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Com
1. For a body moving along a circular path, the centripetal
force acts along the radius while the displacement is
tangential i.e., q = 900 , therefore, W = Fs cos 900 = 0.
2. The amount of work does not depend upon the fact that
how fast is a load raised or moved in the directions of
force.
3. Yes, for uniform circular motion, no work done but a
centripetal accelerations is present.
4. Potential energy of air bubble decreases because work is
done by upthrust on the bubble.
5. Yes, when spring is compressed or when a body is pulled
with a constant velocity on a rough horizontal surface.
6. When a spring is compressed or stretched, potential
energy of the spring increases in both the cases. This is
because work is bone by us in compression as well as
stretching.
7. In both cases, energy is stored in the form of elastic
potential energy due to changes in configuration.
8. 9.8 kW
9. Collision in which momentum and total energy
remained conserved and total kinetic energy of the
colliding particles remain constant both before and after
the collision, is called elastic collision.
10. Loss in kinetic energy on collisions is
1 æ m1 m 2 ö 2
ç ÷u , where u is the initial velocity.
2 çè m1 + m 2 ÷ø
11. Yes, in atomic and subatomic particles collision without
any physical contact between the colliding particles is
taking place e.g., Rutherford’s alpha particles scattering.
12.
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13.
14. m = 64 ´ 10 -31 kg
15. The man doing work relative to the steam because he is
applying force to produce relative motion between the
boat and the stream. But he does not work relative to
the shore as the displacement relative to the shore is
zero.
r r
16. (a) When F and s are at right angles to each other.
rr
W = F .s = 0 and such as KE remains constant.
r r
(b) Since as F changes velocity u, momentum
r r
p(= mu) necessarily changes.
17. We know that power (P) = force (F) × velocity (υ).
Since the body is moving with acceleration, υ changes
and as a result of that P also changes, F being constant.
1
For P to be constant, Fυ = constant or F µ . Thus , as
u
υ increases, F should decrease to keep P constant.
18. When we wind a watch, the configuration of its spring is
changed. The energy stored in the spring is obviously
potential in nature elastic potential energy, (to be more
accurate).
19. We know that F = kl, where k is the spring constant of a
given spring of length l. Obviously, k = F/l. When it is cut
into two equal halves, we shall get two springs, each of
length l/2. The spring constant of each half would be
F 2F
k' = = = 2k , i.e., double that of the original
(l / 2) l
spring.
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P2 32. This is not possible as law of conservation momentum

20. As K = , p = 2mK . will not be obeyed.
2m
33. Yes, In a head -on elastic collision between two particles
Since K is the same for both the bodies, p µ m ,
of equal mass, the target particle will be set into motion
i.e., the heavier body has more momentum than the and the incident particle would come to rest.
lighter body. 34. There is no change in momentum. However, the KE
21. We know that s = KE/retarding force. In this case, the increases because of the conversion of the chemical
retarding force is the force of friction (f ), where f = mR. energy of the explosive materials of the shell into KE of
Since the weight of the truck is more, R will be also more the fragments of the shell.
in case of truck and so will be f. Obviously, s should be 35. self (Teacher)
less in case of truck, i.e., truck will stop at a lesser 36. self (teacher)
distance. 37. - 30.6 km / h, 1.8 km / h
22. (a) Yes. A body at rest has no momentum, i.e., p = 0 and 38. 0.2 kg
as such its kinetic energy (= p 2 / 2m) = 0. But it can 39. 2 m/s, 0.67
have potential energy (U) by virtue of its position or 40. (a) 1.67 m/s (b) 4.079 J
configuration. Thus, its total energy, E = K + U = U and is 41. Self (Teacher)
not zero, e.g., a stone lying on a roof or a wound up 42. Self (Teacher)
spring of a clock. 43. (a) Daniel cell
(b) Yes. If E = 0, K + U = 0 i.e., either K = U = 0 or K = - U. (b) At the bottom of the swing
Thus, when E = 0, the body can possess KE and on
account of that possess momentum. An electron in an 44. For maximum work q = 00 and for minimum work
atom has momentum even when its total energy is 45. q = 90
No
0
.
because for momentum it must have some velocity
negative. But note that a body, which has momentum, and hence energy.
must be in motion and consequently possess kinetic 46. Work done is zero, because displacement is zero.
energy. 47. When a body is dragged on a rough horizontal surface
23. Yes. As E = K + U, E is negative if U is negative and with a constant velocity, work is done against friction,
numerically greater than K (e.g., an electron in an atom). but K.E. = constant.
24. No, sprinters will not be able to improve their time for 48. ‘Kilowatt hour’ is the largest practical unit of energy
100 m dash on Moon. This is due to the reason that a ‘electron volt’ is the smallest practical unit of energy.
sprinter runs due to the horizontal component of the 49. When one ball of mass m moves with vel. u , both
reaction of the ground acting on him. The reaction is linear momentum and K.E. are conserved. If two balls
equal to the force with which he pushes the ground were to move simultaneously, each with vel.
backwards and it depends upon the muscular effort u / 2 ; linear momentum will be conserved, but K.E. will
exerted by the sprinter. not be conserved.
25. Self (Teacher) 50. Yes. For example, in perfectly inelastic collision of two
26. Self (teacher) bodies moving towards each other with equal linear
27. self (Teacher) momenta.
28. 2598 J 51. There will be no change in linear momentum, but the
29. 5 ´ 108 J K.E. will increase. This is because chemical potential
energy of the explosive in the shot is converted into K.E.
30. 78400 J
52. K.E, becomes four times.
31. Except in certain special situations, the entire KE is never
53. No, time is not involved, in work or energy. Time is
lost in a perfectly inelastic collision. Though the energy
involved only in power.
loss is very large, it is in accordance with the law of
54. Yes, when a spring is compressed or when a body is
conservation of energy.
pulled with a constant velocity on a rough horizontal
surface.

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55. The linear momentum will be conserved, because 62. Mechanical energy is conserved only when forces
explosion occurs from within, i.e., under internal forces involved are conservative. As force of friction due to air
only. However, KE will increase due to (chemical) is non-conservative, therefore, mechanical energy of the
potential energy of the explosives. stone is not conserved.
1 63. The man can jump higher on moon than on earth,
56. (a) As W = Kx 2 , and K A > K B because the acceleration due to gravity on moon is less
2
\ work done on spring A will be more than work done than acceleration due to gravity on earth. However,
on spring B (for same x) acceleration due to gravity has no effect on horizontal
(b) As F = Kx, therefore, x = F/K motion. Therefore, a runner cannot improve hi timing
As K A > K B \ x A < xB on the moon for 100 metre race.
1 1æFö 2 1 64. Here, m = 55 + 20 = 75 kg. s = 20 m
As W = K x = ç ÷ x = Fx
2
2 2è x ø 2 (i) on a horizontal road, q = 90o
As x A < xB \ WA < WB or WB > WA W = Fs cosq = Fs cos 90o = 0
i.e., more work is required in case of spring B than in the (ii) upon an incline : sin q = 1 / 5
case of spring A. W = Fs cosq = (mg sin q ) s cos 0o
1
57. (a) No work is being done by the net force because = 75 ´ 10 ´ ´ 20 ´ 1 = 3000J.
5
displacement of boat relative to the shore is zero.
(b) When he stops rowing, force of water flow will 65. As impulse = change in momentum
produce displacement w.r.t. the shore. Therefore, work J = m (u - u) … (i)
is done by force of flowing water. K.E. of the person will According to work energy theorem ,
increase. 1
58. When the spring dissolves in acid, the elastic potential W = increase in K.E. = m (u 2 - u 2 )
2
energy stored in the spring passes to the acid. The 1
internal energy of the acid increases and hence its temp. W = m (u - u ) (u + u )
2
rises.
Using (i), W = J (u + u) / 2
59. (a) Yes. For example, when a bomb explodes linear
momentum is conserved, but KE changes. 66. Here, T = 1 year = 3.15 × 107 s,
(b) Yes. For example, in case of uniform circular motion. m = 6 ´ 1024 kg.
KE remains unchanged, but linear momentum changes
r = 1.5 ´ 108 km =1.5 × 1011 m
because of change in the direction of motion.
Work reqd. to stop the earth = change in K.E. of
60. When momentum is increased by 50% velocity earth = final K.E. - initial K.E.
increases by 50%, i.e., velocity becomes 3/2 times; K.E.
1 1
9 W = 0 - mu 2 = - m (r w ) 2
becomes 9/4 times, i.e., ´ 100 = 225%. Hence, 2 2
4
æ 2p ö 2p 2 m r 2
2
1
increase in K.E. = 225 - 100 = 125%. = m r2 ç ÷ = -
61. As is known, the particle will turn back when whole of its
2 èT ø T2
energy is converted into potential energy, 22 22 6 ´ 1024 (1.5 ´ 1011) 2
= -2 ´ ´ ´
1 7 7 (3.15 ´ 107 ) 2
i.e., V ( x) = kx 2 = 1 (joule)
2 W = -2.7 ´ 1033 joule
1 1 2
´ x = 1 or x 2 = 4
2 2
x = ±2 m

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67. Here, x = t 3 / 3 72.

2
dx 3t
u= = = t2
dt 3
du
a= = 2t
dt
F = ma = 2 (2t ) = 4 t
2 dx 2
W = ò F dx = ò F dt =ò Fu dt
0 dt 0
2
é 4t 4 ù
=ò ( )
4t t dt = ê ú = 16
2

ë r û
68. Here, F = -(î + 2 ĵ + 3k̂) N and s = (4k̂)m
W = F.s - Fz = Fz .s z = 3 ´ 4 = 12 N - m = 12J
69. Here, force F = 1500 N and Displacement s = 100 m, q
= 600
Work done W = Fs cos q = 1500 × 100 × cos 600
1
= 1500´ 100 ´ = 75000H = 75 kJ
2
70. The work done by a car against gravity is zero because 73.
force of gravity is vertical and motion of car is along a
straight horizontal road.
As angle q between directions of force and
displacement is 900 , hence work done is zero.
71. Yes, when P = 0,
P2
Then, K = =0
2m
But E = K + U = U (Potential energy), which may or may
not be zero.

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74. 80. The change of energy from one form to another is

known energy transformation for example.
(i) Diesel on burning produces hot gases and heat which
is transformed into mechanical energy and is used to
run trains and motor vehicles of pumps.
(ii) Electric energy is transformed into light in a tube or
bulb.
(iii) The electric energy is transformed pinto light in a
tube of bulb.
(iv) Light is converted into electricity with the help of
photovoltaic cell.
(v) In a microphone sound energy is converted into
electrical energy.
75. 81.

76. We know that in perfectly elastic head on collision,

when two equal masses collide with each other then
they exchange their speeds.
In the present case bob A is moving with certain speed
and bob B is at rest. Hence after collision bob A comes
to rest and the bob A. starts moving with the speed of
the bob A. the bob A transfers whole of its momentum
to ball B and hence bob A will not rise at all after the
collision.
77. Yes such collision is called collision at a distance. The
collision between sub atomic particles (like proton and
neutrons) is the examples of such collisions.
78. Yes mass is converted into energy in an exothermic
chemical reaction also. But the mass change in a
chemical reaction is about a million times less than in a
nuclear reaction.
79. Yes when water reaches the ground it gravitational
potential energy is converted into kinetic energy which
is further converted into heat energy. This raises the
temperature of water. So water at the foot of the water
falls is at a higher temperature as compared to the
temperature of water at the top of the water fall.

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82. 85.

86.

83.

84.
87.

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88. When tow billiard balls collide then distance between 93. Self (teacher)
their centers is 2R. Due to impact of collision there is 8
small temporary deformations of balls. In this process, 94.
9
KE of ball is gradually reduced to zero and converted
95. At any instant the total energy (E) of an oscillator is
into elastic potential energy of balls. When KE is zero,
partially K.E. and partially P.E. thus E can be expressed
the balls regain their original configurations due to
as the sum of K.E. and P.E.
elasticity. The phenomenon can be successfully
E = K.E. + P.E.
explained only by potential energy curve number (v),
1 1
because here as r < 2R, the potential energy functions 1 = mu 2 + kx 2 … (i)
2 2
U(r) is increasing gradually on decreasing value of r.]
When m = mass of the practice
89.
k = force constant = 0.5 Nm -1 (Given)
x = displacement
u = velocity of the particle
E = 1J (given)
An oscillating particle turns back at the instant where its
velocity or speed becomes zero i.e. u = 0 …
(ii)
And total energy is equal to the P.E.
\ From (i) and (ii) we get
1 2
1= 0 + kx
2
2 ´1 2 ´1
Or x2 = = = 2 ´ 1´ 2 = 4
k 0.5
= ± 2m Hence proved.
90.
96. Let m = mass of the body
a = acceleration produced in the body
v = velocity of the body
P = power delivered to the body is a time t
dv F
\ a= =
dt m'
F
v = at = t
m
\ F F2
P = fv = F ´ t = 2 ´ mt
m m
2
æFö
=ç ÷ m´ t
èmø
Or P = a 2 mt
Since a and m are constant therefore
P = constant × t
Or P a t, \ Ans. = (ii)

91. -6J
92. 3600 N

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97. K.E. of electron = 10 kev 99. Here q = 300

= 10 ´ 103 ev =104 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-19 J OA = OB = 5 m
1 M = 50 kg
Or me v e2 =1.6 ´ 10 -15 J
2 Vertical height through which body at B rises up is given
2 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-15 3.2 ´ 10 by
Or v e = = ms-1 h = OA - OC … (i)
me 9.11´ 10- 31
OC 3
(Qme = 9.11´ 10-31kg ) But in DOCB , = cos 300 =
OB 2
Or ve = 5.93 ´ 107 ms-1 …. (i)
\ 3 5
mp =1.67 ´ 10 -27
kg OC = OB = 3
Mass of proton 2 2
K.E. of proton = 100 kev 3 æç 3 ö÷
\ h =5 - 5 =5 1- = 0.670 m
=102 ´ 103 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-19 J 2 ç 2 ÷ø
è
Or
1
m p v 2p =1.6 ´ 10-14 J \ Gain in P.E. = 50 ´ 9.8 ´ 0.67
2 = 328.37J.
2 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-14 3.2
Or vp = = ´ 1013 100. Here m = 6 kg
1.67 ´ 10- 27 1.67
Weight of stone = 6×10 = 60 N
= 4.38 ´ 106 ms-1 Specific gravity of stone = 2
-1
Or v p = 4.38 ´ 10 ms 6
…. (ii) m 6 ´ 1000g
Volume of stone = d = -3
= 3000 cm 3
From (i) and (ii) we see that the speed of electron is 2g cm
greater than that proton hence the electron moves = 3000 ´ 10-6 m3 = 3 ´ 10-3 m3
faster than the proton. = volume of displaced water weight
The ratio of their speed is given by of water displaced or upward thrust on the
v e 5.93 ´ 107 Stone = volume ×density of water × g
= = 13.5.
v p 4.38 ´ 106 = 3 ´ 10-3 ´ 1000 ´ 10 = 30 N
Net force acting on the stone = weight of stone - upward
thrust on the stone
98. Here m = 3 ´ 106 kg F = 60-30 = 30 N
v = 50 ms-1 Distance through which stone is raised = (4-1) m = 3m
\ Work done W = FS = 30×3 = 90J.
m = 0.05g, g =10ms-2
S = 5 km = 5000 m 101. The system is shown in figure. According to
P = ?, W = ? Newton’s second law of motion the equation of motion
F = force of friction = mR = mmg (Q Normal reaction for 2 kg mass is
R = mg) Mg - T = m a
\ P = Fv = mmgv Or 2×9.8 - T = 2 a …. (i)
= 0.05 ´ 3 ´ 106 ´ 10 ´ 50
= 75 ´ 106 watt
= 72 ´ 103 kw = 7.5 ´ 104 kw
Work done W = FS = mmgS
= 0.05 ´ 3 ´ 106 ´ 10 ´ 5 ´ 103 J
= 75 ´ 108 J.

For 1 kg mass, T - mg = ma
Or T - 1×9.8 = 1×9

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Or T - 9.8 = 9 …. (ii) 102.

Adding equation (i) and (ii) we get

The speed of each mass is given by

Or

Or
Since both the masses are initially at rest, therefore
initial K.E. of the system = 0
Final K.E. of the system

( )

Gain in K.E. = 29.4-0 = 29.4J

Initially P.E. of the system =

103.
Finally the 2 kg reaches the floor and mass 1 kg is at a
height of 3 m.
Finally P.E. of the system =

Loss of P.E. =
Thus gain in K.E. = loss of P.E. = 29.4 J

104. (i) Rohit and suresh were very alert and courageous.
They also has presence of mind.
(ii) 1.5 × 104J
(iii) Momentum is conserved in both the collisions.

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105. (i) Ravi was brilliant and hard working by who 110.
thought about the welfare of not only himself but of all
the villages.
(ii) 200 sq. m
(iii) (a) It is renewable source of energy.
(b) It can be used in the area where direct transmission
line cannot be laid down.
106. 7.7×10-3 J
107. 433 m/s. 250 m/s
108.

111.

109.

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112. 113.

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114. 117.

115.

118.

116.

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119. 123. (a) + ve

(b) -ve as gravitational force and displacement are
oppositely directed.
(c) - ve as friction is acting opposite to the displacement.
(d) + ve.
(e) -ve as resistive force of air on a vibrating pendulum
always acts in a direction opposite to the direction of
motion of the pendulum.
124. Self (Teacher)
125. (a) Since no external force acts on the rocket, its
total momentum remains unchanged.
120.
(b) When the rocket explodes, its fragments receive
additional kinetic energy from the explosion (the
chemical energy of the fuel changes into kinetic energy).
Obviously, the total kinetic energy increases.
126.

121.

127. Self (Teacher)

128. Self (Teacher)
129. Self (Teacher)
130. Self (Teacher)
122. 131. Self (Teacher)
132. Self (Teacher)
133. Self (Teacher)
134. Self (Teacher)
135. 784 W
136. 1.2 ´10 6 W
137. 1.2 ´10 6 J, 556 W

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138. 148.

139. 7203 J
140. (a) 20 cm/s (b) 105 erg.
mmgl
141. (a) (b) 0.05 J
(1 - m cot q)
142.

149.

143. u = x 0 (k / M)1 / 2
144. 3.96 m 150.

145. 2g[l(1 - cos a) - l1 (1 - cos q)]

146. (a) 51 J (b) 69 J
147. 8 times

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151. 153. Here, the sphere A is heavy and B is light, i.e.,

m 2 << m1 . From eqn. (1) u1 » u 1 and from eqn. (2)
u 2 » 2u 1 .
Thus, the velocity of the massive sphere after impact is
nearly equal to its velocity before impact and the
velocity of the light sphere is nearly double its velocity
before impact.
154.

152.

155. Since there is no external force acting on the trolley

(as it is moving with uniform speed on a frictionless
track), its speed remains unchanged when sand leaks
out. Thus, the speed of the trolley is 27 km/h even after
the entire sand bag becomes empty.
156. Self (Teacher)
157. Self (Teacher)
158. Self (Teacher)
159. 0.26 kg m/s
160. 0.8

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161. 163.

162.

164. 60 J
165. 398 m/s
166. u / 2 , 450
167. 3 3 m / s, KE not conserved

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168. (a) here circular area swept out by blades of 169. Here mass of the trolley m1 = 200 kg
windmill = A 5
Velocity of wind = v Speed of the trolley v = 36 kmh -1 = 36 ´ =10 ms-1
8
Let density of air = r Mass of the child m2 = 20 kg
\ distance covered by the wind in time t = vt If Pi be the initial momentum of the system before the
\ volume of air passing through the circular area A
child starts running,
= area × length = A vt Then
If me be the mass of air passing through the area A, Pi = (m1 + m2 )v = (200 + 20) ´10
Then m = density × volume r vt
= 220 ´ 10 = 2200 kgms-1 ….. (i)
(b) If E be the K.E. of the air passing through area A then
1 When the child starts running with a velocity of 4ms-1 in
E = mv2 a direction opposite to trolley then let v’ the final speed
2
1 1 of the trolley (w.r.t. earth)
= rAvt.v 2 = rAv3 t \ Speed of the child relative to earth = v’ - 4
2 2
(c) Here A = 30m 2 \ Momentum of the system when the child is

v = 36 kmh-1 running, pi = m1v'+20(v'-4)

5 = 200v'+20(v'-4) ….. (ii)
= 36 ´ms-1 =10ms-1
18 As no external force is applied on the system
r =1.2 kgm -3 \ Pf = Pi
1 Or 200v'+20v'-80 = 2200
Wind energy = input energy = rAv 3 t Or 200v' = 2200 + 80 = 2280
2
Electrical energy = output energy 2280
Or v' = =10.36ms-1
electric energy 220
h% = 25 = ´ 100
wind' s energy Time taken by the child to run a distance of the 10 m
25 1 over the trolley,
Or electric energy = ´ rAv 3 t 10m
100 2 t= = 2.5s
Electric energy 1 1 4ms-1
Or = ´ ´ 1.2 ´ 30 ´ 103 If x be the distance moved by the trolley in this time
t 4 2
1 12 then
= ´ ´ 30 ´ 1000 x = velocity of trolley ´ time = v'´t
8 10
Or electric power produced = 4.5 ´ 103 w =10.36 ´ 2.5 = 25.9 m.
= 4.5 kw
170. Here, Weight of length L of the chain = Mg
L
Weight of length of the chain which is hanging
3
1
= Mg
3
The centre of gravity of the hanging part lies at lies
middle point, i.e., at a distance = L/6 below the edge of
the table.
Work required to pull the hanging part on the table,
æ1 ö L MgL
W=force ×distance = ç Mg ÷ ´ =
è 3 ø 6 18

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r
171. Here, F = 2 ´ ˆj newton 174. Here, m = 0.5 kg
Total work done in moving the particle u = 5x 5 / 2 ;W = ?
W= When x = 0, u1 = 0
ò F.d x = ò0 (2 x ĵ)(dx )î + ò0 (2 x ĵ).(dx )ĵ + ò2 (2 x ĵ).dx (- î )+ ò2 (2 x ĵ).dx (- ĵ)
r r
When x=2 m, u2 = 5 (2)5 / 2
2 2 0 0

ABCDA
2 0 Using work energy theorem, W = change in K.E.
é x2 ù é x2 ù
= 0 + 2ê ú + 0 - 2ê ú = 4 - (0 - 4) = 8 J 1
= mu12
ë 2 û0 ë 2 û2 2
172. From t = x + 3, x = t - 3 =
1
2
( ) 2
{
m u22 - u12 = ´ 0.5 é 5 (2)
1
êë
}
5/ 2 2
- 0ù = ´ ´ 25 ´ 25 = 200
1 1
ú 2 2
û
Squaring both sides, 175. Here, m =1.00 g = 10 kg, h =1.00 km = 10 m, u =
-3 3

x = t2 - 6t + 9 … (i) 50.0 ms-1

(a) Work done by the gravitational force W1 = mgh =
dx du
Now, u = = 2t - 6 and a = = 2. When 10-3×10×103 =10 j
dt dt (b) The change in K.E. of the drop is
u = 0, 2 t - 6 = 0, 2 t = 6, t = 3 s
D K = mu2 - 0 = ´ 10-3 (50) = 1.25 J
1 1 2
From (i),at t = 0, x = 0 - 0 + 0 = 9m and at t = 6 ; x = 62 - 6
2 2
×6+6=9m
If W2 is work done by the resistive force, then according
\ In the first six seconds, net displacement of the
to work energy theorem,
particle is zero.
D K = W1 + W2 \ W2 = D K - W1
As work done = force × displacement
\ Work done in first sex seconds = zero. W2 = 1.25 = 10.00 = -8.75 J
Clearly, work done by resistive force is negative.
173. The graph of force applied by woman and the
frictional force against the distance is shown in fig. 176. Here, u1 = 100 ms-1, s1 =b 4 cm ; u 2 = ? s2 = 9 cm.
Work done by the force applied by woman As K.E. of shot is spent in doing work against plank
W1 = area of rectangular OABD + area of trapezium resistance F,
BCED 1 1
\ mu12 = F ´ s1 and mu 22 = F ´ s2
æ BD + CE ö 2 2
= OA ´ OD + ç ÷ DE
è 2 ø u 22 s2
Dividing, we get, =
æ 100 + 50 ö u 22 s1
= 100 ´ 10 + ç ÷10 = 1000 + 750 = 1750J
è 2 ø u2 s 9 3
= 2 = =
Work done by frictional force u1 s1 4 2
W2 = - area of rectangular OGHE 3 3
= - OG × OE = - 50 × 20 = - 1000 J u 2 = u1 = ´ 100 = 150 ms-1
2 2

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177. Here, m1 = 5 kg, m2 = 2 kg; g = 10 ms-2 179. Here, m = 1 kg, ui = 2 ms-1 ; k = 0.5 J
Acceleration of the system, 1 1
(m - m2 )g = (5 - 2) ´ 10 = 4.28 2 Initial K.E., K i = mui2 = ´ 1 (2) 2 = 2 J
a= 1 m/s 2 2
m1 + m2 5+2 Work done against friction
Velocity with which 5 kg mass touches the ground (u )
x =2.01m
is obtained from
dx = 0.5 [loge x]x=0.1m = -0.5 loge
k 2.01
ò
x =2.01m
W= -
u 2 - u 2 = 2 as x 0.1
x =0.1m
u 2 - 0 = 2 ´ 4.28 ´ 4
u = 2 ´ 4.28 ´ = 5.85 ms-1. W = -0.5 ´ 2.303log10 20.10 = -0.5 ´ 2.303´ 1.303 = -1.5
Initially, both the masses are at rest J
\ Initial KE of the system = 0 \ Final K.E., K f = Ki + W = 2.0 - 1.5 J = 0.5 J
1 2 ´ 0.5
Final K.E. of the system = (m1 + m2 ) u 2 uf =
2k f
= = 1 ms-1
2 m 1
1
= (5 + 2) (5.85) 2 = 119.8 J
2 180. In the presence of friction, both the spring force and
Gain in K.E. 119.8 - 0 = 119.8 J the friction force f act so as to oppose the compression
Initial P.E. of the system of the spring.
m1 gh1 + m2 gh2 = 5 ´ 10 ´ 4 + 0 = 200 J Work done by the two forces
Final P.E. of the system 1
W = - k xm2 - f ( xm )
m1 gh1 + m2 gh2 = 0 + 2 ´ 10 ´ 4 = 80 J 2
Loss in P.E. = 200 - 80 = 120 J. 1
W = - k xm2 - m mg ( xm )
Thus, Gain in K.E. = Loss in P.E. 2
(Q f = m R = m mg)
1
and change in K.E., D K = K f - K i = 0 - mu 2
2
Applying work energy theorem, D K = W
1 1
\ - mu 2 = - kxm2 - m mg ( xm )
2 2
\ k xm + 2m mg ( xm ) - mu 2 = 0
2

50 1 It is a quadratic equation in xm
178. Here, m = 50.0 g =
1000
kg =
20
kg
\ xm =
[
- 2m mg + 4 m 2 m 2 g 2 + 4 mku 2 ]1/ 2

ui = 200 ms-1 2k
1 1 1 Putting the numerical values and solving, we get xm
\ Initial K.E., K i = mui2 = ´ (200) 2 = 1000J
2 2 20 =1.35 m
10
Final K.E., Kf = 10% (Ki) = ´ 1000J = 100 J
100
If u f is emergent speed of the bullet, then
1
mu 2f = K f
2
2K f2 ´ 100
uf = = = 63.2 m/s
m 1 / 20
Note that K.E. is reduced by 90% but speed is reduced
by nearly 68%.

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181. (a) Energy required to break one bond in DNA is 183. The slope of incline is 1 in 20.
10-20 1
= 10-20 J = eV = 0.06 eV This means, sin q =
1.6 ´ 10-19 20
(b) K.E. of an air molecule is = 10-20 J where q is the angle of inclination with the horizontal,
Fig.
10-21
= eV = 0.0062 eV 6.4 ´ 1000 -1
1.6 ´ 10-19 u = 6.4 km h-1 = ms
60 ´ 60
(c) The daily intake of a human adult = 107 J
6400ms-1 16 -1
107 = = ms
= k cal =2400 kcal 3,600 9
4.2 ´ 103
m = 98 kg
t = 1 min = 60 s
182. Here, m = 500 kg W = ?, H.P. = ?
Rise in temperature dq = 100o = 20o = 80o C As is clear from Fig. , force applied in moving up the
Specific heat of water, c = 103 cal kg-1 C-1 incline is
Heat energy gained by water F = mg sin q
dq = E = c m dq = 103 ´ 500´ 80 = 4 ´ 107 As Power = force × velocity
cal = 107 × 4.2 J (Q 1 cal = 4.2 J) \ P = mg sin q × u
From E = mc2, increase in mass of water, 1 16
P = 98 × 9.8 × ´ watt
E 4 ´ 107 ´ 4.2 20 9
m= 2 = = 1.87 ´ 10-9 kg
c (
3 ´ 10 )
8 2 As 1 horse power = 746 watt
\ Horse power of the person
98 ´ 9.8 16
= ´ = 0.114
20 9 ´ 746
As work done = power × time \ in t = 60 s,
9.8 ´ 9.8 ´ 16
W= ´ 60 = 5122.1 J
20 ´ 9

184. Here, Volume of blood discharge/beat,

V = 75 ml = 75 × 10-6 m3
pressure, P = 0.1 m of Hg
P = 0.1 × (13.6 ×103) × 9.8 Nm-2
Work done/beat = PV
Total work done in 80 beats = PV × 80
As Power
work
= \ Power =
time
=
( ) ( )
PV ´ 80 0.1 ´ 13.6 ´ 103 ´ 9.8 ´ 75 ´ 10-6 ´ 80
= 1.33
t 60
watt

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185. Here, m = 1800 kg 188. Here, m1 = 0.1 kg ; m2 = ?

frictional force, f = 4000 N u
u2 = 0 Let d u1 = u ; \ u1 = -
uniform speed, u = 2.0 m/s 3
Downward force on elevator is F = mg + f = 1800 ×
u1 =
(m1 - m2 )u1 + 2m2u2
10 + 4000 = 22000 N As
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
The motor must supply enough power to balance this
u (0.1 - m2 )u1 1 0.1 - m2
force. As \ - = or - = or
P = F ×u 3 m1 + m2 3 0.1 + m2
\ P = 22000 × 2 = 44000 watt - 0.3 + 3 m2 = 0.1 + m2
44000 2 m2 = 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.4
P= h.p. = 59. h.p.
746 0.4
m2 = kg = 0.2 kg
186. Here, P = 40 H.P. = 40 × 746 watt 2
u = ? F =n 20 kg wt. = 20 × 10 N
h = 25%, g = 10 m/s2 1
189. Initial K.E. of neutron is K1 =
m1u12
2
output power Velocity of neutron after collision with deuterium,
As h = \ output power = input (m - m2 )u1
input power u1 = 1
25 m1 + m2
power × h = 40 × 746 × watt = 7460 watt Final K.E. of neutron is
100
\ velocity
2
As output power = force × velocity 1 1 æ m - m2 ö 2
K2 = m1 u12 = m1 çç 1 ÷ u1
=
output power 2 2 è m1 + m2 ÷ø
force \ Fractional K.E. retained by neutron is
7460
u= = 37.3 m / s
2
K æ m - m2 ö
20 ´ 10 f1 = 2 = çç 1 ÷
187. Here, h = 1 m, u = 0. K1 è m1 + m2 ÷ø
Velocity with which the ball strikes the floor for the first 1
time, u1 = 2 gh = 2 ´ 9.8 ´ 1 = 4.427 m/s For deuterium, m2 = 2 m1 \ f1 = , Fractional K.E.
9
Time taken by the ball to strike the floor for the first 1 8
u 4.427 lost by neutron f 2 = 1 - f1 = 1 - = = 90%
time, t1 = 1 = = 0.452 s 9 9
g 9.8 This is the fractional K.E. gained by moderating nuclei.
Time taken by the ball between first and second impact Therefore, almost 90% of neutron energy is transferred
with the floor is to deuterium. Similarity, in case of carbon, we can show
t2 = 1.3 - t1 = 1.3 - 0.452 = 0.848 s that f1 = 28.4% and f2= 71.6%.
Time taken by the ball for upward journey after first
t 0.848
impact = 2 - = 0.424 s
2 2
\ upward velocity after first impact
t
u 2 = g ´ 2 = 9.8 ´ 0.424 = 4.155 m/s
2
u 4.155
\ Coefficient of restitution, e = 2 = 0.939
u1 4.427

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190. Fig. (a) shows particles A and B before collision and 191. Here, mass of toy rocket, m1 = 0.1 kg ; mass of fuel,
Fig. (b) shows the coalesced mass after collision. m2 = 0.02 kg ; t = 3 s.
In Fig. (b), we have taken velocity of combined mass (3 initial velocity u = 0
r
m) as V making an angle a with positive X-axis. final velocity u = 20 m/s
Using law of conservation of linear momentum From u = u + at
(i) along X- axis 20 -2
20 = 0 + a × 3, a = ms
mu = 3 mV cosa 3
(ii) along Y-axis 20 2
Thrust on the rocket, F = m1a = 0.1 ´ = N
2 mu = 3 mV sin a 3 3
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get If s is the distance moved by the rocket in 3 sec,
2 = tana or a = tan-1 (2) = 63.4o 1 1 20
then from s = ut + at 2 = 0 + ´ ´ 3 ´ 3 = 30 m.
Squaring (i) and (ii) and adding, we get 2 2 3
(3 m V)2 Energy content of the fuel = Work done on rocket
(cos2 a + sin 2 a ) = m2u 2 + 4 m2 u 2 = 5 m2u 2 = Thrust ×
2
5 5 distance = ´ 30 = 20 J.
V 2 = u 2 or V= u 3
9 3 Energy content per unit mass of the fuel =
Now, total K.E. before collision, 20
1 1 3 = 1000 joule/kg.
K1 = mu 2 + (2m) u 2 = mu 2 0.02
2 2 2
total K.E. after collision,
1
K 2 = (3 m)V 2 = (3 m) u 2 = mu 2
1 1 5 5 192. Here, h = 20 cm = m
5
2 2 9 6 \ velocity of bag with bullet embedded is
Loss of K.E. during the collision, D K = K1 - K 2
1
V = 2 gh = 2 ´ 9.8 ´ = 1.98 m/s
5
3 5 2
DK = mu 2 - mu 2 = mu 2 Applying principle of conservation of linear momentum,
2 6 3
we get mu = (M + m) V

u=
( M + m) V
=
( )
10 + 50 ´ 10-3 1.98
= 397.98 m/s.
m 50 ´ 10-3

193. Let u1 be velocity of the system of block and the

bullet. Applying principle of conservation of linear
momentum, (m + M ) u1 = mu
mu
u1 =
(m + M ) …(i)
As K.E. of the system = P.E. of the
system at height h
\ (m + M ) u12 = (m + M ) gh
1
2
u = 2 gh
From (i),

u=
(m + M )u1 = (m + M ) 2 gh
.
m m

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194. Here, m = 0.1 kg, u = 4 ms-1, m = 0.15, u = ? 199. When coal is burnt, heat energy is produced. This
S = 2 m, a = - m g = -0.15×10 = 1.5 m/s2 converts water into steam.
From u 2 - u 2 = 2 as This steam rotates the turbine and thus heat energy is
converted into mechanical energy of rotation. The
generator converts this mechanical energy into
u 2 = u 2 + 2 as = 42 + 2 (- 1.5) ´ 2 = 10 electrical energy.
u = 10 = 3.16 m/s. 200. The rest mass of an electron or positron is
m0 = 9.1 ´ 10-31 kg.
195. Potential energy will increase. This is because in
In the annihilation of an electron positron pair, the rest
bringing two protons closer, work has to be done
mass of the two particles is converted into energy.
against the force of repulsion. This is stored up in the
\ Minimum energy released,
form of potential energy.
However, the potential energy will decrease when a ( )(
E = 2 m0 c 2 = 2 9.1 ´ 10-31 3 ´ 108 )
2
joule.
proton and an electron are brought nearer. Work will be 2 ´ 9.1 ´ 9 ´ 10-15
done by the force of attraction between them. E=
1.602 ´ 10-13
196. Here, E1 - E2 MeV = 1.02 MeV
1 1 u2
m
m1 u12 = m2 u 22 or 2
= 1 or 201. Human rate is about 70 beats/minute. More the
2 2 u2
1 m2 characteristic length of the mammal, smaller is the heart
u2 m1 beat rate.
= As scale factor of a human relative to a monkey is about
u1 m2
2.5, therefore, monkey’s heart rate =70 × 2.5 = 175
As p2 = m2 u2 and p1 = m1 u1 \ beats/ minute.
p2 m2 u 2 m2 m1 m22 m1 1
= = . = 202. For a spring k µ . \
p1 m1 u1 m1 m2 m12 m2 l
1
p2
=
m2
; If m2 > m1 , then p2 > p1 , and kµ
p1 m1 l1 + l2

i.e. a heavier body has greater linear momentum. k1 l1 + l2 l æ l ö

\ = =1+ 2 or k1 = k çç1 + 2 ÷÷ and
k l1 l1 è l1 ø
197. Both the truck and the car will stop at the same
k 2 l1 + l2 l1 æ l ö
distance. This follows from work energy principle K.E. = = = +1 or k 2 = k çç1 + 1 ÷÷
work done in stopping = force × distance. k l2 l2 è l2 ø
As K.E. of both and retarding force applied on both are Note 1. If l1 = l2, k1 = k2 = 2k , i.e., when length is halved,
equal, therefore, the distances covered must by equal. spring constant of each half becomes twice.
198. When velocity of aeroplane is made twice, its
= , then k1 - k (1 + n ); k 2 = k æç1 + ö÷
l1 1 1
momentum will become twice. 2. If
l2 n è nø
The momentum of plane and that of air will remain
conserved. This is because when momentum of plane
becomes twice, the momentum of air in the opposite 203. Here, U = - A / x 6 , F = ?
¶
(U ) = - ¶ æç - 6A ö÷ = A æç - 76 ö÷
direction will also become twice.
(b) K.E. of the plane will become four times. The From Fx = -
¶x ¶x è x ø èx ø
additional energy will be obtained from the burning of \ force exerted by one atom on another atom = - 6
the fuel of the plane. Total energy shall remain
A/x7.
conserved.

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204. Here, U = A x 4 208. Here, m = 0.01 kg, u = 500 m/s

M = 2kg, l = 5 m, h = 0.1 m, g = 9.8 m/s2
Fx = -
¶U ¶
=
¶x ¶x
( )
A x 4 = -4 A x 3 Let V be the velocity acquired by the block.
1
When x = - 0.8 m, then \ MV 2 = M gh
Fx = -4 ´ 1.2 (- 0.8) = 2.46 N
3 2
V = 2 g h = 2 ´ 9.8 ´ 0.1 = 1.4 m/s
205. A system of particles has potential energy when If u ' is speed of bullet on emerging out of block, Fig.,
these particles are held certain distance apart against then by law of conservation of momentum, we get
some force. mu + M ´ 0 = M V + mu '
For example, chemical energy is due to chemical
mu - MV 0.01´ 500 - 2 ´ 1.4
bonding between the atoms. Gravitational energy arises Or u' = =
when objects are held at some distance against the m 0.01
\ u ' = 220 m/s
gravitational attraction. Similarly, nuclear energy arises
on account of nuclear forces.
209. Self (Teacher)
206. (a) For a given spring, F = kx
210. Self (Teacher)
F2 kx2 2 x
= = = 2. 211. Self (Teacher)
F1 kx1 x
212. Here, m1 = 1 g, m2 = 4 g. Let u1 , u 2 be their
(b) For a given spring,
velocities.
1 2
1 2 U 2 2 2 (2 x ) u1
kx 2
1 1 m2
U = kx ; = = 2 =4 As m1u12 = m2u 22 \ =
2 U1 1 kx 2 x 2 2 u2 m1
1
2 p1 m1u1 m1 m2 m1 1 1
(c) As work done in stretching the spring is stored in the = = ´ = = =
p2 m2u 2 m2 m1 m2 4 2
spring in the form of elastic potential energy of the
spring, therefore,
213. 192080 J, 392000 J
1
2
1
2
1
2
[ 2
]
W = U 2 - U1 = kx22 - kx12 = k (2 x ) - x 2 = kx 2
3
2
214. P.E. of springs = loss in K.E. of block
K x 2 = mu 2 - m (u / 2) = ´ mu 2
1 1 1 2 3 1
207. As no external force is applied on the system,
r r r 2 2 2 4 2
Fext = 0 \ Wext = Fext . s = 0
3 mu 2

According to work energy principle , total work done = K=

4x 2
change in K.E. = final K.E. - initial K.E.
215. Here, h1 = 40 m, h2 = ? u 2 = ?
æ1 1 ö
\ Wext + Wint = 0 - ç mu 2 + mu 2 ÷ = mu 2 or As loss of energy is 25%
è 2 2 ø 75
\ final energy (E2) = initial energy (E1)
0 + Wint = -5 (2) = -20 J, i.e., Wint = -20 J
2
100
Negative sign implies that internal forces of action and 75
reaction act on the two blocks in a direction opposite to m g h2 = m g h1
100
their motion. 3 3
h2 = h1 = ´ 40 m = 30 m
4 4
At the highest point, u 2 = 0

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216. Refer to fig. in moving from A to B, the bob rises 221. As E = mc2
through
AC = OA - OC = l - l cosq = l (1 - cosq )
\ (
E = 1.66 ´10-27 3 ´108 ) 2
= 1.494´10-10 J
1.494´ 10-10
If u1 is velocity at B, then applying principle of = MeV = 933.75 MeV
conservation of energy. 1.6 ´ 10-13
1
mu12 = mu 2 - mgl (1 - cosq )
1 222. Here, m = 1000 kg, u = 20 ms-1
2 2 Tension in coupling = Force applied,
u1 = u - 2 gl (1 - cosq )
2 2
F= 2000 N
= 32 - 2 ´ 10 ´ 0.5 (1 - cos 60o ) As P = F× u
\ P = 2000 × 20 = 40000 watt = 20 k W
=9 - 5 = 4
223. They consume the same fuel, because work done is
u1 = 4 = 2 m / s. the same.
mgh 2000´ 9.8 ´ 30
1
mu 2 = m g h P1 = = = 9800 W
217. From t1 60
2
u = 2 gh = 1.4 ms-1 mgh 2000´ 9.8 ´ 30
P2 = = = 4900 W
t2 120
218. Here, m= 0.5 kg, h = 2.8 m
Total energy of steel ball = E1 = mgh 224. Here, h = 50 m, m = 1.8 × 105 kg,
= 0.5 ×10×2.8× = 14 J T = 1 h = 60 × 60 s
1 Total power generated = energy/sec
K.E. on reaching the ground, E2 = mu 2 1 mgh 1 1.8 ´ 105 ´ 9.8 ´ 50
2 = ´ = ´ = 12250 watt
1 2 t 2 60 ´ 60
= ´ 0.5 ´ 6 2 = 9 J 12250
2 No. of 100 watt bulbs that can be lit = = 122.5
Work done in breaking the table top 100
W = E1 - E2 = 14 - 9 = 5 J It means 122 bulbs can be lit.
225. Here, m = 1000 kg, u = 0, u = 54 km/h
219. Mass defect,
D m = 235.04 + 1.0087 - 140.91 - 91.926 - 3 ´1.0087 54 ´ 1000
= m/s = 15 m/s
D m = 0.1866 u = 0.1866´1.661´10-27 kg 60 ´ 60
T = 5 s, a = ? gain in K.E. = ? Average power = ?
Energy released, E = (D m) c 2 From = u = u + at
(
= 0.1866´1.661´10-27 3 ´108 J )2
15
15 = 0 + a ´ 5 ; a = = 3 m/s2
0.1866´ 1.661´ 9 ´ 10-11
5
=
1.602´ 10-13
MeV 1
(
Gain in K.E. = m u 2 - u 2
2
)
E = 174.1 MeV
1
( )
= ´ 1000 152 - 0 = 1.125´ 105 J
Mass defect, D m = 226.00826- (222.000 + 4.003)
2
220.
Average power spent
= 0.00526 amu.
\ Total energy released = 0.00526´ 931 W gainin K .E. 1.125´ 105
= = =
MeV = 4.897 MeV t t 5
Recoil energy of daughter nucleus = 4.897 - P = 22500 W.
4.8 = 0.097 MeV
226. 9.8 kW

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227. Here, m1 = 2kg, u1 = u , m2 = ?, u2 = 0, u1 = u / 2 232. Suppose u ' is speed after collision and q ' is angle
(m1 - m2 )u1 + 2m2u 2 of reflection, Fig.
As u1 = During collision, the floor exerts a forced on the ball
m1 + m2
along the normal. There is no force parallel to the
u (2 - m2 ) u + 2m2 ´ 0
\ = surface. Therefore, velocity component of ball parallel to
2 2 + m2 the floor remains constant, i.e.,
or 2 + m2 = 2 (2 - m2 )= 4 - 2 m2 u ' sin q ' = u sin q …(i)
3 m2 = 4 - 2 = 2 For components normal to the floor,
2 velocity of separation = u ' cosq '
m2 = = 0.67 kg
3 velocity of approach = u cosq
u ' cosq
228. Applying principle of conservation of linear \ =e
u cosq
momentum
u ' cosq ' = e u cosq …(ii)
ma
ma ua + mr u r = 0 \ ur = - = ua From (i) and (ii) ,
mr
tanq
When 4
is emitted from U238, residual nucleus
2 He
u ' = u sin 2 q + cos2 q and tanq ' =
e
has a mass mr = 238 - 4 = 234 æ tan q ö
\ q ' = tan-1 ç ÷
\ ur = -
4
´ 1.4 ´ 107 m/s = -2.4×105 m/s è e ø
234 Note. When collision is perfectly elastic,
e = 1, \ u ' = u and q ' = q .
229. (a) 3.92% (b) 100%
230. Self (Teacher)
231. Here, m1 = 10 kg, m3 = 20 kg, u1 = 20 m/s, 233. From Fig. , force constant of spring
u 2 = -10 m/s, F AB
k = = slope of F-x curve =
u1 = ?, u 2 = ? x OB
32
As the collision is perfectly elastic, = = 80 N/m.
(m - m2 )u1 + 2 m2 u 2
u1 = 1
0.4
If x is the compression produced on hitting the spring,
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
then as
=
(10 - 20)20 + 2 ´ 20(- 10) Work done = K.E.
10 + 20 10 + 20 1 2 1
- 200 400 - 600 \ kx = mu 2
u1 = - = = -20 m/s 2 2
30 30 30
u2
2 m1 u1 (m2 - m1 )u 2
m
x= m =u
and u 2 = + k k
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
5
x =8 =2m
2 ´ 10 ´ 20 (20 - 10)(- 10) 300 80
= + = = 10 m/s
10 + 20 20 + 10 30

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234. Here, h1 = 10 m, h2 = 2.5 m 236.

Let u1 be the velocity of the body just before collision
with the ground and u 2 be the velocity of the body
just after collision.
1
\ mu12 = m g h1
2
1
and mu 22 = m g h2
2
Dividing, we get
u12 h1 10 u
= = =4; \ 1 =2
u 2 h2 2.5
2 u2
(K1 - K 2 ) ´ 100
% age loss in KE =
K1
mg (h1 - h2 ) (10 - 2.5) ´ 100 = 75%
= ´ 100 =
mgh1 10

235.

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237. 238.

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239. 240.

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241. 242.

243. 1.2 kg, 2.5 m/s

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244. 253. 1.98 W

254. (a) self (teacher) (b) 240 N
255.

256.

245. Self (Teacher)

246. Self (Teacher)
247. 3150 N
248. 9 ´ 1010 J
249. 1.02 MeV
250. 1.6 ´ 10 -3 kg
251.

257. Self (Teacher)

258. 60 0 ; 3 / 2 m / s
259. u A = u B = 2 3 m / s, No.
260. {(24.0 ± 1.6) watt}
261. Self (Teacher)
252. 1.33 W

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262. Self (Teacher)

263. Self (Teacher)
264. Self (Teacher)
265. Self (Teacher)
266. Self (Teacher)
267. Self (Teacher)
268. Self (Teacher)

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