2
𝑏×𝑑 150 ∗ 244
Table 3.8 100𝐴𝑆 100 × 100.6
= = 0.275
𝑏𝑑 150 × 244
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.48 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Since v < vc, shear reinforcement is not required

Deflection
.
6000
basic span-effective depth ratio = = 24.6
Table 3.9 244
basic ratio = 20.8
Table 3.10 modification factor for tension reinforcement

2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2 × 460 × 47

𝑓𝑠 = × = = 143.3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏 3 × 100.6
𝑀 4.75 × 106
= = 0.16
𝑏𝑑 2 500 × 2442
modification factor for tension reinforcement =
(477 − 𝑓𝑠 )
= 0.55 + = 3.17 ≤ 2
𝑀
120 (0.9 + 2 )
𝑏𝑑
∴ basic ratio = 20.8 x 3.17 = 66
Deflection OK
actual ratio = 24.6 < basic ratio = 66

21
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 11 - Stair Slab

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete stair slab spanning longitudinally and

stated, all
references are supported on a beam at the top and the bottom as shown in the
from: BS8110-1 figure below. the slab carries 𝐺𝐾 = 10 KN/m2 including self-weight
and 𝑄𝐾 = 5 KN/m2. The effective span is 4m and the rise is 1.5 m,
with 30 cm goings and 16 cm risers. Grade 30 and 460 are to be
used for concrete and all steel respectively. Design the stair slab.

Basic span-effective depth ratio = 20

4000
= 200 𝑚𝑚, 𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑎 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑡
20
Assume the cover is 25 mm and the bar diameter is 10 mm.

d = 200 – 25 – 10 = 165 mm

Loading
Section 3.2.1.2.2 Ultimate Load F = 1.4 × 10 + 1.6 × 5 = 22 KN/m/m width
F = 22 KN/m
Bending

With no effective end restraint (simply supported).

𝑤𝑙 2 22 × 42
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 44 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
𝑀 44 × 106
Section 3.4.4.4 𝐾= = = 0.054
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1000 × 1652 × 30
2

)}, z = 0.936d = 154.5 mm

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 −
0.9

𝑀 44 × 106
𝐴𝑆 = = = 651.7 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.95 × 460 × 154.5

Provide T10 at 100 mm centres, area provided 785 mm2/m

22
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

Transverse distribution reinforcement:

Table 3.25 0.13𝑏ℎ 200

𝐴𝑠 = = 0.13 × 1000 × = 260 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
100 100
provide T10 at 200 mm centres, area provided 393 mm2/m

Shear
maximum design shear load = 22 * 4 = 88 KN

Section 3.4.5.2 𝑉 88 × 1000 𝑁

𝑣= = = 0.533 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑏 × 𝑑 1000 × 165 𝑚𝑚2
1/3
0.79 100𝐴𝑆 400 1/4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
Table 3.8 𝑣𝑐 = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25
1 1
100𝐴𝑆 3 100 × 785 3
∴( ) =( ) = 0.78 < 3 ,
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 165
1 1
400 4 400 4
( ) =( ) = 1.2478 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒)
𝑑 165
𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
( ) = 1.0626
25
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.6536 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Since v < vc, shear reinforcement is not required

Deflection
4000
basic span-effective depth ratio = = 24.24
Table 3.9 165
basic ratio = 20 (simply supported)
modification factor for tension reinforcement
Table 3.10
2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1 2 × 460 × 651.7
𝑓𝑠 = × = = 254.6 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏 3 × 785
𝑀 44 × 106
= = 1.616
𝑏𝑑 2 1000 × 1652
modification factor for tension reinforcement =
(477 − 𝑓𝑠 )
= 0.55 + = 1.2866 ≤ 2
𝑀
120 (0.9 + 2 )
𝑏𝑑

Section 3.10.2.2 ∴ basic ratio = 20 × 1.2866 × 1.15 = 29.5895

Deflection OK
actual ratio = 24.24 < basic ratio = 29.5895

23
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 12 - Short column subjected to axial load

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete short column is 400 mm * 400 mm and

stated, all
references are support 2500 KN at the ultimate limit state. Find the steel area
from: BS8110-1 required if grade 30 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement are used.

Section 3.8.4.4 𝑁 = 0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (0.7𝑓𝑦 − 0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢 )

2500000 = 0.35 × 30 × 4002 + 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (0.7 × 460 − 0.35 × 30)
2 500 000 − 1 680 000
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = = 2632.5 𝑚𝑚2
311.5
Provide 4T32. Area steel provided 3216.8 mm2

24
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject: Worked Example 13
Reinforced Concrete Design
Short column subjected to axial load and moment about one axis

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete short braced column is 400 mm * 400 mm,
stated, all
references are subjected to 1500 KN and 150 KN.m at the ultimate limit state.
from: BS8110-1 Design the column using design charts if grade 30 concrete and grade
460 reinforcement are used.

Assume 20 mm cover, 8 mm for links and 25 mm for the main

reinforcement.
d = 400 – 20 – 8 - 25/2 = 359.5 mm
d/h = 0.9
by using the chart No.29 form BS 8110-3
𝑁 1500 × 1000
= = 9.375
𝑏ℎ 400 × 400
𝑀 150 × 106
= = 2.34
𝑏ℎ2 400 × 4002
100𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 0.75
𝑏ℎ
0.75
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 400 × 400 × = 1200 𝑚𝑚2
100
4T25
Provide 4T25. Area steel provided 1963.6 mm2

25
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject: Worked Example 14
Reinforced Concrete Design
Short column subjected to axial load and biaxial moment

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete short column is 500 mm * 500 mm, subjected
stated, all
references are to 2000 KN plus Mxx = 100 KN.m and Myy = 80 KN.m at the ultimate
from: BS8110-1 limit state. Design the column if grade 30 concrete and grade 460
reinforcement are used.

Assume 25 mm cover, 8 mm for links and

. 32 mm for the main reinforcement.
d = 500 – 25 – 8 - 32/2 = 451 mm
b’ = h’ = d
d/h = 0.9

Equation 40 𝑀𝑥 100
= = 0.222
ℎ′ 451
𝑀𝑦 80
′
= = 0.177
𝑏 451
𝑏′
𝑀𝑥 ′ = 𝑀𝑥 + 𝛽 ′ 𝑀𝑦
ℎ
𝑁 2000 × 1000
= = 0.267
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑢 500 × 500 × 30
Table 3.22
∴ by interpolation β = 0.6896
451
𝑀𝑥 ′ = 100 + 0.6896 × × 80 = 155.2 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
451
by using the chart No.29 form BS 8110-3
𝑁 2000 × 1000
= =8
𝑏ℎ 500 × 500
𝑀 155.2 × 106
= = 1.242
𝑏ℎ2 500 × 5002
100𝐴𝑠𝑐
∴ = 0.4
𝑏ℎ
0.4
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 500 × 500 × = 1000 𝑚𝑚2
100
Provide 4T25. Area steel provided 1963.6 mm2

26
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 15: Braced slender column

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete braced column is 250 mm * 500 mm,

stated, all
references are subjected to 1500 KN plus end moments of 80 KN.m and 30 KN.m
from: BS8110-1 about X-X axis as shown in the figure below. Design the column if
grade 30 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement are to be used. Take
the effective heights lex = 7 m and ley = 8 m.

. Slenderness ratios:
lex / h = 7/0.50 = 14 < 15
ley / b = 8/0.25 = 32 > 15
therefore, the column is slender.

Assume 25 mm cover, 8 mm for links and

32 mm for the main reinforcement.
h’ = 500 – 25 - 8- 16 = 451 mm
b’ = 250 – 25 – 8 - 16 = 201 mm
M1 = - 30 KN.m
M2 = 80 KN.m
Equation 36 Mi = 0.4 M1 + 0.6 M2 >= 0.4 M2
Mi = 0.4 × -30 + 0.6 × 80 = 36 KN.m >= 0.4M2
The additional moment induced by deflection of the column:
Equation 35 𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 𝑁𝑎𝑢
Equation 32 𝑎𝑢 = 𝛽𝑎 𝐾ℎ
𝑁𝑢𝑧 − 𝑁
Equation 33 𝐾= ≤1
𝑁𝑢𝑧 − 𝑁𝑏𝑎𝑙

Equation 34 1 𝑙𝑒 2
𝛽𝑎 = ( ′)
2000 𝑏
Taking an initial value of K = 1.0

1500 × 500 8000 2

𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑑 = ( ) = 384 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2000 250
Figure 3.2 The maximum design moment will be the greatest of:

1. M2,
2. Mi + Madd,
3. M1 + Madd/2
4. emin * N

27
Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

∴ MT = Mi + Madd = 36 + 384 = 420 KN.m

d/h = 0.9

by using the chart No.29 form BS 8110-3-1985

𝑁 1500 × 1000
= = 12
𝑏ℎ 250 × 500
𝑀 420 × 106
= = 6.72
𝑏ℎ2 250 × 5002
100𝐴𝑠𝑐
∴ =4
𝑏ℎ
K = 0.8

Calculate the moment again, So

1500 × 500 8000 2

𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑑 = ( ) × 0.8 = 307.2 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2000 250
∴ MT = Mi + Madd = 36 + 307.2 = 343.2 KN.m

𝑀 343.2 × 106
= = 5.5
𝑏ℎ2 250 × 5002
100𝐴𝑠𝑐
∴ = 3.2
𝑏ℎ
K = 0.75

Asc = 250 × 500 × 3.2 /100 = 4000 mm2

As a check on the final value of K interpolated from the chart:

𝑁𝑢𝑧 − 𝑁
𝐾= ≤1
𝑁𝑢𝑧 − 𝑁𝑏𝑎𝑙

Nbal = 0.25fcubd = 0.25 × 30 × 250 × 500 × 10-3 = 937.5 KN

Nuz = 0.45fcuAc + 0.95fyAsc

Nuz = 0.45 × 30 × 250 × 500 + 0.95 × 460 × 3875 = 3380.9 KN

K = (3380.9-1500) / (3380.9-937.5) = 0.77

Which agreed with the final value obtained from the table above.

Provide 6T32. Area steel provided 4825 mm2

28
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 16 - Shear Wall

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete shear wall carries 𝐺 = 30 KN/m including self-
𝐾
stated, all
references are weight, 𝑄𝐾 = 15 KN/m and wind load 𝑊𝐾 as shown in the figure below.
from: BS8110-1 the wall thickness is 200 mm and the story height is 3m. Design the
wall if grade 30 and 460 are to be used for concrete and all steel
respectively.

Loading
Section 3.2.1.2.2 Fc = (1.4 x 30 + 1.6 x 15) x 5 = 990KN/m length

Equation 42 𝐹𝑐 ≤ 0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐

Table 3.25
Using min. area of steel required (0.004 Ac)

= 0.35 × 30 × 103 × 200 + 0.67 × 460 × 103 × 200 × 0.004

= 2346.6 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 OK
Section 3.2.1.2.2
Assume critical combination is (1.0 Gk + 1.4 wk)

N = 1.0 x 30 x 5 x 3 = 450 KN

M = 1.4 (25 x 15 + 50 x (12+9+6+3)) = 2625 KN.m

Table 3.19 Referring to table 3.19 in the code the end conditions are condition
1 at top and bottom, so

Assume the clear height = 2750 mm

0.75 x 2750 /200 = 10.3125 < 15

∴ The wall is stocky

𝑁 𝑀 450 × 103 2625 × 106

𝑓𝑡 = − = − = 0.75 − 8.75 = − 8𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐿𝑡 𝑡𝐿2 3000 × 200 30002
( ) (200 × )
6 6

Assume that the tension will be resisted by 1 m at the end of the

wall
0.5𝑓𝑡 𝐿𝑡 𝑡 0.5 × 8 × 1000 × 200
𝐴𝑠 = = = 1830.6 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 915 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
0.95 𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.95 × 460

Provide T16@200. Area steel provided 1005 mm2/face

29
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 17 - Axially loaded footing

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete column 500 mm x 500 mm carries G = 1000

K
stated, all
references are KN and Q K = 500 KN. Design a square foundation to resist the load
from: BS8110-1 if the safe bearing capacity is 300 KN/m2. The concrete is grade 35
and the reinforcement is grade 460.

The condition of exposure is moderate for non-aggressive soil. Take

Table 3.2
the cover 50 mm.

Size of base
Assume the base weight = 100 KN
Service load = 1000 + 500 + 100 = 1600 KN
Base area = 1600 / 300 = 5.33 m2
Let the base area = 2.4 m x 2.4 m
Base area provided = 5.76 m2

Bending
Section 3.2.1.2.2 ultimate load = 1.4 × 1000 + 1.6 × 500 = 2200 KN
ultimate pressure = 2200 ÷ 5.76 = 382 KN/m2

The critical section XX at the column face is

shown in the figure above.
0.95
Mxx = 382 × 0.95 × 2.4 × = 413.7 KN. m
2
Try overall depth of 550 mm with 16 mm bars. The effective
depth d = 550 – 50 – 16 – 8 = 476 mm

M 413.7 × 106
Section 3.4.4.4 = = 0.0217
bd fcu 2400 × 4762 × 35
2

K
z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 − )},
0.9

z = 0.95d = 452.2 mm
M 413.7 × 106
AS = = = 2093.5 mm2
0.95fy z 0.95 × 460 × 452.2

Provide T16@200 mm, area steel provided 2412

Vertical shear

The critical section YY at distance d from the column face as shown

in the figure above.

30
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

V = 382 × 2.4 × 0.474 = 434.56 KN

V 434.56 × 1000 N
Section 3.4.5.2 Shear stress v = = = 0.38 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
b×d 2400 × 476 mm2
1/3
Table 3.8 0.79 100𝐴𝑆 400 1/4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
𝑣𝑐 = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25
1 1
100𝐴𝑆 3 100 × 2412 3
∴( ) =( ) = 0.595 < 3 ,
𝑏𝑑 2400 × 476
1 1
400 4 400 4
( ) =( ) = 0.957 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒)
𝑑 476
𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
( ) = 1.08775
25
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.41 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Since v < vc, shear reinforcement is not required

Punching shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d from the column
face.

The critical perimeter = 4 × (1.928) = 7.712 m

Punching shear force = 382 × (2.42 − 1.9282 ) = 780.355 KN
Section 3.4.5.2 V 780.355 × 1000 N
Shear stress v = = = 0.2125 < 𝑣𝑐
b×d 7712 × 476 mm2
The base is satisfactory, no shear reinforcement is required.

31
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 18 - Isolated footing subjected to axial load and moment

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise A reinforced concrete column 500 mm x 500 mm carries load and
stated, all
references are moment as shown in the table below. Design a square footing to resist
from: BS8110-97 the load if the safe bearing capacity is 300 KN/m2. The concrete is
grade 35 and the reinforcement is grade 460.

Vertical load (KN) Moment (KN.m)

Dead 1000 44

Imposed 500 24

Table 3.2 The condition of exposure is moderate for non-aggressive soil. Take
the cover 50 mm.

Size of base
Assume the base weight = 100 KN
Total axial load = 1000 + 500 + 100 = 1600KN
Total moment = 44 + 24 = 68 KN.m
Assume base area = 6.25 m2
the base dimensions = 2.5 m x 2.5 m
total load Moment
pressure P = ±
base area modulus Z
Area = bl
Z = bl2 /6
1600 68 KN
Pmax = + 2
= 282.12 2 < 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑂𝐾
6.25 2.5 × 2.5 /6 m

Bending
Section 3.2.1.2.2 ultimate load = 1.4 × 1000 + 1.6 × 500 = 2200 KN
ultimate moment = 1.4 × 44 + 1.6 × 24 = 100 KN. m
2200 100
ultimate pressure = + = 390.4 KN/m2
6.25 2.53 /6

The critical section XX at the column face is

shown in the figure above.
1.0
Mxx = 390.4 × 1.0 × 2.5 × = 468.5 KN. m
2
Try overall depth of 650 mm with 16 mm bars. The effective
depth d = 650 – 50 – 16 – 8 = 576 mm

32
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

Section 3.4.4.4 M 468.5 × 106

= = 0.016
bd2 fcu 2500 × 5762 × 35
K
z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 − )},
0.9

z = 0.95d = 547.2 mm
M 468.5 × 106
AS = = = 1959.2 mm2
0.95fy z 0.95 × 460 × 547.2

Provide T16@250 mm, area steel provided 2010

Vertical shear

The critical section YY at distance d from the column face as shown

in the figure above.

V = 390.4 × 2.5 × 0.424 = 413.824 KN

V 413.824 × 1000 N
Section 3.4.5.2 Shear stress v = = = 0.287 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
b×d 2500 × 576 mm2
1/3
Table 3.8 0.79 100𝐴𝑆 400 1/4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
𝑣𝑐 = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25
1 1
100𝐴𝑆 3 100 × 2010 3
∴( ) =( ) = 0.519 < 3 ,
𝑏𝑑 2500 × 576
1 1
400 4 400 4
( ) =( ) = 0.913 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒)
𝑑 576
𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
( ) = 1.08775
25
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.36 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Since v < vc, shear reinforcement is not required

Punching shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d from the column
face.

The critical perimeter = 4 × (2.228) = 8.912 m

Punching shear force = 390.4 × (2.52 − 2.2282 ) = 502.06 KN
Section 3.4.5.2 V 502.06 × 1000 N
Shear stress v = = = 0.097 < 𝑣𝑐
b×d 8912 × 576 mm2
The base is satisfactory, no shear reinforcement is required.

33
 University of Khartoum Job Title
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Subject:
Reinforced Concrete Design
Worked Example 19 - Combined footing

Client UofK Made by ME Date 2018

Checked by

Unless otherwise
stated, all A reinforced concrete combined footing supports two columns 400
references are mm square with characteristic dead and imposed loads as shown in
from: BS8110-97
the table below. Design the footing to resist the columns’ load if the
safe bearing capacity is 300 KN/m2. The concrete is grade 35 and
the reinforcement is grade 460. Take the distance between column
equal to 3 m.

Column one Column two

Dead (KN) 1000 1000

Imposed (KN) 300 300

Table 3.2 The condition of exposure is moderate for non-aggressive soil. Take
the cover 50 mm.

Size of base
Assume the base weight = 150 KN
Total axial load = 2 x 1000 + 2 x 300 + 150 = 2750 KN
Base area = 2750 / 300 = 9.167 m2
Assume base length = 4.6 m
Therefore, the base width = 2 m
Base area provided = 9.2 m2

Bending
Section 3.2.1.2.2 ultimate load = 1.4 × 1000 × 2 + 1.6 × 300 × 2 = 3760 KN

34
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

ultimate pressure = 3760/9.2 = 408.7 KN/m2

bending moment diagram:

Try overall depth of 700 mm with 16 mm bars. The effective

depth d = 700 – 50 – 16 – 8 = 626 mm

1. Mid-span between the columns

M 658 × 106
Section 3.4.4.4 = = 0.024
bd2 fcu 2000 × 6262 × 35
K
z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 − )},
0.9

z = 0.95d = 594.7 mm
M 658 × 106
AS = = = 2531.9 mm2
0.95fy z 0.95 × 460 × 594.7

Provide T16@150 mm at top, area steel provided 2680 mm2

2. At the columns

M 261.57 × 106
= = 0.0095
Section 3.4.4.4 bd2 fcu 2000 × 6262 × 35
K
z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 − )},
0.9

z = 0.95d = 594.7 mm
M 261.57 × 106
AS = = = 1006.5 mm2
0.95fy z 0.95 × 460 × 594.7

Provide T16@300 mm, area steel provided 1340 mm2

3. Transverse bending
0.8
M = 408.7 × 4.6 × 0.8 × = 601.6 KN. m
2
M 601.6 × 106
Section 3.4.4.4 = = 0.022
bd2 fcu 2000 × 6262 × 35
K
z = d {0.5 + √(0.25 − )},
0.9

z = 0.95d = 594.7 mm
M 601.6 × 106
AS = = = 2314.87 mm2
0.95fy z 0.95 × 460 × 594.7

Provide T16@150 mm, area steel provided 2680 mm2

35
 Mohamed Elhassan-Civil Engineering Department-UofK

Vertical shear

The critical section is at the face of the column

Column reaction V = 1880 KN

V 1880 × 1000 N
Shear stress v = = = 1.9 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
column perimeter × d 1600 × 626 mm2

Shear at d from face of support:

V = 1266.08 − (407.7 × 2 × 0.2) − (408.7 × 2 × 0.626) = 590.8 KN

V 590.8 × 1000
v = = = 0.47 N/mm2
b×d 2000 × 626
1/3
Table 3.8 0.79 100𝐴𝑆 400 1/4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
𝑣𝑐 = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 25
1 1
100𝐴𝑆 3 100 × 1340 3
∴( ) =( ) = 0.475 < 3 ,
𝑏𝑑 2000 × 626
1 1
400 4 400 4
( ) =( ) = 0.894 > 0.67
𝑑 626
𝑓𝑐𝑢 1/3
( ) = 1.12
25
∴ 𝑣𝑐 = 0.3 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Since v > vc, shear reinforcement is required
Or the overall depth should be increased to 800 mm.

Punching shear

Can not be checked, because the critical perimeter 1.5d lies outside
the base area.

36
Appendix: Selected tables from BS 8110
Table 1 Form and area of shear reinforcement in beams (table 3.7 of BS 8110)

Form of shear reinforcement Area of shear reinforcement

Value of v (N/mm2)
to be provided to be provided

Less than 0.5vc

See Note 1 __
throughout the beam

Minimum links for whole length

0.5𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉 < (𝑉𝑐 + 0.4) 𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≥ 0.4b𝑠𝑣 /0.95 (see Note 2)
of beam
Links or links combined with Where links only provided:
bent-up bars. Not more than 50% Asv ≥ bvsv (v – vc)/0.95fyv. Where
(𝑉𝑐 + 0.4) < 𝑉 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
of the shear resistance provided links and bent-up bars
𝑜𝑟 5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 by the steel may be in the form of provided: see Cl 3.4.5.6 of BS
bent-up bars (see Note 3) 8110
Notes
1 While minimum links should be provided in all beams of structural importance, it will be
satisfactory to omit them in members of minor structural importance such as lintels or where the
maximum design shear stress is less than half Vc.
2 Minimum links provide a design shear resistance of 0.4 N/mm2.
3 See Cl.3.4.5.5 of BS 8110 for guidance on spacing of links and bent-up bars.

Table 2 Values of design concrete shear strength, Vc (N/mm2) (table 3.8 of BS 8110)

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑨𝒔 Effective depth (mm)

𝒃𝒗 𝒅 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 400
≤ 0.15 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.34
0.25 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.40
0.5 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.50
0.75 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.62 0.57
1.00 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.63
1.50 0.97 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.72
2.00 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.80
≥ 3.00 1.22 1.16 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.02 0.98 0.91
For characteristic concrete strengths greater than 25 N/mm2, the values in this table may be
multiplied by (fcu/25)1/2. The value of fcu should not be taken as greater than 40.

Table 3 Basic span/effective depth ratio (table 3.9 of BS 8110)

Support conditions Rectangular section Flanged beams with 𝒃𝒘 /𝐛 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑

Cantilever 7 5.6
Simply Supported 20 16.0
Continuous 26 20.8

37
Table 4 Modification factor for tension reinforcement (table 3.10 of BS 8110)

𝑴/𝒃𝒅𝟐
Service stress
0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
100 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.86 1.63 1.36 1.19 1.08 1.01
150 2.00 2.00 1.98 1.69 1.49 1.25 1.11 1.01 0.94
160 (𝑓𝑦 = 250) 2.00 2.00 1.91 1.63 1.44 1.21 1.08 0.99 0.92
200 2.00 1.95 1.76 1.51 1.35 1.14 1.02 0.94 0.88
250 1.90 1.70 1.55 1.34 1.20 1.04 0.94 0.87 0.82
300 1.60 1.44 1.33 1.16 1.06 0.93 0.85 0.80 0.76
333 (𝑓𝑦 = 460) 1.41 1.28 1.18 1.05 0.96 0.86 0.79 0.75 0.72
Note: The design service stress in the tension reinforcement may be estimated from the equation
2𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑓𝑠 =
3𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏

Table 5 Modification factor for compression reinforcement (table 3.11 of BS 8110)

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑨𝒔,𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗 /𝒃𝒅 Factor

0 1.00
0.15 1.05
0.25 1.08
0.35 1.10
0.50 1.14
0.75 1.20
1.00 1.25
1.50 1.33
2.00 1.40
2.50 1.45
≥ 3.00 1.50

Table 6 Form and area of shear reinforcement in solid slab (table 3.16 of BS 8110)

Form of shear reinforcement Area of shear reinforcement

Value of v (N/mm2)
to be provided to be provided
𝑣 < 𝑣𝑐 None required None
𝑣𝑐 < 𝑣 < (𝑣𝑐 + 0.4) Minimum links in areas where 𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≥ 0.4b𝑠𝑣 /0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝑣 > 𝑣𝑐
(𝑣𝑐 + 0.4) < 𝑣 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 Links and/or bent-up bars in Where links only provided:
or 5 N/mm2 any combination (but the 𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≥ b𝑠𝑣 (v − 𝑣𝑐 )/0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣
spacing between links or bent- Where bent-up bars only
up bars need not be less than d) provided:
𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≥ b𝑠𝑣 (v − 𝑣𝑐 )/0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣
(cos 𝛼 + sin 𝛼 × cos 𝛽)
Note In slabs less than 200 mm deep, it is difficult to bend and fix shear reinforcement so that its
effectiveness can be assured. It is therefore not advisable to use shear reinforcement in such slabs.

38
Table 7 Minimum percentages of reinforcement (table 3.25 of BS 8110)

Minimum percentage
Definition of
Situation fy = 250 fy = 460
percentage
N/mm2 N/mm2
Tension Reinforcement
Sections subjected mainly to pure tension 100𝐴𝑠 /𝐴𝑐 0.80 0.45
Sections subjected to flexure:
Flanged beams, web in tension:
𝑏𝑤 /b < 0.4 100𝐴𝑠 /𝑏𝑤 ℎ 0.32 0.18
𝑏𝑤 /b ≥ 0.4 100𝐴𝑠 /𝑏𝑤 ℎ 0.24 0.13
Flanged beams, flange in tension:
T-beam 100𝐴𝑠 /𝑏𝑤 ℎ 0.48 0.26
L-beam 100𝐴𝑠 /𝑏𝑤 ℎ 0.36 0.20
Rectangular section (in solid slabs this 100𝐴𝑠 /𝐴𝑐 0.24 0.13
minimum should be provided in both directions)
Compression Reinforcement (where such reinforcement is required for the ULS)
General rule 100𝐴𝑠𝑐 /𝐴𝑐𝑐 0.40 0.40
Simplified rules for particular cases:
Rectangular column or wall 100𝐴𝑠 /𝐴𝑐 0.40 0.40
Flanged beam:
Flange in compression 100𝐴𝑠 /𝑏ℎ𝑓 0.40 0.40
Web in compression 100𝐴𝑠 /𝑏𝑤 ℎ 0.20 0.20
Rectangular beam 100𝐴𝑠𝑐 /𝐴𝑐 0.20 0.20
Transverse reinforcement in flanges or flanged beams (provided over full effective flange
width near top surface to resist horizontal shear)
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 /ℎ𝑓 𝑙 0.15 0.15

Table 8 Values of B for braced and unbraced columns (table 3.19 and 3.20 of BS 8110)

Values of 𝜷 for braced columns Values of 𝜷 for unbraced columns

End condition
at top End condition at bottom End condition at bottom
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 0.75 0.80 0.90 1.20 1.30 1.60
2 0.80 0.85 0.95 1.30 1.50 1.80
3 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.60 1.80 -
4 - - - 2.20 - -

39
Table 9 Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision
for torsion at corners (table 3.14 BS 810)
Long span
Type of panel and Short span coefficients, 𝜷𝒔𝒙 Values of 𝒍𝒚 /𝒍𝒙
coefficients
moments , 𝜷𝒔𝒚 Values
considered 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2
of 𝒍𝒚 /𝒍𝒙
Interior panels
Negative moment at
continuous edge
0.031 0.37 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032
Positive moment at mid-
span
0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024
One short edge discontinuous
Negative moment at
continuous edge
0.039 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.037
Positive moment at mid-
span
0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.028
One long edge discontinuous
Negative moment at
continuous edge
0.039 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.037
Positive moment at mid-
span
0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.028
Two adjacent edges discontinuous
Negative moment at
continuous edge
0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.045
Positive moment at mid-
span
036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.034
Two short edges discontinuous
Negative moment at
continuous edge
0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.067 0.070 -
Positive moment at mid-
span
0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.034
Two long edges discontinuous
Negative moment at
continuous edge
- - - - - - - - 0.045
Positive moment at mid-
span
0.034 0.046 0.056 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.091 0.100 0.034
Three edges discontinuous (one long edge continuous)
Negative moment at
continuous edge
0.057 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.084 0.092 0.098 -
Positive moment at mid-
span
0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.044
Three edges discontinuous (one short edge continuous)
Negative moment at
continuous edge
- - - - - - - - 0.058
Positive moment at mid-
span
0.042 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044
Four edges discontinuous
Positive moment at mid-
span
0.055 0.065 0.074 0.081 0.087 0.092 0.103 0.111 0.056

40
Table 10 Shear force coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision for
tension at corners (table 3.15 of BS 8110)

𝜷𝒗𝒙 Values of 𝒍𝒚 /𝒍𝒙

Type of panel and
𝜷𝒗𝒚
location
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2

Interior panels
Continuous edge 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33
One short edge discontinuous
Continuous edge 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.36
Discontinuous edge - - - - - - - - 0.24
One long edge discontinuous
Continuous edge 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.36
Discontinuous edge 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 -
Two adjacent edges discontinuous
Continuous edge 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.40
Discontinuous edge 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.26
Two short edges discontinuous
Continuous edge 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.54 -
Discontinuous edge - - - - - - - - 0.26
Two long edges discontinuous
Continuous edge - - - - - - - - 0.40
Discontinuous edge 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.44 0.47 -
Three edges discontinuous (one long edge continuous)
Continuous edge 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.53 .055 0.57 0.60 0.63 -
Discontinuous edge 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.29
Three edges discontinuous (one short edge continuous)
Continuous edge - - - - - - - - 0.45
Discontinuous edge 0.29 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.30
Four edges discontinuous
Discontinuous edge 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33

Table 11 Bending moment coefficients for slab spanning in two directions at right angles, simply
supported on four sides (table 3.13 of BS 8110)

𝒍𝒚 /𝒍𝒙 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2

𝜶𝒔𝒙 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118

𝜶𝒔𝒚 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029

41
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