98

Work, Energy
and Power
Quick Revision
1. Work Work is said to be done by a force, when i.e. maximum work done by the
the body is displaced actually through some force.
distance in the direction of the applied force. Case II When F and s are perpendicular to
Thus, work is done on a body only if the each other, i.e. then
following two conditions are satisfied W = F × s = Fs cos 90° = Fs (0 ) = 0,
● A force acts on the body.
i.e. no work done by the force, when a
● The point of application of the force moves body moves in a direction
in the direction of the force. perpendicular to the force acting.
2. Work Done by a Constant Force Work done 4. Work Done by a Variable Force Work
by the force (constant force) is the product of done by variable force is given as,
component of force in the direction of the x x
= ò F ×d x = ò (F cos q ) dx
f f
Wxi ®x
displacement and the magnitude of the f xi xi
displacement. Then, the work done on the body by
= Area under force-displacement curve
the force is given by
When the magnitude and direction of a force
Work done,W = F × s
vary in three dimensions, then it can be
SI unit of work is joule( J ). expressed in terms of rectangular
Its dimensions are [M 1L2T -2]. components.
3. Work Done when Force and Displacement So, work done from x i to x f ,
are Inclined to Each Other x x x
W = ò F x dx + ò F y dy + ò
f f f

Fy Fy F z dz
xi xi xi
F F
where, F x , F y and F z are the rectangular
θ θ components of force in x, y and z-directions,
Fx Fx
respectively.
s
5. Conservative Force If the work done by the
Work done, W = F × s = ( F cos q ) × s = Fs cos q force in displacing an object depends only on
Two cases can be considered as given below for the initial and final positions of the object and
the maximum and minimum work not on the nature of the path followed
Case I When F and s are in the same between the initial and final positions, such a
direction, i.e. q = 0° , then work done is force is known as conservative force. e.g.
W = Fs cos 0° = Fs (1) = Fs Gravitational force is a conservative force.
 6. Non-Conservative Force If the work done
by a force in displacing an object from one
position to another depends upon the path
between the two positions. Such a force is
known as non-conservative force. e.g. Friction
is a non-conservative force.
7. Energy The energy of a body is defined as its
capacity or ability for doing work.
● The dimensions of energy are the same as
the dimensions of work, i.e. [M 1 L2 T -2 ].
● It is measured in the same unit as work, i.e.
joule in SI system and erg in CGS system.
8. Kinetic Energy The energy possessed by a
body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic
energy. In other words, the amount of work
done, by a moving object before coming to rest
is equal to its kinetic energy.
1 13. Conservation of Mechanical Energy This
\ Kinetic energy, KE = mv 2
2 principle states that, if only the conservative
where, m is a mass and v is the velocity of a
body.
● Relation between Kinetic Energy and
Linear Momentum
p = 2m K
9. Work Energy Theorem or Work Energy
Principle It states that, work done by the net
force acting on a body is equal to the change
produced in the kinetic energies of the body.
f about fixed point O (as shown)
K f – K i = ò Fnet × dx
i
\ K f - K i =W
where, K f and K i are the final and initial
kinetic energies of the body.
10. Potential Energy The potential energy of a
body is defined as the energy possessed by the
body by virtue of its position or configuration.
So, if configuration of the system changes, then
its potential energy changes.
Dimensions = [ML2T –2 ]
SI unit = Joule
11. Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy of a body is the
energy possessed by the body by virtue of its
position above the surface of the earth.
Gravitational potential energy, U = mgh
12. Potential Energy of a Spring For a small
stretch or compression, spring obeys Hooke’s
law, i.e. restoring force µ stretch or compression
- Fs µ x Þ Fs = - k x
where, k is called spring constant. Its SI unit
is Nm –1.The negative sign shows F s acts in the
opposite direction of displacement x.
If the block is moved from an initial
displacement x i to final displacement x f , then
work done by spring force is
1 1
W s = kx i2 - kx f 2
2 2
\ Change in potential energy of a spring
1
DU = – W s = k ( x 2f – x i2 )
2
1
If x i = 0, then DU = kx 2f
2
forces are doing work on a body, then its
mechanical energy (KE + PE) remains constant.
i.e. K + U = constant = E
\ K i +Ui = K f +U f
The quantity K + U , is called the total
mechanical energy of the system.
14. Motion in a Vertical Circle A particle of
mass m is attached to an inextensible string of
length L and is moving in a vertical circle
O
T v
θ
L B
h mg cos θ
mg sin θ
A u
● Minimum velocity at highest point, so that
particle complete the circle, v min = gL ,
at this velocity, tension in the string is zero.
● Minimum velocity at lowest point, so that
particle complete the circle, v min = 5 gL ,
at this velocity, tension in the string is 6 mg.
● When string is horizontal, then minimum
velocity is 3Rg and tension in this
condition is 3 mg.
15. Power Power of a person or machine is 19. Conservation of Linear Momentum in
defined as the rate at which work is done or Collision Total linear momentum is
energy is transferred. conserved at each instant during collision.
Average power (Pav ) = rate of doing work \ p 1 + p 2 = constant
work done (W ) 20. Elastic Collision in One Dimension
=
time taken (t ) In one-dimensional elastic collision, relative
Thus, the average power of a force is defined velocity of separation after collision is equal to
relative velocity of approach before collision.
as the ratio of the work (W) to the total time (t).
u1 - u2 = v2 - v1
16. The instantaneous power of an agent at any
Velocities of the Bodies After the Collision
instant is equal to the dot product of its force
Velocity of Ist body after collision,
and velocity vectors at that instant.
P = F×v æm - m2 ö æ 2m 2 ö
v1 = ç 1 ÷ u1 + ç ÷ u2 …(i)
17. Power is a scalar quantity and its dimensional èm1 + m2 ø èm1 + m2 ø
formula is [ML2T –3 ].
Velocity of IInd body after collision,
The SI unit of power is watt (W).
æm - m1 ö æ 2m 1 ö
1 joule v2 = ç 2 ÷ u2 + ç ÷u 1 …(ii)
1 watt = = 1 Js - 1 èm1 + m2 ø èm1 + m2 ø
1 second
Another popular units of power are kilowatt and Eqs. (i) and (ii) give the final velocities of the
horse power. colliding bodies in terms of their initial
1 kilowatt = 1000 watt or 1 kW = 10 3 W velocities.
1 horse power = 746 watt or 1 HP = 746 W The two cases under the action of same and
different masses can be considered as given
This unit is used to describe the output of below
automobiles, motorbikes, engines, etc.
Case I When two bodies of equal masses
18. Collision A collision is an isolated event in collide.
which two or more colliding bodies exert
strong forces on each other for a relatively i.e. m 1 = m 2 = m (say)
short time. For a collision to take place, the From Eq. (i), we get
actual physical contact is not necessary. 2mu 2
v1 = = u 2 = velocity of body of
Collision between particles have been divided 2m
into two types which can be differentiated as mass m 2 before collision
Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision From Eq. (ii), we get
A collision in which A collision in which there 2mu 1
there is absolutely no occurs some loss of v2 = = u 1 = velocity of body of
loss of kinetic energy. kinetic energy.
2m
mass m 1 before collision.
Forces involved during Some or all forces
elastic collision must be involved during collision
Case II When a light body collides against a
conserved in nature. may be non- conservative massive stationary body.
in nature. Here, m 1 << m 2 and u 2 = 0
The mechanical energy A part of the mechanical Neglecting m 1 in Eq. (i), we get
is not converted into energy is converted into m 2u 1
heat, light, sound, etc. heat, light, sound, etc. v1 = - = - u1
m2
e.g. Collision between e.g. Collision between
subatomic particles, two vehicles, collision From Eq. (ii), we get
collision between glass between a ball and floor, v2 •0
balls, etc. etc.
21. Perfectly Inelastic Collision in One
Dimension
When the two colliding bodies together move
as a single body with a common velocity after
the collision, then the collision is perfectly
inelastic.
In perfectly inelastic collision between two
bodies of masses m 1 and m 2, the body of mass
m 2 happens to be initially at rest (u 2 = 0 ). After
the collision, the two bodies move together
with common velocity v. The change in their
m 1 m 2u 12
kinetic energies is KE =
2 (m 1 + m 2 )
\ DKE is a positive quantity.
Therefore, kinetic energy is lost mainly in the
form of light, sound and heat.
22. Elastic Collision in Two Dimensions When
the collision between two bodies is not
head-on (the force during the collision is not
along the initial velocity). The bodies move
along different lines, then the collision is called
elastic collision in two dimensions.
The three cases can be considered as given
below
Case I Glancing Collision In a glancing
collision, the incident particle does not lose
any kinetic energy and is scattered almost
undeflected. Thus, for such collision, when
q = 0°, f = 90°, u 1 = v 1 and v 2 = 0.
1 before collision and v 1 & v 2 are their respective
KE of the target particle = m 2v 22 = 0
2 velocities after collision.
25. Comparison between Different Types of Collisions
Collision Kinetic Energy
Elastic Conserved
Inelastic Non-conserved
Perfectly inelastic Maximum loss of KE
Super elastic KE increases
Case II Head-on Collision In this type of
collision, the target particle moves in the
direction of the incident particle, i.e. f = 0°.
m 1u 1 = m 1v 1 cos q + m 2v 2 and 0 = m 1v 1 sin q
So, the kinetic energy remains unchanged.
Case III Elastic Collision of Two Identical
Particles When two particles of same mass
undergo perfectly elastic collision in two
dimensions, i.e. m 1 = m 2.
\ q + f = 90°
Thus, after collision the two particles will move
at right angle to each other.
23. Inelastic Collision in Two Dimensions
When two bodies travelling initially along the
same straight line collide involving some loss of
kinetic energy and move after collision along
different directions in a plane, then it is called
inelastic collision in two dimensions.
24. Coefficient of Restitution or
Coefficient of Resilience
It is defined as the ratio of relative velocity of
separation after collision to the relative velocity
of approach before collision. It is denoted by e .
Relative velocity of separation (after collision)
e =
Relative velocity of approach (before collision)
|v2 - v1 |
e =
|u 2 - u 1 |
where, u 1 & u 2 are velocities of two bodies
Coefficient of Restitution Main Domain
e =1 Between atomic particles
0 < e <1 Between ordinary objects
e =0 During shooting
e >1 In explosions
102 CBSE New Pattern ~ Physics 11th (Term-I)

Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions 5. A body moves from point A to B under
1. A bicyclist comes to a skidding stop in the action of a force varying in
10 m. During this process, the force on magnitude as shown in figure, then the
the bicycle due to the road is 200N and work done is (force is expressed in
is directly opposed to the motion. The newton and displacement in metre)
work done by the cycle on the road is
20
(NCERT Exemplar) Q
15
(a) + 2000 J (b) - 200 J A P
(c) zero (d) - 20, 000 J 10
5
2. Force of 50 N acting on a body at an F 0 R
1 2 3 4 5 s
angle q with horizontal. If 150 J work is –5
done by displacing it 3 m, then q is –10
(a) 60° (b) 30° –15 B
(c) 0° (d) 45°
(a) 30 J (b) 22.5 J
3. A particle is pushed by forces (c) 25 J (d) 27 J
2$i + 3$j - 2k$ and 5$i - $j - 3k$
6. A string of length L and force constant
simultaneously and it is displaced from k is stretched to obtain extension l. It is
point $i + $j + k$ to point 2$i - $j + 3k$ . The further stretched to obtain extension l 1 .
work done is The work done in second stretching is
(a) 7 units (b) - 7 units 1 1 2
(a) kl 1 (2l + l 1 ) (b) kl 1
(c) 10 units (d) -10 units 2 2
1 1
4. Consider a force F = - x$i + y$j. The (c) k (l 2 + l 12 ) (d) k (l 12 - l 2 )
2 2
work done by this force in moving a
particle from point A(1, 0 ) to B(0, 1) 7. A uniform chain of length l and mass m
along the line segment is (all quantities is lying on a smooth table and one-third
are in SI units) of its length is hanging vertically down
Y over the edge of the table. If g is
B (0, 1) acceleration due to gravity, work
required to pull the hanging part on to
the table is
mgl
(a) mgl (b)
3
mgl mgl
(c) (d)
X 9 18
(0, 0) A (1, 0)
8. IfW 1 , W 2 andW 3 are the work done in
3
(a) (b) 2 moving a particle from A and B along
2
1 three different paths 1, 2 and 3
(c) 1 (d) respectively (as shown) in the
2
 gravitational field of a point mass m, the (a) Heavy body
relation betweenW 1 , W 2 andW 3 is (b) Light body
(c) Both have same linear momenta
B
(d) None of the above

1
m 14. A mass of 5 kg is moving along a
2
circular path of radius 1 m. If the mass
3
moves with 300 rev/min, its kinetic
A energy (in J) would be
(a) W1 > W2 > W3 (b) W1 = W2 = W3 (a) 250p 2 (b) 100p 2 (c) 5 p 2 (d) zero
(c) W1 < W2 < W3 (d) W2 > W1 > W3 15. Two moving objects (m 1 > m 2 ) having
9. Amongst the given graphs which one same kinetic energy are stopped by
correctly represents the variation of the application of equal retarding force.
kinetic energy (K ) of a body with Which object will come to rest at
velocity (v )? shorter distance?
(a) Bigger
K K (b) Smaller
(a) (b) (c) Both at same distance
(d) Cannot say
v v
16. A particle which is experiencing a
K K force, is given by F = 3$i - 12$j,
(c) (d) undergoes a displacement of d = 4 $i.
If the particle had a kinetic energy of
v v 3 J at the beginning of the
displacement, what is its kinetic energy
10. The kinetic energy of a body of mass at the end of the displacement ?
4 kg and momentum 6 N-s will be (a) 9 J (b) 15 J (c) 12 J (d) 10 J
(a) 3.5 J (b) 5.5 J
(c) 2.5 J (d) 4.5 J 17. A particle moves in one dimension
from rest under the influence of a force
11. For a moving particle (mass m, velocity v) that varies with the distance travelled by
having a momentum p, which one of the particle as shown in the figure.
the following correctly describes the The kinetic energy of the particle after
kinetic energy of the particle? it has travelled 3 m is
p2 p v2 v
(a) (b) (c) (d) C
2m 2m 2m 2m 3

A B
12. Two bodies of masses 4 kg and 5 kg are 2 D
Force
moving with equal momentum. Then,
(in N)
the ratio of their respective kinetic 1
energies is F E
(a) 4 : 5 (b) 2 : 1 O 1 2 3
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 5 : 4 Distance
(in m)
13. A heavy body and a light body have
(a) 4 J (b) 2.5 J
same kinetic energy. Which will have
(c) 6.5 J (d) 5 J
larger linear momentum?
18. When a person lifts a brick above the The kinetic friction force is 15 N and
surface of the earth, then its potential spring constant is 10000 N/m. The
energy spring compresses by
(a) increases (b) decreases (a) 5.5 cm (b) 2.5 cm
(c) remains same (d) None of these (c) 11.0 cm (d) 8.5 cm

19. A massless spring of spring constant k, 25. 300 J of work is done in sliding a 2 kg
has extension y and potential energy E. block up an inclined plane of height
It is now stretched from y to 2y. The 10 m (taking, g = 10 ms -2 ). Work done
increase in its potential energy is against friction is
(a) 200 J (b) 100 J
(a) 3E (b) 2E
(c) zero (d) 1000 J
(c) E (d) 4E

20. A bread gives 5 kcal of energy to a boy. 26. The graph below represents the
How much height he can climbs by potential energy U as a function of
using this energy, if his efficiency is position r for a particle of mass m . If
28% and mass is 60 kg? the particle is released from rest at
position r0 , what will its speed be at
(a) 15m (b) 5m
position 3r0 ?
(c) 2.5 m (d) 10 m
U(r)
21. A body is falling freely under the action 3 U0
of gravity alone in vaccum. Which of
the following quantities remain constant 2 U0
during the fall? (NCERT Exemplar)
(a) Kinetic energy U0
(b) Potential energy
(c) Total mechanical energy O
r
1r0 2r0 3r0 4r0
(d) Total linear momentum

22. A stone is projected vertically up to 3U0 4 U0

(a) (b)
reach maximum height h. The ratio of m m
its kinetic energy to its potential energy 2 U0 6 U0
(c) (d)
4 m m
at a height h, will be
5 27. A pebble is attached to one end of a
(a) 5 : 4 (b) 4 : 5 string and rotated in a vertical circle. If
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1 string breaks at the position of
23. A spring of force constant 800 N/m has maximum tension, so from the figure
an extension of 5 cm. The work done in shown below, it will break at
extending it from 5 cm to 15 cm is A
(a) 16 J (b) 8 J
(c) 32 J (d) 24 J
C D
24. A 2 kg block slides on a horizontal floor
with a speed of 4 m/s. It strikes a
B
uncompressed spring and compresses it
till the block is motionless. (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
28. What is the ratio of kinetic energy of a 34. For a system to follow the law of
particle at the bottom to the kinetic conservation of linear momentum
energy at the top, when it just loops a during a collision, the condition is
vertical loop of radius r? I. total external force acting on the
(a) 5 :1 (b) 2 : 3 system is zero
(c) 5 :2 (d) 7 :2 II. total external force acting on the
29. A man can do work of 600 J in 2 min, system is finite and time of collision
then man’s power is is negligible
III. total internal force acting on the
(a) 7.5 W (b) 10 W
(c) 5 W (d) 15 W system is zero
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) I or II
30. A particle is acted by a constant power.
Then, which of the following physical 35. Two identical balls A and B having
quantity remains constant? velocities of 0.5 ms -1 and -0.3 ms -1
respectively, collide elastically in one
(a) Speed
dimension. The velocities of B and A
(b) Rate of change of acceleration
(c) Kinetic energy
after the collision respectively will be
(d) Rate of change of kinetic energy (a) . ms -1 and 0.3 ms -1
-05
(b) 0.5 m/s -1 and -0.3 ms -1
31. An object of mass m moves (c) -0.3 ms -1 and 0.5 ms -1
horizontally, increasing in speed from (d) 0.3 ms -1 and 0.5 ms -1
0 to v in a time t . The power necessary
to accelerate the object during this time 36. A particle of mass 1g moving with a
period is velocity v 1 = ( 3$i - 2$j) ms -1 experiences
mv 2 t mv 2 a perfectly elastic collision with another
(a) (b)
2 2 particle of mass 2 g and velocity
(c) 2 mv 2 (d)
mv 2 v 2 = ( 4 $j - 6 k$ ) ms -1 . The velocity of the
2t particle is
32. A 60 HP electric motor lifts an elevator (a) 2.3 ms-1 (b) 4.6 ms-1
(c) 9.2 ms-1 (d) 6 ms-1
having a maximum total load capacity
of 2000 kg. If the frictional force on the 37. A particle of mass m 1 moves with
elevator is 4000 N, the speed of the velocity v 1 collides with another particle
elevator at full load is close to (take, at rest of equal mass. The velocity of
1 HP = 746 W and g = 10 ms -2 ) second particle after the elastic collision
(a) 2.0 ms -1 (b) 1.5 ms -1 is
(c) 1.9 ms -1 (d) 1.7 ms -1
(a) 2v 1 (b) v 1 (c) - v 1 (d) zero
33. A car of mass m starts from rest and 38. During inelastic collision between two
accelerates, so that the instantaneous bodies, which of the following
power delivered to the car has a quantities always remain conserved?
constant magnitude P 0 . The (NCERT Exemplar)
instantaneous velocity of this car is (a) Total kinetic energy
proportional to (b) Total mechanical energy
(a) t 2 P0 (b) t 1 / 2 (c) Total linear momentum
(c) t -1 / 2 (d) t / m (d) Speed of each body
39. Two objects of mass m each moving proportional to t n , where the value of
with speed u ms -1 collide at 90°, then n is ……… .
final momentum is (assume collision is (a) 1 (b) - 1/2
inelastic) (c) 2 (d) 1/2
(a) mu (b) 2 mu 46. A man of mass m, standing at the
(c) 2 mu (d) 2 2 mu
bottom of the staircase, of height L
40. A body of mass 5 ´ 10 kg moving with
3
climbs it and stands at its top. Which
speed 2 ms -1 collides with a body of amongst the following statement is
mass 15 ´ 10 3 kg inelastically and sticks correct? (NCERT Exemplar)
to it. Then, loss in kinetic energy of the (a) Work done by all forces on man is equal to
system will be the rise in potential energy mgL.
(b) Work done by all forces on man is zero.
(a) 7.5 kJ (b) 15 kJ (c) 10 kJ (d) 5 kJ
(c) Work done by the gravitational force on
41. If the linear momentum of a body is man is mgL.
increased by 50%, then the kinetic (d) The reaction force from a step does some
work because the point of application of
energy of that body increases by
the force does not move while the force
……… . exists.
(a) 100% (b) 125% (c) 225% (d) 25%
47. Which of the following statement is
42. A ball of mass m moves with speed v correct about non-conservative force?
and strikes a wall having infinite mass (a) It depends on velocity of the object.
and it returns with same speed, then (b) It depends on the particular path taken by
the work done by the ball on the wall the object.
is ……… . (c) It depend on the initial and final positions of
(a) zero (b) mv J the object.
(c) m / v J (d) v/mJ (d) Both (a) and (b)

43. A body of mass 5 kg is thrown 48. Which of the following statement is

vertically up with a kinetic energy of
490 J. The height at which the kinetic
energy of the body becomes half of the
original value is ……… .
(a) 12.5 m (b) 10 m
(c) 2.5 m (d) 5 m
44. If two persons A and B take 2 s and 4 s,
respectively to lift an object to the same
height h, then the ratio of their powers
49. Which of the following statement does
is ……… .
(a) 1 :2 (b) 1 :1
(c) 2 :1 (d) 1 : 3
45. At time t = 0, particle starts moving
along the x-axis. If its kinetic energy
increases uniformly with time t , the
net force acting on it must be
correct?
(a) Conservation of mechanical energy does
not consider only conservative force.
(b) Conservation of energy consider both
conservative and non-conservative forces.
(c) Conservation of energy consider only
conservative force.
(d) Mass converted into energy in nuclear
reaction is called mass-defect.
not specify an example of perfectly
inelastic collision?
(a) A bullet fired into a block if bullet gets
embedded into block.
(b) Capture of electrons by an atom.
(c) A man jumping on to moving boat.
(d) A ball bearing striking another ball bearing.
50. Match the Column I (angle) with Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
Column II (work done) and select the For question numbers 52 to 60, two
correct option from the codes given
statements are given-one labelled
below.
Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Column I Column II Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
A. q < 90° p. Friction
and (d) are as given below
B. q = 90° q. Satellite rotating (a) Both A and R are true and R is the
around the earth correct explanation of A.
C. q > 90° r. Coolie is lifting a (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
luggage correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Codes (d) A is false and R is also false.
A B C 52. Assertion Stopping distance
(a) p q r
Kinetic energy
(b) r q p =
Stopping force
(c) p r q
(d) r p q Reason Work done in stopping a body
is equal to change in kinetic energy of
51. A body is moved along a straight line the body.
by a machine delivering a power
proportional to time (P µ t ). Then, 53. Assertion A spring of force constant k
match the Column I with Column II is cut into two pieces having lengths in
and select the correct option from the the ratio 1 : 2. The force constant of
codes given below. series combination of the two parts is
2k / 3.
Column I Column II Reason The spring connected in series
A. Velocity is p. t are represented by k = k1 + k 2 .
proportional to
54. Assertion According to the law of
B. Displacement is q. t2 conservation of mechanical energy,
proportional to change in potential energy is equal and
C. Work done is r. t3 opposite to the change in kinetic
proportional to energy.
Reason Mechanical energy is not
Codes
conserved.
A B C
(a) p q r 55. Assertion Decrease in mechanical
(b) r q p energy is more in case of an object
sliding up a relatively less inclined
(c) p q q
plane due to friction.
(d) r p p
 Reason The coefficient of friction
between the block and the surface
decreases with the increase in the angle
of inclination.
56. Assertion For looping a vertical loop of
radius r, the minimum velocity at lowest
point should be 5gr .
Reason In this event, the velocity at the
highest point will be zero.
57. Assertion Kilowatt-hour is the unit of
energy.
Reason One kilowatt hour is equal to
. ´ 10 6 J.
36
58. Assertion There is no loss in energy in
elastic collision.
Reason Linear momentum is conserved
in elastic collision.
59. Assertion Quick collision between two
bodies is more violent than a slow
collision; even when the initial and final
velocities are identical.
Reason The momentum is greater in
first case.
60. Assertion Two particles are moving in
the same direction do not lose all their
energy in completely inelastic collision.
Reason Principle of conservation of
momentum does not holds true for all
kinds of collisions.
Case Based MCQs
Direction Answer the questions from
61-65 on the following case.
Work
A farmer ploughing the field, a construction
worker carrying bricks, a student studying for a
competitive examination, an artist painting a
beautiful landscape, all are said to be working.
In physics, however, the word ‘Work’ covers a
definite and precise meaning. Work refers to
the force and the displacement over which it
acts. Consider a constant force F acting on
an object of mass m. The object undergoes a
displacement d in the positive x-direction as
shown in figure.
F
θ
x
d
The work done by the force is defined to be
the product of component of the force in the
direction of the displacement and the
magnitude of this displacement, thus
W = ( F cos q ) d = F × d.
61. The earth is moving around the sun in
a circular orbit, is acted upon by a
force and hence work done on the
earth by the force is
(a) zero
(b) positive
(c) negative
(d) None of the above
62. In which case, work done will be
zero?
(a) A weight-lifter while holding a weight of
100 kg on his shoulders for 1 min
(b) A locomotive against gravity is running on
a level plane with a speed of 60 kmh - 1
(c) A person holding a suitcase on his head
and standing at a bus terminal
(d) All of the above
63. Find the angle between force
F = ( 3$i + 4 $j - 5k$ ) unit and
displacement d = (5$i + 4 $j + 3k$ ) unit.
(a) cos-1 (0.49) (b) cos-1 (0.32)
(c) cos-1 (0.60) (d) cos-1 (0.90)
64. Which of the following statement(s)
is/are correct for work done to be
zero?
I. If the displacement is zero.
II. If force applied is zero.
 KE KE
III. If force and displacement are
mutually perpendicular to each other. (a) (b)
(a) Only I (b) I and II
t
(c) Only II (d) I, II and III

65. A proton is kept at rest. A positively KE KE

charged particle is released from rest at (c) (d)
a distance d in its field. Consider two
experiments; one in which the charged
particle is also a proton and in another, 67. A force which is inversely proportional
a positron. In same time t , the work to the speed is acting on a body. The
done on the two moving charged kinetic energy of the body starting from
particles is rest is
(a) same as the same force law is involved in (a) a constant
the two experiments (b) inversely proportional to time
(b) less for the case of a positron, as the (c) directly proportional to time
positron moves away more rapidly and the
(d) directly proportional to square of time
force on it weakens
(c) more for the case of a positron, as the 68. The kinetic energy of an air molecule
positron moves away a larger distance
(10 -21 J) in eV is
(d) same as the work is done by charged
particle on the stationary proton (a) 6.2 meV (b) 4.2 meV
(c) 10.4 meV (d) 9.7 meV
Direction Answer the questions from
66-70 on the following case. 69. Two masses of 1 g and 4 g are moving
with equal kinetic energy. The ratio of
Kinetic Energy
the magnitudes of their momentum is
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of (a) 4 : 1 (b) 2 :1
its motion is called kinetic energy. In other (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 16
words, the amount of work done, a moving
object can do before coming to rest is equal to 70. An object of mass 10 kg is moving with
its kinetic energy. velocity of 10 ms -1 . Due to a force, its
1 velocity become 20 ms -1 . Percentage
\ Kinetic energy, KE = mv 2 increase in its KE is
2
(a) 25% (b) 50%
where, m is a mass and v is the velocity of a (c) 75% (d) 300%
body.
Direction Answer the questions from
The units and dimensions of KE are Joule (in 71-75 on the following case.
SI) and [ML 2 T -2 ], respectively.
PE of Spring
Kinetic energy of a body is always positive. It
There are many types of spring. Important
can never be negative.
among these are helical and spiral springs as
66. Which of the diagrams shown in figure shown in figure.
most closely shows the variation in
kinetic energy of the earth as it moves (a) (b)
once around the sun in its elliptical
orbit?
Usually, we assume that the springs are Direction Answer the questions from
massless. Therefore, work done is stored in 76-80 on the following case.
the spring in the form of elastic potential
Principle of Conservation of Energy
energy of the spring. Thus, potential energy
of a spring is the energy associated with the Total energy of an isolated system always
state of compression or expansion of an remains constant. Since, the universe as a
elastic spring. whole may be viewed as an isolated system,
total energy of the universe is constant. If one
71. The potential energy of a body is part of the universe loses energy, then other
increases in which of the following part must gain an equal amount of energy.
cases? The principle of conservation of energy
(a) If work is done by conservative force cannot be proved as such. However, no
(b) If work is done against conservative force
violation of this principle has been observed.
(c) If work is done by non-conservative force
(d) If work is done against non- conservative 76. When we rub two flint stones together,
force got them to heat up and to ignite a heap
72. The potential energy, i.e. U (x ) can be of dry leaves in the form of
assumed zero when (a) chemical energy (b) sound energy
(c) heat energy (d) electrical energy
(a) x = 0
(b) gravitational force is constant 77. Which graph represents conservation of
(c) infinite distance from the gravitational total mechanical energy?
source
Energy
(d) All of the above
E=K+U
73. The ratio of spring constants of two K
springs is 2 : 3. What is the ratio of their (a)
potential energy, if they are stretched U
–xm xm X
by the same force?
(a) 2 : 3 Energy
(b) 3 : 2
(c) 4 : 9 K=E
U
(d) 9 : 4 (b)
K
74. The potential energy of a spring –xm xm X
increases by 15 J when stretched by Energy
3 cm. If it is stretched by 4 cm, the
increase in potential energy is E=K+U
U
(a) 27 J (b) 30 J (c)
(c) 33 J (d) 36 J K
–xm xm X
75. The potential energy of a spring when
stretched through a distance x is 10 J. Energy
What is the amount of work done on E=K+U
the same spring to stretch it through an U
(d)
additional distance x?
K
(a) 10 J (b) 20 J X
–xm xm
(c) 30 J (d) 40 J
 78. In the given curved road, if particle is 79. U is the potential energy, K is the
released from A, then kinetic energy and E is the mechanical
energy. Which of the following is not
m A possible for a stable system?
(a) U > E (b) U < E (c) E > K (d) K > E
h
80. A body of mass 5 kg is thrown
B vertically up with a kinetic energy of
(a) kinetic energy at B must be mgh
490 J. The height at which the kinetic
(b) kinetic energy at B must be zero
energy of the body becomes half of the
(c) kinetic energy at B must be less than mgh original value is
(d) kinetic energy at B must not be equal to (a) 12.5 m (b) 10
potential energy (c) 2.5 m (d) 5 m

ANSWERS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (c)

Assertion-Reasoning MCQs
52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (c)

Case Based MCQs

61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (d) 65. (c) 66. (d) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (d)
71. (b) 72. (d) 73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (c) 76. (a) 77. (c) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80. (d)

SOLUTIONS
1. Here, work is done by the frictional force on 3. Net force, F = 2$i + 3$j - 2k$ + 5$i - $j - 3k$
the cycle = - 200 ´ 10 = - 2000 J.
= 7 $i + 2$j - 5k$
As the road is not moving, hence work done
by the cycle on the road is zero. Displacement, d = 2i$ - $j + 3k$ - $i - $j - k$
2. Given, F = 50 N, W = 150 J = $i - 2$j + 2k$
and s = 3 m Work done = F × d = ( 7 i$ + 2$j - 5k$ ) × ( $i - 2$j + 2k$ )
Work done, W = Fs cos q = 7 - 4 - 10 = - 7 units
150 = 50 ´ 3 ´ cos q 4. Work done by a variable force on the
150 particle,
cos q = =1
150
W = ò F × dr = ò F × ( dxi$ + dy$j)
Þ q = 0°
 \ In two dimension, dr = dx$i + dy$j W = force ´ displacement
mg l mgl
and it is given F = - xi$ + y$j \ W = ´ =
3 6 18
\ W = ò ( - x$i + y$j) × ( dxi$ + dy$j)
8. Gravitational force is a conservative force
= ò - x dx + y dy and work done by or against the force in
moving a body depends only on the initial
= ò - x dx + ò y dy and final positions of the body and not on
the nature of path followed by it.
As particle is displaced from A(1, 0 ) to B( 0, 1),
So, W1 = W2 = W3
so x varies from 1 to 0 and y varies from 0 to
1. 1
9. As we know that, KE = mv 2
So, with limits, work will be 2
0 1 So, kinetic energy is directly proportional to
W = ò - x dx + ò y dy the square of velocity.
1 0

é - x2 ù
0
é y2 ù
1
K µv 2
=ê ú + ê ú As this equation resembles equation of
ë 2 û1 ë 2 û0
parabola as m is constant, hence option (c)
1 represents a parabola.
= [ 0 - ( - 1) 2 + (1) 2 - 0 ] = 1 J
2
10. The kinetic energy K and momentum p of a
5. Work done = Area under F -s curve body are related as
WAB = W12 + W23 + W34 + W45 p2
= Area under AP + Area under PQ K = , where m is the mass of the body
2m
+ Area under QR - Area above RB Here, p = 6 N-s and m = 4 kg
1
= 10 ´ 1 + (10 + 15) (6 )2
2 K = = 4.5 J
2´4
1 1
´ 1 + ´ 1 ´ 15 - ´ 1 ´ 15
2 2 11. The kinetic energy of the particle is
= 10 + 12.5 = 22.5 J 1
K = mv 2
2
6. Work done in stretching a string to obtain an
extension l, As, momentum, p = mv
1 2 or p 2 = m 2v 2
W1 = kl
2 p2
or v2 = 2
Similarly, work done in stretching a string to m
obtain an extension l 1 is 1 æ p2 ö p2
\ K = mç 2÷ =
1 2 èm ø 2m
W2 = kl 12
2
p2
\ Work done in second case, 12. Kinetic energy of a body, K =
1 2m
W = W2 - W1 = k ( l 12 - l 2 ) where, p is the momentum and m is the mass
2
of the body.
7. The weight of hanging part æç ö÷ of chain is
l
è 3ø As, p1 = p2 (given)
K1 m2 5
æ1 ö \ = =
ç mg ÷ . This weight acts at the centre of K2 m1 4
è3 ø
gravity of the hanging part, which is at a p2
13. Kinetic energy of a body, K =
æl ö 2m
distance of ç ÷ from the table.
è6ø or p = 2mK
Hence, work required to pull hanging part,
 Since, KH =KL (given) Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
where, subscripts H and L represents for K 2 - K 1 = 12 J or K 2 = K 1 + 12 J
heavy and light bodies. Given, initial kinetic energy, K 1 = 3 J
\ pH mH \ Final kinetic energy, K 2 = 3 J + 12 J = 15 J
=
pL mL 17. \ Work done on the particle
So, mH >mL = Area under the curve ABC
and pH > pL W = Area of square ABFO + Area of DBCD
14. Given, mass, m = 5 kg + Area of rectangle BDEF
1
Radius, R = 1 m = 2 ´ 2 + ´ 1 ´ 1 + 2 ´ 1 = 6.5 J
2
Revolution per minute, w = 300 rev/min
Now, from work-energy theorem,
= ( 300 ´ 2p ) rad/min
DW = K f - K i
300 ´ 2 ´ p
= rad/s = 10 p rad/s Þ K f = DW = 6.5 J (Q K i = 0)
60
18. Potential energy of brick above the earth’s
Linear speed, v = w R = 10 p ´ 1
surface is given by
= 10p m/s
U = mgh
1
\ KE = mv 2
i.e. U µh
2
1 Hence, when a brick is lifted above the
= ´ 5 ´ (10 p ) 2 surface of the earth, then its potential energy
2
increases.
1
= 100 p 2 ´ 5 ´ 19. The potential energy of the spring is
2
1 2
= 250 p 2 J E = ky …(i)
2
15. Applying work-energy theorem on both
Now, it is stretched from y to 2y, so its
moving objects,
potential energy becomes
1
m 1v 12 = Fx 1 1
2 E ¢ = k ( 2y ) 2
2
1
and m 2v 22 = Fx 2 = 2ky 2 = 4 E [using Eq. (i)]
2
\ The increase in its potential energy is
Since, both moving objects have same kinetic
energy, DE = E ¢ - E = 4 E - E = 3E
1 1 20. Energy received by the boys from bread
i.e. m 1v 12 = m 2v 22 Þ Fx 1 = Fx 2
2 2 = 5000 cal = 5000 ´ 4.2
Þ x1 = x2 = 21 ´ 10 3 J
Therefore, both the objects will come to rest According to law of conservation of
at the same distance. mechanical energy,
16. Work done in F is given by DW = F × d 28
mgh = ´ 21 ´ 10 3
100
By substituting given values, we get
28 ´ 21 ´ 10 3
Þ DW = ( 3i$ - 12$j ) × ( 4 $i ) \ h = = 10 m
100 ´ 9.8 ´ 60
Þ DW = 12 J … (i)
21. As the body is falling freely under gravity,
Now, using work-energy theorem, we get the potential energy decreases and kinetic
work done, DW = change in kinetic energy increases but total mechanical energy
energy, DK (PE + KE) of the body and earth system will
or DW = K 2 - K 1 … (ii) be constant as external force on the system is
zero.
 4 26. According to the law of conservation of
22. At a height h,
5 energy, U i + K i = U f + K f ...(i)
4 4 So, by putting the values in Eq. (i),
Potential energy = mg ´ h = mgh
5 5 1
3U 0 + 0 = 2U 0 + mv 2
Total energy = mgh 2
\ Kinetic energy at that height 2U 0
Þ v =
4 1 m
=mgh - mgh = mgh
5 5
27. FBD of pebble,
4 A
\ At a height h, the ratio of
5
1
mgh
KE 5 1 C D Pebble
= =
PE 4
mgh 4
5 mg cosθ
B
23. The work done on the spring is stored as the mg sinθ
PE of the body and is given by mg
x2
U =ò F ext dx mv 2
mv 2
x1 \ T - mg cos q = Þ T = mg cos q +
x2 l l
or U =ò kx dx Tension is maximum, when cos q = 1 and
x1

1 velocity is maximum. Both conditions are

= k ( x 22 - x 12 ) satisfied at q = 0°, i.e. at lowest point B.
2
800 28. At top point, the tension (T H ) in string
= . ) 2 - ( 0.05) 2 ]
[( 015
2 becomes zero, so velocity of the particle is
= 400 (0.2 ´ 0.1) = 8 J v H = gr
24. According to work-energy theorem, At the bottom, the velocity of the particle is
loss in kinetic energy = work done against v L = 5gr
friction + potential energy of spring
Therefore, the ratio of kinetic energies at
1 1
mv 2 = f × x + kx 2 bottom and top is
2 2 1
1 1 mv L2 æ ö 2
Þ ´ 2 ( 4 ) = 15 x + ´ 10000 x 2
4 KL 2 v
= =ç L÷
2 2 K H 1 mv 2 è v H ø
Þ 5000 x + 15x - 16 = 0
2
2
H

\ x = 0.055 m = 5.5 cm 5 gr 5
= = = 5 :1
25. Net work done in sliding a body up to a gr 1
height h on an inclined plane
Hence, the ratio of kinetic energies is 5 : 1.
= Work done against the gravitational
force + Work done against the frictional force
29. Given, W = 600 J
Þ W = Wg + W f …(i) and t = 2 min = 2 ´ 60 = 120 s
But W = 300 J W 600
\ Power, P = = =5W
Given, m = 2 kg and h = 10 m t 120
dW
Wg = mgh = 2 ´ 10 ´ 10 = 200 J 30. By definition, P =
dt
Putting these values in Eq. (i), we get
Q Work done = Kinetic energy
300 = 200 + W f
dW d (KE)
Þ W f = 300 - 200 = 100 J Þ P= = = constant
dt dt
 W 36. From conservation of momentum,
31. Power, P =
t m 1 v1 + m 2 v2 = (m 1 + m 2 ) v
Since, K i = initial KE = 0 1 ´ ( 3i - 2$j) + 2 ´ ( 4 $j - 6 k$ ) = (1 + 2) v
$
1
and K f = final KE = mv 2 Þ 3$i + 6 $j - 12k$ = 3 v
2
From work-energy theorem, Þ v = $i + 2$j - 4 k$
work done = change in KE \ Velocity, v = | v| = 1 + 4 + 16 = 4.6 ms -1
1 2
K f -K i mv - 0 37. Given, mass, m 1= m 2 = m and velocity, v = v 1
\ P = = 2
t t For elastic collision,
mv 2 æm - m 1 ö 2m 1v 1
Þ P = v2 = ç 2 ÷ v2 +
2t èm 1 + m 2 ø m1 + m2
32. At maximum load, force provided by motor After putting given values, we will get
to pull the lift, 2m 1v 1
v2 = Þ v2 =v1
F = weight carried + friction = mg + f 2m 1
= ( 2000 ´ 10 ) + 4000 = 24000 N
38. When we are considering the two bodies as
Power delivered by motor at speed v of load, system, the total external force on the system
P = F ´v will be zero.
P 60 ´ 746
Þ v = = = 1865
. = 1.9 ms -1 Hence, total linear momentum of the system
F 24000 remain conserved.
33. As, P0 = Fv = æçm ö÷ v = mv
dv dv
39. Speed of objects = u ms -1
è dt ø dt
Since, both objects collide with 90°.
Þ P0 × dt = mvdv
According to the law of conservation of
Integrating both sides, we get
momentum,
ò0
P0 dt = ò mv dv Total moment before collision
mv 2 = Total momentum after collision
Þ P0 t = $ $
2 |mui + muj| = p f
2P0 t
Þ v =
2
m 2u 2 + m 2u 2 = p f Þ p f = 2 mu
m
Þ v µ t 1/ 2 40. Given, mass of body, m 1 = 5 ´ 10 3 kg
dp and mass of another body
34. From Newton’s second law, F =
dt m 2 = 15 ´ 10 3 kg
dp
If F = 0, then =0 Velocity, v 1 = 2 ms -1
dt
For perfectly inelastic collision ( e = 0 ),
Þ p = constant
Loss in kinetic energy of system,
Thus, if total external force acting on the
1 m 1m 2
system is zero during collision, then the DE K = ´ v 12
linear momentum of the system remains 2m1 + m2
conserved. 1 5 ´ 10 3 ´ 15 ´ 10 3
= ´ ´ 22
35. As, we know in a elastical collision of two 2 5 ´ 10 3 + 15 ´ 10 3
identical bodies, i.e. m A = m B , the particles = 7.5 ´ 10 3 J = 7.5 kJ
mutually exchange their velocities. 41. Kinetic energy of the body,
So, ( v i ) A = 0.5 ms -1 and ( v i ) B = -0.3 ms -1 . p2
K =
After collision, 2m
( v f ) A = - 0.3 ms -1 and ( v f ) B = 0.5 ms -1 . Since, the mass remains constant, so K µ p 2 .
 2
K 2 p 22 é150 ù 9 Hence, total work done = - mgL + mgL = 0.
\ = 2 =ê ú =
K 1 p 1 ë100 û 4 As the point of application of the contact
forces does not move, hence work done by
æK ö æ9 ö reaction forces will be zero.
Thus, ç 2 - 1÷ ´ 100 = ç - 1÷ ´ 100
èK 1 ø è 4 ø
47. If the work done or the kinetic energy
= 125% depend on other factors such as the velocity
42. As, work done = force ´ displacement or the particular path taken by the object, the
As, there is no displacement produced in the force would be called non-conservative.
wall, so work done by the ball on the wall is Thus, the statements given in options (a) and
zero. (b) are correct, rest is incorrect.
Alternative Method As, there is no change 48. In elastic collision, the conservation of
in kinetic energy of the ball, so according to mechanical energy consider only
work-energy theorem, work done should be conservative force while conservation of
zero. energy consider both conservative and
43. According to the law of conservation of non-conservative force.
energy, Mass converted into energy in nuclear
1 1 æ1 ö reaction is called nuclear energy.
mv 2 = ç mv 2 ÷ + mgh
2 2è2 ø Thus, the statement given in option (b) is
correct, rest are incorrect.
Þ 490 = 245 + 5 ´ 9.8 ´ h ,
49. Whenever there is a collision between two
245 bodies, the total momentum of the bodies
h = = 5m
49 remains conserved. If after the collision of
44. Given, t 1 = 2 s, t 2 = 4 s two bodies, the total kinetic energy of the
bodies remains the same as it was before
and h 1 = h 2 = h
collision, then it a perfectly elastic collision.
mgh 1 mgh 2
As, PA = and PB = …(i) A ball bearing striking another ball bearing is
t1 t2
an example of elastic collision. If two bodies
mgh 1 /t 1 æ h 1 ö æ t2 ö t2 4 2 strick together after the collision, then the
ÞPA : PB = =ç ÷ ç ÷= = =
mgh 2 /t 2 è h 1 ø è t1 ø t1 2 1 collision is said to be perfectly inelastic
collision.
Þ PA : PB = 2 : 1
dk Options (a), (b) and (c) are examples of
45. Given, k µ t Þ = constant perfectly inelastic collisions.
dt
Þ K µt 50. Work done by an agent is given by
1 2 W = F × s = Fs cos q
mv µ t Þ v µ t
2 where, F is the applied force, s is the
dK displacement and q is the smaller angle
Also, P = Fv = = constant between F and s .
dt
1 1 A. If q < 90° , i.e. acute angle, then work done
Þ F µ Þ F µ is positive, as in case of coolie lifting
v t
luggage.
Þ F µ t -1 / 2 B. If q = 90° , i.e. right angle, then work done
46. When a man of mass m climbs up the is zero, as in case of satellite rotation
staircase of height L, work done by the around the earth.
gravitational force on the man is mgl, work C. If q > 90° , i.e. obtuse angle, work done is
done by internal muscular forces will be mgL negative, as in case of friction.
as the change in kinetic energy is almost Hence, A ® r, B ® q and C ® p.
zero.
51. As, power, P µ t 55. Mechanical energy consists of both PE and
So, W = ò Pdt = ò at dt KE. In the given cases, some of the
mechanical energy is converted into heat
or W µt2 energy and it is more in the case when
Since, work done is equal to change is KE. inclination is less due to increased (as q
decreases, value of cos q will increases)
Hence, v 2 µ t 2 or v µ t friction force on an inclined plane.
ds
Further, v = f r = mmg cos q
dt
The coefficient of friction does not depend
ds
\ µ t or ds µ t dt on the angle of inclination of the plane. It
dt depends only on the nature of surfaces in
or s µt2 (by integration) contact.
Hence, A ® p, B ® q and C ® q. Therefore, A is true but R is false.
52. According to work-energy theorem, work 56. At the lowest point of a vertical circle, the
done by a body is equal to change in kinetic minimum velocity at bottom,
energy of the body. v min = 5gr
1
Þ W = DKE = mv 2 …(i) Velocity at highest point, v = gr
2
But, W = stopping force ´ stopping distance Therefore, A is true but R is false.
W = F ×d …(ii) Work done (or energy)
57. Power =
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have Time
Stopping distance (d) Þ Work done = Power ´ Time
æ1 ö W = P ´t
Kinetic energy ç mv 2 ÷
è2 ø If P = 1 kilowatt, t = 1 hour, then
=
Stopping force ( F ) W = 1 kilowatt ´ 1 hour
Therefore, both A and R are true and R is = 1 kilowatt-hour
the correct explanation of A. = 10 3 watt ´ 60 ´ 60 s
F 1 = 36. ´ 10 6 J
53. As we know, k = Þ k µ
l l Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
k 2 l1 1
Þ = = not the correct explanation of A.
k 1 l2 2
58. In elastic collision, total energy, kinetic energy
k 1 = 2k , k 2 = k and momentum remain conserved, therefore
1 1 1 1 1 3 no loss in energy occurs in elastic collision.
In series, = + = + =
k ¢ k 1 k 2 2k k 2k Therefore, both A and R are true but R is
2k not the correct explanation of A.
Q k¢=
3 59. As momentum, p = mv or p µ v , i. e.
Therefore, A is true but R is false. momentum is directly proportional to its
54. According to the law of conservation of velocity, so the momentum is greater in a
mechanical energy, for conservative forces, quicker collision between two bodies than in
the sum of kinetic energy and potential slower one.
energy remains constant and throughout the Hence, due to greater momentum quicker
motion it is independent of time. collision between two bodies will be more
This is the law of conservation of mechanical violent even initial and final velocities are
energy, i.e. KE + PE = total energy = identical.
constant. Therefore, both A and R are true and R is
Therefore, A is false and R is also false. the correct explanation of A.
60. If two particles are initially moving in the 16 æ F × dö
= = 0.32 çQ cos q = ÷
same direction, then their resultant 50 è Fd ø
momentum will not be zero. Therefore, their Þ q = cos -1 ( 0.32)
resultant momentum cannot be zero after a
completely inelastic collision. 64. The work done in displacing an object by
applying force F is given by
As, kinetic energy is directly proportional to
the square of the momentum, hence kinetic W = F × s = Fs cos q
energy cannot be zero. This implies, not all So, work done will be zero, when
the energy in inelastic collision is lost. (i) either applied force F or displacement s is
Therefore, A is true but R is false. zero.
61. When earth is moving around the sun in a (ii) the force and displacement are mutually
perpendicular to each other. i.e. q = 90°.
circular orbit, then gravitational attraction on
earth due to the sun provides required So, all statements are correct.
centripetal force, which is in radially inward 65. Force between two protons is same as that of
direction, i. e. in a direction perpendicular to between proton and a positron.
the direction of motion of the earth in its As positron is much lighter than proton, it
circular orbit around the sun. moves away through much larger distance
As a result, the work done on the earth by compared to proton.
the force will be zero. i.e. W = Fd cos 90° = 0. We know that, work done = force ´ distance.
62. Work done by weight-lifter is zero, because As, forces are same in case of proton and
there is no displacement. positron but distance moved by positron is
In a locomotive, work done is zero because larger, hence work done will be more in case
force due to gravity and displacement are of positron.
mutually perpendicular to each other. 66. When the earth is closest to the sun, speed
In case of a person holding a suitcase on his of the earth is maximum, hence KE is
head and standing at a bus terminal, work maximum. When the earth is farthest from
done is zero because there is no the sun, speed is minimum, hence KE is
displacement. minimum but never zero and negative.
Hence, options (a), (b) and (c) are correct. This variation is correctly represented by
option (d).
63. Given, F = ( 3$i + 4 $j - 5k$ ) unit
K
and d = ( 5i$ + 4 $j + 3k$ ) unit 67. F = (given)
v
\ F × d = F x d x + F yd y + F z d z dv K
m =
= 3 ( 5) + 4 ( 4 ) + ( -5) ( 3) dt v
= 16 units Þ ò mv dv = ò K dt
Now, F × F = F 2 = F x2 + F y2 + F z2
v2
= 9 + 16 + 25 Þ m = Kt
2
= 50 units Þ KE µ t
Þ F = 50 units 68. The kinetic energy of an air molecule is
and d × d = d 2 = d x2 + d 2y + d z2 10 -21 J
= ~
- 0.0062 eV
= 25 + 16 + 9 . ´ 10 -19 J/eV
16
= 50 units This is the same as 6.2 meV.
Þ d = 50 units 69. As we know that, linear momentum, p
16
\ cos q = æ p2 ö
50 50 = 2mK çQ K = ÷
è 2m ø
 For same kinetic energy, p µ m When x becomes 2x, the potential energy will
be
p1 m1 1 1
= = = =1: 2 1 1
p2 m2 4 2 U ¢ = k ( 2x ) 2 = 4 ´ kx 2
2 2
70. Initial velocity = 10 ms -1
= 4 ´ 10 = 40 J
Final velocity = 20 ms -1 \ Work done = U ¢ - U = 40 - 10 = 30 J
1
Initial KE = ´ 10 ´ 10 ´ 10 = 5 ´ 10 2 J 76. One of the greatest technical achievements of
2
human kind occurred when we discovered
1
Final KE = ´ 10 ´ 20 ´ 20 = 20 ´ 10 2 J how to ignite and control fire . We learnt to
2 rub two flint stones together (mechanical
( 20 - 5) ´ 10 2 energy), got them to heat up and to ignite a
% increase = ´ 100 = 300%
5 ´ 10 2 heap of dry leaves (chemical energy), which
then provided sustained warmth.
71. Potential energy of a body increases when
work is done against a conservative force, e.g. 77. Parabolic plots of the potential energy U and
if we raise the height of an object, its kinetic energy K of a block attached to a
potential energy increases because work is spring obey in a Hooke’s law. The two plots
done against gravitational force which is a are complementary, one decreasing as the
conservative force. other increases. The total mechanical energy
E = K + U remains constant.
72. The zero of the potential energy is arbitrary.
It is set according to convenience. For the Energy
spring force, we took U ( x ) = 0, at x = 0, i.e.
E=K+U
the unstretched spring had zero potential U
energy.
For the constant gravitational force mg , we K
took U = 0 on the earth’s surface. –xm 0 xm
X
Also, for the force due to the universal law of
78. In a conservative field loss of PE or gain of
gravitation, the zero is best defined at an
KE depends only on initial and final point
infinite distance from the gravitational source.
and not on path covered, i.e. at B, KE = mgh .
73. F = k 1x 1, F = k 2x 2
79. We know that, PE + KE = Mechanical energy
k x
k 1x 1 = k 2x 2 Þ 1 = 2 U +K =E
k 2 x1
Þ U = E -K
PE (1) k 1 x 12 Now, K can never be negative, so
=
PE (2) k 2 x 22 U <E
2
k æk ö k 3 K = E -U
= 1 ´ ç 2÷ = 2 =
k2 èk1 ø k1 2 Now, U can be negative, so K > E is possible.
1 80. According to the law of conservation of
74. PE of spring = kx 2 Þ PE µ x 2
2 energy,
2
( 4) 16 ~ 1 1 æ1 ö
\ PE = 15 ´ = 15 ´ - 27 J mu 2 = ç mu 2 ÷ + mgh
( 3) 2 9 2 2è2 ø

75. Potential energy of the spring when stretched Þ 490 = 245 + 5 ´ 9.8 ´ h
through a distance x, 245
h = = 5m
1 49
U = kx 2 = 10 J
2