Linear Algebra and Its Applications 5th

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Compute the dot product u ∙ v.

1) u = 5 , v = 6
15 15
A) 225 B) 255 C) -195 D) 30
Answer: B

2) u = 10 , v = 14
0 -3
A) 137 B) 143 C) -30 D) 140
Answer: D

3) u = -15 , v = 0
2 11
A) 22 B) -165 C) 37 D) 7
Answer: A

4) u = 1 ,v= 3
17 1
A) 53 B) 20 C) 22 D) 14
Answer: B

-1 3
5) u = 5 ,v= 2
3 -5
A) -8 B) 0 C) 2 D) 8
Answer: A

10 2
6) u = 0 ,v= 3
5 -1
A) 25 B) 18 C) 15 D) 0
Answer: C

Find a unit vector in the direction of the given vector.

7) 13
-26
A) B) C) D)
1 1 1 1
5 3 5 5
2 2 2 2
- - -
5 3 5 5
Answer: D

1
 -4
8) 4
-2
A) B) C) D)
2 2 2 2
- - -
9 5 3 3
2 2 2 2
9 5 3 3
1 1 1 1
- - -
9 5 3 3

Answer: C

Find the distance between the two vectors.

9) u = (-8, -1), v = (1, -8)
A) 65 B) 65 C) 130 D) 130
Answer: C

10) u = (6, -12), v = (-12, 12)

A) 6 B) 150 C) 900 D) 30
Answer: D

11) u = (0, 0, 0) , v = (9, 9, 6)

A) 3 22 B) 198 C) 2 6 D) 24
Answer: A

12) u = (0, 0, 0) , v = (-5, -3, -4)

A) 2 -3 B) -12 C) 50 D) 5 2
Answer: D

13) u = (-5, 6, -5) , v = (-3, 4, 5)

A) -10 B) 108 C) 2 41 D) 6 3
Answer: D

14) u = (14, 17, 22) , v = (2, 9, 2)

A) 4 38 B) 608 C) 2 377 D) 40
Answer: A

15) u = (24, 14, 19) , v = (-4, 4, 7)

A) 50 B) 2 257 C) 10 14 D) 1028
Answer: B

Determine whether the set of vectors is orthogonal.

-4 4 -4
16) -8 , 0 , 4
-4 -4 -4
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B

2
 -20 20 -20
17) -40 , 0 , -20
-20 -20 -20
A) No B) Yes
Answer: A

Express the vector x as a linear combination of the u's.

18) u1 = 2 , u2 = 12 , x = 32
-4 6 -4
A) x = -4u1 - 2u2 B) x = 4u1 + 2u2 C) x = 4u1 - 2u2 D) x = 2u1 + 4u2
Answer: B

-2 3 -2 9
19) u1 = 0 , u2 = 5 , u3 = 6 , x = 39
1 6 -4 -2
A) x = 4u1 + 6u2 - 4u3 B) x = -8u1 + 6u2 + 8u3
C) x = -4u1 + 3u2 + 4u3 D) x = 4u1 - 3u2 - 4u3
Answer: C

Find the orthogonal projection of y onto u.

20) y = -12 , u = -8
36 4
A) B) C) D)
-24 8 -24 -8
-
12 3 4 4
4
-
3
Answer: A

21) y = -24 , u = 4
10 20
A) B) C) D)
16 1 1 4
80 4 5 20
5
4
Answer: C

Let W be the subspace spanned by the u's. Write y as the sum of a vector in W and a vector orthogonal to W.
17 2 -1
22) y = 7 , u1 = 2 , u2 = 3
12 -1 4
A) B) C) D)
6 -11 6 23 6 11 12 5
y = 14 + 7 y = 14 + 21 y = 14 + -7 y = 28 + -21
4 -8 4 16 4 8 8 4
Answer: C

3
 19 1 2
23) y = 3 , u 1 = 0 , u 2 = 1
11 -1 2
A) B) C) D)
18 -1 13 6 18 37 18 1
y= 7 + 4 y= 0 + 3 y = 7 + 10 y= 7 + -4
10 -1 -13 6 10 21 10 1
Answer: D

Find the closest point to y in the subspace W spanned by u1 and u2 .

27 2 -1
24) y = 17 , u1 = 2 , u2 = 3
7 -1 4
A) B) C) D)
16 -16 -5 -8
24 -24 31 96
-1 1 34 95
Answer: A

16 1 2
25) y = 0 , u 1 = 0 , u2 = 1
2 -1 2
A) B) C) D)
15 -15 20 18
4 -4 9 7
1 -1 16 10
Answer: A

The given set is a basis for a subspace W. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to produce an orthogonal basis for W.
6 6
26) Let x1 = -3 , x2 = -18
0 3
A) B) C) D)
6 -6 6 -6 -9 6 6 18
-3 , -18 -3 , -12 -3 , -18 -3 , -24
0 -3 0 3 0 3 0 3
Answer: B

0 1 1
27) Let x1 = 1 , x2 = 1 ,x =
3
0
-1 -1 1
1 -1 1
A) B) C) D)
0 1 1 0 1 6 0 3 14 0 3 18
1 , 1 , 0 1 , 0 , 0 1 , 2 , 2 1 , 4 , 4
-1 -1 1 -1 0 1 -1 -2 9 -1 -4 19
1 -1 1 1 -2 3 1 -4 7 1 -2 13
Answer: C

4
Find a QR factorization of the matrix A.
-4 6
28) A = 2 -18
0 6
A) B)
2 1 -10 30
-
5 6 -4 -6 5 5
1 2 Q= 2 -12 , R = 36
- - -2 6 0
Q= 5 6 ,R= 0 6 6
06
1
0
6
C) D)
30 2 1
0 -
-4 6 5 5 6 -10 30
Q= 2 -18 , R = 36 -10 1 2 5 5
- -
0 6 6 5 Q= 5 6 ,R= 36
0
1 6
0
6
Answer: D

0 1 1
29) A = 1 1 0
-1 -1 1
1 -1 1
A)
3 14
0
33 330 3 1
0
1 2 2 3 3
3 33 330 11 3
0 -
Q= 1 2 9 ,R= 33 33
- -
3 33 330 30
0 0
1 4 7 330
-
3 33 330
B)
3 14
0
33 330
1 2 2
3 33 330 3 1 0
Q= 1 2 9 , R = 0 11 -3
- -
3 33 330 0 0 30
1 4 7
-
3 33 330

5
 C)
3 1
0
3 3
0 3 14
11 3
0 -
Q= 1 2 2 ,R=
33 33
-1 -2 9
1 -4 7 30
0 0
330
D)
3
0 0
3
0 3 14
1 11
0
Q= 1 2 2 ,R=
3 33
-1 -2 9
1 -4 7 3 30
0-
33 330
Answer: A

Find a least-squares solution of the inconsistent system Ax = b.

1 2 1
30) A = 3 4 , b = 5
5 9 1
A) B) C) D)
121 2 146 73
-
42 21 27 1754
51 11 77 77
- - - -
28 6 27 3508
Answer: C

1 1 0 0 7
1 1 0 0 8
31) A = 1 0 1 0 ,b= 0
1 0 1 0 2
1 0 0 1 4
1 0 0 1 1
A) B) C) D)
5 5 5 5
2 -1 2 -1 2 -1 4 -1
5 +x 1 5 +x 1 4 + x -1 5 +x 1
4 4 4 4
3 1 7 1 3 1 3 1
- - - -
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 0
0 0 0 0
Answer: A

Given A and b, determine the least-squares error in the least-squares solution of Ax = b.

43 3
32) A = 2 1 , b = 0
32 1
A) 0.40824829 B) 162.109188 C) 2.36290781 D) 60.2310367
Answer: A

6
Find the equation y = β 0 + β 1 x of the least-squares line that best fits the given data points.
33) Data points: (2, 1), (3, 2), (7, 3), (8, 1)

1 2 1
X= 1 3 ,y= 2
1 7 3
1 8 1
9 1 71 1 71 1 105 1
A) y = - + x B) y = - x C) y = + x D) y = - + x
52 13 52 26 52 13 52 13
Answer: C

34) Data points: (5, -3), (2, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1)

1 5 -3
X= 1 2 ,y= 2
1 4 3
1 5 1
19 1 19 8 19 67
A) y = + x B) y = - x C) y = - 1x D) y = - 2x
4 3 4 3 4 6
Answer: C

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Solve the problem.

35) With the given positive numbers, show that vectors u = (u1 , u2 ) and v = (v1, v2) define an inner product in ℛ2
using the 4 axioms.
Set u, v = 3u1v1 + 7u2 v2
Answer: Axiom 1: u, v = 3u1 v1 + 7u2 v2 = 3v1 u1 + 7v2u2 = v, u
Axiom 2: If w = (w1 , w2 ), then u + v, w = 3(u1 + v 1)w1 + 7(u2 + v 2 )w2
= 3u1 w1 + 7u2 w2 + 3v1 w1 + 7v2 w2
= u, w + v, w
Axiom 3: cu, v = 3c(u1)v1 + 7(cu2)v2 = c(3u1 v1 + 7u2 v2) = c u, v
Axiom 4: u, u = 3u1 2 + 7u2 2 ≥ 0, and 3u1 2 + 7u22 = 0 only
if u1 = u2 = 0. Also, 0, 0 = 0.

36) Let t0 , ...., tn be distinct real numbers. For p and q in Ρn , define p, q = p(t0)q(t0 ) + p(t1)q(t1 ) + ... + p(tn )q(tn ).

Answer: Axioms 1-3 are readily checked. For Axiom 4, note that p, p = [p(t0 )]2 + [p(t1 )]2 +... + [p(tn )] 2 ≥ 0.
Also, 0, 0 = 0.
If p, p = 0, then p must vanish at n + 1 points: t0, ...., tn . This is possible only if p is the zero polynomial,
because the degree of p is less than n + 1.

7
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Compute the length of the given vector.

1
37) p(t) = 13t2 and q(t) = t - 1, where t0 = 0, t1 = , t2 = 1
2
5 13 5
A) p = 13 17; q = B) p = 17; q =
4 4 4
5 5 5
C) p = 0.5 70; q = D) p = ; q = 13
4 4 4
Answer: B

38) p(t) = 3t + 4 and q(t) = 4t - 5, where t0 = 0, t1 = 1, t2 = 2

A) p = 165; q = 35 B) p = -133; q = 15
C) p = 165; q = 145 D) p = 153; q = 195
Answer: A

Solve the problem.

39) Let V be in Ρ4 , involving evaluation of polynomials at -4, -1, 0, 1, and 4, and view Ρ2 by applying the
Gram-Schmidt process to the polynomials 1, t, and t2 .
34 34 17
A) p2 (t) = t2 + 6 B) p2(t) = t2 - C) p2 (t) = t2 + D) p2 (t) = t2 -
5 5 6
Answer: B

40) Let V be in Ρ4 , involving evaluation of polynomials at -5, -3, 0, 3, and 5, and view Ρ2 by applying the
Gram-Schmidt process to the polynomials 1, t, and t2 .
18 68 68
A) p2 (t) = t2 - B) p2(t) = t2 - C) p2 (t) = t2 - 10 D) p2 (t) = t2 +
5 5 5
Answer: B

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

b
41) For f, g in C[a, b], set f, g = ∫ f(t) g(t) dt .
a
Show that f, g defines an inner product of C[a, b].
Answer: Answers will vary.
Inner product Axioms 1-3 follow from elementary properties of definite integrals.
b
Axiom 4: f, f = ∫ [f(t)]2 dt ≥ 0.
a
The function [f(t)] is continuous and nonnegative on [a, b]. If the definite integral of [f(t)]2 is zero, then
2
[f(t)]2 must be identically zero on [a, b]. Thus, f, f = 0 implies that f is the zero function on [a, b].

42) Let V be the space C[0, 1] and let W be the subspace spanned by the polynomials p1 (t) = 1, p2 (t) = 2t - 1, and
p3 (t) = 12t2. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to find an orthogonal basis for W.

Answer: As a function, q3 (t) = 12t2 - 12t + 2. The orthogonal basis for the subspace W is {q1 , q2 , q3 }.

8
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Find the least-squares line y = β 0 + β z x that best fits the given data.
43) Given: The data points (-3, 2), (-2, 5), (0, 5), (2, 3), (3, 3).
Suppose the errors in measuring the y-values of the last two data points are greater than for the other points.
Weight these data points half as much as the rest of the data.

1 -3 2
1 -2 β1 5
X= 1 0 ,β= ,y= 5
β2
1 2 3
1 3 3
A) y = 0.18 + 4.1x B) y = 4.5 + 0.60x C) y = 0.8 + 0.60x D) y = 4.1 + 0.18x
Answer: D

44) Given: The data points (-2, 2), (-1, 5), (0, 5), (1, 3), (2, 5).
Suppose the errors in measuring the y-values of the last two data points are greater than for the other points.
Weight these data points twice as much as the rest of the data.

1 -2 2
1 -1 β1 5
X= 1 0 ,β= ,y= 5
β2
1 1 3
1 2 5
A) y = 3.6 + 0.14x B) y = 3.7 + 0.40x C) y = 3.0 + 0.27x D) y = 7.4 + 0.79x
Answer: B

Solve the problem.

π
45) Let C[0, π] have the inner product f, g = ∫ f(t)g(t) dt, and let m and n be unequal positive integers. Prove
0
that cos(mt) and cos(nt) are orthogonal.
π
A) cos(mt), cos(nt) = ∫ cos(mt)cos(nt)dt
0
π
1
=
2 ∫ [cos(mt + nt) + cos(mt - nt)]dt
0
1 sin(mt + nt) sin(mt - nt)
= + from [0, π]
2 m-n m+n
= 1.
π
B) cos(mt), cos(nt) = ∫ cos(mt)cos(nt)dt
0
π
1
=
2 ∫
[cos(mt + nt) + cos(mt - nt)]dt
0
1 sin(mt + nt) sin(mt - nt)
= + from [0, π]
2 m+n m-n
= 0.

9
 π
C) cos(mt), cos(nt) = ∫ cos(mt)cos(nt)dt
0
π
1
=
2 ∫
[cos(mt + nt) - cos(mt - nt)]dt
0
1 sin(mt + nt) sin(mt - nt)
= - from [0, π]
2 m-n m+ n
= 0.
π
D) cos(mt), cos(nt) = ∫ cos(mt)cos(nt)dt
0
π
= ∫ [cos(mt + nt) + cos(mt - nt)]dt
0
sin(mt - nt) sin(mt + nt)
= + from [0, π]
m+n m-n
= 1.
Answer: B

46) Find the nth-order Fourier approximation to the function f(t) = 3t on the interval [0, 2π].
6 6
A) π - cos(t) - cos(2t) - cos(3t) - ... - cos(nt) B) 3π - 6sin(t) - 3sin(2t) - 2sin(3t) - ... - sin(nt)
n n
3 6
C) 3π - 6sin(t) - 3sin(2t) - 1sin(3t) - ... - sin(nt) D) 3π - 6cos(t) - 3sin(2t) - 2cos(3t) - ... - cos(nt)
n n
Answer: B

10