Level / Stream: 2nd year Foreign Languages stream.

MADE BY : Miss widad GOUASMIA

Unit 01 : diversity and lifestyle ( sings of the time ) :

In this unit we are going to discover the different lifestyles between the past & the
present in Algeria and abroad . ALSO how to express the habits in the past and present
by using different words , modals , tenses extr……

Vocabulary :

LIFESTYLE = way of live civilization = culture

DIVERSITY = variety – difference Household = family

TRADITIONS = customs –food – clothes Attract = draw attention

century= 100 YEARS USED TO = accustomed with

decade = 10 YEARS TRAVELLING

REFUSE = reject-disagree-disallow Modern=new

ACCEPT = agree- allow – approve Meal =food

GRAMMAR :

EXPRESSING THE HABIT IN THE PAST & IN THE PRESENT

IN THE PAST IN THE PRESENT

USED TO+STEM PRESENT SIMPLE

EG : i used to work with my father in the farm . EG : HE ALWAYS

WAKES UP AT 7

DID NOT +USED TO

EG : she did not used to work at night .

Future intention ‫النية المستقبلية‬

BE going to
EG : I am going to England on Thursday . I AM Going to pass the exam this Sunday .

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THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GOING TO & WILL+ STEM :

GOING TO : NEAR ACTION - the decision already been made.- plans –proof

Eg : i’m going to visit spain this summer .

Look out !you are going to drop the glass .

WILL +STEM : FAR ACTION - it doesn't mean that the decision has already
been made. – a promis – prediction in the future – i decide now .

Eg : promise . I won ‘t teel anoyone .

In general, "going to" is used for planned or intended future actions, while "will"
is used for spontaneous or future actions that are not planned in advance. For
example:
- I am going to study for my exam tomorrow. (This implies that the decision to
study has already been made.)
- I will study for my exam tomorrow. (This implies a future action, but it doesn't
necessarily mean that the decision to study has already been made.)

CERTAINTY & DOUBT :‫التأكد و الشك‬

when I am certain or doubt about something or action I use different expressions :

Level of Certainty/Doubt Modal Verb Example Sentence

High Certainty can The sun can rise in the east.
Moderate Certainty may She may attend the meeting.
Low Certainty might It might rain later.
Very Low Certainty could He could be at the party.
Speculation/Possibility might We might go on a vacation next year.

Negative: Can =can’t /could =couldn’t / MAY = may not / MIGHT= might not

RELATIVE CLAUSES:

This relative clauses are pronouns , we use them to avoid repetition in the
sentence .

EG:- I live in LONDON . In LONDON people are nice .

I live in LONDON where people are nice . ( PLACE )

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 -I like this time of the day . The weather is so peaceful in this time of the day.

i like this time of the dy when the weather is so peaceful.( TIME)

- ISLEM bought the phone . I told you about the phone yesterday.

ISLEM bought the phone which / that I told you about yesterday . ( THING)

- SALMA is the friend of AYA . AYA studies in the literary stream .

SALMA is the friend of AYA. Who studies in the literary stream ( subject)

- she is the new wife of that man . That man’s wife is dead .

SHE is the new wife of that man whose wife is dead .( POSSESION )

-The director hired AHMED . I saw AHMED in the shop .

The director hired AHMED.Whom I saw in the shop . (OBJECT )

Pronunciation ( sounds): FINAL /S/

/IZ/ / S/ /Z /
C RACES P SLEEPS B CRABS

S BUSES K BOOKS D WORDS

X BOXES T HATES G BAGS
Z PIZES
F CLIFF L DEALS
SS KISSES
PH GRAPHS M DREAMS
CH WATCHES
TH MYTHS N FANS
SH DISHES
NG SINGS
GE CHANGES
R WEARS

V GLOVES

Y PLAYS