Welcome to

Complex Numbers

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 Table of contents

Session 02 𝟐𝟖 Session 03 𝟔𝟏
Session 01 𝟎𝟑
Properties of Complex Numbers 32 De Moivre’s Theorem 62
Imaginary Number 04
Argument of Complex Number 34 Cube roots of Unity 67
Complex Number 07
Different forms of Complex Number 46 Properties of cube roots of Unity 69
Geometric Representation
and Argand Plane 09 Euler Form 48 𝑛 𝑡ℎ roots of Unity 74

Vector Form 51 Triangle Inequalities 81

Algebra of Complex Numbers 11
Properties of Argument 53 2 D Complex Number 86
Properties of Algebra of
16
Complex Numbers Rotational Theorem 55 Central Form of Circle 88

Conjugate of Complex Number 18

Properties of conjugate of Complex

20
Numbers

Modulus of Complex Number 23

Properties of Modulus of 25
Complex Number
Session 01
Introduction to
Complex Numbers

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Key Takeaways

Imaginary Number

➢ An imaginary number is a number whose square is a negative real number.

➢ Square root of −1 is represented by 𝑖 (iota) i.e., 𝑖 = −1 or 𝑖 2 = −1

➢ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 At least one of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is non-negative

➢ 𝑎𝑏 = − 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 <0&𝑏<0

Example

• 𝑥2 + 16 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥2 = −16 ⇒ 𝑥2 = 16 × −1
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 16 × 𝑖 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 4𝑖 2

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑖 2
=0
⇒ 𝑥 + 4𝑖 𝑥 − 4𝑖 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±4𝑖
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Key Takeaways

Imaginary Number

Integral powers of iota For 𝑛 ∈ ℤ,

➢ 𝑖 = −1 ➢ 𝑖 4𝑛 = 1

➢ 𝑖 2 = −1 ➢ 𝑖 4𝑛+1 = 𝑖

➢ 𝑖 3 = −𝑖 ➢ 𝑖 4𝑛+2 = −1

➢ 𝑖4 = 𝑖2 ⋅ 𝑖2 = 1 ➢ 𝑖 4𝑛+3 = −𝑖

➢ Sum of any four consecutive powers of 𝑖 is zero.

𝑖 4𝑛 + 𝑖 4𝑛+1 + 𝑖 4𝑛+2 + 𝑖 4𝑛+3 = 0, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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 13
Evaluate ෍ 𝑖 𝑛 + 𝑖 𝑛+1
𝑛=1

Solution:

= 𝑖 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 + ⋯ 𝑖 13 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 + 𝑖 4 + ⋯ + 𝑖 14

= 𝑖 13 + 𝑖 14 (∵ Sum of first 12 terms is 0)

= 𝑖 + 𝑖2

=𝑖 −1

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 Complex Number
➢ A number of the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is called a complex number where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑖 = −1.

➢ It is denoted by 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏. Here 𝑎 is called real part represented by Re(𝑧) and 𝑏 is called
imaginary part represented by Im(𝑧).

➢ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is purely real, if Im 𝑧 = 0 i.e., 𝑏 = 0.

➢ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is purely imaginary, if Re 𝑧 = 0 i.e., 𝑎 = 0.

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Example

• −2𝑖 → purely imaginary

Purely real Purely imaginary Purely real and
If 𝑦 = 0, If 𝑥 = 0, purely imaginary • 5 → purely real
𝑥∈ℝ 𝑦∈ℝ If 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0
• −9 = 3𝑖 → purely imaginary

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Note:

➢ Set of complex numbers ℂ can be defined as ℂ = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏: 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, 𝑖 = −1

➢ The set of real numbers ℝ is a proper subset of ℂ.

➢ Complete number system is ℕ ⊂ 𝕎 ⊂ ℤ ⊂ ℚ ⊂ ℝ ⊂ ℂ

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Geometric Representation and Argand Plane
A complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 can be represented by a unique point 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏 in
the Cartesian plane referred to a pair of rectangular axes.

➢ 0 + 𝑖0 represents the origin point 𝑂 0, 0 . Argand Plane

𝑌
➢ A purely real number 𝑎, i.e., 𝑎 + 𝑖0 is represented by the point 0, 𝑏 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑎, 0 on 𝑥-axis (called real axis).

➢ A purely imaginary number 𝑏, i.e., 0 + 𝑏𝑖 is represented 𝑋

𝑂 0, 0 𝑎, 0
by the point 0, 𝑏 on 𝑦-axis (called imaginary axis).

➢ The plane representing complex numbers as points is called

Argand Plane/ Complex Plane/ Gaussian Plane.

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 Mark these complex numbers as points on the Argand plane.
𝑖 3 + 4𝑖 𝑖𝑖 5𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖 2 𝑖𝑣 − 2 + 𝑖 𝑣 − 5 − 5𝑖 𝑣𝑖 5 − 3𝑖
Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
6

5 5𝑖

4 3 + 4𝑖

2
−2 + 𝑖
1
2
𝑂
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2
-3 5 − 3𝑖
-4

−5 − 5𝑖 -5
-6

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 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Equality of complex numbers:

➢ Two complex number 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 are equal

if 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑

⇒ Re 𝑧1 = Re(𝑧2 ) and Im 𝑧1 = Im(𝑧2 )

➢ In real numbers, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0

In complex numbers, 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 = 0 ⇏ 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 0

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 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Note

➢ Inequalities between two complex numbers are not defined

i.e., 𝑧1 < 𝑧2 , 𝑧1 > 𝑧2 are meaningless.

➢ Positive or negative complex numbers are not valid.

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Algebra of Complex Numbers

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 be two complex numbers.

Addition:
➢ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑑)
Re 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 Im 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

Subtraction:
➢ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 = 𝑎 − 𝑐 + 𝑖(𝑏 − 𝑑)

Re 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 Im 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

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Algebra of Complex Numbers

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 be two complex numbers.

Multiplication:
➢ 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ⋅ 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 = 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑖𝑎𝑑 + 𝑖𝑏𝑐 + 𝑖 2 𝑏𝑑
= 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)

Re 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 Im 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2

Division: For 𝑧2 ≠ 0,
𝑧1 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 𝑎 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑖𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑)
➢ = = × =
𝑧2 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑 𝑐 2 − 𝑖2𝑑2
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑
= + 𝑖
𝑐2 + 𝑑2 𝑐2 + 𝑑2
𝑧1 𝑧1
Re Im
𝑧2 𝑧2
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 If 𝑧1 = 2 + 3𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 1 − 2𝑖, then find
𝑧1
𝑖) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 𝑖𝑣
𝑧2

Solution:
𝑖) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 2 + 3𝑖 + 1 − 2𝑖
= 2 + 1 + (3𝑖 − 2𝑖)
=3+𝑖

𝑖𝑖) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 2 + 3𝑖 − 1 − 2𝑖

= 2 − 1 + 3𝑖 − −2𝑖
−4 7𝑖
= 1 + 5𝑖 = +
5 5

𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 2 + 3𝑖 ⋅ 1 − 2𝑖

= 2 1 − 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 1 − 2𝑖
= 2 − 4𝑖 + 3𝑖 − 6𝑖 2
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Properties
Let 𝑧1 = 2 and 𝑧2 = 3𝑖
2 2
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 2 + 3𝑖 = (2 + 3𝑖)(2 + 3𝑖)

= 2 2 + 3𝑖 + 3𝑖(2 + 3𝑖)

= 4 + 6𝑖 + 6𝑖 + 9𝑖 2

= 4 + 12𝑖 − 9

= 22 + 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3𝑖 + 3𝑖 2

= 𝑧12 + 2𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧 2

2=
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧12 + 2𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧 2

Note
All the algebraic identities in real system hold true in the complex system also.
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Properties

For any complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2,

Algebraic Identities:

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 2𝑧1 𝑧2

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 2 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 − 2𝑧1 𝑧2

𝑧12 − 𝑧2 2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 3 𝑧13 + 3𝑧12 𝑧2 + 3𝑧1𝑧22 + 𝑧23

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 3 𝑧13 − 3𝑧12 𝑧2 + 3𝑧1𝑧22 − 𝑧23

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Key Takeaways
Conjugate of a Complex Number
𝑌
➢ Conjugate of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is denoted
by 𝑧 and is defined as 𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏. 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

➢ 𝑧 is obtained by changing the sign of the imaginary part of 𝑧.

𝑂 0, 0 𝑋

➢ If 𝑃 represents 𝑧 and 𝑄 represents 𝑧 in the Argand plane, then

𝑃 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑄 ≡ 𝑎, −𝑏 . 𝑄 𝑎, −𝑏

➢ 𝑄 𝑧 is the reflection of 𝑃 𝑧 about the real axis.

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Key Takeaways
Conjugate of a Complex Number
Examples
𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑖) If 𝑧 = 3 + 4𝑖, 5

4 3 + 4𝑖
then 𝑧 = 3 − 4𝑖.
3

𝑖𝑖) If 𝑧 = 𝑖 − 5, 2 2𝑖
−5 + 𝑖
then 𝑧 = −5 − 𝑖. 1
5 + 0𝑖
𝑂 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑖𝑖𝑖) If 𝑧 = 5, -1
−5 − 𝑖
then 𝑧 = 5. -2 −2𝑖
-3
𝑖𝑣) If 𝑧 = −2𝑖, -4 3 − 4𝑖

then 𝑧 = 2𝑖. -5

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 Properties of Conjugate

For any complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏,

𝑖 𝑧 =𝑧

𝑖𝑖 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑎 = 2𝑅𝑒 𝑧

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧 − 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑖 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑖𝑣 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 2+ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 2

𝑣 𝑧 = 𝑧 ⇔ 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 ⇔ 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 is purely real

𝑣𝑖 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 is purely imaginary

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 Properties of Conjugate

If 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are two complex numbers, then

𝑖 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2

𝑧1 𝑧1
𝑖𝑣 = 𝑧 ≠0
𝑧2 𝑧2 2

𝑣 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + ⋯ + 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + ⋯ + 𝑧𝑛 , 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑛𝑧

𝑛
𝑣𝑖 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 , 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧

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 If 𝑧 is a complex number, then the conjugate of 𝑧 + 2𝑧 is:

Solution:
A
By properties of conjugates, 2𝑧 + 𝑧

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
B 𝑧 + 2𝑧
∴ 𝑧 + 2𝑧 = 𝑧 + 2𝑧

⇒ 𝑧 + 2𝑧 = 𝑧 + 2𝑧 C 𝑧 − 2𝑧

ത =2
∵ 𝑧ҧ = 𝑧 and 2
D 2𝑧 − 𝑧

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Key Takeaways
Modulus of Complex Number
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ≡ 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 be in the Argand plane. 𝐼𝑚 𝑧
𝑃 𝑧
Then modulus of complex number is represented as 𝑧 ,
𝑦
where 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑂𝑃.

𝑧 represents the distance of 𝑃(𝑧) from the origin. 𝑅𝑒 𝑧

𝑂 𝑥
𝑧 = 0 ⇔ 𝑧 = 0.

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Key Takeaways
Modulus of Complex Number
𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
Examples 5
4 3 + 4𝑖
𝑖) If 𝑧 = 3 + 4𝑖, then 𝑧 = 32 + 42 = 5
3 0 + 3𝑖

2 5
𝑖𝑖) If 𝑧 = 5 = 5 + 0𝑖, then 𝑧 = 52 + 02 = 5
1
5 + 0𝑖
𝑂 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝑖𝑖𝑖) If 𝑧 = 3𝑖 = 0 + 3𝑖, then 𝑧 = 02 + 32 = 3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2
𝑖𝑣) If 𝑧 = 0 = 0 + 0𝑖, then 𝑧 = 02 + 02 =0

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Properties of Modulus

𝑖 For any complex number 𝑧, 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)

𝑧 = −𝑧 = 𝑧 = −𝑧 −𝑧 𝑧

𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝑖𝑖 Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑂
− 𝑧 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧
−𝑧 𝑧
Similarly, − 𝑧 ≤ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧

𝑖𝑖𝑖 Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2

1 1 𝑧
If 𝑧 is unimodular i.e., 𝑧 = 1, then 𝑧 = . = 2
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

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Properties of Modulus

𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑖𝑣 Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 , ⋯ , 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 −𝑧 𝑧

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝑂
In general, 𝑧1𝑧2𝑧3 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ⋯ |𝑧𝑛 |.

𝑛 times −𝑧 𝑧

𝑣 |𝑧 𝑛 | = 𝑧 𝑛

𝑧1 𝑧1
𝑣𝑖 = ,𝑧 ≠ 0
𝑧2 𝑧2 2

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 If 2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 ⋯ ⋯ 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then 5 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 13 ⋯ ⋯ 4 + 𝑛2 is equal
to ______.

Solution:
2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 ⋯ ⋯ 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

⇒ 2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 ⋯ ⋯ 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

⇒ 2 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 ⋯ ⋯ 2 + 𝑛𝑖 = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦|

⇒ 22 + 12 22 + 22 22 + 32 ⋯ ⋯ 22 + 𝑛2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Squaring both sides, we get

5 . 8 . 13 ⋯ 4 + 𝑛2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

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 Session 02
Argument and Different Forms
of Complex Numbers

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 𝑧−1
If 𝑧 is a complex number such that is purely imaginary, then 𝑧 is equal to
𝑧+1
______.

Solution:
𝑧−1
is purely imaginary
𝑧+1

𝑧−1 𝑧−1
⇒ + =0
𝑧+1 𝑧+1

𝑧−1 𝑧−1
⇒ + =0
𝑧+1 𝑧+1

𝑧𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 1 + 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 1
⇒ =0
𝑧 + 1 𝑧+ 1

⇒ 2 𝑧𝑧 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑧𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧 = 1
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 50
3 𝑖 3
If + = 324 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 , then the value of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is ______.
2 2

Solution:
50
3 𝑖 3
+ = 324 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2 2

50
3 𝑖 3
⇒ + = 324 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
2 2

50
2
3 2 3
⇒ + = 324 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ∵ |𝑧 𝑛 | = 𝑧 𝑛
2 2

50
⇒ 3 = 324 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

⇒ 3 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 9

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 If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 are complex numbers such that
1 1 1
𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 = + + = 1, then find 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 .
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
Solution:
Given: 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 = 1
2 2 2
⇒ 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 =1

⇒ 𝑧1 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 𝑧3 = 1

1 1 1
⇒ 𝑧1 = , 𝑧2 = , 𝑧3 =
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3

1 1 1
Also given, + + =1
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3

⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 1

⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 1 ⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 1
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Properties of Complex Number:

Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be any two complex numbers.

2 2 2
➢ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 2𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2

2 2 2
➢ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 − 2𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2

2 2 2 2
➢ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

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 Properties of Complex Number:

Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be any two complex numbers.

2 2
➢ 𝑎𝑧1 − 𝑏𝑧2 + 𝑏𝑧1 + 𝑎𝑧2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑧2 2
, where 𝑎, 𝑏 are real numbers.

2 2
Proof : 𝑎𝑧1 − 𝑏𝑧2 + 𝑏𝑧1 + 𝑎𝑧2

= 𝑎 2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑏2 𝑧2 2
− 2𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑏2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑎 2 𝑧2 2
+ 2𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 𝑧2

= 𝑎 2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑏2 𝑧2 2
+ 𝑏2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑎 2 𝑧2 2

= 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 𝑧1 2
+ 𝑧2 2

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Key takeaways

Argument (Amplitude) of a Complex Number:

Let 𝑃 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 be a point representing a non-zero 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 in the Argand plane.
𝑏
If 𝑂𝑃 makes an angle 𝜃 with the positive real axis,
𝜃
then 𝜃 is called the argument or amplitude of 𝑧 and 𝑂
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑎
written as arg 𝑧 = 𝜃.

𝑏
tan 𝜃 =
𝑎

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Key takeaways

Principal Argument:

➢ The unique value of 𝜃 such that −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 is called principal argument.

➢ Unless otherwise stated, arg 𝑧 refers to the principal argument of 𝑧.

General Argument:

➢ General values of argument of 𝑧 are given by 2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

where 𝜃 is the principal argument.
➢ Any two consecutive arguments of the same complex number differ by 2𝜋.

➢ If 𝑧 = 0 + 0𝑖, then arg 𝑧 is not defined.

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Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ − {0} 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑏 𝑎, 𝑏
First compute acute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 =
𝑎
CASE I: 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0
𝜃
𝑧 lies in First Quadrant. 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼

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Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ − {0} 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑏 𝑎, 𝑏
First compute acute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 =
𝑎

CASE II: 𝑎 < 0 , 𝑏 > 0 𝜃

𝑧 lies in Second Quadrant. 𝑅𝑒 𝑧

𝑂
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼

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Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ − {0} 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑏
First compute acute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 =
𝑎 𝑂
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
CASE III: 𝑎 < 0 , 𝑏 < 0
𝜃
𝑧 lies in Third Quadrant.
𝑎, 𝑏
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼 − 𝜋

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Working rule for finding principal argument

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ − {0} 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑏
First compute acute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 =
𝑎
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂
CASE IV: 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑏 < 0 𝜃

𝑧 lies in Fourth Quadrant.

𝑎, 𝑏
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = −𝛼

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Working rule for finding principal argument

Coordinates Angle

𝑥 +ve , 𝑦 +ve 𝛼

𝑥 −ve , 𝑦 +ve 𝜋−𝛼

𝑥 −ve , 𝑦 −ve − 𝜋−𝛼

𝑥 +ve , 𝑦 −ve −𝛼

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Argument (Amplitude) of a Complex Number

Note 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

➢ 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 > 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on +ve imaginary axis

𝜋
⇒ arg 𝑧 =
2 Purely 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂
Imaginary
➢ 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 < 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on −ve imaginary axis
𝜋
⇒ arg 𝑧 = −
2

➢ 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on +ve real axis

⇒ arg 𝑧 = 0
Purely Real
➢ 𝑎 < 0, 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on −ve real axis

⇒ arg 𝑧 = 𝜋

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 Find the argument of the following complex numbers:
𝑖 −1−𝑖 𝑖𝑖 1 − 3𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖 −7 𝑖𝑣 4𝑖

Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑖) − 1 − 𝑖 1

Let 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −1 𝑂
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
−2 −1 1
3𝜋
∴ 𝑧 lies in third quadrant. −
4
−1
−1, −1
𝑏 −1 𝜋
tan 𝛼 = = =1⇒𝛼= arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼 − 𝜋
𝑎 1 4 −2

𝜋 3𝜋
arg 𝑧 = −𝜋 =−
4 4

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 Find the argument of the following complex numbers:
𝑖 −1−𝑖 𝑖𝑖 1 − 3𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖 −7 𝑖𝑣 4𝑖

Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑖𝑖) 1 − 3𝑖 1

Let 𝑧 = 1 − 3𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = − 3 𝑂
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝜋
−2 −1 − 1
3
∴ 𝑧 lies in fourth quadrant.
−1

1, − 3
𝑏 − 3 𝜋
tan 𝛼 = = = 3⇒𝛼= arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = −𝛼 −2
𝑎 1 3
𝜋
arg 𝑧 = −
3

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 Find the argument of the following complex numbers:
𝑖 −1−𝑖 𝑖𝑖 1 − 3𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖 −7 𝑖𝑣 4𝑖

Solution:
𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
7
𝑖𝑖𝑖) − 7 𝜋
Let 𝑧 = −7 ⇒ 𝑎 = −7, 𝑏 = 0 −7, 0
𝑂
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
−7 7
∴ 𝑧 lies on the negative real axis.
−7
arg 𝑧 = 𝜋 ∵𝑎<0

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 Find the argument of the following complex numbers:
𝑖 −1−𝑖 𝑖𝑖 1 − 3𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖 −7 𝑖𝑣 4𝑖

Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
4 4, 0
𝑖𝑣) 4𝑖
𝜋
Let 𝑧 = 4𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 4 2
𝑂
𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
−4 4
∴ 𝑧 lies on the positive imaginary axis.
−4
𝜋
arg 𝑧 = ∵𝑏>0
2

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 Different Forms of a Complex Number

𝑖) Cartesian Form / Geometrical Form 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑖 = −1 is
known as cartesian form of complex number. 𝑏
Here 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑎 and 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑏
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂
𝑎

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 Different Forms of a Complex Number

𝑖𝑖) Polar Form / Trigonometric Form 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑟 and arg 𝑧 = 𝜃
𝑟
𝑏
𝑧 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
𝜃
𝑎 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
Proof 𝑂 𝑀
𝑎
In ∆𝑂𝑃𝑀, cos 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑟
𝑏
sin 𝜃 =
𝑟
⇒ 𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃

∴ 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
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Euler Form

For complex number, 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

Euler’s form is 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑒𝑖𝜃

where 𝑒𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 where 𝜃 = arg 𝑧

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Express the complex number −1 − 𝑖 3 in polar and Euler form.

Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
Let 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 3 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 1

⇒ 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = − 3 → 3𝑟𝑑 quadrant

𝑂 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
−2 −1 1
2𝜋
𝑟 = 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 + 3 = 2 −
−1 3

𝑏 − 3
tan 𝛼 = ⇒ tan 𝛼 = = 3
𝑎 −1 −1, − 3 −2

𝜋
⇒𝛼=
3

arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼 − 𝜋 (∵ 𝑧 lies in 3𝑟𝑑 quadrant)

𝜋 2𝜋
⇒𝜃 = −𝜋=−
3 3
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Express the complex number −1 − 𝑖 3 in polar and Euler form.

Solution: 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
𝑟=2 1

2𝜋 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝜃=− −2 −1
𝑂
1
3
2𝜋
−
∴ −1 − 𝑖 3 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 −1 3

2𝜋 2𝜋
= 2 cos − + 𝑖 sin − −1, − 3 −2
3 3

Euler form
∴ −1 − 𝑖 3 = 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝜃
2𝜋
∴ −1 − 𝑖 3 = 2𝑒𝑖(− 3 )

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 Key takeaways
Vector Form (Vectorial Representation)
𝐼𝑚 𝑧
Every complex number can be considered as the position
𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
vector of a point.
If the point 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏 represents the complex number 𝑧,
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
Then 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧 and 𝑂𝑃 = |𝑧| 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂

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 Key takeaways
𝐼𝑚 𝑧 𝑅 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
Vector Form (Vectorial Representation) 𝑄 𝑧2 ≡ 𝑎2 , 𝑏2

𝑖 Addition of Complex Numbers

Let 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧1 = 𝑎1 + 𝑖𝑏1 , 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑧2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑖𝑏2
𝑃 𝑧1 ≡ 𝑎1 , 𝑏1
𝑂𝑅 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑂𝑄(Parallelogram law) 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑂
∴ 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑖 𝑏1 + 𝑏2
𝐼𝑚 𝑧
𝑄 𝑧2
𝑖𝑖 Subtraction of Complex Numbers 𝑃 𝑧1
Let 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧1, 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑧2
𝑂
𝑅𝑒 𝑧
⇒ 𝑂𝑄 ′ = −𝑧2
𝑆 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝑂𝑆 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑂𝑄′ (Parallelogram law)

∴ 𝑂𝑆 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 𝑄 ′ −𝑧2

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 Properties of Argument

Note
➢ arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑛𝜋

➢ arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 … 𝑧𝑛 ) = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + arg 𝑧3 + ⋯ + arg 𝑧𝑛 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

➢ If 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 = ⋯ = 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧, then arg 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑛 arg 𝑧 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

𝑧1
➢ arg 𝑧2
= 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 2𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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 If arg 𝑧1 = 160° and arg 𝑧2 = 80°, then arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 is equal to _________.

Solution:
Given: arg 𝑧1 = 160° and arg 𝑧2 = 80°

arg 𝑧1𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

∴ arg 𝑧1𝑧2 = 160° + 80° + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

Here, 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ∉ −𝜋, 𝜋

⇒ arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 240° − 2𝜋 ( 𝑘 = −1 for principal argument)

⇒ arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = −120°

2𝜋
∴ arg 𝑧1𝑧2 = −
3

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 Rotation Theorem (Coni’s Formula) :

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑧1 𝑒𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 𝑒𝑖𝜃2 𝐵 𝑧2

𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2
𝑟2

𝑟1 ≠ 𝑟2
𝑧4
𝜃 𝐴 𝑧1
⇒ 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ≠ 𝑧2 𝑟1
𝜃2
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝜃1
Let, 𝑧3 = and 𝑧4 =
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑂

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Rotation Theorem (Coni’s Formula) :

𝑧4 = 𝑧3 ⋅ 𝑒𝑖𝜃
𝐵 𝑧2
𝑧2 𝑧1 𝑧2
⇒ = 𝑒𝑖𝜃 ≡ 𝑧4
𝑧2 𝑧1 𝐵′ 𝑧2
𝑟2

𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑖𝜃
= 𝑒 𝑧1
𝑧1 𝑧1 𝜃 𝐴 𝑧1 ≡ 𝑧3
𝑟1 𝜃 𝐴′ 𝑧1
𝜃2
𝜃1
⇒ 𝑧4 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 𝑧3
𝑂 𝑂

A.C.W. → 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

C.W. → 𝑒−𝑖𝜃

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 Rotation Theorem:

𝐶 𝑧3
𝐶′
𝐵 𝑧2 𝑧3 −𝑧1 𝐵′
𝑧3 −𝑧1

𝐴 𝑧1 𝐴′

𝑂 𝑂

Let 𝐴 𝑧1 , 𝐵 𝑧2 , 𝐶 𝑧3 be three points in Argand plane.

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 and 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶′ = 𝐴𝐵′ ⋅ 𝑒𝑖𝜃

𝑧3 −𝑧1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
⇒ = ⋅ 𝑒𝑖𝜃
𝑧3 −𝑧1 𝑧2 −𝑧1

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If the area of the triangle whose sides are represented by 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧 and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧
is 200 sq. units, then 𝑧 = _____.

Let z = 𝑧 𝑒𝑖𝜃
𝜋
𝑖𝜃 𝑖2
𝑖z = 𝑧 𝑒 .𝑒
𝜋
∴ Angle between 𝑧 and 𝑖𝑧 is .
2 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧
𝑖𝑧
So, triangle is right angled.

1
∴ Area = 𝑧 𝑖𝑧 = 200
2

⇒ |𝑧| = 20 𝑧

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If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle and
𝑧0 is its circumcentre, then prove that :
i) 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 = 𝑧1𝑧2 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧3 𝑧1
ii) 3𝑧02 = 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32
𝐴(𝑧1 )
Let : 𝐴 = 𝑧1 , 𝐵 = 𝑧2 , 𝐶 = 𝑧3

∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is equilateral triangle

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐴 𝜋
3
𝑖𝜋
𝑧1 −𝑧2 𝑧1 −𝑧2 𝑧3 − 𝑧2 C(𝑧3)
= 𝑒3 𝐵(𝑧2)
𝑧3 −𝑧2 𝑧3 −𝑧2 … (𝑖)
𝑖𝜋
𝑧3 −𝑧1 𝑧3 −𝑧1
= 𝑒3
𝑧2 −𝑧1 𝑧2 −𝑧1 … (𝑖𝑖)

∵ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 − 𝑧1

𝑧1 −𝑧2 𝑧3 −𝑧1
⇒
𝑧3 −𝑧2
=
𝑧2 −𝑧1
⇒ 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧3 𝑧1
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 If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle and
𝑧0 is its circumcentre, then prove that :
i) 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 = 𝑧1𝑧2 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧3 𝑧1
ii) 3𝑧02 = 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32
𝐴(𝑧1 )
⇒ 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧3 𝑧1

𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3
Circumcentre, 𝑧0 = 3

⇒ 3𝑧0 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3

𝐵(𝑧2) C(𝑧3)
⇒ 9𝑧02 = 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 + 2 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 + 𝑧3 𝑧1

= 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 + 2 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32

= 3 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32

⇒ 3𝑧02 = 𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32

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 Session 03
De Moivre’s Theorem and
Roots of Unity

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 Key takeaways
De Moivre’s Theorem for Integers

If 𝑛 ∈ ℤ (set of integers), then cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃

Proof:
Let 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

We know, cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑒𝑖𝜃

𝑛 𝑛
cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

= 𝑒𝑖 𝑛𝜃

= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃

∴ cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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 100
If 3+𝑖 = 299 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞 , then 𝑝 & 𝑞 are roots of the equation .

JEE Main 2021

Solution:
Expressing 3 + 𝑖 in polar form, A 𝑥2 − 3−1 𝑥− 3 = 0

3 𝑖 𝜋 𝜋
3+𝑖 =2 + = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2 6 6 B 𝑥2 + 3−1 𝑥− 3 = 0
100 100
𝜋 𝜋
3+𝑖 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6
C 𝑥2 − 3+1 𝑥+ 3 = 0
Using De moivre’s theorem,
𝑛
cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
D 𝑥2 + 3+1 𝑥+ 3 = 0
100 100𝜋 100𝜋
⇒ 3+ 𝑖 = 2100 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6
𝜋 50𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
cos 100 = cos = cos 16𝜋 + = cos sin 100 = sin
6 3 3 3 6 6
100 2𝜋 2𝜋
⇒ 3+ 𝑖 = 2100 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3 Return To Top
 100
If 3+𝑖 = 299 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞 , then 𝑝 & 𝑞 are roots of the equation .

JEE Main 2021

Solution:

⇒ 2100 cos
2𝜋
+ 𝑖 sin
2𝜋
= 299 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞 A 𝑥2 − 3−1 𝑥− 3 = 0
3 3

2𝜋 2𝜋
⇒ 2 cos + 𝑖 sin = 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞
3 3 B 𝑥2 + 3−1 𝑥− 3 = 0
⇒ −1 + 𝑖 3 = 𝑝 + 𝑖𝑞
C 𝑥2 − 3+1 𝑥+ 3 = 0
∴ 𝑝 = −1, 𝑞 = 3

Here quadratic will be: 𝑥 2 − 𝑝 + 𝑞 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0

D 𝑥2 + 3+1 𝑥+ 3 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − −1 + 3 𝑥 + −1 × 3 = 0

Equation with roots −1, 3 is: 𝑥 2 − 3−1 𝑥− 3= 0

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De Moivre’s Theorem for Rational Numbers
If 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃, then
𝑝 𝑝
𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑞 𝑞 = cos 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝜃+2𝑘𝜋 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
= cos 𝑝 + 𝑖 sin 𝑝 , 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, 3 … , 𝑞 − 1
𝑞 𝑞

(where 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ, 𝑞 ≠ 0)
𝑝
𝜃+2𝑘𝜋 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑞 = cos 𝑝 𝑞
+ 𝑖 sin𝑝 𝑞
, 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, 3 … , 𝑞 − 1

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 De Moivre’s Theorem for Rational Numbers
Example
1
Find all possible value for −1 2
Using De-moivre’s theorem for rational numbers,
Solution:
𝑝
1 1 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
Let 𝑧 = −1 2 = −1 + 𝑖 ⋅ 0 2 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑞 = cos 𝑝
𝑞
+ 𝑖 sin 𝑝
𝑞
,
1
= cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋 2 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, 3 … , 𝑞 − 1
1
= cos 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝜋 2

2𝑘𝜋 +𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 +𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin 𝑘 = 0, 1
2 2
For 𝑘 = 0,
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = cos + 𝑖 sin = 𝑖
2 2

For 𝑘 = 1,
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑧 = cos + 𝑖 sin = −𝑖
2 2
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Cube Roots of unity
1
Let 𝑧 = 13 represents cube root of unity.

⇒ 𝑧 3 = 1 → degree 3 ⇒ 3 roots

⇒ 𝑧3 − 1 ⇒ 𝑧 − 1 𝑧2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 − 1 = 0 or 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0

−1 ± 3
⇒ 𝑧2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 =
2

−1 + −1 + 3 −1 ± 𝑖 3
⇒𝑧= =
2 2

−1 ± 𝑖 3
∴ 𝑧 = 1, are cube roots of unity.
2

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 Cube Roots of unity
−1±𝑖 3
∴𝑧=1, are cube roots of unity (one real and
2 1 3
two complex). 𝑄 − ,
2 2

In general, we represent the cube roots of unity as

120°
2 120° 𝑃 1, 0
1, 𝜔, 𝜔 𝑂

−1+𝑖 3 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜔= = cos + 𝑖 sin
2 3 3
1 3
𝑅 − 2, − 2
−1−𝑖 3 4𝜋 4𝜋
𝜔2 = = cos + 𝑖 sin
2 3 3

Geometrically cube roots of unity form an equilateral

triangle with side length as 3 units.

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 Properties of cube roots of unity

➢ Property 1: Sum of cube roots of unity is 0.

Proof:
−1+𝑖 3 −1−𝑖 3 2−1+𝑖 3−1−𝑖 3
Sum of roots = 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 1 + + = =0
2 2 2

∴ Sum of cube roots of unity is 0 .

➢ Property 2: Product of cube roots of unity is 1.

Proof:
Product of roots = 1 × 𝜔 × 𝜔2 = 1

∴ Product of cube roots of unity is 1 .

1 1
Also, ∵ 𝜔3 = 1, = 𝜔2 & =𝜔
𝜔 𝜔2

It is interesting to know that 𝜔 and 𝜔2 are conjugate to

each other
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 Properties of cube roots of unity

➢ Integral power of 𝜔

−1+𝑖 3 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜔= = cos + 𝑖 sin
2 3 3

Since 𝜔 is a cube root of unity, we have 𝜔3 = 1

2𝜋 2𝜋 3
⇒ cos + 𝑖 sin =1
3 3

⇒ cos 2𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜋 = 1

So, we can conclude that 𝜔3𝑘 = 1, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

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 If 1, 𝜔, 𝜔2 are cube roots of unity , then evaluate :
𝑖 1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 . 1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2
𝑖𝑖 1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 1 − 𝜔2 + 𝜔4 1 − 𝜔4 + 𝜔8 ⋯ upto 2𝑛 factors
Solution:

(𝑖) 1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 . 1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 = −2𝜔. −2𝜔2 = 4

(𝑖𝑖) 1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 1 − 𝜔2 + 𝜔4 1 − 𝜔4 + 𝜔8 … upto 2𝑛 factors

= 1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔 2 1 − 𝜔2 + 𝜔 1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 1 − 𝜔 2 + 𝜔 …

= 4 .4… upto 𝑛 times

= 4𝑛

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 Find all the roots of the equation 𝑧 4 = 1

Solution:
Given : 𝑧 4 = 1 𝑄 0, 𝑖

⇒ 𝑧4 − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑧2 + 1 𝑧2 − 1 = 0 𝑃 1, 0
𝑅 −1, 0 𝑂

𝑧2 + 1 = 0 𝑧2 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = ± −1 ⇒ 𝑧 = ±1 𝑆 0, −𝑖
⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑖

∴ 𝑧 = −1, 1, 𝑖, −𝑖

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Find all the roots of the equation 𝑧 4 = 1

A 𝜋
𝑧 = cos + 𝑖 sin = 𝑖
𝜋
2 2

B 𝑧 = cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋 = −1

C 𝑧 = cos
3𝜋
+ 𝑖 sin
3𝜋
= −𝑖
2 2

D All of the above

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 Key takeaways
𝑛𝑡ℎ Roots of unity
1 1
Let 𝑧 = 1𝑛 ⇒ 𝑧 𝑛 = cos 0 + sin 0 𝑛
Using De-moivre’s theorem for rational numbers,
𝑝 = 1, 𝑞 = 𝑛, 𝜃 = 0 𝑝
𝜃+2𝑘𝜋 𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑞 = cos 𝑝 + 𝑖 sin 𝑝 ,
⇒𝑧= cos + 𝑖 sin 𝑞 𝑞
𝑛 𝑛
𝑘 = 0,1,2,3… , 𝑞 − 1
where 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, ⋯ 𝑛 − 1
Let 𝑛𝑡ℎ roots of unity be 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 , ⋯ , 𝑧𝑛 for 𝑘 = 0,1,2,3, … 𝑛 − 1
If 𝑘 = 0, 𝑧1 = cos 0 + 𝑖 sin 0 = 1
2𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋
If 𝑘 = 1, 𝑧2 = cos + 𝑖 sin = 𝑒𝑖 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛

4𝜋 𝑖2𝜋 2
4𝜋 4𝜋
If 𝑘 = 2, 𝑧3 = cos + 𝑖 sin =𝑒 𝑖
𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑧22
𝑛 𝑛
6𝜋 𝑖2𝜋 3
6𝜋 6𝜋
If 𝑘 = 3, 𝑧4 = cos + 𝑖 sin =𝑒 𝑖 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑧23
𝑛 𝑛
⋯

2 𝑛−1 𝜋
2 𝑛−1 𝜋 2 𝑛−1 𝜋
If 𝑘 = 𝑛 − 1, 𝑧4 = cos + 𝑖 sin = 𝑒𝑖 𝑛 = 𝑧2𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛
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 Key takeaways
𝑛𝑡ℎ Roots of unity
1
Let 𝑧 = 1𝑛

∴ 𝑛𝑡ℎ roots of unity are of the form

2𝜋
1, 𝑧2 , 𝑧22 , 𝑧23 , ⋯ 𝑧2𝑛−1 where 𝑧2 = 𝑒 𝑖
𝑛

Geometrically 𝑛𝑡ℎ roots of unity represent vertices of 𝑛-sided regular polygon.

All the roots lie on the circle centred at 0, 0 and radius = 1 unit

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𝑛𝑡ℎ roots of unity:

1. 𝛼𝑛 −1 0
4. Sum of roots = 1 + 𝛼 + 𝛼 2 + ⋯ + 𝛼 𝑛−1 = = =0
𝛼−1 𝑛−1
2π 4π 6π 2 𝑛−1 π
5. 1 + 𝑐𝑖𝑠 + 𝑐𝑖𝑠 + 𝑐𝑖𝑠 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑖𝑠 =0
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛−1
2𝑘π
෍ 𝑐𝑖𝑠 = −1
𝑛
𝑘=1

𝑛−1 𝑛−1
⇒ ෍ cos 2𝑘π
+ 𝑖 ෍ sin
2𝑘π
= −1 + 𝑖0
𝑛 𝑛
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

𝑛−1 𝑛−1
⇒ ෍ cos
2𝑘π
= −1; ෍sin
2𝑘π
=0
𝑛 𝑛
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

−1 𝑛 −1
6. Product of Roots = = −1 𝑛+1
1

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𝑛𝑡ℎ roots of unity:

2𝜋 4𝜋 𝑖
𝑛−1 2𝜋 𝛼2
⇒ 𝑧 = 1, 𝑒 𝑖
𝑛 ,𝑒 𝑖
𝑛 ,⋯, 𝑒 𝑛 𝛼0
4𝜋 𝛼1
𝑛 2𝜋
𝛼0 𝛼 𝛼2 𝛼 𝑛−1
𝑛
1,0
𝑛𝑡ℎ roots of unity lie on a unit circle 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑛−1 2𝜋

they form 𝑛 sided regular polygon. 𝑛

𝛼𝑛−1 = 𝛼1
𝛼1 , 𝛼𝑛−1 , 𝛼2 , 𝛼𝑛−2 … … are conjugate pairs.
𝛼𝑛−2 = 𝛼2

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𝑛𝑡ℎ roots of unity:

2𝜋 4𝜋 𝑛−1 2𝜋
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
⇒ 𝑧 = 1, 𝑒 𝑛 ,𝑒 𝑛 ,⋯, 𝑒 𝑛

𝛼0 𝛼 𝛼2 𝛼 𝑛−1
2𝜋
𝑛𝑡ℎ root of unity always form G.P. with common ratio 𝑒 𝑖 𝑛

1, 𝛼, 𝛼 2 , ⋯ , 𝛼 𝑛−1 can be considered as 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of unity with

2𝜋
𝑖 𝑛
𝛼= 𝑒
𝑏
Sum of the roots is zero ; 𝑧 𝑛 = 1; − = 0.
𝑎
−1 ; 𝑛 = even
Product of the roots = ቐ
1 ; 𝑛 = odd
Constant term
Product of roots = −1 𝑛 = −1 𝑛+1
Leading coefficient
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𝑛𝑡ℎ roots of unity:

2𝜋 4𝜋 𝑛−1 2𝜋
𝑖
⇒𝑧= 1, 𝑒 𝑖 𝑛 , 𝑒𝑖 𝑛 ,⋯, 𝑒 𝑛

𝛼0 𝛼 𝛼2 𝛼 𝑛−1
𝑛, if 𝑘 is a multiple of ′𝑛′
1𝑘 + 𝛼𝑘 + 𝛼2𝑘 + ⋯ + 𝛼 𝑛−1 𝑘 =
0, if 𝑘 is not a multiple of ′𝑛′

Conjugate roots are reciprocal to each other

Note: 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 = 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 𝛼1 ⋯ (𝑥 − 𝛼𝑛−1 )

𝑥 − 𝛼1 𝑥 − 𝛼2 ⋯ 𝑥 − 𝛼𝑛−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 𝑛−1

Put 𝑥 = 1 on the both side :

1 − 𝛼1 1 − 𝛼2 ⋯ 1 − 𝛼𝑛−1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ + 1 =𝑛

𝑛-times
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 If 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , ⋯ , 𝛼𝑛−1 are 𝑛𝑡ℎ roots of unity (other than unity). Then
𝜔 − 𝛼1 𝜔 − 𝛼2 ⋯ (𝜔 − 𝛼𝑛−1 ) is equal to?

Solution:

𝑥 − 𝛼1 𝑥 − 𝛼2 ⋯ 𝑥 − 𝛼𝑛−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 𝑛−1

Put 𝑥 = 𝜔 on the both side :

𝜔 − 𝛼1 ⋯ (𝜔 − 𝛼𝑛−1 ) = 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + ⋯ + 𝜔𝑛−1 𝐺. 𝑃
0 ; 𝑛 = 3k

1 𝜔𝑛 −1
= 1 ; 𝑛 = 3𝑘 + 1
𝜔−1

𝜔 + 1 ; 𝑛 = 3𝑘 + 2

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Key takeaways
Triangle Inequalities
If 𝑧1, 𝑧2 are two complex numbers in the Argand plane, then

➢ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
𝑅(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
𝑄(𝑧2 )
➢ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

Proof:
Let 𝑧1, 𝑧2 be two complex numbers represented 𝑃(𝑧1 )
by the points 𝑃 and 𝑄 in Argand plane such that
points 𝑂, 𝑃, 𝑄 form a triangle.
𝑂

Let 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑧1, 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑧2

⇒ 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2, 𝑄𝑃 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

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Key takeaways
Triangle Inequalities
Proof: 𝑅(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )
In ∆𝑂𝑃𝑅, 𝑄(𝑧2 )
• Sum of two sides is always greater than third side.
i.e., 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑃𝑅 > 𝑂𝑅
⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 < 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ⋯ 𝐼
𝑃(𝑧1 )
• Difference of two sides is always less than third side.
𝑂
i.e., 𝑂𝑃 − 𝑃𝑅 < 𝑂𝑅
⇒ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 < 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ⋯ 𝐼𝐼

From equation 𝐼 and 𝐼𝐼 ,

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 < 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 < 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ⋯ 𝑖

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Key takeaways
Triangle Inequalities
Proof:
∴ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 < 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 < 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ⋯ 𝑖
𝑄 ′ −𝑧2 𝑂 𝑄 𝑧2 𝑃(𝑧1)
If points 𝑂, 𝑃, 𝑄 are collinear, then
Case 𝐼: 𝑃 and 𝑄 lie on the same side of the origin
𝑄 ′ 𝑃 = 𝑄 ′ 𝑂 + 𝑂𝑃

⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖 𝑄 𝑧2 𝑂 𝑄 ′ −𝑧2 𝑃(𝑧1)

Case 𝐼𝐼: 𝑃 and 𝑄 lie on the opposite side of the origin

Here, 𝑄 ′ 𝑃 = 𝑂𝑃 − 𝑂𝑄 ′

⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖

From 𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖 and 𝑖𝑖𝑖 ,

∴ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
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Key takeaways
Triangle Inequalities
Proof:
∴ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
Replacing 𝑧2 = −𝑧2 gives,
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

Note
If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 , ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 are complex numbers, then
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 + ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 + ⋯ 𝑧𝑛

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 If 𝑧1 − 1 ≤ 1, 𝑧2 − 2 ≤ 2 and 𝑧3 − 3 ≤ 3, then find the greatest value of
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 .

Solution:

𝑧1 − 1 ≤ 1, 𝑧2 − 2 ≤ 2, 𝑧3 − 3 ≤ 3

⇒ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 − 1 + 𝑧2 − 2 + 𝑧3 − 3 + 6

≤ 𝑧1 − 1 + 𝑧2 − 2 + 𝑧3 − 3 + |6|

≤ 1+2+3+6

≤ 12
Hence, the greatest value of 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 is 12

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2-D in Complex Number: 𝑃(𝑧)

If 𝑃 𝑧 is a variable point 𝐴 𝑧1 , 𝐵(𝑧2 ) are two fixed 𝛼

points in the Argand plane, then 𝑃(𝑧)

𝑧−𝑧1 𝛼
arg = 𝛼 (fixed); 𝛼 ≠ 0, 𝜋
𝑧−𝑧2
𝐵(𝑧2)
Hence, the locus of 𝑧 is a segment of circle

𝐴(𝑧1)

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2-D in Complex Number:

If 𝑃 𝑧 is a variable point 𝐴 𝑧1 , 𝐵(𝑧2 ) are two fixed points in the Argand plane, then
𝑧−𝑧1 𝜋
arg =±
𝑧−𝑧2 2

⇒Locus of 𝑧 is a circle with 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 as ends of diameter.

𝑧−𝑧1
arg = 0 or 𝜋
𝑧−𝑧2

⇒Locus of 𝑧 is a straight line passing through 𝑧1 and 𝑧2.

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Central form of Circle:

𝐶𝑃 = 𝑟 & 𝑧 − 𝑧0 = 𝑟
∴ Centre = 𝑧0 & radius = 𝑟 𝑃(𝑍)
𝑟
Example: Find the center and radius of:
𝐶
a. 𝑧 − 2 + 3𝑖 = 5 𝑧0

Center: 2, −3 & Radius = 5

b. 𝑧 = 5
Center: 0,0 & Radius = 5

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Central form of Circle:

a. 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 𝑟
⇒ 𝑧 lies inside circle 𝑧0

b. 𝑧 − 𝑧0 > 𝑟
⇒ 𝑧 lies outside circle 𝑧0

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Central form of Circle:

c. 1 < 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 3
⇒ 𝑧 lies in between the circles of
radius 1 and 3 with both the centres 1 3
being 𝑧0 𝑧0

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Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be two complex numbers satisfying 𝑧1 = 9 and
𝑧2 − 3 − 4𝑖 = 4. Then the minimum value of 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 is
JEE Mains 2019

𝑧1 = 9 Centre 𝐶1 0,0 & 𝑟1 = 9

A 0
𝑧2 − 3 − 4𝑖 = 9 Centre 𝐶2 3,4 & 𝑟2 = 4

𝐶1 𝐶2 = 5 B 1

𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 5
C 2
∵ 𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2

Circles touch internally D 2

∴ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 min = 0

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THANK
YOU

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