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Experiment Title

Student Name: Harshit Thakur UID: 23BAI70435

Branch: CSE AIML Section/Group: 23AML-101(B)
Semester: 1 Date of Performance:18/09/2023
Subject Name: Semiconductor P hysics Subject Code: 23SPH-143

1. Aim: To study and design LED circuit and its applications.

2. Apparatus: LED, Breadbooard, Resistance, Buzzer, Diode, Power Supply

3. Circuit Diagram:

(1) WHEN LED IS CONNECTEED IN REVERSE BIAS-

(a) Reverse Bias:
(b)

(b) Forward Bias:

(2) WHEN ONLY DIODE IS TO BE TURNED ON-

(One LED is connecteed) (Two LEDs are connected)

(3) WHEN DIODE IS CONNECTED WITH SWITCH -

(When LED is
connected)

(When light
bulb is
connected)
4. Steps for experiment:
First of all ,open tinkercad application and start making all circuits.
For first one, we will make circuit for LED connected in both forward and
reverse bias. We will give power supply of 9V.

For reverse bias situation , the P-side of the diode will be connected with
negative terminal of the battery whereas N-side and positive terminal of battery
will be connected with LED on the breadboard.

For forward bias situation, the P- side of the diode will be connected with
positive terminal of the battery whereas N-side and negative terminal of
the battery will be connected with LED on the breadboard.
For second one, we will make a circuit , where LED works as diode and it turns on
by itself without any switch. We will make circuits for both one and two LEDs.
For the third one, we will make circuit , where diode is connected with
switch. We can either use a light bulb instead of LED.
After make each circuit, start simulation and observe when the LED turns on.

5. Calculations/Theorems /Formulas used etc:

6. Observations/Discussions:

After starting the simulation, here are all the observations-

1. WHEN LED IS CONNECTED IN REVERSE AND FORWARD BIAS: When

LED is connected in reverse bias, no current flows,that’s why the LED
doesn’t get any current. As result the LED doesn’t turn on, whereas in the
forward bias condition, the LED gets the current and as result it turns on.
2. DIODE TURNED ON BY ITSELF WITH LED:
In this scenario, the diode is always conducting current, and its
forward current powers an LED, causing it to emit light.
In this, a diode powers an LED:

───── Anode (+) ──────|── Diode ──|── Cathode (-) ─────

LED

The diode is forward-biased, allowing current to flow from the anode to the
cathode.The LED emits light when the diode is conducting.

3. WHEN DIODE IS CONNECTED WITH SWITCH:

In this scenario, along with LED, a switch controls whether the LED is

illuminated or not. ───── Anode (+) ──────|── Diode ──|─────┐

| │

│ │

───── Cathode (-) ──── Switch LED

When the switch is closed, the diode is forward-biased and allows current to flow
through it and the LED, causing the LED to light up.When the switch is open, the
diode is reverse-biased, blocking current flow, and the LED remains off. These circuits
illustrate how diodes can be used to control the flow of current through an LED, either
by always allowing current (forward-biased) or by using a switch to control when the
LED is illuminated. Depending on your specific application, you can design various
combinations to achieve the desired functionality with an LED and a diode.

7. Percentage error (if any or applicable):

8. Result/Output/Writing Summary:

LEDs are a type of semiconductor called "Light Emitting Diode". LEDs (Light Emitting
Diodes) are semiconductor light sources that combine a P-type semiconductor (larger
hole concentration) with an N-type semiconductor (larger electron concentration).
Applying a sufficient forward voltage will cause the electrons and holes to recombine
at the P-N junction, releasing energy in the form of light. Compared with conventional
light sources that first convert electrical energy into heat, and then into light, LEDs
(Light Emitting Diodes) convert electrical energy directly into light, delivering efficient
light generation with little-wasted electricity.

An LED needs to be a diode, specifically because the way the charge carriers
recombine in the forward-biased diode junction releases the correct amount of
energy to create photons in the visible range. The diode has high reverse
breakdown voltage while the LED has the low reverse breakdown voltage.

Basically, LED will pass current in its forward direction but block the flow of
current in the reverse direction.

9. Graphs (If Any) Image/Soft copy of graph paper to be attached here:

10. Learning outcomes (What I have learnt):

1. I learnt to use tinkercad application to design circuits.

2. I learnt the basic working of LED.

3. I learnt how the LED emits light, with and without a switch.

4. I learnt how the LED works when diode is connected in reverse bias
as well as forward bias situation
Evaluation Grid:
Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks
1. Worksheet completion including writing 8
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Viva voice 10
3. Student Engagement in 12
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained: