Lecture 34 - Tutorial

Susanna Joseph
Roll No: 210102090
October 19, 2023

Example 5.1.1
The message signal m(t) has a bandwidth of 10 KHz, a power of 16 W and a
maximum amplitude of 6. It is desirable to transmit this message to a destination
via a channel with 80 dB attenuation and additive white noise with power spectral
density Sn (f ) = N20 = 10−12 W/Hz, and achieve an SNR at the modulator output of
atleast 50 dB. What is the required transmitter power and channel bandwidth if
the following modulator schemes are employed?
1. DSB AM
2. SSB AM
3. Conventional AM with modulation index equal to 0.8.
Solution:
Given,
Message signal bandwidth = 10 KHz
Maximum amplitude = 6 V
Power = 16 W
Attenuation = 80 dB
10log( PPRT ) = 80 dB
PT
= 108
PR
The white noise spectral density,
N0
2
= 10−12

N0 = 2 × 10−12 W/Hz
SNR at output is given as
S0
N0
≥ 105
 
10log NS00 = 50
S0
= 105
N0
1. DSB AM
For DSB modulation,

1
 Pno = N0 B = 2 × 10−12 × 103 = 2 × 10−8 W
   
S0
N0
= PPnoo
Po = PR = 2 × 10−3 W
PT
PR
= 108

PT = 2 × 10−5 W
Channel bandwidth (B.W) is 2W for DSB AM signal.

B.W = 20 KHz
2. SSB AM
For 
SSBmodulation,
 
S0 Po
N0
= Pno

This is similar to DSB AM case. The transmitted power (PT ) for SSB AM is equal
to DSB AM.
PT = 2 × 10−5 W
Channel bandwidth (B.W) is W for SSB AM signal.

B.W = 10 KHz
3. AM with µ = 0.8
µ2 Pmn
η= 1+µ2 Pmn

Pm
Pm n = |max(|m(t)|)|2

Given,
max(m(t)) = 6
Pm = 16W
16
Pmn = 36 = 94
η = 0.22
 
S0
N0
= η P2T = 105

PT = 910 W
Channel bandwidth is same as that of DSB AM signal.
B.W = 20 KHz

Example 5.5.1
Suppose an amplifier is designed of three identical states, each of which has a gain
of G=5 and a noise figure Fi = 6, i =1,2,3. Determine the overall noise figure of the
cascade of the three stages.
Solution:

2
 Given,
Gain(G) = 5 = G1 = G2
Noise Figure for individual states (Fi ) = 6
For the case with three states,
F2 −1 F3 −1
Overall noise figure F = F1 + G1
+ G1 G2

On substituting values,

F = 7.2

Example 5.5.3
Determine the free-space path loss for a signal transmitted at f = 1 MHz over
distance 10 Km and 20 Km.
Solution:
Given,
f = 106 Hz
106
λ = fc = 3x10 8 = 300

The loss is given as (at 10 Km),

 2
4πd 2 4π104


L= λ = 300 = 1.75 x 105

LdB = 52.43 dB
The loss is given as (at 20 Km),
 2
8π104
L = 300 = 70.11 x 105

LdB = 58.45 dB

Example 5.5.4
A signal is transmitted through 10 Km coaxial line channel which exhibits a loss
of 2 dB/Km. The transmitted power is PTdB = -30 dBW(-30 means 30dB below 1
W, or simply, 1 mW.) Determine the received signal power and the power at the
output of an amplifier which has a gain GdB = 15 dB.
Solution:
Given,
LdB = 20 dB (2dB/km for 10 Km)
Transmitted power = PTdB = -30 dBW
Gain = GdB = 15 dB.
Received signal power is given by,
PRdB = PTdB - LdB = -30-20 = -50 dBW

PRdB = -50 dBW

Received signal power after amplification is given by,

3
 PodB = PRdB + GdB = -50+15 = -36 dBW

PodB = -35 dBW

Example 5.5.5
A signal with bandwidth 4 KHz is to be transmitted a distance of 200 Km over a
wireline channel that has an attenuation of 2 dB/Km. (1) Determine the transmit-
ter power PT required to achieve an SNR of (S/N )0 = 30 dB at the output of the
receiver amplifier which has a noise figure FadB = 5 dB (2) Repeat the calculation
when a repeater is inserted every 10 Km in a wireline channel, where the repeater
has a gain of 20 dB and noise figure Fa = 5 dB. Assume the noise equivalent band-
width of each repeater is Bneq = 4 KHz and that N0 = 4 × 10−21 W/Hz.
Solution:
1. Given, the attenuation is 2 dB/Km in 200 Km
Total loss = 400 dB = LdB

The SNR at

the1 output

of the repeater (amplifier) at the receiver is
S S
N 0
=F N i
 
1 PT
= F N0 Bneq

For identical K segments

F = KLFa − (K − 1)
≈ KLFa
Hence,  
S 1 PT


N 0
= KLFa N0 Bneq

Taking log on both

sides
S
10 log N 0 = −10 log (L) − 10 log (Fa ) − 10log(K) + 10 log (PT ) − 10 log (N0 Bneq )
- - -(1)
Here K =
1
S
N odB
= −10 log (L) − (FadB ) + 10 log (PT ) − (N0 Beq )db
= NS odB + FadB + (N0 Beq )db + 10 log (L)


PT dB
Given,
S


N dB
= 30 dB
FadB = 5 dB
LdB = 400 dB
(N0 Beq )db = 10log(4 × 103 × 4 × 10−21 ) = −168 dBW
On substituting these values,
PT dB = 30 + 5 − 168 + 400 = 267 dBW

PT = 5 × 1026 W

2. When a repeater is inserted at every 10 Km in the channel,

4
 LdB = 20 dB
Substituting in equation (1)
S


PT dB = N dB + 10 log K + FadB + (N0 Beq )dB + 10 log L
PT dB = 30 + 10log(20) + 5 − 168 + 20 = 110 dBW

PT = 5 × 10−10 W

Some useful tips and tricks

Below are a few tips to find the log of common numbers without a calculator

XdB = 10 log(Y )

X (in dB) Y

0 1

10 10

1
√
5 5 dB = 2
× 10 dB = 10 = 3.16

3 1.99 ≈ 2

1
√
1.5 1.5 dB = 2
× 3 dB = 3 = 1.73

9 9 dB = 3 × 3 dB = 23 = 8

10
1 1 dB = 10 dB - 9 dB = 8
= 1.25

2 2 dB = 2 × 1 dB = 1.252 = 1.56

6 6 dB = 2 × 3 dB = 22 = 4

10
7 7 dB = 10 dB - 3 dB = 2
=5

10
4 4 dB = 10 dB - 6 dB = 4
= 2.5

8 8 dB = 2 × 4 dB = 2.52 = 6.25

Note: Addition operation on LHS is equivalent to multiplication operation on RHS.

Subtraction operation on LHS is equivalent to division operation on RHS.
Multiplication operation on LHS is equivalent to exponent operation on RHS.