Lesson 2
Modern Computing
 Hardware
 Software
 Peopleware
 Internet
What is Internet
 It’s a network of billions of computer
and other electronic devices
worldwide.
 With the internet almost all knowledge
can be obtained, shared with everyone
else in the world and even more can be
achieved
The WEB
 Also known as WWW - World wide
Web
 It is a set of numerous website that
you can access over the internet
 The web is a variety of internet
attached multimedia material stored on
web servers
Website
 A set of related webpages located
under a single domain name, typically
produced by a single person or
organization
Webpage
 A hypertext document on the world
wide web. A webpage contains text,
multimedia files or any content
inserted to that is designed or
formatted
Hyperlink
 Clickable links found in web page that
when click will direct user to another
page or content
 Can be Text, Image, Button
Web Address
 An address that is used to view the
content of a webpage or website
Web Browser
 An application software that is used to
access or to view the content of a
webpage or website or an offline html
or php file
IP Address
 What does IP Address stand for
o It is an identification number that
is connected with a particular
network of machines or machine
o It allows machine to send and
receive information while
connected to the internet
What we need in accessing the internet
 An electronic device
 A web browser
 Or an application that can be
connected to the web.
 The URL
 An internet service provider
What is URL
 It is a reference to a resource that
define the location of the resource and
a mechanism to retrieve it on a
computer network

Stands For: Uniform Resource
Locator
Parts of URL
Protocol The most common known
protocol in a URL are
http, https , ftp, IP.
The other are transmission
control protocol (TCP),
user datagram protocol
(UDP), trivial file transfer
protocol (TFTP), telnet.
Hypertext Allows file to be
Transfer transferred from a
Protocol computer to a host the
(HTTP) website you are
requesting so that you can
see the website on your
computer by using a
browser
File Transfer Is used to upload and
Protocol(FTP) download files form one
computer to another.
FTP use an FTP file
server, whereas HTTP
files use a web server
To connect to most ftp
servers, you need user ID
and a password
Domain Identifies who the site's host
Name is or who the site's owner
is .
Top level The suffix in the domain
domain name after the dot (such
as .com or .edu)
Examples:
.com - Commercial
Business
.org - Organization
( generally charitable)
.net - Network Organization
.gov - U.S government
agencies
.mil - military
.edu -educational facilities,
like universities
.th - thailand
.ca - Canada
.au - Australia
.ph - Philippines
Directory This information after the
path , slash indicates a particular
Article, file within the website
Parameters
Hyperlinks A clickable object in a webpage
in which code allows you to
jump from one location to
another or web page to another
within the same web site or
another web
ISP
The ISP plays a very significant role in connecting
you to the internet. Obviously, without an ISP you
can never connect to the internet
TPYES of CONNECTION
Dial up Connections are connected through a
telephone line. To access the internet,
you have to dial a number or an access
code and then the ISP will open the
internet line for you. Its speed is also
very slow form 28Kbps to 56Kbps
DSL Both voice and internet data can flow
over the same telephone line at the
same time. It has an DSL modem
which filters the voice and data. DSL
represents a high-speed connection,
much fast than the ancient dial up
connection, but it is not as fast as
cable connection
Broadban Is typically provided by the same
d provider that provides cable television
Cable to its customer. Here we use cable
modem/router combo. Because of the
connection of your neighbors and you
are on the same cable line so during
peak hours you have experience slow
speed.
Fiber Provides the fastest internet speed
today. It can provide download and
upload speed up to 1000 Mbps. It uses
light to transfer the data through the
optical fiber cable. In other forms of
internet, connection data is transferred
in electrical form so signal get weaker
and weaker at large distances because
singles in copper cable can be affected
by electromagnetic interferences. But
in the fiber optic cable, signal
transfers in the glass form of light, it
can travel to long distances without
loss
Satellite Is the internet which uses the path of
outer space. Satellite signal travels
more than 46,000 miles. In rural area
satellite internet will be the best
option for highspeed, it is faster than
dial up
Cellular Cellular towers are connected through
a wire or more specifically optical
fiber cable. These optical fiber cable
are laid underground or ocean for
providing national of international
connectivity. Smartphone transmit a
signal in the form of electromagnetic
waves. The electromagnetic waves
produce by your phone are picked up
by the tower and system on the tower
convert them high-frequency light
pulses
Wireless
Hotspot
Broadban Also known as wideband because
d during communication it uses and
provides a wide band of frequencies.
The wider the bandwidth of a channel,
the greater will be the information -
carrying capacity. Here you can
achieve speed up to 100Mbps, it
typically depends upon the cables we
use like in case of coaxial cable data
transfer speed may vary but in optical
fiber cables speed will be high
Kinds of Malwares
Spamming Frequently receiving junk or Email
Cookies Are small text files that some
websites automatically store on your
computer hard drive when you visit
the site
Malware This means malicious software.
Some software are free but has
malicious intent
Adware Is software that display sponsored
 advertisement in a section of your
browser window or as a pop up ad
box and is considered legitimate
means of generating revenue for
those developers who do not charge
for their software or information
Spyware Is an unwanted piggy program that
downloads with the software you
want to install from the internet and
runs in the background of your
system. Most spywares records your
key logs.
Phishing Lures internet user to reveal
personal information such as credit
card number or other sensitive
information that could lead to
identity theft.
Internet contains information that is untrue
hoax

How internet change the world

Lesson 3

What is E-Commerce What is a computer hardware

It is the purchasing, selling and exchanging It is the most obvious component of
of goods and services over computer any information
networks (internet) through which System: the equipment used to record,
transaction or terms of sales are performed convert and present
electronically
Data to the user as output such as
Why use E-commerce computers scanners and
Low Entry cost Printers
Reduces transaction cost
Access to Global market

Pros and Cons of E-commerce

Pros  No Check out Queues
 Reduce Price
 You can shop anywhere in the world
 Easy access 24 hours a day
 Wide selection to cater for all
consumer Input These devices are used to
Cons  Unable to examine product personally Devices enter data into your
 Not everyone connected to the computer
internet
 There is a possibility of credit card
number theft

Understanding B2B, B2C and C2C

Output Are used to show or
Devices display information from
your computer
Processing When data are inputted
Devices there are devices assigned
in your computer to
process them to get your
output processing devices
should always be in good
working condition to get
their maximum
performance and always
get your expected output
Central It acts as the brain of
Processing your computer.
Unit It handles all types of
operations for
processing data.
It stores (program)
information,
intermediate results,
and instructions.
The operation of all
parts of the machine is
managed by it.
3 components of the CPU
Memory or  - These are small,
Storage high speed, temporary
Unit (often storage inside the
referred to CPU
as  - This stores all the
Registers) information and the
instructions needed
for processing.
 - The final results of
the processing are
stored until these
results are released to
the output system.
Control It is responsible for
Unit - managing the transition
between other units of a
computer of data and
instructions.
- It controls all the units
of the machine and
coordinates them.
- It gets the instructions
from the memory,
interprets them, and
guides the computer's
operation.
- It interacts with input /
output devices for the
transfer of data or
storage results. - It does
not handle or store
information.
Arithmetic - is the part of CPU
Logic Unit where actual execution
of instructions occurred.
- The two (2) subsections
of the ALU:
(1) - Arithmetic operations
Arithmetic such as addition,
subtraction,
multiplication, and
division are performed.
By making repeated use
of the above operations,
all complex operations
are completed.
(2) Logic Logic operations such
Section - as comparing, selecting,
matching, and
combining data are
performed.
Computer Memory
 are used permanently
for storing data /
information.
 CPU does not
explicitly access these
memories, but they are
accessed by input-
output routines
 . It is also known as
external or non-
Memory  is an electronic holding place. It volatile memory.
holds instructions and data that a  This is also called
computer processor can access.
 It is the working space of
ROM or Read Only
computer. Memory.
Random  It is the CPU's internal
Access memory for storing
 It is the computer's storage space
where data is to be processed and Memory data, program, and
the instructions necessary for program output.
processing are stored.  It is a read / write
memory that stores
data before the
Cache  is a high speed small computer is running.
Memory amount of memory As soon as the
inside the computer is turned off,
microprocessor also the data is removed
known as CPU Read Only  - A memory we can
memory because one Memory only read from, so we
portion of cache cannot write on it. This
memory is directly memory form is non-
integrated on CPU. volatile. The
 It is used to carry the knowledge is
data and program permanently preserved
sections that are most in such memories
commonly used by the during development.
CPU.  - A ROM stores
 Sections of data and instructions such as
programs are these that are required
transferred by the to start a machine. This
operating system from operation is known as
the disk to cache the bootstrap method.
memory, from which ROM chips are used
the CPU can access not only in laptops, but
them. also in other consumer
Primary  contains the data and devices, such as
or Main instructions that the washing machines and
Memory machine is actually microwaves.
running on. 
 It has a restricted
capacity and when
power is turned off,
data is lost.
 This also called RAM
or Random Access
Memory.
Secondary  is slower than the
Memory primary memory. They
 Lesson 4
SOFTWARE refers to the program(s) and
other operating information used by a
computer.
A computer without software is useless - It
provides the commands that tell the
hardware what tasks to perform, what to
read and write, how to send the output to a
monitor and/or printer.
SOFTWARE S is sometimes abbreviated
as sw or S/W.
A software could be a bespoke (custom) or
generic.
SOFTWARE IN MARKET
Shareware Software developed and
(Trial released as demonstration
Software) versions of their commercial
product. Each demonstration
copy has an expiration date
which gives the user ample
time to evaluate and decide
whether to purchase the
product or not.
Freeware It is completely free
(Free software that never requires
Software) payment, as long as it is not
modified. "Open Source
Software" are usually free
which were created by
groups of generous
programmers and released to
the public domain for free
and for public use.
Commercial Comes prepackaged and is
Software available from software
(Paid or vendors. This must be
Premium purchased. Some premium
Software) software are pre-installed in
new computers and
hardware and they are
referred to as "bundle ware".
Programming Software
SOFTWARE CATEGORIES
Programming These are used to write
Software computer programs or
instructions. Examples are
compilers, linkers,
debuggers, interpreters and
text editors.
System is assigned to operate,
Software control and extend the
processing capabilities of
the computer. It serves as
the interface between
hardware and peopleware
(users).
Application These are products are
Software designed to satisfy a
particular need of a
particular environment.
Examples, the application
software is designed for
creating document, for
computation, for gaming,
for education, etc
Malicious Also called "malware", this
Software software is intentionally
developed to damage or
harm your computer,
programs or files.
Examples include
Spyware, Computer
viruses, Worms, Adware,
etc.
The System Software
System software performs basic computing
functions, including starting your computer
and loading the operating system, which
provides the interface between you and the
machine. System software is software on a
computer that is designed to control and
work with computer hardware,
 System Control Program
o Operating system - a set of
programs which controls and
coordinates the whole operation of the
computer system.
o device drivers are system
programs which are responsible
for proper functioning of device.
 System Support Program
They provide routine service
FUNCTION to other Computer
programs and users.
o Utility Program - a set of
programs which controls and
coordinates the whole operation
of the computer
o Backup Utilities - these utility
programs help us to back up of
our important data
 o Data Recovery Software -
sometimes an illegal operation
may result in an accidental loss of
data which was still to be needed
then we used data to recovery
software. Such as the recycle bin
o Anti - Virus Utility - The anti -
virus software detects the virus
identify and prevents it from
spreading.
o Compression utilities - are used to
compress large sized files so that
they can be stored in storage of
low capacity.
 System Development Program
They assist in the creation of computer
programs
o Compilers and Interpreters
- are programs that translate high-
level language programs into
object code. Compilers translate
the whole program as an object
code at once while interpreters
translate it one statement at a
time.
OPERATING SYSTEM
 It is a computer program that manages
the resources of a computer.
 An operating system or os is software
installed on a computer's hard drive
that enables the computer hardware to
communicate and operate with the
computer software, without a
computer operating system, a
computer and software programs
would be useless
Earlier computers uses command line
interface. This is somehow inconvenient
because commands should be memorized.
Today, computers use a GUI (Graphical
User Interface) operating system that's easy
to use and operate
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
OPERATING SYSTEM TYPES
 BATCH OS
o is the first operating system for
second-generation computers.
This OS does not directly interact
with the computer. Instead, an
operator takes up similar jobs and
groups them together into a batch,
and then these batches are
executed one by one based on the
first come, first, serve principle.
Examples of Batch OS: payroll
system, bank statements, data
entry, etc.
o Advantages of Batch OS
 Execution time taken for
similar jobs is higher.
 Multiple users can share
batch systems. Managing
large works becomes easy in
batch systems. The idle time
for a single batch is very
less.
o Disadvantages of OS
 It is hard to debug batch
systems.
 If a job fails, then the other
jobs have to wait for an
unknown time till the issue is
resolved.
 Batch systems are sometimes
costly
 Distributed OS
o In a distributed OS, various
computers are connected through
a single communication channel.
These independent computers
have their memory unit and CPU
and are known as loosely coupled
systems. The major benefit of
such a type of operating system
is that a user can access files that
are not present on his system but
another connected system. In
addition, remote access is
available to the systems
connected to this network.
Examples of Distributed OS:
LOCUS, etc.
o Advantages of Distributed OS
 Failure of one system will
not affect the other systems
because all the computers are
independent of each other.
 The load on the host system
is reduced.
 The size of the network is
easily scalable as many
computers can be added to
the network. As the
workload and resources are
shared therefore the
calculations are performed at
a higher speed
  Data exchange speed is
increased with the help of
electronic mail.
o Disadvantages of Distributed OS
 The setup cost is high.
 Software used for such
systems is highly complex.
 Failure of the main network
will lead to the failure of
 the whole system.
 Multi-tasking OS
o Also known as the time sharing
operating system as each task is
given some time so that all the
task work efficiently. The time
allotted to execute one task is
called quantum and as soon as the
time to execute one task is
completed, the system switches
over to another task.
o Advantages of Multi-tasking OS
 Each task gets equal time of
execution
 The idle time for the CPU
will be the slowest
 There are very few chances
for the duplication of the
software
o Disadvantage of Multi - tasking
OS
 Processes with higher
priority cannot be executed
first as equal priority is given
to each process of task
 Various user data is needed
to be taken care of form
unauthorized access
 Sometimes there is a data
communication problem
 Network OS
o These are the systems that run on
a server and manage all the
networking functions. They allow
sharing of various files,
applications, printers, security,
and other networking functions
over a small network of
computers like LAN or any other
private network. Examples of
Network OS: Microsoft Windows
server 2008, LINUX, etc.
o Advantages of Network OS
 New technologies and
hardware can easily upgrade
the systems.
 Security of the system is
managed over servers.
 Servers can be accessed
remotely from different
locations and systems.
 The centralized servers are
stable.
 Disadvantages of Network OS
o Disadvantages of Network OS
 Server costs are high.
 Regular updates and
maintenance are required.
 Users are dependent on the
central location for the
maximum number of
operations.
 Real-Time OS
These operating systems are
useful where many events occur
in a short time or certain
deadlines, such as real time
simulations. It is installed in
special purpose embedded
systems like robots, cars, and
modems. These OS could be built
for life-saving equipment like
parachutes and airbags, which
immediately need to be in action
if an accident happens. Other may
develop it for reservation in real-
time, virtual reality, etc.
Examples of Real Time OS:
Medical imaging systems, robots,
etc.
o Advantages of Realtime OS
 It provides more output from
all the resources as there is
maximum utilization of
systems.
 It provides the best
management of memory
allocation.
 These systems are always
error-free.
 These operating systems focus
more on running applications
than those in the queue.
 Shifting from one task to
another takes very little time
o Disadvantages of Realtime OS
 System resources are
extremely expensive and are
not so good.
  The algorithms used are very
complex.
 Only limited tasks can run at
a single time.
 In such systems, we cannot
set thread priority as these
systems cannot switch tasks
easily
 Mobile OS
o Is an operating software form
smartphones, tablet and PDA's. it
is a platform on which other
application can run on mobile
devices Examples: Android OS,
ios, Symbian OS, and windows
mobile OS.
o Advantages of Mobile OS
 It provides an ease to users
o Disadvantages of Mobile OS
 Some of the mobile
operating systems give poor
battery quality to users.
 Some of the mobile
operating systems are not
user friendly.
OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTION
 Management of computer hardware
and processing units.
It Operating is responsible for
managing allocation of the processor
between
the different programs according to
the desired objective. It is System
responsible for managing the memory
space allocated to each Functions
application. It is responsible for the
communication of input and
output devices on how data flows.
 Management of all the software
installed in the computer.
The OS is responsible in
communication between application
software installed in the computer. It
is responsible for security relating to
execution of programs by
guaranteeing that the resources are
used only by programs and users with
the relevant authorizations. 3.
Management of all computer files. The
operating system manages reading and
writing in the file system and the user
and application file access
authorizations,
 Management of all computer files
the operating system manages reading
and writing in the file system and the
user and application file access
authorization
 Information Management
the operating system provides a
certain number of indicators that can
be used to diagnose the correct
operation of the machine
 Error Management
It is responsible in the production of
dumps, traces error messages and
other debugging and error detecting
methods
OPERATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The operating system comprises a set
of software packages that can be used
to manage interactions with the
hardware. The following elements are
generally included in this set of
software:
 The Kernel
which represents the operating
system's basic function such as
management of memory, process files
main input/output and communication
functionalities. The Kernel is the core
component of an operating system
which acts as an interface between
application and the data is processed at
the hardware level.
 The Shell
The shell, allowing communication
with the operating system via a control
language. Shell handles user
interactions. It could be prompting the
user to give input, interpreting the
input for the operating system,
handling the output from the operating
system
Shell provides a way to communicate
with the operating system by either
taking the input from the user or the
shell script. A shell script is a
sequence of system commands that are
stored in a file.
 The File System
The file system, allowing files to be
recorded in a tree structure
It refers to the part of an operating
system, program, or service that
allows a user to enter and receive
information.
PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE SELF
Ancient Greeks Philosophers
Philosophy means “Love of Wisdom”
Philosophy
“employs the mind to discover the ultimate
causes, reasons, and principles of
everything”.
“It goes beyond scientific investigation of
exploring all areas of knowledge”
Socrates
 " An unexamined life is not worth living "
 Was the first philosopher to engage in a
systematic questioning about the self and
took it upon to himself to serve as a “gadfly”
who disturbed Athenian men from their
slumber and shook them off in order to reach
the truth and wisdom.
 Socrates was the first one to focus on the
self, who we are, who we should be and who
we will become in which he believes that
every human has an immortal soul aside
from the physical body. He believes that an
individual’s reality is divided by two parts.
The physical realm and the ideal realm.
The physical realm
o consists of the world that we are living
in. It is the world that changes and
temporary.
The ideal realm
o contains concepts about the universe,
truth, goodness and beauty. These are
the things that does not undergo
changes and are ever-lasting.
Plato
 "The soul is synonymous with the self"
 Soul, according to Plato was synonymous
with the self. The only difference was that
the self is in the physical form and the soul is
in the ideal form. Self is something
temporary and the soul is eternal. He
supported Socrates’ idea that a man is a dual
nature of body and soul
 Three Components of Soul
o Rational Soul
o Spirited Soul
o Appetitive Soul
St. Augustine
 "Take care of your body as if you were going
to live forever; and take care of your soul as
if you were going to die tomorrow"
 St. Augustine believes that there is an aspect
of man, which dwells in the worlds, that is
imperfect and continuously years to be with
the divine while the other is capable of
reaching immortality.
 There is this body that is bound to die on
earth and the soul that is anticipated to live
eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in
communion with God.
Rene Descartes
 " I think, therefore I am "
 But in the end, Descartes, thought that the
only thing that one cannot doubt is the
existence of the self. For even if one doubts
oneself, that only proves that there is a
doubting self, a thing that thinks and
therefore, that cannot be doubted.
 The self is then for Descartes is also a
combination of two distinct entities, the
“cogito” or the thing that thinks and the
“extenza” or the extension of the mind (the
body).
David Hume
 "There is no self."
 The key contribution and a concept against
the previous philosophers by David Hume
was when he said that the self doesn’t exist.
 The self is just a collection or combination of
all the perceptions of a particular person. He
finds that they can all be categorized into
two: impressions and ideas.
 Impressions are the basic object of our
experience or sensation. They form the core
of our thoughts. When one touches an ice
cube, the cold sensation is an impression.
Impressions are vivid because they are the
product of our direct experience with the
world.
 Ideas are copies of impressions. They are not
as lively and vivid as our impression because
we do not experience it yet in the real world.
When one imagines the feeling of being in
love for the first time, that still is an idea.
Immanuel Kant
 " All our knowledge begins with the senses,
proceeds then to the understanding, and ends
with reason. There is nothing higher than
reason. "
 Thinking of the self as mere combination of
impressions was problematic for Immanuel
Kant. He thinks that there is an organizing
principle that regulates the relationships of
all the perceptions and sensation of
impressions.
 He said that the mind organizes the
impressions that men get from the external
world.
 For Kant, we are the ones who create our
reality in which we are familiar and
comfortable. Another was his concept of the
“Apparatus of the Mind” which consists of
ideas that cannot be found in the world but is
 only built in our minds (e.g. time and
space).
Gilbert Ryle
 "I act, therefore I am"
 For Gilbert Ryle, our behaviors or what we
do in our day-to-day lives were the ones that
makes us a person.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
 "The mind and the body are so intertwined
that they cannot be separated from one
another"
 We cannot separate the mind and the body
and these two works as one for us to know
ourselves. According to Merleau-Ponty, the
mind and the body are so intertwined that
they cannot be separated from one another.
One cannot find any experience that is not
embodied experience. All experience is
embodied. One’s body is his opening toward
his existence to the world.
SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SELF
Sociology a science, study social groups and
human relationships which help
shed new insight into the
interconnectedness between the self
and other people. Hence,
sociologists offer theories to explain
how the self emerges as a product of
social experience.
The Self in the External World
 Feral child or Wild child is a human child
who has lived isolated from human contact
from a young age with little no experience of
human care, behavior, or human language.
They are typically portrayed at being raised
by animals
 Feral children challenged the long standing
notion of humans being special
 Marcos Rodriguez Pantoja
o A noted Feral Child who was sold to a
goatherder to become a serf.
o He later became the subject of the
film Entrelobos or Among Wolves
movie.
The different qualities of the self
 Separate – it means that it is distinct from
any other selves, the self is always unique
and has its own identity.
 Consistency – allows it to be studied,
described, and measured.
 The self is private, self-sorts out information,
feelings, emotions, and thought processes
within the self.
 Self is isolated from external world. Because
of this, the clash of self and external reality is
the reason for the self to have a clear
understanding on what it might be, what it
can be, what it will be.
 Self is unitary because it is the center of all
experiences and thoughts that run through a
certain person. Basically the command center
or an individual where all processes,
emotions, and thoughts converge.
The self should not be seen as static. Rather,
should be seen or something that is in unceasing
flux, in constant struggle with external reality and
is malleable in its dealings with society.
Marcel Mauss
 French sociologist, believes that the self has
two faces; the personne and moi
 Moi is person’s sense of who he is, his body,
basic identity, biological givenness.
 The Personne is a social concept of what it
means to be who he is. What it means to live
in a particular institution, family, religion,
nationality, or how to behave in given
expectations/influences
The Self and the Development of the Social
World
George Herbert Mead
 a philosopher, psychologist and sociologist,
supports the view that a person develops a
sense of self through social interaction.
o Me
 The or the social self, is what is
learned in interaction with others
and with the environment: other
people's attitudes, once
internalized in the self, all form
the Me.
 The "Me" disciplines the "I" by
holding it back from breaking the
law of the community
o “I”
 Is the response to the “me” and to
the attitude of others. This means
that the “I” is when the individual
identity and one’s unique trait is
stepping in on our personal
responses to what society thinks
The full development of the self is not present at
birth but develops only with social experience in
which language, gestures, and objects are used to
communicate meaningfully.
Theory of Self Development
 Preparatory Stage (0-3 years old)
o Also called as the imitation stage. In
this stage, we see children
mimic/imitate those around them and
this is why parents of young children
do not want you to use foul language
around kids. They do not have any idea
or understanding of what they are
saying or doing
 Play Stage (3-6 years old)
o Children are believed to learn self-
development and interaction through
pretend play in this stage. Children also
start to play more formalized games
because they begin to understand the
perspective of others or the perspective
of their significant others.
 Game Stage (6-9 years old)
o At this stage, children become
concerned about and take into account
in their behavior the generalized others
or how they are viewed.
o In response, children become
influenced by the expectations or
perceptions of the society and they
become concerned about the reactions
of others by what they say or do.
However, they mainly focus on the
perceptions of “significant others”.
o The generalized others refers to the
viewpoint of the social group at large.
Is loosely Sigmund Freud’s concept,
Superego which is the ethical
component of the personality and
provides the moral standards by which
the ego operates. The superego’s
criticisms, prohibitions, and inhibitions
form a person’s conscience
o The Significant others are all of the
people who have important
relationships with the individual.
Parents, family, teachers, peers.
The Social Development Theory
Lev Vygotsky
 a Russian psychologist, argues that social
interaction comes before development;
consciousness and cognition are the end
product of socialization and social behavior.
 Social Interaction
o Social level l(Interpsychological) This
is where social learning takes place
because in this stage, they interact,
connect and reach out to other people
o Individual level(Intrapsychological),
after acquiring social learnings, the
functions will appear a second time
and, this time, more developed and
thus, leading to cognitive
development(self-reflection).
 Without learning, an individual won’t
function and develop fully but that does not
mean that people are born with absolutely
zero abilities.
 He claimed that infants are born with the
basic materials/abilities for intellectual
development that are called the elementary
mental functions.
 Elementary mental functions
o Sensation - hot, cold, sweet, or bitter
are delivered automatically to the brain
by the senses.
o Hunger - bodily processes. An infant
doesn’t need to be told that he is
hungry since hunger will manifest the
fact.
o Memory - Young children commit
things to memory in a natural manner.
 Higher mental functions
o Language - As we grow older and
undergo a multitude of other social
processes, language learning will also
advance, as well as our thought
processes.
o Memory - Memory can be cultivated
and controlled by this time and they
know how to make relevant
associations and memorized stuff they
think is necessary.
o Attention –They are now able to decide
which objects, actions or thoughts to
focus on.
o Perception – Social interactions help
the child’s level of perception,
increasing his awareness and capacity
to understand why things are as they
are.
 The More Knowledgeable other (MKO)
o Anyone who has a better understanding
considerably higher or superior level of
ability, skill or knowledge about a
particular subject, task or process, than
the person who is attempting to learn.
Normally thought of as being a teacher,
coach, or older adult, but could also be
peers, a younger person, and even a
computer.
 Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
o This is where the child will be given a
lot of encouragement but just the right
amount of guidance to allow the child
to develop his skills.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SELF
Anthropology
 is the study of what makes us human.
 concerned with how cultural and biological
processes interact to shape the self

 Anthropology considers human experience
as an interplay of “nature” referring to
genetic inheritance which sets the
individual’s potentials and “nurture” which
refers to sociocultural environment. Both
biological and cultural factors have
significant influence in the development of
self.
Nature VS Nurture
 Nature refers to what we are born with and
includes our biology, genetics, and similar
characteristics.
 In contrast, nurture refers to what is learned,
through our cultural community and other
individuals.
In the Anthropological perspective, there are
two ways in which the concept of self is viewed in
different societies:
 Egocentric
o are individuals with personalities
formed from within themselves and do
not vary, not matter the social
atmosphere.
 Sociocentric
o a personality dependent on the social
atmosphere.
From the similarities and differences in
characteristics among individuals, people construct
their social identities.
 Identity Toolbox - An identity toolbox
features a person’s identity that he or she
chooses to emphasize in constructing a social
self. Identity is assumed to exist within
individuals. Though anthropologist typically
study culture and relationships, identity has
helped to connect understanding with
cultures. Identity can be associated with
many different things including: kinship,
gender, occupation, race, religion, and
language.
 Self-Identification
o may be attained by: kinship, family
membership, gender, age, language,
religion, ethnicity, personal
appearance, and socioeconomic status.
Some characteristics such as kinship,
gender, and age are almost universally
used to differentiate people.
 Family membership
o the most significant feature to
determine the person’s social identity
 Language and Religious Affiliation
o Another important identity determinant
that is often viewed as essential for the
maintenance of a group identity is
language. In other societies, religious
affiliation is an important marker of
group identity. In Mindanao, being a
Christian or a Muslim is possibly the
most important defining feature of
social identity.
 Personal Naming
o Name is an important device to
individualize a person and to have an
identity. One’s identity is not inborn. It
is something people continuously
develop in life. Changes in one’s
identity usually involve rites of passage
that prepares individuals for new roles
from one stage of life to another.
o A name is an important device to
individualize a person and to have an
identity. One’s identity is not inborn. It
is something people continuously
develop in life. Changes in one’s
identity usually involve rites of passage
that prepares individuals for new r oles
from one stage of life to another
Arnold Van Gennep
 Three-phased rite of passage
o Separation Phase - People detach from
their former identity to another.
o Liminality Phase – A person transitions
from one identity to another.
o Corporation Phase - The change in
one’s status is officially incorporated.
Self as Imbedded Culture
Clifford Geertz
 an American anthropologist, offers a
reformation of the concept of culture which
favors a symbolic interpretative model of
culture.
 He defines culture as a system of inherited
conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by
means of which people communicate,
perpetuate and develop their knowledge
about and attitude toward life
 Geertz suggests two important ideas:
o culture should not be perceived only as
“complexes of concrete behavior
patterns – customs, usages, traditions,
habit clusters – as has, by and large,
been the case up to now, but as a set of
control mechanisms – plans, recipes,
rules, instructions – for the governing
behavior, and
o man is precisely the animal most
desperately dependent upon such
extragenetic, outside-the-skin control
mechanisms, such cultural programs,
for ordering his behavior.
o Therefore, man is defined by his
genetics potentials shaped into actual
accomplishments which is made
 possible by culture. Also, he
emphasizes that human nature is
interdependent with culture; “Without
men, no culture, certainly, but equally,
and more significantly, without culture,
no men”.

MATH
Lesson 1 Nature of Mathematics

 Patterns
Are regular, repeated or recurring forms of
designs
Helps us identify relationship and find local
connection to form generalization and make
prediction
 Symmetry
Indicates that you can draw an imaginary
lines across an object and the resulting
 Rotational Symmetry
if you rotate the object in a certain degree
measure you can still achieve the same
appearance as the original. This is known as
the rotational symmetry. Fibonacci numbers
 Angle Of rotation  When plant has spirals, the rotation tends to
The smallest Rotation be a fraction made with two successive
to compute Angle of rotation = 360c\n Fibonacci numbers
 To find width Binets Formula in Finding Fibonacci No
n
L/W = 1.618034/1 F n=∅ −¿ ¿

According to Allan Turing the formation of

Lesson 2
hyena's spot and tiger stripe is governed by a
Mathematics
system of Reaction-Diffusion Equations
 Mathematics is the study of numbers,
 Reaction - Diffusion Equations
number patterns and relationships, counting,
and measuring.
Golden Ratio
 It is also a way to communicate and analyze
ϕ = 1.618034
ideas, and a way of reasoning that is unique
 The proportions of the length of the nose, the
to human beings.
position of the eyes, and the length of the
 Mathematics is a system of communication
chin, all conform to some aspect of the
about objects like numbers, shapes variables,
golden ratio.
sets, operations, functions and equations. The
 Not only for Beauty, but also for strength of
aforementioned components, as defined in
buildings, ratio of paintings and etc.
the dictionary, are found in Mathematics,
 Shapes and figures that bear the golden
thus Mathematics qualifies as a language.
ration are generally considered as
aesthetically pleasing
 Measure the length and width of your face
LANGUAGE
divide the length by the width
 Language is defined as a systematic means of
this should approximately 1.618034, which
communicating ideas or feelings by the use
means a person's face is about 11\2
of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures,
 Geometrically is can also be visualized as a
or marks having understood meanings.
rectangle perfectly formed by a square
and another smaller rectangle.
MATHEMATICS LANGUAGE AND
 In finding the exact measurement of the
SYMBOLS
golden rectangle
 Mathematics is written in a symbolic
language that is designed to express
How to draw a golden rectangle
mathematical thoughts.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS

LANGUAGE

 “One very important element in a student’s

mathematical success is his competence to
communicate mathematically” -Michael
Schiro (1997)
 e.g.
MATHEMATICS
 The familiar sign + for addition and the –
sign for subtraction first appeared in 1489 in
a German arithmetic handbook.

 They may have been borrowed from signs

used by merchants to mark certain packages.
+ was marked on packages with too much of
whatever the package contained, while a – Comparing Ratio
meant too little. e.g.
 Robert Recorded
o The = sign for equals was invented in
1557

 William Ought Red

o invented the x sign for multiplication in
1631.

 Johann Heinrich Rahn THE LANGUAGE OF FUNCTIONS AND

o invented the ÷ sign for division earlier,
but his book was not published until
1659
THE NUMBER SYSTEM
 Number System is a way to represent
numbers. We are used to using the base-10
number system, which is also called decimal.
RELATIONS
Relation
 It involves the association of an individual or
object with another individual or object.
 A relation is any set of one or more ordered
pairs.

 Other common number systems include  There is one value of y that corresponds to
base-16 (hexadecimal), base-8 (octal), and every value of x.
base-2 (binary).
Table Values
Complex Number  The x-values and y-values are listed in
 A Complex number is a number that can be separate columns and each row represents an
expressed in the form a + bi where a and b ordered pair.
are real numbers
 And i is a symbol called the imaginary unit
satisfying the equation:
 i 2=−1 i=√ −1
Ordered Pairs
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION a. (1, 2) , (2, 4), (3, 6) , (4, 8)
 Algebraic Expression can be a number, a b. (1.5, 2) , (2, -5), (3.2, 7) , (5, 9)
single variable or a combination of numbers, c. (1/2 , 1) , (4, 3/5), (5, -6) , (7, 8)
letters and operation symbols. d. (a, b) , (x, y), (j, c) , (k, l)

 In algebra, we begin to see variables, or Mapping

letters that are used to represent numbers.  It’s shows the domain and range as separate
clusters of values.
Variables  Domain - Domain is the set of first
 Variable is any letter or symbol that coordinates or the abscissas
represents certain value.  Range - Range is a the set of second
coordinates or the ordinates
Constant and Coefficient

Constant - is a number on its own.

e.g. 1, -5, 2.5

Coefficient - is a number used to multiply a

variable
e.g. 1g, -5x Graph
Each ordered pair is plotted as a point and
Ratio and Proportion can be used to show the relationships
between values.
Proportion - The Product of The mean is equal to
the product of the extremes
  Sets are collections of well-defined distinct
objects, ideas, or numbers.

 The groups are called sets for as long as the

objects in the group share a characteristic and
are thus, well defined.

Elements
 Elements are objects contained in a set.
 e.g. The set of students in DHVSU, A
collection of “Yellow flowers”

Function Set Notations and Symbols

 Function is a relation in which each element
of the domain corresponds to exactly one
element of the range.
 It is a special type of relation where in no
two ordered pair have the same abscissa.
 e.g.
a. (1, 2) , (2, 4), (3, 6) , (4, 8)
b. (1.5, 2) , (2, -5), (3.2, 7) , (5, 9)
c. (1/2 , 1) , (4, 3/5), (5, -6) , (7, 8)
d. (a, b) , (x, y), (j, c) , (k, l)

Vertical Line Test

 A graph represents a function if and only if
no vertical line intersects the graph in more
than one point.


Evaluation of Functions
 To evaluate a function is to substitute its
variable with a given number or expression.
Representation of Sets
a. Descriptive form – verbal description of its
elements
A= The set of all vowels in English
 alphabet

b. Rule or Set builder form – describing a set

by indicating the properties that its members
must satisfy.
A= { x : x is a vowel in the English
alphabet }
Operation on Functions
c. Roster or Tabular form – listing the
A. The Sum Function (f + g) ( x ) = f (x ) + g elements of a set inside a pair of braces { }.
(x) A= { a, e, i, o, u }
B. The Difference Function (f – g) ( x ) = f (x Operation on Sets
) – g (x)
Operation Notation Meaning
C. The Product Function (f • g) ( x ) = f (x ) • Union AՍB All elements
g (x) which are in
both A and B
D. The Quotient Function ( f/g) ( x ) = f Intersection AՈB All elements
(x )/g (x) which are in
either A or B (or
E. The Composite Function (f ○ g) ( x ) = both)
f(g(x ))
(g ○ f) ( x ) = Difference A–B All elements
g(f(x )) which are in A
but not in B
Language of Sets
 Complement A’ All elements in
the universal
set which are not
in A.
Lesson 3 Problem Solving
Problem
A situation, quantitative or otherwise , that
confronts an individual or group of
individuals that require solution, and for
which the individual sees no apparent or
obvious means or path to obtain a solution.
−Krulik and Rudnick
Problem Solving
 The means by which an individual uses
previously acquired knowledge, skills, and
understanding to satisfy the demands of an
unfamiliar situation.
 It is the process of finding solutions to
difficult or complex issues.
 Problem Solving Theory and practice
suggest that thinking is more important in
solving problems than knowledge. - Jamin
Carson
 Problem Solving is NOT an algorithm, not a
step by step solution.
Algorithm
is a process or set of rules to be followed in
calculations or other problem solving
operations.
 Problem Solving is Heuristic using
exploration and trial & error.
Heuristic- an adjective means enabling
someone to discover or learn something
for themselves.
2 Major Types of Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
 It is a process of observing data, recognizing
patterns, and making generalizations from
observations.
 It is a process of reasoning from specific
examples toward a general statement.
 It is the process of making observations to
forming conclusions.
 The term inductive reasoning refer to a
reasoning that takes specific and makes a
broader generalization that is considered
probable information while still remaining
open to the fact that the conclusion may
NOT be 100% guaranteed.
 Three Stages of Inductive Reasoning
o Look for a pattern: Use a diagram and
tables to help discover a pattern
o Make a conjecture : Use the examples
to make a generalization or a
conjecture.
A conjecture is a statement based on
observations.
o Verify the conjecture : To verify a
conjecture, use logical reasoning.
Deductive Reasoning
 It is a type of reasoning from general ideas
called premises and apply them to specific
situation.
 In deductive reasoning, you assume that the
hypothesis is true.
 It can be thought of as from a general
statement that is accepted to be true, to a
specific statement that is “therefore” true.
 Argument
o is a group of statements, some of
which, the premises, are offered in
support of another statement which is
the conclusion.
 Premise
o is the basic statement in an argument
that provides reason or support for the
conclusion.
 Conclusion
o is a judgment or decision reached by
reasoning.
 Premise indicators:
o Because, Since, Given that, Assuming
that, Suppose, etc.
 Conclusion indicators:
o Therefore, Thus, Hence, Consequently,
etc.
But typically, the rule of thumb is that
if you have a conclusion indicator, then
the statement to which it is attached is
the conclusion of the argument. And
likewise with the premises.
 Syllogism-is an argument made up of 3
statements,
a major premise, a minor premise, and a
conclusion
Major x: If you want to be healthy,
Premise then you should eat nutritious
food everyday.
Minor y: Amber wants to be healthy
Premise
Conclusion z: Amber should eat
nutritious food everyday.
Premise - is the basic statement in an
argument that provides reason or support for
the conclusion
4 Step of Polya's Method of Problem Solving
George Polya was a Hungarian
mathematician who immigrated to the United
States in 1940. His major contribution is for
his work in Problem Solving.
 He was regarded as the father of the modern
Mathematics emphasis in Math education on
problem solving.

Polya created his famous four-step process in

Problem Solving which is used all over the
world to aid people in problem solving.

4 Steps of Polya’s Method of Problem Solving

 1. Understand the problem.

o You cannot solve a problem if you do
not understand what you are asked to
find. The problem must be read and
analyzed carefully.

 2. Devise a plan.
o There are many ways to attack a
problem and decide what plan is
appropriate for the particular problem
you are solving.

 3. Carry out the plan.

o Once you know how to approach the
problem, carry out your plan. You may
run into “dead ends” and unforeseen
roadblocks, but be persistent.

 4. Look back.
o Check your answer to see that it is
reasonable. Does it satisfy the
conditions of the problem? Have you
answered all the questions asked in the
problem?
 Problem Solving Strategies
o A. Draw a Picture
o B. Look for a Pattern
o C. Guess and Check
o D. Make a List
o E. Logical Reasoning
o F. Working backwards
o G. Divide and Conquer
o H. Make a Table or Chart
o I. Solve a similar simpler problem
o J. Use an equation and solve it
o K. Use Trial and error
o L. Look for a catch if an answer seems
too obvious or impossible.
o M. Use your common sense.
 Introduksyon
Ang Pagtataguyod ng
Wikang Pambansa
Sulyap sa Kasaysayan ng Wikang
Pambansa
 Ang napagkaisahang pasiya sa 1934
kumbensyong Konstitusyonal na pumili ng
isang katutubong wika upang pagbatayan ng
Wikang Pambansa ay produkto ng
Nationalista at Kontra-Kolonyalista.
 Lope K. Santos sa Wikang Pambansa ay
dapat ibatay sa isa sa mga wikang umiiral sa
Pilipinas.
o 202 delegates ang kasama
Manuel Luis Quezon, pangulo ng
Pamahalaang Komonwelt ng Pilipinas.
Probisyong pangwika na nakasaad sa
Saligang Batas 1935, Artikulo XIV, Seksyon
3 na nagsasabing:
“ Ang kongreso ay gagawa ng hakbang
tungo sa pagkakaroon ng isang wikang
pambansang ibabatay sa isa sa mga umiiral
na katutubong wika. Hangga’t hindi
itinatakda ng batas, ang wikang Ingles at
Kastila ang siyang mananatiling opisyal na
wika.”
o Dapat sumusunod sa pamantayan
o Nakabatay sa lahat
o Umiiral, pagayayamnin, pag unlad ng
struktura
 Batas Komonwelt bilang 184, 1936
pinagtibay ng pambansang Asemblea ang
Batas Komonwelt Blg. 184 na may pamagat
na “Isang Batas na Nagtatakda ng Surian ng
Wikang Pambansa at Nagtatakda ng mga
Kapangyarihan at Tungkulin nito.
 Disyembre 30 1937 ay ipinoklama ni
pangulong Manuel Luis Quezon na ang
wikang Tagalog ang batayan ng Wikang
Pambansa base sa rekomendasyon ng Surian
ng Wikang Pambansa sa bias ng kautusang
Tagapagpaganap Blg. 134. Tagalog ang
naging batayan ng wikang pambansa
sapagkat isinaalang-alang ang mga
pamantayang:
1. Wika ng sentro ng pamahalaan
2. Wika ng sentro ng edukasyon
3. Wika ng sentro ng kalakalan
4. Wika ng nakararami at pinakadakilang
nasusulat na panitikan.
 Sa pamamagitan naman ng Batas
Komonwelt Blg.570. ipinahayag ang
pagiging isa sa mga wikang opisyal ng
wikang pambansa simula Hulyo 4, 1946.
 Noong Agosto 13, 1959,pinalitan ang tawag
sa wikang pambansa. Mula sa Tagalog ay
naging Pilipino sa bias ng kautusang
Pangkagawaran Blg.7 na ipinalabas ni Jose
E. Romero, ang kalihim ng Edukasyon noon.
Sa panahong ito lumaganap ang paggamit ng
wikang Pilipino.
 Taong 1972 ay muling nagkaroon ng
mainitang pagtatalo sa Kumbensiyong
Konstitusyunal kaugnay ng usaping
pangwika. Sa huli, ito ang mga naging
probisyong pangwika sa Saligang Batas ng
1973, Artikulo XV, Seksyon 3, blg.2
“ Ang Batasang Pambansa ay dapat
magsagawa ng mga hakbang na
magpapaunlad at pormal na mapagtibay sa
isang panlahat na wikang pambansang
kikilalaning FILIPINO.”
 Taong 1987, ayon sa Saligang Batas 1987 ay
pinagtibay ng Komisyong Konstitusyunal na
binuo ni dating Pangulong Cory Aquino ang
implementasyon sa paggamit ng wikang
Filipino. Nakasaad sa Artikulo XIV, Seksyon
6 ang probisyon tungkol sa wika na
nagsasabing:
“Ang wikang pambansa ng Pilipinas ay
Filipino. Samantalang nililinang, ito ay dapat
payabungin at pagyamanin pa salig sa
umiiral na mga wika ng Pilipinas at sa iba
pang mga wika.”
Ang Wikang Pambansa at Edukasyon
Ang edukasyon ay isang proseso ng
komunikasyon, may lawak ng kapakinabangan ng
tao ay nakabatay sa wikang ginagamit sa proseso
ng pagtuturo/pagkatuto. Ang wika ng edukasyon
ay dapat na naaayon sa mithiin ng mga nakararami
sa lipunan.
Isinaad sa;
 Artikulo XIV.Sek.3 ng konstitusyon ng 1935
na:
“…hangga’t hindi pinagtitibay ng batas, Ingles at
Kastila ang magpapatuloy bilang mga wikang
opisyal.”
Batay sa kasaysayan ng wikang pambansa, sa mga
panahong ito ay Tagalog ang Wikang Pambansa
ngunit hindi wikang opisyal.
Wikang Opisyal – itinadhana ng batas na maging
wika sa opisyal na talastasan ng pamahalaan.
Mga Batayan sa Pagtuturo ng Wikang Pambansa
 Kautusang Tagapaglaganap Blg. 263
Noong Abril 1, 1940 ay nilagdaan ng
Pangulong Quezon ang kautusan at dito’y
ipinag-utos ang pagtuturo ng wikang
pambansa sa lahat ng paaralang pampubliko
at pribado sa bansa. Nag-aatas din ito ng
paglilimbag ng Tagalog-English Vocabulary
at isang gramatika na pinamagatang Ang
Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa.
 CMO No. 20, s. 2013
 Sistema ng edukasyon sa seksyon 3 ng
kautusang ito, ang GEC ay bumaba sa
tatlumpu’t anim (36) na yunit at inalis ang
Filipino bilang asignatura. Ang GEC ay
maaaring ituro sa wikang Ingles o Filipino.
Ayon kay Contreras(2014), sa mga
pamantasan sa ngayon, may mga tunggaliang
nangyayari nadulot ng kontrobersyal na
kautusan mula sa Commission on Higher
Education (CHED), ang CMO 20, na kung
saan nawala sa mga kursong ipakukuha sa
lahat ng mag-aaral sa kolehiyo ang wika,
bagama’t ginawang opsyon na ituro ang lahat
ng mga kurso sa bagong GE sa Filipino.
Ang Pagtataguyod sa Wikang Filipino sa
Kasalukuyan
 Ang Tanggol Wika o Alyansa ng mga
Tagapagtanggol ng Wikang Filipino
Isang samahan na naglalayong ipaglaban o
ipagtanggol ang paggamit ng wikang
Filipino upang mas lalong mapagyaman ang
ating kultura. Tinutulan din ng samahang ito
ang CHED Memorandum no. 20, series of
2013.
 Sa petisyon ng Tanggol Wika
Layunin
1. Panatilihin ang pagtuturo ng asignaturang
Filipino sa bagong GEC sa kolehiyo
2. Kumilos tungo sa pagrerebisa ng CMO 20.
3. Gamitin ang wikang Filipino sa pagtuturo ng
iba’t ibang asignatura at;
4. Isulong ang makabayang edukasyon
Mga Isyung Pangwika
 Ang napagkaisahang pasiya sa 1934
kumbensyong Konstitusyonal
 Ang paglapastangang ginawa ni Gng. Arroyo
sa wikang Filipino
o Executive Order 210
"Establishing the Policy to Strengthen
the use of English as the second
language of the education system"
o Alin sa mga asignatura ay kailangan
palakasin dahil mahina at pagkatuto ng
mga bata sa asignatura
Hal. English, Math Science
o Mababang trabahador sa mga callcenter
 Ang Panukalang pagpasiang ng Commission
on Higher Education (CHED) sa Filipino,
Panitikan at Philippine Government and
Constitution bilang mga asignatura sa
kolehiyo.
Wika laban sa Diyalekto
Rehistro at Mga Varayti ng Wika

Pagtalakay sa mga batas sa pagtuturo ng Wikang

Filipino
Sosyolek laban sa Idyolek
 Kautusang Pangkagawaran at Sirkular Blg.
26 (1940) – ipinag-utos ang pagtuturo ng
Wikang Pambansa sa ikaapat na taon sa lahat SOSYOLEK IDYOLEK
ng pampublikong at pribadong paaralan at sa  Varayti sa  Ang ikinatatangi sa
mga pribadong institusyong pasanayang paggamit ng paraan ng pagsasalita
pangguro sa buong bansa wika na nag- ng isang tao.
(kwf.gov.ph/kasaysayan-atmandato/) iiba-iba  Tumutukoy rin ito sa
depende sa dalas ng paggamit/
 Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg. 74 – Mother katayuan sa pagbabanggit/
tongue based multilingual education ang lipunan salita/parirala/pahayag
ituturo sa preschool-ikatlong baitang. Sa  Varayti na ginagaya ng
kautusang ito nakapaloob na ang unang wika nabubuo marami.
ang gagamiting wikang panturo. batay sa  Varayti ng wikang
dimensyong kaugnay sa personal
 Memorandum ng CHED Blg. 20, serye 2013 sosyal, ibig na kakayahan ng isang
– sa paglabas ng CHED Memorandum Order sabihin tagapagsalita.
No. 20 series 2013, binabalangkas ang nakabatay sa  Anumang
bagong General Education Curriculum na mga pekyulyaridad sa
nagsantabi sa pagturo ng Filipino bilang pangkat- paggamit ng wika.
required subject sa kolehiyo. Sanhi nito, panlipunan.
nagkaisa ang mga guro ng wika at manunulat  Halimbawa
ng saliksik at panitikang Filipino na ay pangkat
manindigan laban sa polisiya. ng mga bata,
bakla, preso,
 Memorandum ng CHED Blg. 57, serye 2017 abogado,
– pagpapanatili ng asignaturang Filipino sa inhinyero,
kolehiyo bilang bahagi ng new general nars, doktor,
education curriculum na ipatutupad sa taong at iba pa.
2018
 paggamit ng wika. anong mga pag-
 Halimbawa ay mga uugali ang akma
Pidgin laban sa Creole blogger na Filipino, para dito.
PIDGIN CREOLE mga paloristang  Nakasalalay sa
 Varayti ng wika  Dati ay Pidgin na Filipino, ang wika kakayahang ito
na nabuo/ napaunlad o sa mga tabloid. ang pagpili kung
nabubuo dahil sa nalinang sapagkat ano ang
pangangailangan inangkin ng isang sasabihin,
at praktikalidad. lehitimong grupo o gayundin kung
 Nangyayari ito sa pangkat. paano at kailan
pakikipagkalakala  Mas marami itong ito sasabihin.
n na hindi alam katutubong ispiker
ang wika ng iba. kaysa Pidgin. Lesson 2
 Wala itong  Hindi lamang ito
Pagpoproseso ng Impormasyon Para sa
katutubong wika ng “hilaw na
Komunikasyon
ispiker. pakikipagkalakala
 Walang n’ kundi’y naging
Pagpili ng Batis ng Impormasyon
komplikadong wika na ng isang
 Naririnig Nababasa Napapanood o
gramatika at may pamayanang
nararamdaman na napoproseso ayon sa
limitadong panlipunan.
sariling karanasan.
talasalitaan.  Kongretong
 Madalas na halimbawa nito
 mga kaisipang nabubuo sa isipan o
hango sa isang ang Chavacano.
representasyon at interpretasyon sa mga
wika ang usapan
bagay sa paligid sanhi ng kaayusan, laki,
at ang estruktura
hugis, kulay o bilang ng mga ito.
naman ay sa iba
ring wika.
 Ukol sa pananaw, kuro-kuro, control, datos,
 Halimbawa “Suki,
direksyon, kaalaman, kahulugan, persepsyon
ikaw bili tinda
at mga representasyon.
mura.”
Impormasyon
Punto laban sa Rehistro Ang kasingkahulugan ng salitang
Punto Rehistro impormasyon ay “katotohanan”, “kaalaman”
 Tinatawag ding  Nakabatay sa kung at mga “datos”
accent ano ang iyong
 Lahat ng ginagawa Ang mga datos at kaalaman ay mga
tagapagsalita  Sinasabi ring konseptong magkaugnay bagamat may tiyak
ay may punto, intelektwaslisasyon na gamit ang mga ito. Ang datos ay mga
mas halata nga ng wika kinokolekta, inuunawa at sinusuri upang
lamang sa iba  Nakabatay sa makabuo ng bagong impormasyon o
 Tumutukoy sa trabaho: abogado, kaalaman.
kung paano pari, isports, guro
bumibigkas ang  Nakabatay sa gamit Ang kaalaman naman ay mga kaisipang
isang tao at hindi sa natutuhan bunga ng pagproseso ng
 Iba ang punto gumagamit. impormasyon o mga kaisipang natamo o
ng isang natutuhan mula sa maraming karanasan.
Bikolano, sa
isang Pagpoproseso ng Impormasyon
Batanggenyo,  Pagkuha
sa isang Pagtatala
Bisaya, sa pagpapakita
isang Ilokano. pag-intindi
pagpapalaganap ng impormasyon
Speech Community laban sa Communicative
 PRIMARYANG BATIS
Competence o Ang pangunahing pinagmumulan ay
Speech Community Communicative may direktang kaugnayan dito. Ito rin
Competence ay naglalaman ng nang imporamasyon
 Grupo ng mga  Hindi man na galing mismo sa bagay o taong
taong hindi gamay ang pinag- usapan sa kasaysayan.
kailangang paggamit sa Nagpoprodyus sa panahon kung kailan
gumamit ng iisang isang wika, nagaganap ang pangyayari o saglit
wika subalit may naiintindihan lamang pagkatapos nito.
pinagsasaluhang naman kung ano Halimbawa: Dyaryo, mga letrato, mga
mga istandard at ang ibig sabihin liham, mapa, likhang sining (ginagawa
tuntunin sa nito at kung
 sa panahon ng pagkaganap ng
pangyayari).
 SEKONDARYANG BATIS
o Nagpoprodyus sa matagal na panahon
pagkatapos ng pangyayari. Karaniwang
gumagamit ng pangunahing batis
bilang sanggunian. Ang ganitong uri ng
mapagkukunan ay isinulat para sa isang
malawak na madla at isasama ang mga
kahulugan ng disiplina tiyak na mga
tuntunin, kasaysayan na may
kaugnayan sa paksa, makabuluhang
mga teorya at prinsipyo, at mga buod
ng mga pangunahing pag- aaral o mga
kaganapan na may kaugnayan sa paksa.
Halimbawa: Dyaryo, mga libro,
dyornal, pananaliksik at iba pa.
 Kategorya ng Pagproseso ng Impormasyon
o Pandinig (aural o auditory)
o Pampaningin (visual)
o Pagkilos ( Kinesthetic)
 Hakbang sa Pagproseso ng Impormasyon
o 1. Pagtukoy (Defining)
2. Paghahanap (Locating)
3. Pagpili ( Selecting)
4. Pagtatala at Pagsasaayos(Recording
and Organizing)
5. Paglalahad/Pagbabahagi(Presenting)
6. Pagtatasa(Assessing)
Pagbasa at Pananaliksik ng Impormasyon
 Ano ang Pagbasa?
o Pagkuha at/o pag-unawa ng/sa
nakalimbag o nakasulat na
impormasyon o idea.
o Ang Pagbasa ay pagkilala, pag-
unawa,pagpapakahulugan at pagtataya
ng mga idea mula sa mga nakalimbag
na simbolo.
o MGA LAYUNIN SA PAGBASA
 1. Nagbabasa upang maaliw.
2. Tumuklas ng mga bagong
kaalaman at maimbak nito.
3. Mabatid ang iba pang mga
karanasan na kapupulutan ng aral.
4. Mapaglakbay ang diwa sa mga
lugar na pinapangarap na
marating.
5. Mapag-aralan ang mga kultura
ng ibang lahi at mabatid ang
pagkakatulad at pagkakaiba sa
kulturang kinagisnan.
o Kahalagahan ng Pagbabasa
 1. May malaking posibilidad
madaragdagan ang kaniyang
kaalaman.
2. Mas lumalawak ang kaniyang
talasalitaan
3. Mas dumarami ang kaniyang
mga karanasan
 William S. Gray
o Mayroon ring mga hakbang sa pagbasa
na dapat tandaan ayon kay William S.
Gray na siyang kilala bilang isang ama
ng pagbasa. Ito ay ang Pagkilala, Pag-
unawa, Reaksyon at Assimilasyon at
Integrasyon.
 Ano nga ba ang pananaliksik?
o Ang pananaliksik ay ang proseso ng
pangangalap ng mga totoong
impormasyon na humahantong sa
pagtamo ng bagong kaalaman,
 Layunin sa Pagsasaliksik ng Impormasyon
o 1. Ang makahanap ng solusyon hinggil
sa isang problema o suliranin.
2. Nakakagawa tayo ng mga bagay-
bagay na nagpaparanas ng mga bagong
kasanayan at nakapagbabahagi ng mga
kaalaman ayon sa mga karanasang
natutuhan.
 Mga Paraan
o 1. Pagpunta sa silid aklatan, museo,
laboratory, paaralan at sa pagtukoy na
lipunan upang makakuha ng mga tiyak
na impormasyon.
2. Pakikipanayam sa mga dalubhasa
at/o sa mga tao sa lipunan na may
mapapanaligang opinion o aktuwal na
karanasan.
3. Pagbasa ng mga sanggunian na
naglalaman ng pangkalahatang
kaalaman o may mga tiyak na paksa,
talahuluganan, encyclopedia, yearbook,
atbp.
4. Obserbasyon sa paligid at pagtatala
ng mahahalagang detalye.
5. Paggamit ng kompyuter o
pangmedia upang magkaroon ng
kaugnayan na kaalaman ukol sa isang
paksa.
6. Pag-eeksperimento upang
makatuklas ng bagong kaalaman.
7. Sariling pagmumuni o pag-iisip ayon
sa sariling pagkaunawa na ibinatay sa
karanasan.
 Kahalagahan ng Pagsasaliksik ng
Impormasyon
o 1. Sa pananaliksik ay matututuhan
hanapin at alamin ang mga bagong
kaalaman o interes.
2. Makapagsasanay kung paano matuto
nang mag-isa (self-learning)
3. Kasangkapan para lalong mapahusay
ang kakayahan sa pakikipagtalastasan.
 Mga Dapat Tandaan sa Pagsasaliksik ng
Impormasyon
o 1. Maging mapatmatyag sa buong
kapaligiran. Itala ang mga detalyeng
kailangan.
2. Tukuyin ang nakikinitang magiging
suliranin o tinatayang balakid sa
paksang nais saliksikin.
3. Ilahad ang posibleng solusyon ng
suliraning nais bigyan ng solusyon.
4. Magplano ng isang maayos na
pamamaraan para masolusyonan ang
nasabing suliranin.
 5. Kumilos o gumawa nang naaayon sa o 1. Sikaping makabago at napapanahon
plano at pamamaraang nabanggit. ang mga sangguniang gagamitin sa
Magtala ng mga datos o mahahalagang pananaliksik.
impormasyon at suriing mabuti ang o 2. Dapat na may kaugnayan sa
bawat detalye ng impormasyon at isasagawang pananaliksik ang mga
lapatan ng angkop na gamit pang- kukuning sanggunian.
estadistika para sa interpretasyon nito. o 3. kailangang may sapat na bilang ng
6. Ilahad ang resulta. Ulitin ang mga sanggunian na makatutugon sa
pamamaraan nang maraming beses. paksang pag-aaralan,
7. Ipahayag ang mga bagong
impormasyon o epektibong solusyon Pagpapaunlad ng Pagbasa
ng nasabing suliranin para sa mga o Ito’y isang uri ng pagbasa na kung saan
mambabasa. ang materyales ay preparado at
8. Laging banggitin ang pinanggalingan naglalayong umunlad ang kakayahan
ng impormasyon (sourcing and ng mambabasa. Ang talasalitaan at ang
citations) mga kaayusan ng pangungusap ay
kontrolado at sumusunod sa takdang
pamantayan para sa pagkasunod-sunod.
Komunikasyon sa Pagbasa at Pananaliksik
Ang komunikasyon sa pagbasa at
pananaliksik ay nakakatulong upang ito’y
mas lalo pang maintindihan. Ang pagbasa ay
isang proseso ng pagbuo ng kahulugan mula
sa mga salita (Anderson, 1998). Ayon naman
kay Huffman (1998) ang pagbasa ay parang
pagtatanong na nakalimbag mula sa teksto at
pagbabasa na may pang- unawa na nagiging
dahilan upang ang mga tanong ay masagot.
Samantala ang pananaliksik naman ay isang
proseso sa pagkuha ng mga impormasyon
upang sa ganoon ay mas lalong
maintindihan ang bawat bagay.

Ayon kina Abesamas, et.al., (2001),

mahalaga ang pagtatala at pag-oorganisa ng
mga nakalap na datos sapagkat kung hindi,
tiyak ang pabalik-balik sa aklatan para
lamang tiyakin kung tama ang pagkakasipi.
Ilan sa mga mabisang tip sa pagtatala ng
impormasyon ay ang mga sumusunod:
o 1. Isulat ang lahat ng impormasyong
iyong kinakailangan at sipiin ang mga
ito sa oras na makita agad.
o 2. Sumulat nang maayos upang mabasa
o 3.Magdaglat kung kinakailangan upang
makatipid sa oras ngunit tiyaking
mauunawaan ang mga ito sa muling
pagbasa.
o 4. Tiyaking buo ang mga impormasyon
upang hindi magkaproblema sa
pagsulat ng mga talababa at
bibliyograpiya.
o 5. Gawing eksakto ang mga
impormasyon upang madaling
makakuha ng mga sipi o lagom na
magagamit sa konklusyon.
o 6. Sinupin ang iyong mga
impormasyon. Magpokus lamang sa
mga pangunahing ideya sa halip na
mga walang kabuluhang detalye.
o 7. Organisahin ang mga tala upang
hindi malayo sa balangkas.

Ayon naman kina Cancino, et.al.(2012), may

ilang pamantayan sa paghahanap ng mga
datos na kailangan sa pananaliksik: