Welcome to

Sequence and Series

 Table of contents

Session 01 𝟎𝟑 Session 03 𝟒𝟗
Session 05 𝟗𝟔

Sequence 04 Sum of 𝑛 Terms of a G.P. 50 Relation between A.M., G.M. & H.M. of 97
Sum of Infinite Terms of a G.P. Positive Quantities
Types of Sequence 07 58
Arithmetic - Geometric Progression (A.G.P.) 105
Progression 10 Properties of G.P. 65
Arithmetic Progression 11 Sum of 𝑛 terms of an Arithmetic – Geometric 106
Sequence
Sum of 𝑛 terms of an A.P. 15 Session 04 𝟕𝟓
Summation of Series 111
Properties of an A.P. 21 Geometric Mean 76
Formulas for Summation 115
Insertion of 𝑛 Geometric Means 78
Session 02 𝟐𝟖 Harmonic Progression 82
Arithmetic Mean 39 Properties of H.P. 85 Session 06 𝟏𝟏𝟖
Insertion of 𝑛 arithmetic means 41 Harmonic Mean 89 Method of Difference to get 𝑡𝑛 129
between two numbers
Insertion of 𝑛 Harmonic Means 92 Special Methods to find sum of series 137
Geometric Progression (G.P.) 45 between two Numbers

Session 07 𝟏𝟒𝟑

Telescopic Series 144

Exponential Series 157
Logarithmic Series 163
 Session 01
Arithmetic
Progression

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 Sequence:

A sequence is an ordered list of objects or events or numbers.

Examples:

1, 2, 4, 8, ⋯
1, 3, 5, 7, ⋯

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 Sequence:

Mathematically,
If a function 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ,
then 𝑓 𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ is called a real sequence and is denoted by
𝑓 1 , 𝑓 2 , 𝑓 3 , ⋯ = 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , ⋯ = 𝑡𝑛
The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of the sequence is denoted by 𝑇𝑛 , 𝑡𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎 𝑛 , 𝑢𝑛 , ⋯ etc.
It is a function with domain as set of natural numbers ℕ .

Note
➢ The sequence 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ is generally

written as < 𝑎𝑛 > or 𝑎𝑛

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 Find the first five terms of the sequence whose 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛−2 𝑛 ∈ ℕ , 𝑛 > 2 and 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 1

Solution:

𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛−2

𝑡3 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 2

𝑡4 = 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 = 3

𝑡5 = 𝑡3 + 𝑡4 = 5

𝑡6 = 𝑡4 + 𝑡5 = 8

This sequence is known as Fibonacci sequence.

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 Types of Sequence:

➢ A sequence having finite number of terms is called a finite sequence.

Example

• 3, 5, 7, ⋯ , 37
➢ A sequence having infinite number of terms is called an infinite sequence.

Example
1 1 1
• 1, , , , ⋯
2 4 8

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 Series:

➢ By adding the terms of a sequence,

We get an expression which is called a series.

If sequence: 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 ,
Then series: 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛

Example

• Sequence: 1, 2, 3, 4, ⋯ 𝑛
Series: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ + 𝑛

• Sequence: −1, 3, −9, 27 − ⋯ up to 𝑛𝑡ℎ term

Series: −1 + 3 − 9 + 27 − ⋯ up to 𝑛𝑡ℎ term

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 Series:

➢ Sum of first n terms of a series 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + ⋯ is denoted by 𝑆𝑛

𝑛
Here, 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛 = ෍ 𝑇𝑟 = ෍ 𝑇𝑛
𝑟=1

Note For any sequence 𝑇𝑛

➢ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛−1 + 𝑇𝑛

➢ 𝑆𝑛−1 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛−1

∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1

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 Key Takeaways

Progression:

➢ It is a special sequence whose terms can be described by an explicit formula.

Example

• 1, 2, 4, 8, ⋯ 2𝑛−1

• 1, 3, 5, 7, ⋯ 2𝑛 − 1

Types of progression
➢ Arithmetic progression (A.P.)

➢ Geometric progression (G.P.)

➢ Harmonic progression (H.P.)

➢ Arithmetic Geometric progression (A.G.P.)

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 Key Takeaways

Arithmetic Progression:

➢ Arithmetic progression:
A sequence in which the difference between any term and its just preceding
term is constant throughout.
This constant difference is called the common difference and is
generally denoted by 𝑑.

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 Key Takeaways

Arithmetic Progression:

Note
➢ A sequence 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , ⋯ , 𝑡𝑛 is an A.P., if 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = ⋯ = 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1 = 𝑑

Example
• 1, 3, 5, 7, ⋯

2 2 2 ⇒𝑑=2 Common difference can be positive,

negative or zero. If the common difference is:
• 3, −1, −5, −9, ⋯
➢ Positive → Increasing A.P.
−4 −4 −4 ⇒ 𝑑 = −4 ➢ Zero → Constant A.P.

• 2, 2, 2, ⋯ ➢ Negative → Decreasing A.P.

Return To Top 0 0 ⇒𝑑=0

 Key Takeaways

Arithmetic Progression:

➢ Generally, an A.P. can be written as:

𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, ⋯ , 𝑛𝑡ℎ term

Where,
𝑎 = 1𝑠𝑡 term
𝑑 = Common difference
So,
The general term 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
Example

• 1, 3, 5, 7, ⋯
𝑎=1 𝑑=2
Return To Top 𝑡𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛 − 1 ⋅ 2 = 2𝑛 − 1
 If 𝑡54 of an A.P. is − 61 and 𝑡4 = 64, then the 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence is :

Solution:
Let 𝑎, 𝑑 be the first term and common difference respectively.

𝑡54 = −61 = 𝑎 + 53𝑑 ⋯ 𝑖 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

𝑡4 = 64 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

Subtracting 𝑖𝑖 from 𝑖 ,
A 143
5 2
50𝑑 = −125 ⇒ 𝑑 = − 2

Substituting in 𝑖𝑖 , we get B 49
143
𝑎=
2
143 5
C 47
𝑡10 = 𝑎 + 9𝑑 = +9 − 2
2 2

𝑡10 = 49 D 111
2
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 Key Takeaways

Sum of 𝑛 terms of an A.P.

➢ Let the A.P. be: 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, ⋯ ⋯ , 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

Sum of 𝑛 terms:
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 + ⋯ ⋯ +𝑎
+
2𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 + 𝑎

2𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

𝑛
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2

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 Key Takeaways

Sum of 𝑛 terms of an A.P.

𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎+𝑎+ 𝑛−1 𝑑
2 2

𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛
𝑎+𝑙 Where, 𝑎 = 1𝑠𝑡 term 𝑙 = Last term
2

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

𝑆𝑛−1 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑

∴ 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1

𝑡𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
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 A man saves Rs. 200 in each of the first three months of his service. In each of the subsequent
months, his saving increases by Rs. 40 more than the saving of previous month. In how many
months he would have saved Rs. 11040 since beginning his service?

Savings Calendar Savings Calendar

Month Saving (Rs.)

Let it happen in 𝑛 months.
𝐼 𝑠𝑡 Month 200
𝑛−3
3 × 200 + 2 × 240 + 𝑛 − 4 40 = 11040 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑑 Month 200
2
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑑 Month 200
𝑛−3
⇒ 480 + 40𝑛 − 160 = 10440 𝐼𝑉 𝑡ℎ Month
2 240

⇒ 𝑛2 + 5𝑛 − 546 = 0 𝑉 𝑡ℎ Month 280

𝑛𝑡ℎ Month 11040

⇒ 𝑛 + 26 𝑛 − 21 = 0 ⇒ 𝑛 = 21

He would have saved Rs. 11040 after 21

months.

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 1 1
If the 10𝑡ℎ term of an A.P. is and its 20𝑡ℎ term is , then the sum of
20 10
its first 200 terms is
JEE Main Jan 2020
Solution:
1 1
𝑇10 =
20
, 𝑇20 =
10 A 50
1
4
⇒ 𝑇20 − 𝑇10 = 10𝑑 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
1 B 100
⇒ = 10𝑑
20
1
⇒𝑑=
200 C 50
1
Now, 𝑇10 =
20

⇒ 𝑎 + 9𝑑 =
1 D 100
1
20 2

1
⇒𝑎=
200
200 1 1 201 𝑛
𝑆200 = 2 + 199 = 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2 200 200 2 2
1
∴ 𝑆200 = 100
2
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 𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎10 100 𝑎11
Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ be an A.P. If = ,𝑝 ≠ 10, then is equal to:
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑝 𝑝2 𝑎10

JEE Main Aug 2021

Solution: 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ are in A.P.
𝑛 A 19
Let its common difference be 𝑑, 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 21
2
10
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ 𝑎10 = 2𝑎1 + 9𝑑
2 B 100
121
𝑝
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ 𝑎𝑝 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑝 − 1 𝑑
2
C 21
𝑝 times 19

𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎10 10 2𝑎1 + 9𝑑
⇒ = D 121
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑝 𝑝 2𝑎1 + 𝑝 − 1 𝑑 100

10 2𝑎1 + 9𝑑 100
⇒ = 2
𝑝 2𝑎1 + 𝑝 − 1 𝑑 𝑝

2𝑎1 + 9𝑑 10
⇒ =
2𝑎1 + 𝑝 − 1 𝑑 𝑝
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 𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎10 100 𝑎11
Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ be an A.P. If = ,𝑝 ≠ 10, then is equal to:
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑝 𝑝2 𝑎10

JEE Main Aug 2021

Solution:
2𝑎1 + 9𝑑 10 A 19
⇒ = 21
2𝑎1 + 𝑝 − 1 𝑑 𝑝

⇒ 2𝑝𝑎1 + 9𝑝𝑑 = 20𝑎1 + 10 𝑝 − 1 𝑑 B 100

121

⇒ 2𝑝𝑎1 − 20𝑎1 + 9𝑝𝑑 − 10 𝑝 − 1 𝑑 = 0

C 21
⇒ 2𝑎1 𝑝 − 10 + 𝑑 9𝑝 − 10𝑝 + 10 = 0 19

⇒ 2𝑎1 𝑝 − 10 − 𝑑 𝑝 − 10 = 0 D 121
100
⇒ 2𝑎1 − 𝑑 𝑝 − 10 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑎1 − 𝑑 = 0 ∵ 𝑝 ≠ 10

∴ 2𝑎1 = 𝑑
𝑎11 𝑎1 + 10𝑑 𝑎1 + 20𝑎1 21
∴ = = =
𝑎10 𝑎1 + 9𝑑 𝑎1 + 18𝑎1 19

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 Properties of an A.P.

➢ Property I:

Three terms 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P. iff 2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐

Let common difference for A.P.: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be 𝑑

∴𝑏 =𝑎+𝑑
𝑐 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑
2𝑏 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑑
= 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑
=𝑎+𝑐

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 7
If log 3 2 , log 3 2𝑥 − 5 , log 3 2𝑥 − are in an arithmetic progression, then the
2
value of 𝑥 is equal to ______.
JEE Main July 2021
Solution:
7
Since log 3 2 , log 3 2𝑥 − 5 , log 3 2𝑥 − are in A.P.
2

7
⇒ 2 log 3 2𝑥 − 5 = log 3 2 + log 3 2𝑥 − 2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐
2

⇒ log 3 2𝑥 − 5 2
= log 3 2 ⋅ 2𝑥 −
7
log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎 𝑥
2
log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛
⇒ 22𝑥 − 10 ⋅ 2𝑥 + 25 = 2 ⋅ 2𝑥 − 7

⇒ 22𝑥 − 12 ⋅ 2𝑥 + 32 = 0

⇒ 2 𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 − 8 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 3

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 7
If log 3 2 , log 3 2𝑥 − 5 , log 3 2𝑥 − are in an arithmetic progression, then the
2
value of 𝑥 is equal to ______.
JEE Main July 2021
Solution:
7
Since log 3 2 , log3 2𝑥 − 5 , log 3 2𝑥 − are in A.P.
2

⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 3

For log 𝑎 𝑥 to be defined, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

At 𝑥 = 2, log 3 2𝑥 − 5 is not defined, hence 𝑥 = 2 is not acceptable.

∴𝑥=3

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 Properties of an A.P.

➢ Property II:

If each term of an A.P. is increased or decreased by a non-zero constant then

the resulting sequence is also an A.P. with the same common difference

Example

𝐴𝑃1 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
+2

𝐴𝑃2 : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

∴ Both have same common difference.

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 Properties of an A.P.

➢ Property III:

If each term of an A.P. is multiplied or divided by a non-zero constant (𝑘) then the
𝑑
resulting sequence is also an A.P. with the common difference 𝑘𝑑 or ; 𝑑 is the
𝑘
common difference of the original A.P.

Example

𝐴𝑃1 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 →𝑑=1
×3

𝐴𝑃2 : 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 →𝑑=3

∴ Common difference of 𝐴𝑃2 = 𝑘 times common difference of 𝐴𝑃1 .

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 Properties of an A.P.
➢ Property IV:

Sum of terms equidistant from beginning and end, is equal to sum of first and last term.
i.e., 𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡2 + 𝑡𝑛−1 = 𝑡3 + 𝑡𝑛−2 = ⋯

A.P. : 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … , 𝑡𝑛−2 , 𝑡𝑛−1 , 𝑡𝑛

So, 𝑡2 + 𝑡𝑛−1 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑛
𝑡3 + 𝑡𝑛−2 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑛

Example

• A.P.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
So, 1 + 6 = 2 + 5
Return To Top 1+6=3+4
 Properties of an A.P.
➢ Property V:

Every term except the first and the last can be written as half the sum of
terms equidistant from it.

A.P.: 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … , 𝑡𝑛−2 , 𝑡𝑛−1 , 𝑡𝑛

1
𝑡2 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡3
2
1 1
𝑡3 =
2
𝑡2 + 𝑡4 =
2
𝑡1 + 𝑡5 and so on …

Example

• A.P.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
1
2= 1+3
2
1 1
𝑡3 = 4+2 = 1+5
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 Session 02
Arithmetic Mean and
Introduction to
Geometric Progression

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 If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are distinct terms of an A.P., which of the following is
always CORRECT ?

Solution: A 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0
A.P.: 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑎2 =
1
𝑎1 + 𝑎3
2
• 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0 B 2𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0
𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 2𝑎2 = 2𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 = 4𝑎2

• 2𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0 C 𝑎1 − 4𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 − 4𝑎4 + 𝑎5 = 0

2𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 2𝑎2
= 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 D 𝑎1 − 4𝑎2 − 4𝑎4 + 𝑎5 = 0
= 𝑎1 + 4𝑎2
= 𝑎1 + 4 𝑎1 + 𝑑 = 5𝑎1 + 4𝑑

• 𝑎1 − 4𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 − 4𝑎4 + 𝑎5 = 0

𝑎1 + 𝑎5 = 2𝑎3
𝑎1 − 4𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 − 4𝑎4 + 𝑎5 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎5 − 4 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + 6𝑎3
𝑎2 + 𝑎4 = 2𝑎3
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= 2𝑎3 − 4 2𝑎3 + 6𝑎3 = 8𝑎3 − 8𝑎3 = 0
 If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are distinct terms of an A.P., which of the following is
always CORRECT ?

Solution: A 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0
A.P.: 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛

• 𝑎1 − 4𝑎2 − 4𝑎4 + 𝑎5 = 0 B 2𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0

𝑎1 − 4𝑎2 − 4𝑎4 + 𝑎5 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎5 − 4 𝑎2 + 𝑎4

= 2𝑎3 − 4 2𝑎3 C 𝑎1 − 4𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 − 4𝑎4 + 𝑎5 = 0

= −6𝑎3
D 𝑎1 − 4𝑎2 − 4𝑎4 + 𝑎5 = 0

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 If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 are in A.P. and 𝑎1 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎7 + ⋯ + 𝑎16 = 114, then
𝑎1 + 𝑎6 + 𝑎11 + 𝑎16 is equal to:
JEE Main Apr 2019

Solution:
A
38
A.P.: 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑎1 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎7 + ⋯ + 𝑎16 = 114

∴ 𝑎1 + 𝑎16 = 𝑎4 + 𝑎13 = 𝑎7 + 𝑎10 = 𝑎6 + 𝑎11 B

64
⇒ 3 𝑎6 + 𝑎11 = 114 𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡2 + 𝑡𝑛−1 = 𝑡3 + 𝑡𝑛−2 = ⋯
C
⇒ 𝑎6 + 𝑎11 = 38 76

⇒ 𝑎1 + 𝑎6 + 𝑎11 + 𝑎16 = 2 𝑎6 + 𝑎11 D

98
= 2 × 38 = 76

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 Which of the following options is/are correct ?

Solution:

𝐴 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 → A.P. (Multiply 2)

2𝑎, 2𝑏, 2𝑐 → A.P.

∴ 2𝑎, 2𝑏, 2𝑐 are in A.P.

𝐵 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 → A.P. (Multiply by (−2))

−2𝑎, −2𝑏, −2𝑐 → A.P. Adding 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐

𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏, 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑐 → A.P.

∴ 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎, 𝑐 + 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 are in A.P.

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 Which of the following options is/are correct ?

Solution:
𝑏+𝑐−𝑎 𝑐+𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐
𝐶 If , , → A.P.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑐
⇒ , , → A.P.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

⇒ − 2, − 2, − 2 → A.P.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

(Adding 2)

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

⇒ , , → A.P.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

(Dividing by 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )

1 1 1
∴ , , → A.P.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
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 Which of the following options is/are correct ?

Solution:
𝐷 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 → A.P. (Multiplying 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) A If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P.,
then 2𝑎, 2𝑏, 2𝑐 are in A.P.
𝑎 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 , 𝑏 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 ,
𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 → A.P. B If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P.,
then 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎, 𝑐 + 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 are in A.P.
𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 , 𝑏 2 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐,
𝑐 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 → A.P. C If
𝑏+𝑐−𝑎 𝑐+𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐
, 𝑏 , 𝑐
1 1 1
are in A.P., then 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐
𝑎
are in A.P.
(Subtracting 𝑎𝑏𝑐)
D If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P.,
i.e. 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐 , 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎 , 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏 → A.P.
2 2 2 then 𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑐 , 𝑏2 𝑐 + 𝑎 , 𝑐 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 are in A.P.

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 Properties of an A.P.

➢ Property VI:

In an A.P. :
➢ 3 consecutive numbers can be taken as

𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑
➢ 4 consecutive numbers can be taken as

𝑎 − 3𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑

➢ 5 consecutive numbers can be taken as

𝑎 − 2𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑

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 Five numbers are in A.P. whose sum is 25 and product is 2520. If one of
1
these five numbers is − , then the greatest number amongst them is:
2
Solution: JEE Main Jan 2020
Let five numbers be
A
𝑎 − 2𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑 16

5𝑎 = 25 ⇒ 𝑎 = 5
B
27
𝑎 − 2𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑑 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 2520

⇒ 25 − 4𝑑 2 25 − 𝑑 2 = 504 C
7
4 2
⇒ 4𝑑 − 125𝑑 + 121 = 0

⇒ 4𝑑 4 − 4𝑑 2 − 121𝑑 2 + 121 = 0 D 21
2

⇒ 4𝑑 2 − 121 𝑑2 − 1 = 0
121
⇒ 𝑑 2 = 1 or 𝑑 2 =
4

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 Five numbers are in A.P. whose sum is 25 and product is 2520. If one of
1
these five numbers is − , then the greatest number amongst them is:
2
JEE Main Jan 2020
Solution:
Let five numbers be 𝑎 − 2𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑎=5
A
16
121
⇒ 𝑑 2 = 1 or 𝑑 2 =
4

If 𝑑 = 1: five numbers are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 None of the B

27
term in the ∴ 𝑑 ≠ ±1
1
If 𝑑 = −1: five numbers are 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 sequence is − .
2
C
7

, 𝑎 + 2𝑑 is the greatest term.

11
For 𝑑 =
2 D 21
2
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 5 + 11 = 16

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 Properties of an A.P.

➢ Property VII:

➢ Sum or difference of two A.Ps is also an A.P

Example

First A.P.: 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, …

Second A.P.: 𝑏, 𝑏 + 𝑘, 𝑏 + 2𝑘, …

Sum: 𝑎 + 𝑏, 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑑 + 𝑘, 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2 𝑑 + 𝑘 , … → A.P (common difference is 𝑑 + 𝑘)

Difference: 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑑 − 𝑘, 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 2 𝑑 − 𝑘 , … → A.P (common difference is 𝑑 − 𝑘)

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 Arithmetic Mean

➢ If three terms are in A.P., then the middle term is called the arithmetic mean (A.M.)
between the other two,
𝑎+𝑐
i.e., if 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P., then 𝑏 = 2
= A.M. of 𝑎 & 𝑐.

Example

3 is A.M. of 1 & 5

Note
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
➢ If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are 𝑛 numbers, then their A.M. is
𝑛
Example
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
A.M. of three numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is
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 The marks obtained by 6 students in a class test are 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30.
then arithmetic mean of their marks is:

Solution:
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑛
20 + 22 + 24 + 26 + 28 + 30 A.M. =
A.M. = 𝑛
6
= 25

∴ A.M. of marks is 25. A 30

B 25

C 24

D 26

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 Key Takeaways

Insertion of 𝑛 arithmetic means between two numbers:

➢ If 𝑎 & 𝑏 are two numbers, such that 𝑎, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝑛 , 𝑏 is an A.P., then 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝑛 are

known as 𝑛 arithmetic means between 𝑎 & 𝑏.

Let the common difference of A.P. is 𝑑

𝑏 = 𝑡𝑛+2 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 + 1 𝑑
𝑏−𝑎
𝑑=
𝑛+1
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴1 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑎 +
𝑛+1
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴2 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 𝑎 + 2 𝑛+1
.
. 𝑏−𝑎
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𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛𝑑 = 𝑎 + 𝑛
𝑛+1
 Key Takeaways

Sum of 𝑛 arithmetic means between two numbers:

➢ Sum of 𝑛 Arithmetic Means between two numbers 𝑎 & 𝑏, is equal to 𝑛 times the single
A.M. between 𝑎 & 𝑏
i.e. If 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝑛 are 𝑛 arithmetic means between 𝑎 & 𝑏,
then 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛𝐴 (where 𝐴 is A.M. of 𝑎 & 𝑏).

Proof
Sum of A.M. = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛

𝑛+2
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑏
2

𝑛
⇒ +1 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑏
2

𝑛
∴ 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎+𝑏
2
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 If 𝑛 arithmetic means are inserted between 20 and 80 such that the ratio
of the first mean and the last mean is 1 ∶ 3, then the value of 𝑛 is ______.
Solution:
𝑏−𝑎
Let 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , ⋯ , 𝐴𝑛 be the 𝑛 A.M. ⇒
20𝑛 + 80 1
=
𝐴1 = 𝑎 +
𝑛+1
20 + 80𝑛 3
20, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 , 80 𝑏−𝑎
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛
𝑛+1
𝑎 = 20, 𝑏 = 80 ⇒ 60𝑛 + 240 = 80𝑛 + 20

𝑏 − 𝑎 80 − 20 60
⇒𝑑= = = ⇒ 220 = 20𝑛
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
𝐴1 1 ⇒ 𝑛 = 11
=
𝐴𝑛 3
60
𝐴1 𝑎+𝑑 20 +
⇒ = = 𝑛 +1=1
𝐴𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑛𝑑 20 + 60𝑛 3
𝑛+1
20𝑛 + 20 + 60
𝑛+1 1
⇒ =
20𝑛 + 20 + 60𝑛 3
Return To Top 𝑛+1
 Let 6 arithmetic means 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 , 𝐴5 , 𝐴6 are inserted between two
consecutive natural number 𝑎 and 𝑏 𝑎 > 𝑏 . If
𝐴12 − 𝐴22 + 𝐴23 − 𝐴24 + 𝐴25 − 𝐴26 is equal to prime number then 𝑏 is equal to:
Solution:
𝑛
A.P.: 𝑎, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 … , 𝐴𝑛 , 𝑏 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)
2
𝐴1 2 − 𝐴2 2 + 𝐴3 2 − 𝐴4 2 + 𝐴5 2 − 𝐴6 2

= 𝐴1 − 𝐴2 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 − 𝐴4 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 + 𝐴5 − 𝐴6 𝐴5 + 𝐴6
= −𝑑 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 + 𝐴5 + 𝐴6 A 1
6
= −𝑑 𝑎+𝑏
2
B 2
𝑏−𝑎
= −3 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 7𝑑
7

It will be a prime number, if 𝑏 − 𝑎 = −1 C 3 3

&𝑎+𝑏 =7
⇒𝑏=3 D 4
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 Key Takeaways

Geometric Progression (G.P.)

➢ It is a sequence of numbers whose first term is non-zero and ratio of succeeding

term to preceding term is constant. This constant ratio is known as common ratio 𝑟 .
𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡𝑛
i.e. 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , … , 𝑡𝑛 is a G.P. having common ratio 𝑟 = = =⋯=
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡𝑛−1

Examples

➢ 1, 2, 4, 8, … Generally, a G.P. can be written as: 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , …

⇒𝑟=2 Where,
1 1
➢ −3, 1, − , , … 𝑎 = 1𝑠𝑡 term
3 9
1 𝑟 can be both
⇒𝑟=−
3 positive and 𝑟 = Common difference
negative 𝑡𝑛 (𝑛𝑡ℎ term of G.P.) = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
➢ 4, 4, 4, . .

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⇒𝑟=1
 If 𝑝𝑡ℎ , 𝑞 𝑡ℎ & 𝑟 𝑡ℎ of a G.P are 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 respectively, then the value of
𝑎𝑞−𝑟 ⋅ 𝑏 𝑟−𝑝 ⋅ 𝑐 𝑝−𝑞 is:

Solution:
Let 𝐴 be the first term and 𝑅 be the common ratio of G.P.
𝑇𝑝 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝐴𝑅𝑝−1 = 𝑎

𝑇𝑞 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝐴𝑅𝑞−1 = 𝑏
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇𝑟 = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝐴𝑅𝑟−1 = 𝑐
𝑞−𝑟 𝑟−𝑝 𝑝−𝑞
𝑎𝑞−𝑟 ⋅ 𝑏 𝑟−𝑝 ⋅ 𝑐 𝑝−𝑞 = 𝐴𝑅 𝑝−1
⋅ 𝐴𝑅 𝑞−1
⋅ 𝐴𝑅 𝑟−1

𝑞−𝑟+𝑟−𝑝+𝑞−𝑟 𝑝−1 𝑞−𝑟 + 𝑞−1 𝑟−𝑝 +(𝑟−1)(𝑝−𝑞)

= 𝐴 ⋅𝑅

0
= 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑅(𝑝𝑞−𝑟𝑝−𝑞+𝑟) +(𝑞𝑟−𝑞𝑝−𝑟+𝑝) + 𝑟𝑝−𝑟𝑞−𝑝+𝑞

0
= 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑅0

=1
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 In an increasing geometric series, the sum of the second and the sixth term
25
is and the product of the third and fifth term is 25. Then, the sum of
2
th th
4 ,6 and 8th terms is equal to: JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
25
Given: 𝑡2 + 𝑡6 = 𝑡3 ⋅ 𝑡5 = 25
2

𝑡4 + 𝑡6 + 𝑡8 = ?

Let 𝑎 be the first term and 𝑟 be the common ratio.

25
𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 5 =
2

𝑎𝑟 2 × 𝑎𝑟 4 = 25

⇒ 𝑎2 𝑟 6 = 25 ⇒ 𝑎𝑟 3 = 5
5 5𝑟 5𝑟 5 25
⇒𝑎= ⋯ 𝑖 3 + = [From 𝑖 ]
𝑟3 𝑟 𝑟3 2

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 In an increasing geometric series, the sum of the second and the sixth term
25
is and the product of the third and fifth term is 25. Then, the sum of
2
th th
4 ,6 and 8th terms is equal to: JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
1 5
+ 𝑟2 =
𝑟2 2 A
35
𝑡 2 +1
Put 𝑟 2 = 𝑡 ⇒ =
5
𝑡 2
B
⇒ 2𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 2 = 0 30
1
⇒ (2𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = , 2 C
2
26
1
⇒ 𝑟2 = , 2
2
D 32
⇒ 𝑟 = 2 as the G.P. is increasing.

∴ 𝑡4 + 𝑡6 + 𝑡8 = 𝑎𝑟 3 + 𝑎𝑟 5 + 𝑎𝑟 7

Return To Top = 𝑎𝑟 3 1 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 4 = 5(1 + 2 + 4) = 35

 Session 03
More about Geometric
Progression

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 Key Takeaways
Sum of 𝑛 Terms of a G.P.

Let a G.P. be 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , …

And sum of 𝑛 terms is 𝑆𝑛 ,

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 ⋯ (𝑖) Multiplying 𝑟 on both sides,

− 𝑆𝑛 ⋅ 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + 𝑎𝑟 4 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

1 − 𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑟 𝑛

𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
OR 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1

(When 𝑟 < 1) (When 𝑟 > 1)

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 Key Takeaways
Sum of 𝑛 Terms of a G.P.

𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = OR 𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟 𝑟−1

(When 𝑟 < 1) (When 𝑟 > 1)

Note

➢ If 𝑟 = 1, 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑎 = 𝑛𝑎
𝑛 − terms

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 Welcome
Vani is a to
student who works part-time as a food deliverer. She delivers all the orders to the rooms
of her customers. She received one order from each floor one day, and she had to deliver from
floor one to floor seven. She charged Rs 5 for the first floor, Rs 10 for the second floor, Rs 20 for the
third floor, Rs 40 for the fourth floor and so on, for her meal delivery service. What was her total
earning from that day's delivery?

Solution:
𝑟𝑛 − 1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑟−1

𝑎=5

𝑟=2

𝑛=7
27 − 1
𝑆7 = 5 = 635
2−1

Total earnings Vani got from

delivery is Rs. 635.

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 65
The sum of first four terms of a geometric progression (G.P.) is and the
12
65
sum of their respective reciprocals is . If the product of first three terms
18
of the G.P. is 1 and the third term is 𝛼, then 2𝛼 is ______.
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
Let the first four terms be 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3.

65
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 = ⋯ 𝑖
12

1 1 1 1 65
+ + + =
𝑎 𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟 2 𝑎𝑟 3 18

1 𝑟3 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟 + 1 65
⇒ = ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
𝑎 𝑟3 18

𝑖 18 3
𝑖𝑖
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑟 3 = = ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖
2
12

𝑎. 𝑎𝑟. 𝑎𝑟 2 = 1

𝑎3 𝑟 3 = 1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑣
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 65
The sum of first four terms of a geometric progression (G.P.) is and the
12
65
sum of their respective reciprocals is . If the product of first three terms
18
of the G.P. is 1 and the third term is 𝛼, then 2𝛼 is ______.
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
Let the first four terms be 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3.
3
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑟 3 = ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖
2

𝑎3 𝑟 3 = 1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑣
(𝑖𝑣) 2
⇒𝑎=
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 3

33
From (𝑖𝑣), 𝑟 3 =
23

3
⇒𝑟=
2
2 3 2
Now 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑟 = ⋅ 2
3 2

∴ 2𝛼 = 3
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 Find the sum of the sequence: 9 + 99 + 999 + ⋯ up to the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term

Solution:

𝑆 = 9 + 99 + 999 + ⋯ up to the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term

𝑆 = 10 − 1 + 102 − 1 + 103 − 1 + ⋯ 10𝑛 − 1

𝑆 = 10 + 102 + 103 + ⋯ + 10𝑛 − 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ + 𝑛 times

10(10𝑛 −1)
𝑆= −𝑛
9

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 The sum of first 20 terms the sequence: 0.7, 0.77, 0.777, … , is:

Solution: AIEEE 2011

Let 𝑆 = 0.7 + 0.77 + 0.777 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑡20

𝑆 = 7 0.1 + 0.11 + 0.111 + ⋯ ⋯

7
𝑆= 0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 + ⋯ ⋯
9

7
𝑆= 1 − 0.1 + 1 − 0.01 + 1 − 0.001 ⋯ ⋯
9

7 1 1 1 1
𝑆= 20 − + + +⋯+
9 10 102 103 1020

𝑆1
7
𝑆= 20 − 𝑆1 ⋯ 𝑖
9

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 The sum of first 20 terms the sequence: 0.7, 0.77, 0.777, … , is:

Solution : 𝑆=
7
20 −
1
+
1
+
1
+⋯+
1
9 10 102 103 1020

7 𝑆1 A 7
179 − 10−20
𝑆= 20 − 𝑆1 ⋯ 𝑖 81
9

1 1 1
𝑆1 =
10
+
102
+⋯
1020 B 7
99 − 10−20
9
1 1 20
1− 1−𝑟 𝑛
𝑆1 =
10 10 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 CC 7 −20
1−
1 1−𝑟 7 179
179 +
+ 10
10−20
10 81
81

1 1 20
𝑆1 = 1−
9 10
D 7
99 + 10−20
9
7 1 1 1 20
∴𝑆= 20 − +
9 9 9 10

7
∴𝑆= 179 + 10−20
81
Return To Top
 Sum of Infinite Terms of a G.P.
Let a G.P. be: 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , …
𝑟𝑛 − 1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 ;𝑟 ≠ 1
𝑟−1

Sum of infinite terms is valid when 𝑟 < 1, 𝑟 ≠ 0 (Converging series)

As 𝑛 → ∞,
Since 𝑟 < 1, 𝑟 ≠ 0

𝑟𝑛 → 0
𝑟𝑛 − 1 𝑎 −1 𝑎
𝑆∞ = lim 𝑆𝑛 = lim 𝑎 = =
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑟−1 𝑟−1 1−𝑟

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟

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 Area of an equilateral triangle is 1 sq. unit. The mid points of its sides are joined to
form another triangle 𝑃1 , hence dividing the original triangle into 4 smaller triangles.
The mid points of the sides of one of these smaller triangles are joined to form
another triangle 𝑃2 . This process continues infinitely. Find the sum of areas of
triangles 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 ...
Solution: 1 6
4

1 5
2 3
1 1 1
4

1 4

𝑆∞ = + + +⋯
4

For an equilateral 1 3 4 4 4
𝐴 4

triangle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 1
𝑎
1 2 𝑆∞ = = 4
1−𝑟 1−1
4
4
1
𝑀 𝑁 1
1 1 =4=
3 3
4 4

𝐵 𝑂 𝐶 1
𝑎𝑟 ∆ 𝑀𝑁𝑂 = 𝑎𝑟 ∆ 𝐴𝑀𝑁 = 𝑎𝑟 ∆ 𝐵𝑀𝑂 = 𝑎𝑟 ∆ 𝐶𝑁𝑂 = 𝑎𝑟 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
4
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 = + +

+ +
=

2 1
Return To Top 3 3
 + +
=

2 1
3 3

∞ 𝑛 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
෍ = + + + + + + +⋯=
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3
𝑛=1

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 1 1 1 1
The value of 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋯ ∞ is:
2 4 8 16

Solution:
1 1 1 1
+ + + +⋯∞ 𝑎
𝑆∞ = 2 2 22 23 24 𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
2
1−2
1 A 2
𝑆∞ = 2

𝑆∞ = 2 B 4

C 1

D 1
2

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 1 1
If for 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 = log10 𝑥 + log10 𝑥 3 + log10 𝑥 9 + ⋯ upto ∞ terms and
2+4+6+⋯+2𝑦 4
= , then the ordered pair 𝑥, 𝑦 is equal to:
3+6+9+⋯+3𝑦 log10 𝑥

Solution: JEE Main Aug 2021

1 1
𝑦 = log10 𝑥 + log10 𝑥 3 + log10 𝑥 9 + ⋯ ∞
1 1
= log10 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 3 ⋅ 𝑥 9 … ∞ log 𝑚1 + log 𝑚2 + ⋯ + log 𝑚𝑛 = log 𝑚1 𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑚𝑛
1 1
= log10 𝑥 1+3+9+∞

1 𝑎
1−
1 𝑆∞ =
= log10 𝑥 3 1−𝑟

3
= log10 𝑥 2

3
∴ 𝑦 = log10 𝑥
2

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 1 1
If for 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 = log10 𝑥 + log10 𝑥 3 + log10 𝑥 9 + ⋯ upto ∞ terms and
2+4+6+⋯+2𝑦 4
= , then the ordered pair 𝑥, 𝑦 is equal to:
3+6+9+⋯+3𝑦 log10 𝑥

Solution: JEE Main Aug 2021

3
∴ 𝑦 = log10 𝑥
2

2+4+6+⋯+2𝑦 4 A 10 6
106,,99
=
3+6+9+⋯+3𝑦 log10 𝑥

⇒
2(1+2+3+⋯+𝑦)
=
4
B 106 , 6
3(1+2+3+⋯+𝑦) log10 𝑥

2 4
⇒ =
3 log10 𝑥 C 104 , 6
⇒ log10 𝑥 = 6
D 102 , 3
⇒ 𝑥 = 106

∴𝑦 = ×6=9
3
log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑎
2
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 Properties of G.P.

➢ Property I

If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P. , then 𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑐

𝑏 𝑐
= =r
𝑎 𝑏

⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑐
➢ Property II

If all the terms of a G.P. are multiplied / divided/ raised by a constant ,

then the resultant sequence is also a G.P.
𝑎 , 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , … → G.P.

𝑎 × 𝑘, 𝑎𝑟 × 𝑘 , 𝑎𝑟 2 × 𝑘 , … → G.P. with common ratio as 𝑟 × 𝑘

𝑎𝑘 , 𝑎𝑟 𝑘 , 𝑎𝑟 2 𝑘 , … → G.P. with common ratio as 𝑟 𝑘

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 Properties of G.P.

➢ Property III

1
Reciprocal of all the terms of a G.P. is also a G.P. with common ratio as
𝑟
where 𝑟 is the common ratio of original G.P.

1 1 1 1
, , , … → G.P., with common ratio as
𝑎 𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟 2 𝑟
➢ Property IV

Product / division of two G.P.’s is also a G.P.

First G.P.: 𝑎 , 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , …
Second G.P.: 𝑏 , 𝑏𝑘, 𝑏𝑘 2 , …

Product : 𝑎. 𝑏 , 𝑎𝑟. 𝑏𝑘, 𝑎𝑟 2 . 𝑏𝑘 2 , … → G.P.

𝑎 𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟 2
Division : , , 2,… → G.P.
Return To Top 𝑏 𝑏𝑘 𝑏𝑘
 Properties of G.P.

➢ Property V

Product of terms equidistant from beginning and end, is equal to product

of first and last term.

G.P. : 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , ⋯ , 𝑡𝑛−2 , 𝑡𝑛−1 , 𝑡𝑛

𝑡1 . 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡2 . 𝑡𝑛−1 = 𝑡3 . 𝑡𝑛−2 = ⋯

Example

• 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
So, 2 × 32 = 4 × 16
64 = 64

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 Properties of G.P.

➢ Property VI

Square of every term except the first and last can be written as product of
terms equidistant from it.

G.P.: 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … , 𝑡𝑛−2 , 𝑡𝑛−1 , 𝑡𝑛

𝑡2 2 = 𝑡1 . 𝑡3

𝑡3 2 = 𝑡2 . 𝑡4 = 𝑡1 . 𝑡5

Example

• 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
So, 42 = 2 × 8 = 16
82 = 4 × 16 = 2 × 32 = 64
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 Properties of G.P.

➢ Property VII

In an G.P. :
➢ 3 consecutive numbers can be taken as
𝑎
, 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟

➢ 4 consecutive numbers can be taken as

𝑎 𝑎
3 , , 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 3
𝑟 𝑟

➢ 5 consecutive numbers can be taken as

𝑎 𝑎
2 , , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2
𝑟 𝑟

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 The product of first 11 terms of a G.P. , whose 6𝑡ℎ term is 5 , is :

Solution:
Square of every term except the first and
Let G.P be : 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … , 𝑡𝑛−2 , 𝑡𝑛−1 , 𝑡𝑛
last can be written as product of terms
𝑡6 = 5 (given) equidistant from it.

We know , 𝑡6 2 = 𝑡1 . 𝑡11 = 𝑡2 . 𝑡10 = 𝑡3 . 𝑡9 = 𝑡4 . 𝑡8 = 𝑡5 . 𝑡7 = 52

A 58
So, the product of the 11 terms is : 52 5 . 5 = 511
B 59

C 511

D 57

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 The product of three consecutive terms of a G.P. is 512. If 4 is added to
each of the first and the second of these terms, then the three terms now
form an A.P. Then the sum of the original three terms of the given G.P. is :
Solution: JEE Main Jan 2019
𝑎
Let three terms of G.P. are , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟
3 consecutive numbers
3 𝑎
∴ 𝑎 = 512 ⇒ 𝑎 = 8
can be taken as , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟
8
Now, term of G.P. are , 8, 8𝑟
𝑟
8
As per question, + 4, 12, 8𝑟 are in A.P.
𝑟
8
∴ 24 = 8𝑟 + +4
𝑟

2
⇒ 6 = 2𝑟 + + 1
𝑟

2
⇒ 5 = 2𝑟 +
𝑟

⇒ 2𝑟 2 − 5𝑟 + 2 = 0
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 The product of three consecutive terms of a G.P. is 512. If 4 is added to
each of the first and the second of these terms, then the three terms now
form an A.P. Then the sum of the original three terms of the given G.P. is :
Solution: JEE Main Jan 2019
𝑎
Let three terms of G.P. are , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟
A 36
2
⇒ 2𝑟 − 5𝑟 + 2 = 0

⇒ 2𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 − 𝑟 + 2 = 0 B 32
⇒ 2𝑟 𝑟 − 2 − 𝑟 − 2 = 0

⇒ 2𝑟 − 1 𝑟 − 2 = 0 C 28
1
⇒ 𝑟 = 2,
2

∴ 16, 8, 4 are the 3 terms of given G.P. D 24

Sum of terms = 16 + 8 + 4 = 28
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 Properties of G.P.
➢ Property VIII

If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are positive and are in G.P., then log 𝑎 , log 𝑏 , log 𝑐

are in A.P.

Proof:

G.P.: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
∴ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟 , 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑟 2
Now, consider log 𝑎 , log 𝑏 , log 𝑐

= log 𝑎 , log 𝑎𝑟 , log 𝑎𝑟 2

log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 = log 𝑚𝑛
= log 𝑎 , log 𝑎 + log 𝑟 , log 𝑎 + 2 log 𝑟 log 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑚

A.P.
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 Properties of G.P.
➢ Property IX

If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P. as well as G.P. , then 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐

Proof:
As 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P.
𝑎+𝑐
𝑏=
2

As 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P.

𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑐
𝑎+𝑐 2
Eliminating 𝑏 , = 𝑎𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 = 0
2
2
⇒ 𝑎−𝑐 =0

Return To Top
⇒𝑎=𝑐=𝑏
 Session 04
Geometric Mean &
Harmonic
Progression

Return To Top
 Geometric Mean

➢ If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P., then 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑐 = G.M. of 𝑎 & 𝑐. (𝑎, 𝑐 > 0)

1
➢ If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are 𝑛 numbers, then their G.M. is 𝑎1 . 𝑎2 . … . 𝑎𝑛 𝑛

1
e.g. G.M. of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is 𝑎𝑏𝑐 3

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 If arithmetic mean between positive numbers 𝑝 & 𝑞 (𝑝 ≥ 𝑞) is twice
their geometric mean, then 𝑝 ∶ 𝑞 is:
Solution:

𝑝+𝑞
𝑝+𝑞
= 2 𝑝𝑞 A.M. = , G.M. = 𝑝𝑞 A 1∶1
2 2

⇒ 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 4 𝑝𝑞
B 2∶1
Squaring both sides,

𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 + 2𝑝𝑞 = 16𝑝𝑞 ⇒ 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 − 14𝑝𝑞 = 0

C 2+ 3∶2− 3
𝑝 2 𝑝
⇒ − 14 +1=0
𝑞 𝑞

𝑝 14± 196−4 14±8 3

D 3∶1
⇒ = = =7±4 3
𝑞 2 2

Since 𝑝 ≥ 𝑞 ⇒ 𝑝 ≥ 1
𝑞
𝑝 2 2 2− 3 2+ 3
So, = 7 + 4 3 = 2 + 3 = 2+ 3 ×
2− 3
=
2− 3
𝑞
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 Key Takeaways
Insertion of 𝑛 Geometric Means
𝑎 , 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , 𝐺3 , ⋯ , 𝐺𝑛 , 𝑏
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡4 𝑡𝑛+1 𝑡𝑛+2
If 𝑎 & 𝑏 are two numbers such that 𝑎 , 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , … , 𝐺𝑛 , 𝑏 is a G.P. , then
𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , … , 𝐺𝑛 are known as 𝑛 geometric means between 𝑎 & 𝑏.
𝑎 , 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , … , 𝐺𝑛 , 𝑏 → G.P.
Let the common ratio of G.P. be 𝑟
1
𝑏 𝑛+1
𝑡𝑛+2 = 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛+2−1 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑎
1
𝑏 𝑛+1
𝐺1 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎
𝑎
2
2 𝑏 𝑛+1
𝐺2 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎
𝑎
⋮ 𝑛
𝑛 𝑏 𝑛+1
𝐺𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎
Return To Top 𝑎
 9 geometric means are inserted between 3 and 729. Then the fifth
geometric mean is :

Solution:
A 27 3
3, 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , 𝐺3 , 𝐺4 , 𝐺5 , 𝐺6 , 𝐺7 , 𝐺8 , 𝐺9 , 729 → G.P.

Here 𝑏 = 729 𝑎=3 𝑛=9 B 27

1 1
1
𝑏 𝑛+1 729 10
𝑟= = = 243 10
C
𝑎 3 81
1 1
⇒ 𝑟 = 35 10 ⇒ 𝑟 = 32 ⇒ 𝑟 = 3
D 243
5
5 2
𝐺5 = 𝑡6 = 𝑎𝑟 = 3 3 =3×3 × 3

∴ 𝐺5 = 27 3

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 Geometric Mean

Product of 𝑛 geometric means between two numbers:

Product of 𝑛 Geometric Mean between two numbers 𝑎 & 𝑏, is equal to 𝑛𝑡ℎ

power of the single G.M. between 𝑎 & 𝑏 i.e., If 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , … , 𝐺𝑛 are 𝑛 geometric
means between 𝑎 & 𝑏, then 𝐺1 . 𝐺2 . … . 𝐺𝑛 = 𝐺 𝑛 , where 𝐺 is G.M. of 𝑎 & 𝑏

Proof
𝑎, 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , … , 𝐺𝑛 , 𝑏 → G.P.

𝐺1 . 𝐺2 . … . 𝐺𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 ⋅ 𝑎𝑟 2 … 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 ⋅ 𝑟 1+2+⋯+𝑛

𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑛
=𝑎 ⋅𝑟 2
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎+𝑙
2
𝑛
𝑛 𝑏 2 1
=𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 𝑛+1
𝑎 𝑟=
𝑎
𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐺𝑛
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 1
The product of 6 geometric means between 8 and is :
16

Solution :
𝐺1 ⋅ 𝐺2 . … . 𝐺6 = 𝐺 6
1
8, 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , ⋯ , 𝐺𝑛 , → G.P.
16

1 1 1 A 1
𝐺𝑀 of 8, = 8⋅ = 16
16 16 2

1 6 1
B 1
⇒ 𝐺1 . 𝐺2 . … . 𝐺6 = = 8
2 8

C 1
2

D 1
4

Return To Top
 Key Takeaways
Harmonic Progression:
A sequence is said to be in H.P., if the reciprocal of its terms are in A.P.

Example
1 1 1
𝑖 1 , , , , … → 𝐻. 𝑃. (since 1, 3, 5, 7, … → 𝐴. 𝑃.)
3 5 7

1 1 1
𝑖𝑖 , −1 , − , − , … → 𝐻. 𝑃. (since 2, −1, −4, −7, … → 𝐴. 𝑃.)
2 4 7

General term of Harmonic Progression:

➢ For general term of H.P., we write general term of corresponding A.P.,
and then take its reciprocal.
1
➢ In general, 𝑇𝑛 of H.P. = , where 𝑎 & 𝑑 are first term and common
𝑎+ 𝑛−1 𝑑
difference of the corresponding A.P. respectively.

Note
There is no formula for sum of 𝑛 terms of an H.P.
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 1 1 3
If the 3𝑟𝑑 , 6𝑡ℎ and the last term of an H.P. are , , respectively,
3 5 203
then the number of terms in H.P. is equal to ______.

Solution :
203
3𝑟𝑑 , 6𝑡ℎ and the last term of corresponding A.P are 3,5,
3

Let 𝑎 & 𝑑 be the first term and common difference of corresponding A.P. respectively.

𝑡3 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 3 ⋯ (𝑖)

𝑡6 = 𝑎 + 5𝑑 = 5 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
2 5
By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑑= , 𝑎=
3 3

5 2 203
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 = + 𝑛 − 1 =
3 3 3

⇒ 2 𝑛 − 1 = 198 ⇒ 𝑛 − 1 = 99

⇒ 𝑛 = 100
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 Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … be in harmonic progression with 𝑎1 = 5 and 𝑎20 = 25.
The least positive integer 𝑛 for which 𝑎𝑛 < 0 is:
IIT JEE 2012
Solution:
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ → H.P.
1 1 1
⇒ , , , ⋯ → A.P.
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
A 22
1 1
⇒ = + 𝑛−1 𝑑
𝑎𝑛 𝑎1
1 5
−
⇒
1
=
1
+ 19𝑑 ⇒ 𝑑 =
25 25
=−
4
B 23
𝑎20 𝑎1 19 19×25

Given that 𝑎𝑛 < 0

C 24
1 4
⇒ + 𝑛−1 − <0
𝑎1 19×25

4 (𝑛−1) D 25
⇒ >1 ∵ 𝑎1 = 5
19×5
19×5
⇒ 𝑛−1 >
4
19×5
⇒𝑛> + 1 ⇒ 𝑛 > 24.75 ⇒ 𝑛 ≥ 25
4
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 Properties of H.P.

➢ Property I

2𝑎𝑐
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are three consecutive terms in H.P., then 𝑏 =
𝑎+𝑐

Proof
1 1 1
, , are in A.P.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
2 1 1
⇒ = +
𝑏 𝑎 𝑐
2 𝑎+𝑐 2𝑎𝑐
⇒ = ⇒𝑏=
𝑏 𝑎𝑐 𝑎+𝑐

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 Properties of H.P.

➢ Property II

If all terms of an H.P. are multiplied or divided by a constant,

then the resultant progression is also an H.P.

Example

1 1
1 , , , … → H.P. ×𝑘
3 5

𝑘 𝑘 1 3 5
𝑘, , , … → H.P. (Since , , , … → A.P.)
3 5 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

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 𝐻 𝐻
If 𝑎, 𝐻, 𝑏 are in H.P., then the value of + − 1 is ______.
2𝑎 2𝑏

Solution:
2𝑎𝑏
𝐻=
𝑎+𝑏 A 0

𝐻 𝑏 𝐻 𝑎
⇒ = , =
2𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 2𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 B 1
𝐻 𝐻 𝑏 𝑎
∴ + −1= + −1
2𝑎 2𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 C 2
=0
D 3

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 Let the positive numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 be in A.P. Then 𝑎𝑏𝑐, 𝑎𝑏𝑑, 𝑎𝑐𝑑, 𝑏𝑐𝑑 are:

Solution:

𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 → A.P. ⇒ 𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎 → A.P.
A Not in A.P. nor G.P.
1 1 1 1 nor H.P.
𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎 → A.P. ⇒ , , , → H.P.
𝑑 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎

Multiply by 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑, B in A.P.

𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑

, , , → H.P.
𝑑 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎 C in G.P.

∴ 𝑎𝑏𝑐, 𝑎𝑏𝑑, 𝑎𝑐𝑑, 𝑏𝑐𝑑 → H.P.

D in H.P.

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 Harmonic Mean

2𝑎𝑐
➢ If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in H.P., then 𝑏 = = 𝐻. 𝑀. of 𝑎 & 𝑐
𝑎+𝑐

𝑛
➢ If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are 𝑛 numbers, then their H.M. is 1 1 1
+ +⋯+
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛
3
e.g. H.M. of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is 1 1 1
+ +
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

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 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛−1
If the harmonic mean of two distinct numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 is , then the
𝑎𝑛−2 + 𝑏𝑛−2
value of 𝑛 is ______.
Solution:
2𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑏 𝑛−1
H.M. of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is = 𝑛−2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛−2

⇒ 2𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑏 𝑛−1 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑛−1 + 𝑏 𝑛

⇒ 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑛−1 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 0

⇒ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑏 𝑛−1 − 𝑏 𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑏 𝑛−1 = 0

⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑏 𝑛−1 = 0

⇒ 𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑏 𝑛−1 = 0 ∵𝑎≠𝑏

⇒ 𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑏 𝑛−1

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 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛−1
If the harmonic mean of two distinct numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 is , then the
𝑎𝑛−2 + 𝑏𝑛−2
value of 𝑛 is ______.
Solution:
𝑎𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑛−1 = 1
𝑏

𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑎 0
⇒ =1=
𝑏 𝑏

⇒𝑛−1=0

∴𝑛=1

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 Key Takeaways

Insertion of 𝑛 Harmonic Means between two Numbers

➢ If 𝑎 & 𝑏 are two numbers such that 𝑎, 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , … , 𝐻𝑛 , 𝑏 is an H.P. , then

𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , … , 𝐻𝑛 are known as 𝑛 harmonic means between 𝑎 & 𝑏.

1 1
1 1 1 1 1 −
, , ,…, , → 𝐴. 𝑃. ⇒ 𝑑 = 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻𝑛 𝑏 𝑛+1

1 1 1
Let = 𝐴1 , = 𝐴2 , … , = 𝐴𝑛
𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻𝑛

1 1
So, , 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝑛 , → 𝐴. 𝑃.
𝑎 𝑏

𝑛 arithmetic means
1 1
➢ Insert 𝑛 arithmetic means between & and find 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝑛
𝑎 𝑏

and thus, we will get 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , … , 𝐻𝑛

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 2 2
Insert 4 harmonic means between and .
3 13

Solution:
Let 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , 𝐻4 be the four harmonic means.

2 2
⇒ , 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , 𝐻4 , → H.P.
3 13

3 1 1 1 1 13
⇒ , , , , , → A.P.
2 𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3 𝐻4 2

6 terms
Let the common difference of the A.P.= 𝑑
13 3
− 5
𝑑= 2 2⇒𝑑= =1
4+1 5
3
𝑎 = ,𝑑 = 1
2

3 5 7 9 11 13
⇒ A.P. → , , , , , Thus, 4 H.M.’s are :
2 2 2
, , ,
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 5 7 9 11
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 Let cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 , cos 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 be in H.P., where 𝑦 ≠ 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ. If . denotes
𝑦
the greatest integer function, then the value of cos 𝑥 sec is/are:
2

Solution:
cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 , cos 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 are in H.P.

2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + 𝑦
⇒ cos 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦

2 cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑦
⇒ cos 𝑥 =
2 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦

⇒ cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑦

⇒ cos 2 𝑥 − cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin2 𝑦 = 0

⇒ cos 2 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑦 − sin2 𝑦 = 0

⇒ cos 2 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑦 − 1 − cos 𝑦 1 + cos 𝑦 = 0

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 Let cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 , cos 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 be in H.P., where 𝑦 ≠ 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ. If . denotes
𝑦
the greatest integer function, then the value of cos 𝑥 sec is/are:
2

Solution:
∵ 𝑦 ≠ 2𝑛𝜋 ⇒ cos 𝑦 ≠ 1 ⇒ 1 − cos 𝑦 ≠ 0
2
A −2
⇒ cos 𝑥 − 1 − cos 𝑦 = 0

⇒ cos 2 𝑥 = 1 + cos 𝑦
B −1
𝑦
⇒ cos 2 𝑥 = 2 cos 2
2

cos2 𝑥
C 0
⇒ 𝑦 =2
cos2
2

⇒
cos 𝑥
=± 2 D 1
𝑦
cos
2

𝑦 𝑦
⇒ cos 𝑥 × sec = 2 or − 2 ∴ cos 𝑥 × sec = 1, −2
2 2

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 Session 05
A.M., G.M. & H.M
Inequality and
A.G.P.

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 Relation between A.M., G.M. & H.M. of Positive Quantities

➢ If 𝑎 & 𝑏 are two positive quantities, then

𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
𝐴. 𝑀. 𝐴 = ; 𝐺. 𝑀. 𝐺 = 𝑎𝑏 ; 𝐻. 𝑀. 𝐻 = 𝑎+𝑏
2

𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
𝐴𝐻 = ⋅ = 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐺 2
2 𝑎+𝑏

∴ 𝐺 2 = 𝐴𝐻 ( valid for two positive numbers only )

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 Key Takeaways

Relation between A.M., G.M. & H.M. of positive quantities

➢ If 𝐴, 𝐺, 𝐻 denote the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means respectively,
then for two positive quantities 𝑎 & 𝑏, 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ≥ 𝐻 (equality occurs when 𝑎 = 𝑏)
Proof
𝑎+𝑏
𝐴. 𝑀. 𝐴 =
2

𝐺. 𝑀. 𝐺 = 𝑎𝑏
2𝑎𝑏
𝐻. 𝑀. 𝐻 =
𝑎+𝑏
2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏−2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎− 𝑏
𝐴−𝐺 = − 𝑎𝑏 = = ≥ 0 (equality occurs when 𝑎 = 𝑏)
2 2 2

∴ 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ⋯ (𝑖)
2𝑎𝑏
𝐺 − 𝐻 = 𝑎𝑏 −
𝑎+𝑏
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 Key Takeaways

➢ If 𝐴, 𝐺, 𝐻 denote the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means respectively,

then for two positive quantities 𝑎 & 𝑏, 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ≥ 𝐻 (equality occurs when 𝑎 = 𝑏)

Proof

∴ 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ⋯ (𝑖)

2𝑎𝑏
𝐺 − 𝐻 = 𝑎𝑏 −
𝑎+𝑏
2
𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎− 𝑏
= 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0 (equality occurs when 𝑎 = 𝑏)
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏

∴ 𝐺 ≥ 𝐻 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 ,

𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ≥ 𝐻 (equality occurs when 𝑎 = 𝑏)

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 Key Takeaways

➢ If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are positive numbers, then

𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑛
𝐴. 𝑀. 𝐴 =
𝑛

1
𝐺. 𝑀. 𝐺 = 𝑎1 . 𝑎2 . … . 𝑎𝑛 𝑛

𝑛
𝐻. 𝑀. 𝐻 = 1 1 1
+ +⋯+
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛

Applying 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ≥ 𝐻,
1
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑛 𝑛
≥ 𝑎1 . 𝑎2 . … . 𝑎𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 1 1 1
𝑛 + +⋯+
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛

(equality occurs when 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = ⋯ = 𝑎𝑛 )

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 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0 such that 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 27, then the minimum value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is ______.

Solution:

As 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0,

Applying 𝐴. 𝑀. ≥ 𝐺. 𝑀.

1
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
⇒ ≥ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 3
3

⇒𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 ≥9

Thus, minimum value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is 9

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 1 1 1
If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 > 0, then prove that 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + + ≥ 9.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

Solution:
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 > 0

Applying A.M. ≥ H.M.

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 3
≥1 1 1
3 + +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

1 1 1
⇒ 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 + + ≥9
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

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 1
For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0 , what is the range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + ?
𝑥

Solution:
1
1
If 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 and both are positive If 𝑥 < 0, −𝑥 > 0 & − > 0
𝑥 𝑥

1
Applying A.M. ≥ G.M. Applying A.M. ≥ G.M. between −𝑥 & − ,
𝑥
1 1
𝑥+ −𝑥 + −
⇒ 𝑥≥1 𝑥≥ 1
2 −𝑥 ⋅ −
2 𝑥
1
⇒𝑥+ ≥2
𝑥 1
𝑥+
⇒− 𝑥 ≥ 1 Multiply by −2 on both the sides
2

1
⇒ 𝑥 + ≤ −2
𝑥

1
∴ 𝑥 + ∈ −∞, −2 ∪ 2, ∞ for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {0}
𝑥

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 If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 3 and 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0, then the greatest value of 𝑎2𝑏3𝑐2 is ______.

Solution:
A 310.24
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =3⇒ + + + + + + =3 77
2 2 3 3 3 2 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 B 39 .24
Applying AM ≥ GM on the numbers , , , , , ,
2 2 3 3 3 2 2 77
1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 3 7
2+2+3+3+3+2+2≥ 39 .25
2 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 C
7 2 3 2 77
1
3 𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑐 2 7 37 𝑎 2 𝑏 3 𝑐 2 D 310.25
⇒ ≥ ⇒ 7≥ 4 3 77
7 24 ⋅ 33 7 2 ⋅3

310 . 24
⇒ ≥ 𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑐 2
77
310 . 24
∴ Greatest value of 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 is
2 3 2
77
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 Key Takeaways
Arithmetic - Geometric Progression (A.G.P.)

Definition: An A.G.P. is a sequence whose each term is product of corresponding

terms of an A.P. and a G.P.

Example

1 ⋅ 2 , 3 ⋅ 22 , 5 ⋅ 23 , 7 ⋅ 24 , … is an A.G.P.

where A.P. is 1, 3, 5, 7, … and G.P. is 2, 22 , 23 , 24 , …

𝑛𝑡ℎ term of A.G.P. is product of 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of A.P. and 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of G.P.

𝑛𝑡ℎ term of 1 ⋅ 2 , 3 ⋅ 22 , 5 ⋅ 23 , 7 ⋅ 24 , … is 1 + 𝑛 − 1 2 2 ⋅ 2𝑛−1 = 2𝑛 − 1 ⋅ 2𝑛

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 Key Takeaways
Sum of 𝑛 terms of an Arithmetic – Geometric Sequence
Let the series be : 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 2 + ⋯ + up to 𝑛th term

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−2 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−1

Multiplying by 𝑟,
𝑟𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 2 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−2 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−1

− 𝑟𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 2 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑟 𝑎 + 𝑑 − 𝑎 + 𝑟 2 𝑎 + 2𝑑 − 𝑎 − 𝑑 + ⋯ + 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 − 𝑎 − 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 − 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 𝑟 𝑛

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑟 1 + 𝑑𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑟 𝑛−1 − 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

𝑑𝑟 1 − 𝑟 𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 + − 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟𝑛
1−𝑟
𝑎 𝑑𝑟 1 − 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = + − ,𝑟 ≠ 1
1−𝑟 1−𝑟 2 1−𝑟
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 If 10 9 + 2 11 1
10 8
+ 3 11 2
10 7
+ ⋯ + 10 11 9
= 𝑘 10 9 , then 𝑘 is
equal to: JEE Main 2014
Solution:
9 1 8 2 7 9 9
10 + 2 11 10 + 3 11 10 + ⋯ 10 11 = 𝑘 10

11 11 2 11 9
⇒𝑘 =1+2 +3 + ⋯ + 10 ⋯ 𝑖
10 10 10

11
Multiply equation 𝑖 with ,
10

11 11 11 2 11 3 11 9 11 10
⇒ 𝑘= +2 +3 +⋯9 + 10 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
10 10 10 10 10 10

Subtracting equation 𝑖𝑖 from equation 𝑖 , we get

𝑘 11 11 2 11 3 11 9 11 10
− =1+ + + +⋯ − 10
10 10 10 10 10 10

11 10
𝑘 1 −1 11 10
10
⇒− = 11 − 10
10 −1 10
10

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 If 10 9 + 2 11 1
10 8
+ 3 11 2
10 7
+ ⋯ + 10 11 9
= 𝑘 10 9 , then 𝑘 is
equal to: JEE Main 2014
Solution:
11 10
𝑘 1
10
−1 11 10 A 121
⇒− = 11 − 10 10
10 −1 10
10

𝑘 11 10 11 10 B 441
⇒− = − 1 10 − 10 100
10 10 10

𝑘 11 10 11 10 C 100
⇒− = 10 − 10 − 10
10 10 10

𝑘
⇒
10
= 10 D 110

⇒ 𝑘 = 100

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 Sum of 𝑛 terms of an Arithmetic – Geometric Sequence
𝑎 𝑑𝑟 1−𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎+ 𝑛−1 𝑑 ⋅𝑟 𝑛
➢ 𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
+
1−𝑟 2
−
1−𝑟
,𝑟 ≠ 1

𝑎 𝑑𝑟
➢ 𝑆∞ = + , 𝑟 < 1 , 𝑛 → ∞, 𝑟 𝑛 → 0
1−𝑟 1−𝑟 2

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 4 7 10
Find the sum of the series 1 + + + + ⋯up to ∞ terms.
5 52 53

Solution:
4 7 10
Let 𝑆 = 1 + + + + ⋯∞
5 52 53

𝑆 1 4 7
= + + + ⋯∞
5 5 52 53

Subtracting above two equations,

4𝑆 3 3 3 3
=1+ + + + + ⋯∞
5 5 52 53 54

5 1 1 1 1
⇒𝑆= 1+3 + 2 + 3 + + ⋯∞
4 5 5 5 54

1 𝑎
5 5 𝑆∞ =
⇒𝑆= 1+3 1 1−𝑟
4 1−
5

5 3 5 7
⇒𝑆= 1+ = ×
4 4 4 4

35
⇒𝑆=
16
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 Summation of Series:

• Series are often represented in compact form, using sigma σ notation.

Example:
𝑛

𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖
𝑖=1

Here, 𝑖 is the index of summation.

Lower Limit = 1

Upper Limit = 𝑛

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 Property I:

• ෍ 𝑘 = 𝑛𝑘; 𝑘 is a constant
𝑖=1

Proof : ෍𝑘 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + ⋯ 𝑛 times = 𝑛𝑘
𝑖=1

Example:
𝑛

෍3 = 3 + 3 + 3 + ⋯ 𝑛 times = 3𝑛
𝑖=1

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 Property II:
𝑛 𝑛

• ෍ 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑎𝑖 = 𝑘 ෍𝑎𝑖 ; 𝑘 is a constant
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛
Proof : ෍ 𝑘𝑎𝑖 = 𝑘𝑎1 + 𝑘𝑎2 + 𝑘𝑎3 + ⋯ = 𝑘(𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ ) = 𝑘 ෍ 𝑎𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Property III:

• σ operator is distributive over addition and subtraction.

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

• ෍ 𝑎𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑖 = ෍𝑎𝑖 ± ෍ 𝑏𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Example:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2
෍ 𝑥+𝑥 = ෍𝑥 + ෍ 𝑥 2
𝑥=1 𝑥= 1 𝑥= 1

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 Property IV:

• σ operator is not distributive over multiplication and division.

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

• ෍ 𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟′ ≠ ෍ 𝑇𝑟 ෍𝑇𝑟′
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1

𝑛 ෍ 𝑇𝑟

• ෍
𝑇𝑟
𝑇𝑟′
≠
𝑟=1
𝑛
𝑟=1 ෍ 𝑇𝑟′
𝑟=1

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 Key Takeaways

Formulas for Summation

𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
➢ ෍𝑟 = 1+2 +3 +4 +5 +⋯+𝑛 =
2
𝑟=1

𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
➢ ෍ 𝑟 2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + ⋯ + 𝑛 2 =
6
𝑟=1

𝑛 2
𝑛 𝑛+1
➢ ෍ 𝑟 3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53 + ⋯ + 𝑛 3 =
2
𝑟=1

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 Key Takeaways

Formulas for Summation

𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
➢ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2

1 2 3 4 5

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 Key Takeaways

Formulas for Summation

𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
➢ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2

𝑛
𝑛

𝑛+1
σ𝑟 + σ𝑟 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
⇒ 2σ𝑟 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑛 𝑛+1
⇒ σ𝑟 =
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 Session 06
Summation of
Series

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 Key Takeaways
Formulas for Summation
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
➢ ෍𝑟 = 1+2 +3 +4 +5 +⋯+𝑛 =
2
𝑟=1
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
➢ ෍ 𝑟 2 = 1 2 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + ⋯ + 𝑛 2 =
6
𝑟=1

𝑛 2
3 3 3 3 3
𝑛 𝑛+1
3 3
➢ ෍𝑟 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2
𝑟=1

Summation of Series

➢ Consider a series 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛 ,
which is neither an A.P. , G.P. or A.G.P.
To get sum up to 𝑛 terms, first we have to get the general term i.e., 𝑡𝑛

Then 𝑆𝑛 = σ 𝑡𝑛
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 The sum up to 𝑛 terms of the series, whose general term is
(𝑖) 3𝑟 + 2 𝑖𝑖 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟

Solution:
𝑖 𝑡𝑛 = 3𝑟 + 2 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛+1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 3𝑟 + 2 ෍𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟
𝑟=1 2 𝑟=1
𝑟=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 ෍ 𝑟 + ෍ 2 = ෍𝑟 −෍3 2 𝑟 ෍ 𝑟2 =
6
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
𝑟=1 𝑟=1

3𝑛 𝑛 + 1 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = + 2𝑛 ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = − 3 + 32 + 33 + ⋯ + 3𝑛
2 6

𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 3 3𝑛 − 1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = −
6 2

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 The sum 42 + 52 + 62 + ⋯ + 152 is equal to:

Solution:
𝑆 = 42 + 52 + 62 + ⋯ + 152

= 12 + 22 + ⋯ + 152 − 12 + 22 + 32

15×16×31 𝑛
= − 14 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
6 ෍ 𝑟2 =
6
𝑟=1
= 1240 − 14

= 1226

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 The sum 42 + 52 + 62 + ⋯ + 152 is equal to:

A 1240

B 25
1226

C 1216

D 1200

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 If the sum of first 𝑛 terms of an A.P. is 3𝑛2 , then the sum of the squares
of its first 15 terms is :

Solution:

Given, 𝑆𝑛 = 3𝑛2

⇒ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1 = 3 2𝑛 − 1

15 15
2
Required sum = ෍ 𝑡𝑟2 = ෍ 3 2𝑟 − 1
𝑟=1 𝑟=1

15 15 15 15

= 9 ෍ 4𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 + 1 = 9 ෍ 4𝑟 2 −9 ෍ 4𝑟+9 ෍ 1
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1

15 × 16 × 31 15 × 16
=9 4 −4 + 15
6 2

= 9 × 4495 = 40455
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 If the sum of first 𝑛 terms of an A.P. is 3𝑛2 , then the sum of the squares
of its first 15 terms is :

A 44045

B 44055

C 40445

D 40455

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 The sum of the following series
9(12 +22 +32 ) 12(12 +22 +32 +42 ) 15(12 +22 +32 +42 +52 )
1+6+ + + + ⋯ upto 15 terms, is:
7 9 11
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:
9 12 + 22 + 32 12 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 15 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52
Let 𝑆 = 1 + 6 + + + + ⋯ up to 15 terms
7 9 11
3 12 6 12 + 22 9 12 + 22 + 32 12 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 15 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52
⇒𝑆= + + + + + ⋯ up to 15 terms
3 5 7 9 11
𝑛
3𝑟 12 + 22 + ⋯ + 𝑟 2 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
General term: 𝑡𝑟 = ෍ 𝑟2 =
2𝑟 + 1 6
𝑟=1
𝑟 𝑟 + 1 2𝑟 + 1
3𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟 + 1
6
= =
2𝑟 + 1 2

15 15
𝑟3 + 𝑟2
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑇𝑟 = ෍
2
𝑟=1 𝑟=1

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 The sum of the following series
9(12 +22 +32 ) 12(12 +22 +32 +42 ) 15(12 +22 +32 +42 +52 )
1+6+ + + + ⋯ upto 15 terms, is:
7 9 11
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:
𝑛
15
𝑟3 + 𝑟2 ෍ 𝑟2 =
𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 A 7510
𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 6
2 𝑟=1
𝑟=1
𝑛 2
15 15 ෍ 𝑟3 =
𝑛 𝑛+1 B 7830
1 1 2
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑟 3 + ෍ 𝑟 2 𝑟=1
2 2
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
C 7520
2
1 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = +
2 2 6
D 7820
Put 𝑛 = 15

1 15×16 2 15×16×31
⇒ 𝑆15 = + = 7820
2 2 6

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 If the sum of the first 15 terms of the series
3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3
+ 1 + 2 + 33 + 3 + ⋯ is equal to 225𝑘, then 𝑘 is
4 2 4 4
equal to:
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:
3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3
+ 1 + 2 +3 + 3 +⋯
4 2 4 4

3 3 3 3 9 3 15 3
= + + + 33 + +⋯
4 2 4 4

3 3 6 3 9 3 12 3 15 3
= + + + + +⋯
4 4 4 4 4

3 3
= [13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ upto 15 terms]
4

3 3 15×16 2
= ×
4 2

27
= × 225 × 64 = 27 × 225 ∴ 𝑘 = 27
64

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 If the sum of the first 15 terms of the series
3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3
+ 1 + 2 + 33 + 3 + ⋯ is equal to 225𝑘, then 𝑘 is
4 2 4 4
equal to:
JEE Main Jan 2019

A 9

B 27

C 54

D 108

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 Key Takeaways

Method of Difference to get 𝑡𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛

Subtracting,
0 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 + 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑛

𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 + 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1
where 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 , 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 , … , 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1 is either an A.P. or a G.P. whose sum
could be found out.

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 For the arrangement of balls shown below, find the total number of balls
if the process continues for 50 times.

Solution:

50 rows
⋯

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 Number of balls in 1st row 𝑎1 = 1

Number of balls in 2nd row 𝑎2 = 3

Number of balls in 3rd row 𝑎3 = 6

50 rows
Number of balls in 4th row 𝑎4 = 10

Number of balls in 5th row 𝑎5 = 15

∴ Number of balls if the series continues for 𝑛 rows:

⋯
𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛
−
0 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
𝑛 𝑛+1
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑛 =
2

1 𝑛
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 + Number of balls in 𝑛th row
2 2

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 1 𝑛
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 + Number of balls in 𝑛th row
2 2

50 rows
∴ Total number of balls till 𝑛th row:
𝑛 𝑛
1 2 𝑖
𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖 = ෍ 𝑖 +
2 2

⋯
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
1 1
= ෍ 𝑖2 + ෍ 𝑖
2 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

1 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 1 𝑛 𝑛+1
= × + ×
2 6 2 2

𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛 + 4
= +1 =
4 3 4 3

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 1 𝑛
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 + Number of balls in 𝑛th row
2 2

50 rows
∴ Total number of balls till 𝑛th row:

𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2
𝑆𝑛 =
6

⋯
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2
∴ Total number of balls till 𝑛𝑡ℎ row =
6

50 × 51 × 52
Total number of balls till 50𝑡ℎ row =
6

= 22100

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 Find the sum up to 𝑛 terms of 5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + ⋯

Solution:
𝑆 = 5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + … + 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛
𝑆= 5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + … + 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛

0 = 5 + 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 + ⋯ + 2 × 3𝑛−2 − 𝑡𝑛

2 3𝑛−1 − 1 2 3𝑛−1 − 1
⇒ 𝑡𝑛 = 5 + =5+ = 4 + 3𝑛−1
3−1 2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑡𝑟 = ෍ 4 + 3𝑟−1 = ෍ 4 + ෍ 3𝑟−1
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1

= 1 + 3 + 32 + ⋯ + 3𝑛−1 + 4𝑛

3𝑛 − 1
∴ 𝑆𝑛 = + 4𝑛
2
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 The sum of 𝑛 terms of the series 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + ⋯ is :
Solution:
Let 𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + . . . + 𝑇𝑛

𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + . . . + 𝑇𝑛

0 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 12 + ⋯ + (𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛−1 ) − 𝑇𝑛

⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = 1 + (3 + 6 + 12 … )
3 2𝑛−1 −1
⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = 1 +
2−1

⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = 3 2𝑛−1 − 2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑇𝑘 ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 ෍ 2𝑘−1 − ෍ 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

2𝑛 −1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 1 + 2 + 22 + ⋯ 2𝑛−1 − 2𝑛 ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 − 2𝑛
2−1

⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 ⋅ 2𝑛 − 2𝑛 − 3
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 The sum of 𝑛 terms of the series 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + ⋯ is :

A 3 ⋅ 2𝑛 + 2𝑛 − 3

B 3 ⋅ 2𝑛 − 3𝑛 − 2

C 3 ⋅ 2𝑛 − 2𝑛 − 3

D 2 ⋅ 3𝑛 + 2𝑛 − 3

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 Special methods to find the sum of given series :

• General method of Subtraction : Let 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 ⋯ be the given sequence,

Stage I : First order difference,
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = Δ1 𝑡1
𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = Δ1 𝑡2
𝑡4 − 𝑡3 = Δ1 𝑡3
Stage II : Second order difference,
Δ1 𝑡2 − Δ1 𝑡1 = Δ2 𝑡1
Δ1 𝑡3 − Δ1 𝑡2 = Δ2 𝑡2
This process is continued till the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ order differences.

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 Case 1 :

• Either Equal : 𝑘𝑡ℎ order differences are all equal.

In this case the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is given by
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎0 𝑛𝑘 + 𝑎1 𝑛𝑘−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑘 , where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ⋯ can be calculated by
using first 𝑘 + 1 terms of the sequence.

Case 2 :

• In G.P: 𝑘𝑡ℎ order differences in G.P. with common ratio 𝑟 𝑟≠1

In this case the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is given by
𝑇𝑛 = 𝜆𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑎0 𝑛𝑘−1 + 𝑎1 𝑛𝑘−2 + ⋯ 𝑎𝑘−1 , where 𝜆, 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ⋯ can be
calculated by using first 𝑘 + 1 terms of the sequence.

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 The 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence 9, 16, 29, 54, 103, ⋯ is :

9 16 29 54 103

Stage I : 7 13 25 49

Stage II : 6 12 24

2𝑛𝑑 order differences are in G. P.

with common ratio 2

𝑘 𝑡ℎ order differences are in G. P.

with common ratio "𝑟" (𝑟 ≠ 1)
⇒ T𝑛 = 𝜆𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑎0 𝑛𝑘−1 + 𝑎1 𝑛𝑘−2 + . . . + 𝑎𝑘−1

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 The 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence 9, 16, 29, 54, 103, ⋯ is :

∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 2𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐

𝑇1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 9

𝑇2 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 16 𝑇3 = 4𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 29

⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 16 ⇒ 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 29

⇒𝑎+𝑏 =7 1 ⇒ 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 20 2

3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 20 𝑎=6

2𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 14 𝑏=1
𝑎=6
𝑐=2
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 The 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence 9, 16, 29, 54, 103, ⋯ is :

∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 2𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐 𝑎=6

⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = 6 ⋅ 2𝑛−1 + 1 ⋅ 𝑛 + 2 𝑏=1

∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 6 . 2𝑛−1 + 𝑛 + 2
𝑐=2
⇒ 𝑇10 = 3084

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 The 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence 9, 16, 29, 54, 103, ⋯ is :

A 3064

B 3124

C 3664

D 3084

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 Session 07

Special Series

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 Key Takeaways

Telescopic Series

Consider a sequence 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … , 𝑡𝑛

If 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑉𝑟 − 𝑉𝑟+1

i.e., 𝑡𝑟 can be expressed as difference of two consecutive terms of another sequence,

𝑛 𝑛

then 𝑆𝑛 = ෍ 𝑡𝑟 = ෍ 𝑉𝑟 − 𝑉𝑟+1 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 + ⋯ 𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉𝑛+1 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑛+1

𝑟=1 𝑟=1

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 1 1 1 1
+ + + …+ is equal to:
32 −1 52 −1 72 −1 (201)2 −1
JEE Main Mar 2021
1 1
Solution: 𝑇𝑟 = =
2𝑟 + 1 2 −1 2𝑟 + 1 + 1 2𝑟 + 1 − 1 A 101
404
1 1
⇒ 𝑇𝑟 = =
2 𝑟 + 1 ⋅ 2𝑟 4𝑟 𝑟 + 1 B 101
408
𝑟+1 −𝑟 1 𝑟+1 𝑟
⇒ 𝑇𝑟 = = −
4𝑟 𝑟 + 1 4𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 𝑟+1
C 99
400
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑇𝑟 = −
4 𝑟 𝑟+1
D 25
101
100 100
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑆100 = ෍ 𝑇𝑟 = ෍ −
4 𝑟 𝑟+1 ⇒𝑆 =4 1−
2
+ −
2 3
+ −
3 4
+ ⋯+ −
100 101
𝑟=1 𝑟=1

1 1 1 100 25
⇒𝑆= × 1− = × =
4 101 4 101 101
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 1 2 3
The sum to 𝑛 terms of the series + + + ⋯ is
1+12 +14 1+22 +24 1+32 +34
1 1
− then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 =
2 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 +𝑛𝑐 +𝑑𝑛4 +1

Solution:
Let 𝑇𝑟 be the 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term of the given series. Then,
𝑟 𝑟
𝑇𝑟 = =
1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟4 𝑟2 + 1 2 − 𝑟2
𝑟
= 2
𝑟 − 𝑟 + 1 𝑟2 + 𝑟 + 1
1 1 1
= −
2 𝑟2 − 𝑟 + 1 𝑟2 + 𝑟 + 1
𝑛 𝑛
1 1 1
∴ ෍ 𝑇𝑟 = ෍ 2 − 2
2 𝑟 −𝑟+1 𝑟 +𝑟+1
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
෍ 𝑇𝑟 = 1− + − + − + ⋯+ −
2 3 2 3 7 2 7 13 2 𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 1 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1
𝑟=1

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 1 2 3
The sum to 𝑛 terms of the series + + + ⋯ is
1+12 +14 1+22 +24 1+32 +34
1 1
− then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 =
2 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 +𝑛𝑐 +𝑑𝑛4 +1

Solution:
1 1
∴ 𝑆𝑛 = 1− 2
2 𝑛 +𝑛+1

Hence 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 1, 𝑑 = 0

∴𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 =2+2+1+0=5

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 1 2 3
The sum to 𝑛 terms of the series + + + ⋯ is
1+12 +14 1+22 +24 1+32 +34
1 1
− then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 =
2 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 +𝑛𝑐 +𝑑𝑛4 +1

A 5

B 8

C 4

D 6

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 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 + 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms is :

Solution:

Given:1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 + 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 + ⋯ 𝑛

𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 𝑟 + 3 , 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3, ⋯

1
⇒ 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 𝑟 + 3 𝑟+4 − 𝑟−1
5

1
⇒ 𝑡𝑟 = [𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 𝑟 + 3 𝑟 + 4 − 𝑟 − 1 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 𝑟 + 3 ]
5

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 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 + 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms is :

Solution:

𝑆𝑛 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛

1
= 1⋅2⋅3⋅4⋅5−0
5

1
+ 2⋅3⋅4⋅5⋅6−1⋅2⋅3⋅4⋅5
5

1
+ 3⋅4⋅5⋅6⋅7−2⋅3⋅4⋅5⋅6 +
5

⋮ ⋮
1
+ 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛+4 − 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3
5

1
∴ S𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛+4
5

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 Steps to find 𝑆𝑛 when 𝑡𝑟 is given:

• Step-1: Replace 𝑟 with 𝑛.

• Step-2: Multiply it by 1 more than (𝑛 + 𝑘 − 1) i.e. 𝑛 + 𝑘 , where 𝑘 = 1,2,3, . . .

• Step-3: Divide it by 1 more than the number of factors present in 𝑡𝑟 .

Results:

• 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛(𝑛+1)
2

• 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑟 + 1) ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
3

•
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 =
4

𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 ⋅⋅⋅(𝑛+𝑘)

• 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 ⋅⋅⋅ (𝑟 + 𝑘 − 1) ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑘+1
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 1 1 1 1 1 1
Let 𝑥 = 1+ 2 + 2 + 1+ 2 + 2 +⋯+ 1+ 2 +
1 2 2 3 2009 20102
2010 𝑥−2009
Then is equal to :
2010

1 1 𝑛2 𝑛+1 2 +(𝑛+1)2 +𝑛2

Let 𝑡𝑛 = 1+ 2 + =
𝑛 (𝑛+1)2 𝑛2 𝑛+1 2

(𝑛2 +𝑛+1)2
⇒ 𝑡𝑛 =
𝑛2 𝑛+1 2

𝑛2 +𝑛+1
=
𝑛(𝑛+1)

1
=1+
𝑛(𝑛+1)

1 1
=1+ −
𝑛 𝑛+1

1 1
∴ 𝑥 = σ2009 2009
𝑛=1 𝑡𝑛 = σ𝑛=1 1 + −
𝑛 𝑛+1
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 1 1 1 1 1 1
Let 𝑥 = 1+ 2 + 2 + 1+ 2 + 2 +⋯+ 1+ 2 +
1 2 2 3 2009 20102
2010 𝑥−2009
Then is equal to :
2010

1 1
⇒ 𝑥 = σ2009 2009
𝑛=1 1 + σ𝑛=1 −
𝑛 𝑛+1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2009 + 1− + − + − + ⋯+ −
2 2 3 3 4 2009 2010

1
= 2009 + 1 −
2010

2009
⇒𝑥− = 2009
2010

2010𝑥−2009
⇒ = 2009
2010

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 1 1 1 1 1 1
Let 𝑥 = 1+ + + 1 + + +⋯+ 1+ + .
12 22 22 32 20092 20102
2010 𝑥−2009
Then is equal to :
2010

A 2010

B 2009

C 1999

D 2000

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 3 5 7
The sum of 10 terms of the series + + + ⋯ is
12 ×22 22 ×32 32 ×42
JEE Main Aug 2021
Solution:
2𝑟 + 1
𝑇𝑟 = A 143
𝑟2 𝑟 + 1 2 144

𝑟 + 1 2 − 𝑟2 1 1
⇒ 𝑇𝑟 = = − B 99
𝑟 + 1 2𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟+1 2 100

𝑆10 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + ⋯ + 𝑇10
C 120
121
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑆10 = 1 − + − + ⋯ + −
22 22 32 102 112
D 1
121 − 1 120
⇒ 𝑆10 = =
121 121

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 Find the sum of given series up to 𝑛 terms :
1 1 1
+ + + ⋯ (𝑛 terms)
1⋅2⋅3 2⋅3⋅4 3⋅4⋅5

Solution :
1
𝑇𝑛 =
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2

Difference of first and last term of denominator= 2

1 1 1
𝑇𝑛 = −
difference 1st couple 2nd couple

1 1 1
𝑇𝑛 = −
2 𝑛(𝑛+1) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)

1 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = σ −
2 𝑛(𝑛+1) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = − + − + − ⋯ −
2 1⋅2 2⋅3 2⋅3 3⋅4 3⋅4 4⋅5 𝑛(𝑛+1) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)

1 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = −
2 1⋅2 𝑛+1 𝑛+2
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 EXPONENTIAL SERIES

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
• 𝑒𝑥 = 1 +
1!
+
2!
+
3!
+ ⋯; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

𝑥𝑟
• 𝑒 𝑥 = σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑟!

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
• 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 −
1!
+
2!
−
3!
+ ⋯; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

−1 𝑟 𝑥 𝑟
• 𝑒 −𝑥 = σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑟!

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 EXPONENTIAL SERIES

• 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
2
=1+
𝑥2
2!
+
𝑥4
4!
+⋯

𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑟
• 2
= σ∞
𝑟=0 (2𝑟)!

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥5
•
𝑥
= + + ⋯
2 1! 3! 5!

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑟+1
• 2
= σ∞
𝑟=0 (2𝑟+1)!

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 EXPANSION OF 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 > 𝑜

(loge 𝑎) (loge 𝑎)2

• 𝑎𝑥 = 1 +
1!
𝑥+
2!
𝑥2 + ⋯

•
1 1 1 1
𝑒 =1+ + + + ⋯ = σ∞
𝑟=0
1! 2! 3! 𝑟!

−1 𝑟
•
1 1 1
𝑒 −1 = 1 − + − + ⋯ = σ∞
𝑟=0
1! 2! 3! 𝑟!

𝑒+𝑒 −1
• 2
=1+
1
2!
+
1
4!
+ ⋯ = σ∞
𝑟=0 (2𝑟)!
1

𝑒−𝑒 −1
•
1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯ = σ∞
𝑟=0
2 1! 3! 5! (2𝑟+1)!

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 ∞
𝑛2 +6𝑛+10
The sum of the series ෍ is equal to :
2𝑛+1 !
𝑛=1

Solution: JEE MAIN FEB 2021

∞
2 +6𝑛+10
෍𝑛
2𝑛+1 !
𝑛=1

Put 2𝑛 + 1 = 𝑟, where 𝑟 = 3, 5, 7 …

𝑟−1
⇒𝑛=
2
𝑟−1 2 𝑟−1
𝑛2 +6𝑛+10 +6 +10 𝑟 2 +10𝑟+29
2 2
∴ = 𝑟−1 =
2𝑛+1 ! 2 2 +1 ! 4⋅𝑟!

Now,

෍𝑟(𝑟−1)+11𝑟+29 = 1 ෍ 1
+
11
+
29
4⋅𝑟! 4 𝑟−2 ! 𝑟−1 ! 𝑟!
𝑟=3,5,7… 𝑟=3,5,7…

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + … + 11 + + … + 29 + + …
4 1! 3! 5! 2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!

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 ∞
𝑛2 +6𝑛+10
The sum of the series ෍ is equal to :
2𝑛+1 !
𝑛=1

Solution: JEE MAIN FEB 2021

1 𝑒−𝑒 −1 𝑒+𝑒 −1 −2 𝑒−𝑒 −1 −2

= + 11 + 29
4 2 2 2

1 1 1
(∵ 𝑒 − 𝑒 −1 = 2 + + …
1! 3! 5!

1 1 11 29
= 𝑒 − + 11𝑒 + − 22 + 29𝑒 − − 58
8 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒

1 19
= 41𝑒 − − 80
8 𝑒

41𝑒 19 −1
= − 𝑒 − 10
8 8

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 ∞
𝑛2 +6𝑛+10
The sum of the series ෍ is equal to :
2𝑛+1 !
𝑛=1 JEE Main Feb 2021

A 41
𝑒+
19 −1
𝑒 − 10
8 8

B −
41
𝑒+
19 −1
𝑒 − 10
8 8

C 41
𝑒−
19 −1
𝑒 − 10
8 8

D 41
𝑒+
19 −1
𝑒 + 10
8 8

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 Logarithmic Series:

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
• If 𝑥 < 1, then log e 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 −
2
+
3
−
4
+⋯

∞
𝑥𝑟
• loge 1 + 𝑥 = ෍ −1
𝑟=`1
𝑟−1
𝑟

• The above expansion is also valid for 𝑥 = 1, loge2 = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯

1 1 1

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
• log e 1 − 𝑥 = −𝑥 −
2
−
3
−
4
−⋯

∞
𝑥𝑟
• log e 1 − 𝑥 = ෍ −
𝑟=`1
𝑟

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 Logarithmic Series:

1+𝑥
Consider, log e = log e 1 + 𝑥 − log e (1 − 𝑥)
1−𝑥

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
=𝑥− + − + ⋯ − −𝑥 − − − −⋯
2 3 4 2 3 4

𝑥3 𝑥5
=2 𝑥+ + +⋯
3 5

𝑥3 𝑥5 1 1+𝑥
⇒ 𝑥+ + + ⋯ = log 𝑒
3 5 2 1−𝑥

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 1 2 3 1
If 0 < 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + ⋯ , then the value of 𝑒 1+𝑦 at 𝑥 = is:
2 3 4 2

JEE Main Aug 2021

Solution:
1 2 3
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯
2 3 4

1 1 1
⇒𝑦 = 1− 𝑥2 + 1 − 𝑥3 + 1 − 𝑥4 + ⋯
2 3 4

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯ + − − − −⋯
2 3 4

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
⇒𝑦= +𝑥+ − − − − −⋯
1−𝑥 1 2 3 4

𝑥
⇒𝑦= + ln 1 − 𝑥
1−𝑥

1
⇒𝑦+1= + ln 1 − 𝑥
1−𝑥
1 1 1
𝑒 𝑦+1 = 𝑒 1−𝑥+ln 1−𝑥 = 𝑒 1−𝑥 × 𝑒 ln 1−𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 𝑒 1−𝑥
1 1
∴ at 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 𝑒 2
2 2
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 1 2 3 1
If 0 < 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + ⋯ , then the value of 𝑒 1+𝑦 at 𝑥 = is:
2 3 4 2

JEE Main Aug 2021

A 2𝑒

B 1 2
𝑒
2

C 2𝑒 2

D 1
𝑒
2

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 1 1 1 1
− + − +⋯∞ =
1⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅4 4⋅5
AIEEE 2003
Solution:
1 1 1
We know that, log e 2 = 1 − + − + ⋯
2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
Consider this: loge 2 = 1 − + − + − +⋯
2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1
⇒ log 𝑒 2 = + + +⋯ ⋯ 𝑖
1⋅2 3⋅4 5⋅6
1 1 1 1
Consider this: loge 2 = 1 + − + + − + +⋯
2 3 4 5
1 1 1
⇒ log 𝑒 2 = 1 − − − −⋯ ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
2⋅3 4⋅5 6⋅7

By adding 𝑖 and 𝑖𝑖 , we get

1 1 1 1
2 log 𝑒 2 = 1 + − + − +⋯
1⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅4 4⋅5
1 1 1 1
⇒ log 𝑒 4 − log 𝑒 𝑒 = − + − +⋯
1⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅4 4⋅5
4 1 1 1 1
⇒ log 𝑒 = − + − +⋯
𝑒 1⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅4 4⋅5

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 1 1 1 1
− + − +⋯∞ =
1⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅4 4⋅5
AIEEE 2003

A log 𝑒
4
𝑒

B log 𝑒
𝑒
4

C log 𝑒 4

D log 𝑒 2

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 1 1 1 1 1
The sum of + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋯ ∞ is
2 3 23 5 25

Solution:
1 1 1 1 1
𝑆= + ⋅ 3 + ⋅ + ⋯∞
2 3 2 5 25

𝑥3 𝑥5 1 1+𝑥
We know that, 𝑥 + + + ⋯ = log 𝑒
3 5 2 1−𝑥

1
At 𝑥 = we get,
2

1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1+
2
+ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋯ ∞ = ⋅ log 𝑒 1
2 3 23 5 25 2 1−
2

1
= ⋅ log 𝑒 3
2

= log𝑒 3

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 1 1 1 1 1
The sum of + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋯ ∞ is
2 3 23 5 25

A log 𝑒
3
2

B log 𝑒 3

C log 𝑒
1
2

D log 𝑒 3

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 The sum of the series log 4 2 − log 8 2 + log16 2 − ⋯ is

Solution:
𝑚
Since log 𝑦𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 = log 𝑦 𝑥 and log 𝑥 𝑥 = 1
𝑛

1 1 1 1
∴𝑆 = − + − +⋯
2 3 4 5

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
Also log 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − +⋯
2 3 4

Putting 𝑥 = 1
𝑆 = 1 − log 𝑒 2

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 The sum of the series log 4 2 − log 8 2 + log16 2 − ⋯ is

A 𝑒2

B log 𝑒 2

C log 𝑒 3 − 2

D 1 − log𝑒 2

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 THANK
YOU

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