Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Flashcards - Quizlet

10/18/23, 11:03 AM Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Flashcards | Quizlet
Social Science Psychology
Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4)

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Terms in this set (88)
What are empirical methods? Methods based on personal experience.
Non-empirical methods? Methods not based on personal experience.
1. Intuition
2. Common Sense
What are five basic empirical
3. Mysticism
methods?
4. Tenacity
5. Science.
What are two basic non-empirical 1. Authority

methods? 2. Rationalism.
The spontaneous, "instinctive", process, such as insight

What is intuition?
without awareness.
What is common sense? A dependence on informal methods.
Direct insight often associated with altered states of

What is mysticism?
consciousness.
What is Tenacity? Persistence of superstition and habit.
Knowledge, comprehension, or understanding knowledge

coordinated, arranged, systematized; hence the knowledge
What is Science?
of any one department of mind of matter coordinated,
arranged systematized.
What is the non-empirical method of Acquiring knowledge by accepting what some "authority"
authority? figure states to be true.
Acquiring knowledge by using the process of reasoning --

What is rationalism (Logic)?
logically thinking a problem through.

https://quizlet.com/123051563/experimental-psychology-exam-1-chapters-1-4-flash-cards/ 1/8
1. Empiracle
2. Objective
3. Self-Correcting
Name 7 characteristics of Science. 4. Progressive
5. Tentative
6. Parsimonious
7. Concerned With Theory.
1. Describe
2. Explain
Name the 4 basic goals of science?
3. Predict
4. Control
S1. Identify the Problem

S2. Design an Experiment
List the 5 step approach. S3. Conduct the Experiment
S4. Test the hypothesis
S5. Communicate the Results
Research conducted to fix practical issues with a potential

What is applied research?
solution.
Research that tries to answer fundamental questions about

What is basic research?
the nature of behavior.
A descriptive analysis; the systematic investigation into and

What is research? study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and
reach new conclusions.
Manipulation of variables; a scientific procedure undertaken

What is an experiment? to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a
known fact.
1. Public Observation
2. Self Observation
3. Secondary Observation (friend)
Name 7 places research ideas can
4. Theories
come from?
5. Observation of groups of interest.
6. Observation of species of interest.
7. Past Research

1. Geniephobia (Fear that you have to be a genius to conduct

research.)
2. Imitatophobia (Fear of imitating the work of other
researchers.)
Name the 8 main reasons (phobias) 3. Paraphernaliophobia (fear of research apparatus.)
that one may be intimidated by 4. Manuphobia (Fear of doing things by hand.)
doing research? 5. Parsimoniophobia (Fear that you are being too simple)
6. Calculatophobia (Fear of Stats.)
7. Pseudononphonoscientisphobia (Fear of not sounding
scientific enough.)
8. Ergophobia (Fear of work.)
What is physical harm? Physical damage or injury.
Stress on the mentality; Mental damage that causes

What is psychological harm?
someone to feel less valuable, successful, ect.
Misinformation that a participant receives during a research

What is deception?
investigation.
What is deception used for in an To manipulate a variable that would otherwise be impossible
experiment? to manipulate if the participant was made aware of it.
Participants will be observed and tested within a more

What are some of the pros to using
natural environment therefore allowing the results to be
deception in research?
more accurate in their findings.
What are some of the cons to using Issues concerning ethical practices are more likely to arise if
deception during research? the participant is not fully briefed beforehand.
What are some alternatives to using Role Playing, simulations, and conducting honest
deception during research? experiments.
When it comes to causing any Undo the damage and attend to the participant until they
physical or psychological harm what are once again in their normal state.
is a researcher required to do
afterwards.
The principle that individuals in research investigations are

What is autonomy?
capable of making a decision of whether to participate.
In research ethics, the principle that participants in an

What is informed consent? experiment be informed in advance of all aspects of the
research that might influence their decision to participate.
To adhere with informed consent -The purpose of the study

during research, what factors should - Risks and benefits of participation
a potential participant be briefed on and
before making their decision of -the right to refuse or terminate participation at anytime.
whether or not to participate?
Explanation of the purpose of the research that is given to

What is debriefing?
participants following their participation in research.
What opportunity does debriefing It provides the opportunity for the participant to withdraw
provide to the participant? their data from the study.
An alternative to deception that occurs when the

experimenter describes a situation to the participant and
What is role playing?
then asks them how they, or how other people, would react
to the situation.
An alternative to deception that occurs when participants

What is a simulation? are placed into a controlled situation, resembling a real one.
For example, the Stanford Prison Experiment.
The definition of a concept that specifies the method used

What is an operational definition?
to measure or manipulate the concept.
An assertion about what is true in a particular situation;

What is a hypothesis? often, a statement asserting that two or more variables are
related to one another.
Statements suggesting that the independent variable (IV)

What is a formal hypothesis?
will produce a change in the dependent variable (DV)?
Statement suggesting a specific relationship between the

What is an informal hypothesis?
Independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) .
What is a pro to using the It is the non manipulative approach.

correlational approach to research?
-A casual statement cannot be made.

What are some cons to using the -The direction of the relationship between the independent
correlational approach to research? and dependent variable cannot be determined.
-There is a third factor influence
What are some pros to using the -Causation can be established

experimental approach to research? -Ambiguity is reduced in results.
What is a con to using the It has the probability of becoming an extremely time
experimental approach to research? consuming process.
One event (the cause) that generates another event (the

What is causation?
effect)
What is meant by a "necessary A certain condition must be present in order for the effect to
cause?" occur.

What is meant by a "sufficient A certain condition will always produce the effect.
cause?"
How do you know when you've When other possible explanations have been ruled out.
identified necessary and/or sufficient
cause?
What did John Stuart Mill do to Set forth canons that can be used to experimentally identify
influence our ability to detect a casualty.
cause-effect relationship?
What might Karl Popper say about Casualty can never really be demonstrated because a
demonstrating causation? hypothesis can never be proven, only falsified.
What is Construct Validity concerned Whether the methods of studying variables are accurate.
with?
What does Internal Validity refer to? The accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect.
What does External Validity Whether the findings of a study can be generalized to other
concern? settings as well.
A condition where one event (the cause) generates another

What does causation refer to?
event (the effect).
The variable manipulated or selected by the experimenter

What is an independent variable?
to determine its effect on behavior.
A variable that measures the effects of the independent

What is a dependant variable?
variable.
Refers to the extent that a subject changes or modifies their

What is reactivity? behavior because they know that they are being observed
and their responses are being recorded.
1. Secondary Records
2. Naturalistic Observation
3. Case Study
4. Correlation:
What are the ten descriptive 5. Ex Post Facto
research techniques? 6. Longitudinal
7. Cross-Sectional
8. Survey
9. Participant Observation
10. Meta-Analysis
What is a con relating to descriptive A causal statement cannot be made.

research techniques?

Virtually any observation or measure that has previously

What are Secondary Records?
been recorded.
The systematic observation and recording of data on

What is a Naturalistic Observation?
naturally occurring events and doing it unobtrusively.
An intensive description and analysis of a single subject,

What is a Case Study?
group, or event.
Measuring and calculating the degree of relationship

What is a correlation? between two or more naturally occurring events of
variables.
Measuring characteristics of pre-existing groups with no

What is an Ex Post Facto Study?
direct manipulation.
The researcher examines and collects information from a

What is a Longitudinal Study?
single group over a long (extended) period of time.
What is a pro of the longitudinal It allows information to be gathered accurately over a long
study? period of time.
What is are some cons to the It is time consuming and mortality may occur.
longitudinal study?
When the researcher studies different groups (cohorts) of

What is a Cross-Sectional Study? respondents that represent the different time periods of
interest.
It takes less time; It allows the researcher to view differences

What is a pro to the cross-sectional?
among different groups simultaneously.
What is a con to the cross-sectional It may not be accurate.

study?
When the researcher collects standardized information by

What is a survey?
interviewing the respondents.
The systematic observation and recording of naturally

What is a participant observation? occurring events, however, the researcher becomes an
active participant; the researcher is not concealed.
The researcher integrates and describes the results from a

What is a meta-analysis?
large number of studies

1. Purpose of the Study

What are the 5 issues to be 2. Types of questions.
concerned with when conducting a 3. nature of the questions.
survey? 4. Sampling Techniques
5. Response Rates
1. Face-to-Face
What are the four basic modes for 2. Written Responses
administering a research survey? 3. Computerized
4. Telephone
1. Group Testing
What are the three types of written
2. Drop-Off
response?
3. Mail-In
What is the Face-to-Response rate? 90%
What is the Mail-in response rate? It ranges from 10-50%.
What is the response rate of a 1-2%

magazine mail -in?
What is the response rate of a 80%

telephone survey?
When the researcher fails to control some extraneous

variable. When a variable other than the manipulated
When does a confounding occur? (independent) variable has been allowed to exert a
differential effect on the outcome conditions (dependent
variable).
1. One-Group, After Only Design.

What are some bad research
2. One-Group, Before-After Design
designs?
3. Non-Equivalent Post-Test Only Design.
A bad research design in which a single group of subjects

What is a One-Group, After Only are measured on a dependent variable after having
Design? undergone some experimental treatment (the independent
variable)
A bad research design in which a single group of subjects

What is a One-Group, Before-After are measures on a dependent variable both before and after
Design? having undergone some experimental treatment (the
independent variable).
A bad research design in which one group of subjects is

measures on a dependent variable after having undergone
What is a Non-Equivalent Post-Test
exposure to some treatment (the independent variable)
Only Design?
while another group is measured after no exposure to the
treatment.
Any means used to rule out possible threats to the internal

What does control refer to?
validity of a research project.
providing a standard against which one can compare the

What is the first meaning of control?
effects of a particular independent variable.
What is the second meaning of the ability to restrain or guide sources of variability in
control? research
1. Maturation
2. History
3. Instrumentation
4. Statistical Regression
What are the threats to internal
5. Selection
validity?
6. Mortality
7. Time
8. Carrying-Over Effect
9. Sequencing Effect

Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Flashcards - Quizlet

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10/18/23, 11:03 AM Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4) Flashcards | Quizlet

Social Science Psychology

Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4)

Terms in this set (88)

What are empirical methods? Methods based on personal experience.

Non-empirical methods? Methods not based on personal experience.

What are two basic non-empirical 1. Authority

The spontaneous, "instinctive", process, such as insight

What is common sense? A dependence on informal methods.

Direct insight often associated with altered states of

What is Tenacity? Persistence of superstition and habit.

Knowledge, comprehension, or understanding knowledge

Acquiring knowledge by using the process of reasoning --

Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4)

S1. Identify the Problem

Research conducted to fix practical issues with a potential

Research that tries to answer fundamental questions about

A descriptive analysis; the systematic investigation into and

Manipulation of variables; a scientific procedure undertaken

Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4)

1. Geniephobia (Fear that you have to be a genius to conduct

What is physical harm? Physical damage or injury.

Stress on the mentality; Mental damage that causes

Misinformation that a participant receives during a research

Participants will be observed and tested within a more

The principle that individuals in research investigations are

In research ethics, the principle that participants in an

To adhere with informed consent -The purpose of the study

Explanation of the purpose of the research that is given to

An alternative to deception that occurs when the

An alternative to deception that occurs when participants

The definition of a concept that specifies the method used

An assertion about what is true in a particular situation;

Statements suggesting that the independent variable (IV)

Statement suggesting a specific relationship between the

What is a pro to using the It is the non manipulative approach.

-A casual statement cannot be made.

What are some pros to using the -Causation can be established

One event (the cause) that generates another event (the

Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4)

A condition where one event (the cause) generates another

The variable manipulated or selected by the experimenter

A variable that measures the effects of the independent

Refers to the extent that a subject changes or modifies their

What is a con relating to descriptive A causal statement cannot be made.

Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4)

Virtually any observation or measure that has previously

The systematic observation and recording of data on

An intensive description and analysis of a single subject,

Measuring and calculating the degree of relationship

Measuring characteristics of pre-existing groups with no

The researcher examines and collects information from a

When the researcher studies different groups (cohorts) of

It takes less time; It allows the researcher to view differences

What is a con to the cross-sectional It may not be accurate.

When the researcher collects standardized information by

The systematic observation and recording of naturally

The researcher integrates and describes the results from a

Experimental Psychology - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-4)

1. Purpose of the Study

What is the Face-to-Response rate? 90%

What is the Mail-in response rate? It ranges from 10-50%.

What is the response rate of a 1-2%