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About Tornadoes (Zophia)

What is a Tornado?
- A tornado is a violently rotating column of air extending from the base of a
thunderstorm down to the ground.
- Tornadoes are capable of completely destroying well-made structures, uprooting
trees, and hurling objects through the air like deadly missiles.
- A tornado forms from a large thunderstorm. Inside thunderclouds, warm, humid
air rises, while cool air falls--along with rain or hail. These conditions can cause
spinning air currents inside the cloud. Although the spinning currents start out
horizontal, they can turn vertical and drop down from the cloud--becoming a
tornado.

Effects of a Tornado (Bhea)

During a tornado, people face hazards from extremely high winds and risk being struck
by flying and falling objects. After a tornado, the damage left behind poses additional
injury risks and other effects.

1. Human lives: Tornadoes can cause significant loss of life and injuries. The
powerful winds and flying debris associated with tornadoes can be extremely
dangerous and potentially deadly for individuals caught in their path. Tornadoes
typically kill 60 to 80 people per year and injure more than 1,500.
2. Property damage: Tornadoes are capable of causing severe damage to
buildings, infrastructure, and personal property. The strong winds can rip roofs
off buildings, collapse structures, uproot trees, and scatter debris over a wide
area. A tornado is so strong that it can destroy the whole house in seconds
rendering the family homeless and in financial limbo.
3. Economic impact: The destruction caused by tornadoes can have a substantial
economic impact on affected areas. Rebuilding damaged infrastructure, homes,
and businesses can be costly, and disrupted economic activity can lead to job
losses and decreased productivity.
4. Psychological impact: Experiencing a tornado can have long-lasting
psychological effects on individuals and communities. Survivors may suffer from
trauma, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The fear and
 uncertainty associated with tornadoes can also create a sense of vulnerability
and impact mental well-being.
5. Displacement and homelessness: Tornadoes can displace individuals and
families from their homes, leaving them temporarily or permanently homeless.
This can result in a need for emergency shelter, increased demand for resources,
and challenges in finding long-term housing solutions.
6. Environmental impact: Tornadoes can cause environmental damage, including
uprooting trees, damaging vegetation, and disrupting ecosystems. The debris
carried by tornadoes can also contaminate water sources and affect local
wildlife.
7. Community resilience: While tornadoes can cause significant devastation, they
can also foster community resilience and unity. Communities often come
together to support and assist affected individuals, rebuilding and recovering
from the disaster.

Signs of an Impending Tornado (Yana)

Warning signs may include the following:

Indications of an approaching tornado can include the following signs:

1. Dark, Greenish Sky: The sky may appear unusually dark or greenish in color,
indicating the presence of severe weather conditions.
2. Presence of a Wall Cloud: A large, low-lying cloud that rotates and appears like
a wall hanging from the main storm cloud base.
3. Presence of a Funnel Cloud: A visible rotating column of air that extends
downward from the base of a thunderstorm cloud but does not touch the
ground.
4. Presence of a Rotating Debris Cloud: A swirling mass of debris, dirt, or dust at
ground level, often accompanied by a visible rotating funnel cloud.
5. Loud Roaring Sound: The approach of a tornado can produce a loud,
continuous roar similar to a freight train or a jet engine.
6. Rapidly Changing Weather: Drastic shifts in wind direction or speed, sudden
temperature drops, and unusual calmness after a storm may signal an
impending tornado.
7. Hail and Heavy Rain: Intense hail, sometimes larger than usual, along with heavy
rainfall, can precede or accompany tornado formation.
8. Tornado Sirens: If you hear outdoor warning sirens or receive alerts from local
authorities, it's a strong indication that a tornado threat exists.
9. Fluctuating Barometric Pressure: A rapid drop in barometric pressure, noticeable
on a barometer, can be an indicator of an approaching tornado.
10. Unusual Cloud Formations: Unusual cloud formations, such as a rotating or
swirling mass of clouds, may suggest the potential for a tornado.

● “Color: A very dark (black) thunderstorm or one taking an eerie look (brownish,
green, or yellow cloud colors) may be an indication of a severe thunderstorm.
The colors and darkness of the cloud are caused by the storm's massive size and
the blockage of sunlight. This storm may bring hail, very heavy rain, and
damaging winds. Take protective action immediately.
● Sound: The sound of a freight train is the roar of wind as it moves through trees
and buildings. It may indicate an approaching tornado or severe downburst. The
rapid rotation of winds in a tornado also sometimes make a high pitch whistling
or whirling noise. In any of these cases, you should take protective action
immediately.
● Swirling Debris: Tornadoes are sometimes obscured by rain, low clouds, trees, or
buildings that block your view of the funnel. A visible funnel need not even be
touching the ground (it may only extend half or two-thirds of the way from the
cloud toward the ground). But, even with weak tornadoes, swirling debris or
debris rising up in the air can often be seen. This is a sure sign of significant
damaging winds and protective action must be immediate.” [1]
-

TOOLS (MICHAELA)
1. Doppler radar - Doppler radar is a crucial tool for tornado detection. It measures
the movement of precipitation particles in the atmosphere, helping
meteorologists identify areas with strong rotation, which can indicate the
presence of a tornado.
2. Turtles - Designed in part by storm chaser Tim Samaras, "turtles" are small
devices filled with instruments that measure humidity, pressure, temperature and
wind speed/direction. Storm chasers must spend time finding the right
conditions for tornadoes to develop and then put themselves in the line of fire in
order to deploy a turtle. The storm chaser must place the turtle in the path of an
approaching tornado, while leaving enough time to escape. Samaras has
successfully placed numerous turtles, and the information collected from the
 devices will be used to help forecasters make more precise predictions about
tornadoes.
BASICALLY: Storm chasers deploy turtles to measure humidity, pressure, temperature
and wind speed/direction, which are used to help forecasters make more precise
predictions about tornadoes.
3. Weather Balloons: Instrumented weather balloons equipped with sensors are
launched into the atmosphere to collect data on temperature, humidity, wind
speed, and wind direction at different altitudes. This information aids
meteorologists in assessing the atmospheric conditions conducive to tornado
formation.
4. Tornado Sirens -Tornado sirens are outdoor warning systems that are commonly
used in tornado-prone areas. When tornadoes are detected or severe weather
warnings are issued, these sirens are activated to alert people in the affected
areas.

EF SCALE
Ef scale - Because it is so difficult to measure tornadoes accurately, the ranking scale
refers to the destructiveness of the tornado, not its actual strength. Meteorologists
currently use the Enhanced Fujita scale, or EF scale, to classify tornadoes based on
their damage to a variety of structures, ranging from trees to mobile homes to
hospitals. The EF scale ranges from 0 to 5, with 5 being the most destructive.
BASICALLY: Meteorologists use the EF scale to classify tornadoes based on their
destructiveness, with 5 being the most destructive.

-
Before the Tornado
Any steps you take before the tornado are about planning and being alert to your

surroundings. You can do so through the following:

● Know the Signs - Know what alarms or notifications the government uses for

tornado watches or warnings.

● Plan Ahead - Have a dress rehearsal to make sure everyone is fully prepared to

take responsibility for his or her own safety.

● Watch the Weather - Changing weather patterns are like a cheat sheet telling you

a tornado might be coming. Pay attention to weather reports and rely on your

own instincts and experience.

● Listen - Aside from the alarms, some say tornadoes produce a roar similar to a

train.

During the Tornado

There's a tornado literally at your doorstep. Don't stop, drop and roll. Instead, do this:

● Go Underground - If there's no basement, a small room in the middle of the house

is best. And since windows can break, stay away from them at all costs.

● Go Underneath (Furniture) - Hold on to a heavy table or desk and use your arms

to protect your head and neck. It could save your life.

● Know When to Leave - If you live in a mobile home, even if it has tie-downs, you

should seek safer shelter (if possible).

● Stay Flat - If your home isn't safe, go outside and lie flat on the ground with your

hands over your head and neck.

● Get Low - If you're in a high-rise building, go to an interior room on the lowest

floor. The whole "window breaking" thing still applies, so stay away from them.
After a Tornado

● Stay Informed:Continue to listen to local news or a NOAA Weather Radio to

stay updated about tornado watches and warnings. Multiple rounds of

thunderstorms capable of producing tornadoes are possible during severe

weather outbreaks.

● Contact Your Family and Loved Ones: Let your family and close friends

know that you're okay so they can help spread the word. Text messages or

social media are more reliable forms of communication than phone calls.

● Assess the Damage: After the threat for tornadoes has ended, check to see

if your property has been damaged. When walking through storm damage,

wear long pants, a long-sleeved shirt, and sturdy shoes. Contact local

authorities if you see power lines down. Stay out of damaged buildings. Be

aware of insurance scammers if your property has been damaged.

● Help Your Neighbor: If you come across people that are injured and you are

properly trained, provide first aid to victims if needed until emergency

response teams arrive.