OM Lec 06

Operations Research
and Management - 6
21MECH42H-O
Dr. Noha Mostafa

Mechanical Engineering department
The British University in Egypt
Operations Research & Management
2
LOGISTICS
Dr. Noha Mostafa

Mechanical Engineering department
The British University in Egypt
3
A very powerful tool in your career
Dr. Noha Mostafa

Mechanical Engineering Department
4
1
Origins
Dr. Noha Mostafa
5
 The term logistics has its origins in the military.
 Napoleon Bonaparte who led the French Grande Armée

was the first to use logistics to supply his troops (more
than 200,000 men).
 The term logistics comes from French word “Logistique”

which first appeared in the book "The Art of War" by
Baron Henri who was a general in French army during
Napoleon's time.
Napoleon Crossing the Alps Dr. Noha Mostafa

Painting by Jacques-Louis David Mechanical Engineering Department
6
 The 2nd industrial revolution
 Mass production
 How to do mass distribution?
 The answer is ’business logistics’.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

7
2
Logistics Systems
Dr. Noha Mostafa

8
What is Logistics?
▰ Logistics is concerned with the organization, movement and storage of material and
people.
▰ The objective of logistics is to provide customers with the right product in the right
place at the right time, while optimizing a given performance measure and satisfying
a given set of constraints.
 Necessary components in a factory.
 Inventory on shelf of a retailer.
 The right amount and type of blood in a hospital

Dr. Noha Mostafa
9
Logistics functions
 Order processing
 Inventory and warehouse management
 Transportation management
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://mosimtec.com/types-of-logistic-costs/ Mechanical Engineering Department
10
Logistics costs
20.94 trillion USD (GDP 2020)
Dr. Noha Mostafa

11
Logistics costs in manufacturing
Logistics 25%
Cost
Marketing
27%
Cost
Manufacturing 48%
Cost
Dr. Noha Mostafa

12
Logistics is a part of Supply Chains
Dr. Noha Mostafa

13
Logistics systems
A logistics system is made up of a set of facilities linked by transportation services.
Facilities are sites were material are Transportation services move materials
processed (manufactured, stored, sorted, sold between facilities using vehicle and
or consumed): equipment. Each transportation link may be
simple (truck line), or more complex (port
▻ Manufacturing and assembly centers terminals).
▻ Warehouses ▻Cars
▻ Distribution Centers (DCs) ▻Trucks
▻ Transshipment points ▻Trains
▻ Transportation terminals ▻Containers
▻ Retail Outlets ▻Pallet Dr. Noha Mostafa
14
Logistics systems
Dr. Noha Mostafa

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txQlBX2qB0s Mechanical Engineering Department
15
Logistics VS material handling
▰ Each facility has its internal transportation

▻ Conveyor belts
▻ Cranes
▻ Material handling equipment
▻ Fork lifts
▰ Logistics is NOT associated with the material flow inside the

facility, nor production planning and machine scheduling.
Dr. Noha Mostafa
16
Importance of Logistics
▰ Today, business competition is often no longer company vs. company but supply
chain vs. supply chain.
▰ Logistics is more and more important due to the increasing and intense
competition and the availability of alternative products.
▰ So, the logistics activities should provide:
▻ Less lead time
▻ Less cost
▻ Greater accuracy
Dr. Noha Mostafa
17
Vertical Integration
 A supply chain is vertically integrated, if its components (raw materials, plants,

transportation system, …) belong to a single firm.
 Fully VI systems are quite rare.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

18
https://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/ikea-logging-romania/
44 factories in 11 countries
https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/ikea-buys-forest-in-georgia/
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.timberindustrynews.com/ikea-completes-expansion-of-furniture-factory-in-poland/ Mechanical Engineering Department
19
https://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/ikea-logging-romania/
44 factories in 11 countries
https://www.ikea.com/eg/en/customer-service/faq/
433 stores in 50 countries (24 owned the rest franchised) Dr. Noha Mostafa
20
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://boycewire.com/vertical-integration-definition/ Mechanical Engineering Department
21
Third-Party Logistics (3PL)
▰ 3PL (outsourcing) is a long-term commitment to use an outside company to perform all or

part of a company’s product distribution.
▰ 3PL is suitable when the company does not want to invest much money in transportation
and warehousing infrastructures, or low demand.
▰ The disadvantages of 3PL are that company loses control of distribution system, also 3PL
may generate higher logistics costs.
▰ 90% of Fortune 500 companies operating within the U.S. sought assistance from one or
more third party logistics providers (3PLs), an increase from the 46% initially found in
2001.
Dr. Noha Mostafa
https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/third-party-logistics-3pl-increase-large-companies-2017/443710/ Mechanical Engineering Department
22
3
How do Logistics systems work?
Dr. Noha Mostafa

23
Logistics main activities
Logistics systems are made up of three main activities:

1. Order processing
2. Inventory and Warehouse management
3. Freight transportation
Dr. Noha Mostafa

24
Order Processing
 Customers request products (filling out an order form).

 Orders are transmitted and checked.
 Availability of items and customer’s credit status are verified.
 Items are produced (or retrieved from stock), packed and delivered with their
shipping documentation.
 Customers have to be kept informed about the status of their orders.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

25
Inventory management
Need for inventory:

 Improving service level
 Reducing overall logistics cost
 Coping with randomness in customer demand and supplier lead times
 Making seasonal items available through the year
 Speculating on price patterns
 Overcoming inefficiencies in managing the logistics systems.
Dr. Noha Mostafa
26
Inventory management
Problems of inventory:
 Opportunity cost, represented by the ROI that the firm would have realized if
money was better invested
 Warehousing costs (private, leased, public)
 Holding costs.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

27
Inventory strategies - Direct Shipment
Plant  Retailers
 No DC costs, reduce lead times

 But, if shipment sizes are small, customers are dispersed, then
a large fleet is required.
 DS is common when fully loaded trucks are required by
customers, or perishable goods.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

28
Inventory strategies - Warehousing
Plant  Warehouse  Retailers
 Products are shipped from the plant to the warehouse, where

they are stored in tanks, pallets, or shelves.
 When an order arrives, items are retrieved, packed and
shipped to the customer.
 A warehouse has four major functions:
Reception of goods, Storage, Order Picking, and Shipping
 Storage and Order Picking are expensive.
Dr. Noha Mostafa
29
Inventory strategies - Crossdocking
Plant  Crossdock  Retailers

 A crossdock is a transshipment facility in which incoming shipments
(possible originating from several manufacturers) are sorted,
consolidated with other products and transferred directly to retailers
without intermediate storage or order picking.
 Shipments spend just few hours at the crossdock.
 In Pre-distribution Crossdocking, goods are assigned to a retailer
before they leave the vendor.
 In Post-distribution Crossdocking, the crossdock itself allocate goods
for retailers.
 A crossdock requires high volume, low variability of demand, easy-
Dr. Noha Mostafa
to-handle products, and a suitable information system.
30
Inventory strategies - Crossdocking
Dr. Noha Mostafa

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlvWcr0sOEo Mechanical Engineering Department
31
Freight Transportation
 Due to the great development in transportation, markets are wider, perishable

goods can be available in worldwide market, and there are competitors from
different countries.
 Freight transportation is often two-thirds the total logistics cost.
 Transportation alternatives are:
 Private transportation (Private fleet of owned or rented vehicles).
 Contract transportation (3PL).
 Common transportation.
Dr. Noha Mostafa
32
Distribution channels
 A Distribution channel is the path followed by a product from manufacturer to end-

user.
Manufacturer  User Door-to-door

products.
Manufacturer  Retailer  User Books, Tire industry.
Manufacturer  Wholesaler Retailer  User FMCG
Manufacturer  Agent  Wholesaler Retailer  User Clothing industry, Cars.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

33
4
Issues, Trends, Decisions
Dr. Noha Mostafa

34
Logistics managerial issues
Logistics management wants to compromise between three main objectives:

▻ Capital reduction
Minimize investments associated with owned equipment and facilities
▻ Cost reduction
Minimize total costs associated with transportation and storage
▻ Service level improvement
Minimize order cycle time and delivery lead time
Dr. Noha Mostafa

35
Emerging trends in Logistics - Globalization
▻ An increasing number of companies operate at the

world level in order to take advantage of lower
labor wages and cheaper raw materials available in
some countries.
▻ Due to globalization, transportation needs have
increased.
▻ There should be an efficient design and management
of supply chains.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

36
Emerging trends in Logistics - IT
▻ Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global

Positioning Systems (GPS) allow distributors to keep
track of the current position of vehicles and to
communicate with drivers.
▻ What are other technologies?
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.transglory.com/en/5-trends-in-logistics-in-2018/ Mechanical Engineering Department
37
Emerging trends in Logistics – E-commerce
▻ An increasing number of companies make commercial

transactions through the internet.
▻ Business-to-business (B2B), and business-to-consumers (B2C)
transactions are performed.
▻ E-commerce leads to E-Logistics, which should be able to
manage small and medium-size shipments to a large
number o customers scattered round the world.
▻ The return flow of defected or rejected goods becomes a
major issue (reverse logistics).
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1u67O7ziQU Mechanical Engineering Department
38
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://dailylogistic.com/e-logistics/ Mechanical Engineering Department
39
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFMp-zi_nGc
40
Emerging trends in Logistics - Sustainability
https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-from-transport Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2021/05/13/5-tips-to-navigate-sustainable-logistics/?sh=1852c93146a3 Mechanical Engineering Department
41
Logistics decisions
▰Strategic decisions
▻ Have long-lasting effects (over many
years).
▻ Such as, logistics system design, facility
locations and capacities, warehouse layout,
and fleet size.
▻ Uses forecasts based on aggregate data.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.sccgltd.com/archive/logistics-network-planning-2/ Mechanical Engineering Department
42
Logistics decisions
▰Tactical decisions
▻ Medium-term basis (monthly or quarterly).
▻ Such as, distribution planning , storage allocation, order picking strategies,
transportation mode selection, and consolidation strategy.
▻ Uses forecasts based on disaggregate data.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

43
Logistics decisions
▰Operational decisions
▻ Daily basis or in real time and have a
narrow scope.
▻ Such as, warehouse order picking, shipment
and vehicle dispatching, and drivers
assignment.
▻ Based on very detailed data.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

44
Decisions’ support methods
▰Benchmarking
▻ The most popular logistics benchmarking is based on
the Supply Chain Operations References (SCOR)
model.
▻ SCOR is a process reference model that has been
developed and endorsed by the Supply Chain
Council (SCC) as the cross-industry standard
diagnostic tool for supply chain management.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://scor.ascm.org/ Mechanical Engineering Department
45
▰Simulation
▻ To evaluate specified alternatives and answer what-if
questions, e.g. a simulation model to estimate the
average order retrieval time in a given warehouse is
a specific storage policy is used.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

46
▰Optimization
▻ Mathematical optimization problem is formulated to
generate an optimal policy.
▻ Linear Programming, Network Flow (NF), where
thousands of variables and constraints can be
optimized by using computer.
▻ Most of the models in this course use IP, MIP, NLP,
which are difficult to be solved, so we can use
heuristics.
Dr. Noha Mostafa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Si8tiSEuMKA Mechanical Engineering Department
47
Optimization
Dr. Noha Mostafa

Mostafa, N. and Eltawil. A. (2016). Vertical Supply Chain Integrated Decisions: A Critical Review of Recent Literature and a Future Research Perspective Mechanical Engineering Department
48
▰Optimization
▻ Single-echelon or multi-echelon
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://blog.arkieva.com/is-your-business-in-need-of-multi-echelon-inventory-optimization-meio/ Mechanical Engineering Department
49
5
Long-haul freight
transportation
Dr. Noha Mostafa
50
Players
 Shippers: Producers, brokers – they originate the demand for transportation.

 Carriers: Railways, motor carriers, shipping lines – supply transportation services.
In some cases, the shippers are the carriers.
 Government: Constructs and operates transportation infrastructure and put the
regulations.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

51
Long-haul vs Short-haul
 Long-haul freight transportation: Goods are moved over long distances by one
or more mode.
 Short-haul freight transportation: Goods are moved over short distances usually
by trucks between pick-up and delivery points in the same area.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

52
Classification of LH
1. Privately operated transportation:

 The company has its own fleet.
 Freight is moved from a restricted number of origins to several destinations.
 Few-to-many transportation systems.
2. Public carriers:
 Traffic classes (origin, destination, commodity class, freight tonnage).
 Can be customized-based (TL, Tramper) or consolidation-based (LTL, Liners).
 Many-to-many transportation systems.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

53
Relevant motion costs
▰ Transportation costs:
 Fleet operating: wages, fuel, vehicle depreciation, maintenance, insurance, administration.
Time dependent  wages, insurance; Distance dependent  fuel, maintenance.
Time and distance dependent  depreciation; Fixed  Administration.
 Shipment transporting.
 Vehicle hiring.
▰ Handling costs:
 Bin packing.
Dr. Noha Mostafa
 Loading/Unloading.
54
Challenges
▰ Fuel
▰ Emissions
▰ Pricing wars
▰ E-commerce
▰ Security issues at terminals
Dr. Noha Mostafa

55
Modes
There are five basic modes of long-haul freight transportation:

▻Ship
▻Rail
▻Truck
▻Air
▻Pipelines
Dr. Noha Mostafa

56
Factors
Fctors to consider in freight mode choice:

▻ Potential for Goods Damage
▻ Transit Time
▻ Cost of Transport
▻ Fuel Efficiency
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57
Potential for Goods Damage
Dr. Noha Mostafa

58
Transit time and cost
Dr. Noha Mostafa

Industrial Engineering Department
59
Fuel consumption
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60
Modes summary
Transit Loss &

Cost Reliability
time Damage
Rail 3 3 4 5
Truck 4 2 3 4
Water 1 5 5 2
Pipeline 2 4 2 1
Dr. Noha Mostafa
Air 5 1 1 3
INE426 Logistics Planning
61
Types of logistics companies
1. Freight Forwarders
They are in the business of finding the best and least expensive methods for moving products. These
companies may take the role of an agent on the shipper’s behalf or as the principal who handles all
documentation and freight management from the source to the customer. Freight forwarders negotiate
pricing with land, rail, ocean, and air carriers and award freight contracts on the shipper’s behalf. Other
essential functions include documentation, customs clearance, duty negotiation, and consolidation.
2. Freight Carriers
They are companies that generate revenue by moving products around the country and the globe. These
include: Trucking companies, Rail services, Ocean freight carriers, Air freight carriers. Many times,
shipments are multimodal or intermodal and may require more than one carrier type to complete the
transport.
Dr. Noha Mostafa
62
Top 10
Top Air Freight Forwarders 2021
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.ttnews.com/top50/airfreight/2021 Mechanical Engineering Department
63
Top 10 https://ijafri.com/234
Top Ocean Freight Forwarders 2021
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.ttnews.com/top50/oceanfreight/2021
64
Top 10
Top air freight carriers 2021
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.aircargonews.net/data/top-25-forwarders-dhl-stays-at-the-top-despite-volume-decline/
65
Top 10
Top sea freight carriers 2021
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.logisticsmgmt.com/article/top_30_ocean_carriers_2021_pricing_heads_up_as_shippers_fight_for_space Mechanical Engineering Department
66
Pipelines
WEPP NG ~ 8,704 KM Yamal-Europe NG Pipeline ~ 4,000 KM

West  East China Russia  Belarus  Poland  Germany
Dr. Noha Mostafa
67
Pipelines
ESPO Oil Pipeline ~ 4,188 KM Trans Mediterranean NG Pipeline ~ 2,475 KM

Eastern Siberia Pacific Ocean (Russia  China, Japan, SK) Algeria  Italy
Dr. Noha Mostafa

68
Modes summary
 90% of international trade is performed by ships.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

69
Cargo types
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=10258 Mechanical Engineering Department
70
Cargo types
Break bulk (Lift-on/Lift-off)
Dr. Noha Mostafa

71
Cargo types
Neo bulk (Lift-on/Lift-off or Ro-Ro)
Dr. Noha Mostafa

72
Cargo types
Containerized (Lift-on/Lift-off)
Dr. Noha Mostafa

73
Cargo types
Liquid bulk (Pumps and pipelines)
Dr. Noha Mostafa

74
Cargo types
Dry bulk (grabs, suctions)
Dr. Noha Mostafa

75
Port layout
Dr. Noha Mostafa

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JcHMhtH6_s&t=62s Mechanical Engineering Department
76
Port layout
Port of Shanghai, China

>47 million TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit) in 2021
Video: World's Biggest Automated Cargo Deep-water Port Starts Operation in Shanghai
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzOeAGAu60k Dr. Noha Mostafa
77
Trends
 Since 1980, global trade has grown at 5.5% annually, an expansion of almost 600%.
 This explosion of cross-border trade reflects the growth of global supply chains and the expansion of
consumption and production into new locations.
 In order to support this trade network, logistics hubs that facilitate the manufacturing and distribution of
goods have been established in virtually every country around the world. Key among these are the
large and strategically located global logistics hubs.
 These global nodes process goods by facilitating exchanges between various modes of transport,
including sea, air, rail, road and inland waterways—or any combination of these—optimizing the
distribution process and driving down the cost of trade between suppliers and end-users.
Video: Introducing DP World Cargo speed - The future of freight transportation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0_28dOMi2k Dr. Noha Mostafa
78
Trends
CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate

APAC: Asia-Pacific countries
EMEA: Europe, Middle East and Africa
Dr. Noha Mostafa
79
Major global logistics hubs
 90% of international trade is performed by ships.
Dr. Noha Mostafa

80
Major global logistics hubs
Memphis, Los Angeles, Chicago, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Hong Kong, Singapore,

Houston, NY, Toronto, Hamburg, London and Paris, Shanghai, Tokyo and Osaka
Monterrey Moscow, Dubai
Dr. Noha Mostafa

81
Emerging global Logistic hubs
Dr. Noha Mostafa

82
Logistics Performance Index 2018
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://lpi.worldbank.org/
83
Logistics in Egypt
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/scorecard/line/2/C/EGY/2018
84
Egyptian air ports
Dr. Noha Mostafa

85
Egyptian sea ports
1-Alexandria port:
the main port in Egypt, 75% of Egypt foreign trade pass through.
Passenger, petroleum, general cargo, bulk, coal, containers,
molasses, vegetable oil
2-Dekheila port:
Container, general cargoes, iron ore terminal, coal, grain silos
3- Abu Qir:
Food products, urea, petroleum offshore activities, citrus exporting
4-Damietta port: Dry bulk, general cargo, containers and LNG
5-Portsaid port: Containers, passenger, dry bulk, general cargo
6-Arish port: Mainly for salt exporting
7-Suez port/port Tawfik: Passenger, general cargo.
8-Adabiya port: Dry bulk, container, general cargo.
9-Safaga port: Passengers serving lines between Egypt / Saudi
Arabia, dry bulk, grain, Aluminum, phosphate.
10-sokhna port: General cargo.
Dr. Noha Mostafa
https://www.emdb.gov.eg/
86
Egyptian sea ports
1-Alexandria port:
the main port in Egypt, 75% of Egypt foreign trade pass through.
Passenger, petroleum, general cargo, bulk, coal, containers,
molasses, vegetable oil
2-Dekheila port:
Container, general cargoes, iron ore terminal, coal, grain silos
3- Abu Qir:
Food products, urea, petroleum offshore activities, citrus exporting
4-Damietta port: Dry bulk, general cargo, containers and LNG
5-Portsaid port: Containers, passenger, dry bulk, general cargo
6-Arish port: Mainly for salt exporting
7-Suez port/port Tawfik: Passenger, general cargo.
8-Adabiya port: Dry bulk, container, general cargo.
9-Safaga port: Passengers serving lines between Egypt / Saudi
Arabia, dry bulk, grain, Aluminum, phosphate.
10-sokhna port: General cargo.
Dr. Noha Mostafa
https://www.emdb.gov.eg/
87
Egypt - Railways
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://www.enr.gov.eg/Ar/ENR.aspx?ID=7
88
Opportunities
https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/462514.aspx
https://emgf.org/ Dr. Noha Mostafa
https://www.gem.wiki/Cyprus-Egypt_gas_pipeline Mechanical Engineering Department
89
Opportunities
https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/zone-developing-suez-canal-zone-major-logistics-centre-part-country%E2%80%99s-future-vision
Dr. Noha Mostafa

90
Opportunities
The Belt and Road Initiative
Video: This is why China is building a new silk road?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvXROXiIpvQ Dr. Noha Mostafa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_blda2ujguo&t=36s Mechanical Engineering Department
91
Self-reading – Logistics trends
Dr. Noha Mostafa

https://lecvietnam.com/en/operations/news/top-10-logistics-trends-2020-141.html
92
Glossary
https://www.logisticsglossary.com/ Dr. Noha Mostafa

THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at
Noha.Mostafa@bue.edu.eg

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Operations Research

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Dr. Noha Mostafa

 The term logistics has its origins in the military.

 Napoleon Bonaparte who led the French Grande Armée

 The term logistics comes from French word “Logistique”

Napoleon Crossing the Alps Dr. Noha Mostafa

 The 2nd industrial revolution

 How to do mass distribution?

 The answer is ’business logistics’.

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Dr. Noha Mostafa

 Inventory on shelf of a retailer.

 The right amount and type of blood in a hospital

Dr. Noha Mostafa

20.94 trillion USD (GDP 2020)

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Logistics costs in manufacturing

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Logistics is a part of Supply Chains

Dr. Noha Mostafa

A logistics system is made up of a set of facilities linked by transportation services.

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Logistics VS material handling

▰ Each facility has its internal transportation

▰ Logistics is NOT associated with the material flow inside the

 A supply chain is vertically integrated, if its components (raw materials, plants,

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Third-Party Logistics (3PL)

▰ 3PL (outsourcing) is a long-term commitment to use an outside company to perform all or

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Logistics main activities

Logistics systems are made up of three main activities:

Dr. Noha Mostafa

 Customers request products (filling out an order form).

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Need for inventory:

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Inventory strategies - Direct Shipment

 No DC costs, reduce lead times

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Inventory strategies - Warehousing

Plant  Warehouse  Retailers

 Products are shipped from the plant to the warehouse, where

Inventory strategies - Crossdocking

Plant  Crossdock  Retailers

Inventory strategies - Crossdocking

Dr. Noha Mostafa

 Due to the great development in transportation, markets are wider, perishable

 A Distribution channel is the path followed by a product from manufacturer to end-

Manufacturer  User Door-to-door

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Logistics managerial issues

Logistics management wants to compromise between three main objectives:

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Emerging trends in Logistics - Globalization

▻ An increasing number of companies operate at the

Dr. Noha Mostafa

Emerging trends in Logistics - IT