Everything you need to know to pass maths this midterm.

Chapter 1.1

Note on rational and irrational numbers

Rational

☆ all integers are whole numbers and they are rational

☆ all fractions, perfect square root and cube root are rational
☆ all rational numbers can be written as fractions.
☆ terminating and recurring decimals are rational numbers

Irrational

☆ an irrational number is a number that cannot be written as a fraction

☆ non perfect square root and cube root can be called surds
☆ all surds and pi (π) are irrational numbers

Chapter 1.2

Note on how to do standard forms

☆ General Format of Standard Form:

Front Number (a): A number bigger than or equal to 1 but less than 10.
Power/Index (n): Any positive or negative whole number.

☆ Examples of Standard Form:

✳ Correct Standard Form: 4.5 times 10 to the power of 4 is correct because the front number
4.5 is between 1 and 10, and the power or index of 4 is a whole number.

✳ Incorrect Standard Form: 0.7 times 10 to the power of -2 is incorrect because 0.7, which is
the front number, is less than 1.

✳ Incorrect Standard Form: 9.34 times 10 to the power of 5.5 is incorrect because the power
isn't a whole number.

✳ Correct Standard Form: 1 times 10 to the power of -13 is fine as the front number is allowed
to be one itself, and the index is negative 13, which is a whole number.

☆ Understanding Powers:
If the power is positive, it indicates how many times to multiply the front number by 10.
If the power is negative, it indicates how many times to divide the front number by ten.

☆ Decimal Point Movement:

Positive power: Move the decimal point to the right.

Negative power: Move the decimal point to the left.

☆ Decimal Point Movement Examples:

For 2.7 times 10 to the power of 3, the positive 3 indicates moving the decimal point three
places to the right. Making it 2700
For 5 times 10 to the power of -2, the negative 2 means moving the decimal point two places to
the left. Making it 0.005

☆ How to turn ordinary numbers into standard form:

Step 1: Identify the Front Number (a):

☆ Look at the number and find a digit between 1 and 9 to be your front number.

Step 2: Determine the Power/Index (n):

☆ Check how many places you need to move the decimal point to make your front number
between 1 and 10.
- If you move to the left, the power (n) is positive.
- If you move to the right, the power (n) is negative.

Step 3: Write in Standard Form:

☆ Write your front number with a multiplication sign, then write 10 raised to the power you
found.

Chapter 2

Note on algebraic expression

How to do those area-perimetre questions:

In this scenario, you're given a rectangle with certain dimensions, and you're asked to find the
expression for its perimeter and area. Let's break down the steps:

☆Perimeter:

The perimeter of a rectangle is the sum of all its sides. If the length is (3x + 1) and the width is
(2x), the expression for the perimeter is:
(3x + 1) + 2x + (3x + 1) + 2x
Simplifying this expression involves combining like terms: 10x + 2

☆Area:

The area of a rectangle is given by the product of its length and width. If the length is (3x + 1)
and the width is (2x), the expression for the area is:
(3x + 1) * 2x
Use the distributive property to simplify: 6x^2 + 2x

☆ Substituting a Specific Value:

If (x) is given a specific value, such as (x = 3) centimeters, you substitute that value into the
expressions to find the actual perimeter and area.

For Perimeter: 10 * 3 + 2 = 32 centimeters

For Area: 6 * 3^2 + 2 * 3 = 60 square centimeters

Therefore, if (x) is equal to 3 centimeters, the actual perimeter is 32 centimeters, and the actual
area is 60 square centimeters.

Simplifying algebraic equations:

☆ Basic Multiplication:

In algebra, multiplication signs are omitted.

Write figures being multiplied together next to each other.

Example: abc for a * b * c.

Example: 3ac for 3 * a * c.

If a letter is repeated, use exponent notation.

Example: 3a^2 for 3 * a * a.
Multiple Factors:

Order of multiplication doesn't matter.

Example: 3 * a * 4 * c = 12ac.
Complex Expressions:

Break down each part (numbers, letters) separately.

Example: 24p^2q^3 for 3 * 2 * 4 * p * p * q * q^2.
Example: 18a for -3 * -6 * a.
Use brackets for clarity.

☆Challenges:

Be cautious with ambiguous cases.

Example: -4^2 - clarify with brackets.

☆ Expanding and Simplifying:

Expand Expressions:

Break down terms within brackets.

Example: hj^3 expands to h * j * h * j * h * j.
Multiplying Expressions:

Treat numbers and letters separately.

Example: 3a * 2a^2 expands to 3a * 2a * 2a.
Example: 12a^3 for 3 * 2 * 2 * a * a * a.

☆ Key Tips:

Pay attention to multiplication rules.

Use exponent notation for repeated variables.
Carefully handle negative numbers and brackets.

How to do indices 😘😘
1. Understanding the Basics:
- Base: The number being raised to a power. In "a^n," "a" is the base.
- Exponent: The number that indicates how many times the base is multiplied by itself.

2. Rules for Multiplication:

- a^m * a^n = a^(m+n)
- When you multiply two terms with the same base, add their exponents.

3. Rules for Division:

- a^m / a^n = a^(m-n)
- When you divide two terms with the same base, subtract the exponent of the divisor from
the exponent of the dividend.

4. Rules for Powers of Powers:

- (a^m)^n = a^(m * n)
- When you raise a power to another power, multiply the exponents.
5. Rule for a Power of One:
- a^0 = 1
- Any nonzero number raised to the power of zero is 1.

6. Negative Exponents:
- a^(-n) = 1 / a^n
- A negative exponent means taking the reciprocal of the base raised to the positive
exponent.

7. Fractional Exponents:
- a^(m/n) = nth root of (a^m)
- A fractional exponent represents the nth root of the base raised to the power of the
numerator.

8. Zero Exponent:
- a^0 = 1
- Any nonzero number raised to the power of zero is 1.

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How to expand brackets
( but you need to expand your social circle

Expanding expressions involves multiplying each term in one set of parentheses by each term
in the other set. Let's take the example (x+2)(x+3):

☆ Multiply the First Terms:

x × x = x^2

☆Multiply the Outer Terms:

x × 3 = 3x

☆Multiply the Inner Terms:

2 × x = 2x

☆Multiply the Last Terms:

2×3=6

☆Combine the Terms:

x^2 + 3x + 2x + 6
☆ Simplify the Expression:

x^2 + 5x + 6
So, (x+2)(x+3) expands to x^2 + 5x + 6.

Remember to apply the distributive property by multiplying each term in the first set of
parentheses by each term in the second set.

Chapter 3

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