1.

Biological theories

Biological theories have focused on body type, genetic factors, studies

of twins to differentiate between genetic and social factors, and studies
of chromosome variations. This literature suggests that criminality is
genetically transmitted through the family

2. Economic theories

The economic theory of criminal behaviour is an application of the neoclassical

theory of demand. Formalized by Nobel Laureate Gary Becker in 1968, it states that
potential criminals are economically rational and respond significantly to the deterring
incentives by the criminal justice system.

3. Psychological theories

There are four basic aspects of psychological theories of crime, which

say that crime is a result of failures in psychological development,
learned behaviours of aggression and violence, inherent personality
traits, and the relationship of criminality to mental illness.

4. Political theories

Theories having affinities with conservative images of crime and criminals tend
to encourage the view that crime threatens the political order

5. Sociological theories

These theories have generally asserted that criminal behaviour is a

normal response of biologically and psychologically normal individuals
to particular kinds of social circumstances.

6. Bonger's theory of economic criminality

In this theory, William Adriaan Bonger stated that there is a causal link
between crime and the prevailing economic and social conditions. He
asserted that crime is social in origin and a normal response to prevailing
cultural conditions.

7. Strain theorists
Strain theorists attempt to describe those factors that increase the
likelihood of a criminal response. Among other things, strain is more likely
to lead to crime among individuals with poor coping skills and resources.
8. social learning theory
The theory of social learning states that criminal behaviour is learned when
the positive consequences of deviant behaviour are more powerful than
the positive consequences of normative behaviour (operant conditioning).

9. Control theories.
The control theories in criminology explain crime as a result of the breakdown of social
control.

10. Unified social control theory.

In criminology, social control theory proposes that exploiting the process of
socialization and social learning builds self-control and reduces the inclination to
indulge in behavior recognized as antisocial.

11. Conflict theory.

Conflict theory is a set of criminological theories that holds that those in society
who possess the social and economic power, the ruling class, define antisocial
behavior. ... The ruling class uses the criminal law and the criminal justice system to
protect their interests and to control the lower class.

12. Disorganization/social integration theories.

The social disorganization theories in criminology refer to the crime as a product of
anomie, meaning dysfunctional aspects of society.

13. Cohen's subcultural theory

Cohen's subcultural theory assumes that crime is a consequence of the union of
young people into so-called subcultures in which deviant values and moral
concepts dominate. Subcultural theory became the dominant theory of its time.
14.