CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS WITH SEASHELLS ASH

An Undergraduate Project Study Presented to the

College of Engineering
Eastern Samar State University Guiuan, Eastern Samar

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Technology
Major in Civil Engineering Technology

NATALIE C. YARANON
JHESRYLL WENNARD BAGASIN
JAMES HEART LEIGH SUSMA
MARLO LAGRAMADA
LEEMAR SALAS
JOY CARBON

MARCH 2023
 CERTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCHERS

We certify that project study entitled “HOLLOW BLOCKS WITH SEASHELLS ASH”

submitted to the College of Engineering , Eastern Samar State University , Guiuan, Eastern

Samar is our own independent work and has not been presented and submitted to another

university or faculty.

We furthermore yield copyright of this project study in favor of Eastern Samar State

University.

We, the researchers, signed this with free act and deed on the 26th day of May 2023.

Date: May 26, 2023

Place: OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Eastern Samar State University

Guiuan, Eastern Samar

JOY CARBON

NATALIE C. YARANON

JHESRYLL WENNARD BAGASIN

MARLO LAGRAMADA

LEEMAR SALAS

JAMES HEART LEIGH SUSMA

Researcher
 APPROVAL SHEET

The thesis attached entitled “CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS WITH SEASHELLS

ASH” prepared and submitted by NATALIE C. YARANON, JHESRYLL WENNARD B.
BAGSSIN, JOY S. CARBON, MARLO C. LAGRAMADA, LEEMAR JAY A. SALAS,
JAMES HEART LEIGH O. SUSMA, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY is hereby accepted.

DANILO C. RANIDO PH.D.

Thesis adviser
___________
Date signed

SUSANA C. ALA, MEP-CE NICANOR C. CABLAO, MTE

Chairman, Review Committee Member, Review Committee
______________________ ______________________
Date Signed Date Signed

RHEY PAGATPATAN PH.D DANILO C. RANIDO PH.D.

Member, Review Committee Member, Review Committee
______________________ ______________________
Date Signed Date Signed

NICANOR C. CABLAO, MTE

Program Head, Bachelor of Technology
___________________
Date signed

SUSANA C. ALA, MEP-CE

Dean, College of Engineering
_______________
Date Signed
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to the following

individuals and entities who have been instrumental in the completion of this research paper

entitled "CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS WITH SEASHELLS ASH."

First and foremost, we would like to extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Danilo C.

Ranido, our esteemed subject instructor and research adviser. His invaluable guidance,

expertise, and unwavering support throughout the research process have played a pivotal

role in the success of this study. We are deeply grateful for his mentorship and dedication.

We would also like to acknowledge Engr. Susana C. Ala, our college dean and

panelist, for her insightful comments, encouragement, and constructive criticism. Her

expertise and contributions have greatly enriched the content and quality of this research.

Our heartfelt appreciation also goes to Nicanor C. Cablao, panelist and Program Head, for

his valuable inputs and expertise in the field. We are grateful for his involvement and

support.

We extend our gratitude to Dr. Rey Pagatpatan, panelist, for his thoughtful feedback

and contributions. His expertise and scholarly insights have been instrumental in shaping the

direction and content of this study. We appreciate his time and valuable inputs.

To our parents, who have been our unwavering source of love, support, and

encouragement, we express our deepest gratitude.

We would also like to thank the respondents who participated in this research. Their

willingness to provide valuable insights and information has been crucial to the completion of

this study. Their contributions are highly appreciated.

Finally, we acknowledge the divine presence of the God Almighty, whose grace and

blessings have guided us throughout this research endeavor. We are deeply grateful for the

strength, wisdom, and inspiration we have received from above.

 While we have made every effort to include all individuals who have contributed, we

apologize if anyone has been inadvertently omitted. Please accept our sincere appreciation

for your support, assistance, and contributions.

 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Natalie C. Yaranon, 22 years old, was born and raised

on December 13, 2000 at Brgy. 12 Guiuan, Eastern

Samar. Her parents are Mr. Clemente S. Yaranon Jr. and

Mrs. Necitas C. Yaranon. She took up her basic

education at Lupok Central Elementary School.

Afterwards, she finished her junior high school at

Immaculate Conception School and acquired her senior

high school at Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus. Currently, she is a 3 rd year

student in Bachelor of Technology Major in Civil Engineering Technology Program at

Eastern Samar State University- Guiuan Campus.

Jhesryll Wennard B. Bagasin, 20, was born and

raised on June 29, 2002 at Brgy Pagbabangnan,

Homonhon, Guiuan, Eastern Samar. His parents are

Mr. Julio D. Bagasin and Reyna B. Bagasin. He took

up his basic education at Pagbabangnan Elementary

School. Afterwards, he finished his junior high school at

Homonhon National high School and acquired his

senior high school at St. Mary’s Academy of Guiuan. Currently, he is a 3 rd year student in

Bachelor of Technology Major in Civil Engineering Technology Program at Eastern Samar

State University- Guiuan Campus.

James Heart Leigh O. Susma, 22, was born and raised on Novermber 22, 2000 at Brgy.

Domrog General MacArthur Eastern Samar. His parents

are Edtha O. Susma and Joel M. Susma. He took up his

basic education at Domrog Elementary School. Afterwards

finished his junior high school at General Macarthur

National Agricultural School and acquired his senior high

school at Eastern Samar State University Guiuan. At

present, he is a 3rd year student in Bachelor of Technology Major in Civil Engineering

Technology Program at Eastern Samar State University- Guiuan Campus.

Joy S. Carbon, 21, was born and raised on May 15, 2001

at Brgy. Pagbabangnan, Homonhon, Guiuan Eastern

Samar. Her parents are Merly B. Carbon and Hermilino M.

Carbon. She took up her basic education at

Pagbabangnan Elementary School. Afterwards finished her

junior high school at Homonhon National High School and

acquired her senior high school at Immaculate Conception School. Currently, she is a 3 rd

year student in Bachelor of Technology major in Civil Engineering Technology Program at

Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus.

 Leemar Jay A. Salas, 20, was born and raised on August 27,

2002 at Brgy. Salug, Guiuan, Eastern Samar. His parents are

Marife A. Salas and Leonardo A. Salas. He took up his basic

education at Salug Elementary School. Afterwards, he

finished his junior high school at Missionary of Sacred Heart

and acquired his senior high school at Eastern Samar State

University – Guiuan Campus. Currently, he is a 3 rd year

student in Bachelor of Technology major in Civil Engineering Technology Program at

Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus.

Marlo C. Lagaramada, 24, was born and raised on November

14, 1998 at Brgy. Sulangan, Guiuan, Eastern Samar. His

parents are Marichu C. Lagramada and Paulo B. Lagramada. He

took up his basic education at Sulangan Central Elementary

School. Afterwards, he finished his junior high school at

Sulangan National High School. Currently, he is a 3 rd year

student of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering Technology Program at Eastern

Samar State University – Guiuan Campus.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE

CERTIFICATION OF RESEARCHERS

APPROVAL SHEET

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

ABSTRACT xi

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Objectives of the Study 3

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 4

Significance of the Study 4

Definition of terms 5

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature 7

Related Studies 10

Conceptual Framework of the Study 13

III METHODOLOGY

Research Design 15

Project Model 16
 Research Locale 16

Respondents of the Study 17

Research Tools and Materials 17

Developmental Cost 19

Research Procedure 19

Research Instrumentation 22

Data Gathering Procedure 22

Data Analysis 23

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Developing the Product 25

Strength Analysis 25

Density Analysis 26

Cost and Profit Analysis 27

Water Absorption Analysis 29

Benchmark Test 31

Pilot Test 32

Final Test 34

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 37

Conclusions 38

Recommendations 39

VI REFERENCES
APPENDICES

A. Letter Request to Conduct Survey

B. Letter to the Respondents

C. Research Instrument/ Questionnaire

D. Certification of the Editor

E. Certification of Proof Reader

 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Respondents of The Study 17

2 Tools and Materials 17
3 Developmental Cost 19
4 Quantities Of Different Materials In
Kilograms 20
5 Data Analysis 23
6 Strength Analysis 25
7 Physical Dimensions of CHB 26
8 Volume and Density of CHB 26
9 Cost Analysis 28
10 Water absorption Test 29
11 Benchmark Test Result 31
12 Pilot Test Result 32
13 Final Test Result 34
14 Summary of Test Result 36
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1 Conceptual Framework 14
2 Design of Concrete Hollow Blocks 16
3 Map of ESSU- Guiuan 16
4 Research Procedure 21
5 Concrete Blocks with Seashells Ash 25
6 Summary of Benchmark Test Results 32
7 Summary of Pilot Test Results 34
8 Summary of Final Test Results 36
9 Summary of Results 38
 ABSTRACT

YARANON, NATALIE C., BAGASIN, JHESRYLL WENNARD B., CARBON, JOY S.,
SUSMA, JAMES HEART LEIGH O., SALAS, LEEMAR JAY A., and LAGRAMADA,
MARLO C., “CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS WITH SEASHELLS ASH” (Eastern Samar
State University, Guiuan, Eastern Samar, May 2023)

Adviser: Danilo C. Ranido Ph. D.

Director, External Affairs and Quality Assurance
ESSU, Guiuan, Eastern Samar

The use of concrete as a primary building material in construction has been widely

recognized due to its, durability, strength, and workability. However, cement became the

largest source of emissions from the decomposition of carbonates which contribute to the

adverse environmental problems.

The study aimed to reduce the amount of waste seashells in the environment and to

introduce a sustainable and eco-friendly solution, by using seashell ash as an additive in the

production of concrete hollow blocks, (CHBs). Specifically, the study focused on utilizing

female spider conch, (Lambis lambis) ash as an alternative material in CHB production,

which would reduce dependence on limestone, the primary cement material, as the main

binder in concrete.

The study was conducted at Eastern Samar State University, and involved 50

respondents, including six students, 24 consumers, and 20 experts. The researchers utilized

a modified standardized questionnaire, visual inspections, and photographs to document the

appearance and quality of the CHB samples.

The study assessed the CHBs' permeability level based on various criteria, such as

acceptability, durability, workability, strength, sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and eco-

friendliness. The product was tested through a drop test procedure and a wet absorption test

to determine its strength, durability, and density.

 The study found that the CHBs with seashell ash had higher survivability, denseness,

and cost-effectiveness than the normal CHBs. The use of seashell ash as an additive in

CHB production, proved to be a promising solution to reduce waste shells in the municipality

and offer an alternative to traditional materials.

Finally, a cost analysis was performed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using

seashell ash as an additive in CHB production, including the cost of materials and any

changes in production processes. The study concluded that the use of seashell ash in CHB

production was a cost-effective and sustainable approach to reduce waste seashells in the

environment, and provide an eco-friendly alternative to traditional construction materials.

 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

The use of concrete as a primary building material in construction has been widely

recognized due to its, durability, strength, and workability. In construction materials, none is

more widely used than concrete. Back in 600 B.C. Romans used volcanic ash as concrete

materials until the development of cement in 1824 by Joseph Aspdi. Cement is the main

binder in concrete, which is the basic material for different constructions.

Since the rediscovery of concrete back in the mid-19th century, Global cement

production has increased more than 30 times since 1950 and almost 4-fold since 1990, with

much more rapid growth than global fossil energy production in the last two decades. (van

Oss, 2017).

In the United States, cement production reached an estimated 95 million metric tons

in 2022, the highest production volume recorded in the period under consideration. That

same year, 4.1 billion metric tons of cement were produced worldwide (Garside, 2023).

While cement sales in the Philippines rose from 33.6 million metric tons in 2020 to 34.1

Million metric tonnes in 2021, according to the Cement Manufacturers Association of the

Philippines (CMAP).

For this reason, cement became the largest source of emissions from the

decomposition of carbonates. An estimate of 5–10% of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions

globally (Hossain et al., 2017). Researchers are currently looking for innovative solutions to

issues facing the cement industry due to increasing population growth, rapid use of energy

resources, and waste disposal issues. (Cetin, 2015)

In order to reduce reliance on raw materials in concrete producing green concrete,

has been promoted. One of the ways to produce it is by using modified cement. The

modified cement is a cementitious material that meets or exceeds the performance of

Portland cement by combining and optimizing recycled and waste materials.

 Philippines is an archipelago known for its richness in culture and beautiful

landscapes due to its location, which provides an abundance of aquatic natural resources.

Guiuan is a municipality in Eastern Samar, Philippines, which is clustered with numerous

islands and islets, and considered the best fishing belt in the region. The coastal waters offer

almost all species of marine life, like eucheuma, abalone, and lobsters. (Local Philippines,

2023).

Exploiting and harvesting seashells for eating or selling is a common practice in the

municipality due to the abundance of marine resources. It forms an essential part of food

among Guiuananuns and those who live among the coastal areas in Eastern Samar.

However, the rejected empty seashells have no value to people and are commonly

disregarded as waste. Thus, they are thrown anywhere, contributing to foul smelling odors

due to the decaying of leftover flesh still attached to the shells and adding to the bulk of solid

wastes in the environment. Without realizing it, seashells contain a potential compound

known as Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), which can be an alternate source of lime, a

cementitious material.

The Spider Conch (Lambis lambis ) is one of the economically important invertebrate

that is commonly found in reef and intertidal areas of the Indo-Pacific region. The meat is

sold boiled or fresh, while the shells are sold in craft industries (Mazo et al., 2013). However,

not all types of Spider Conches can be sold or used. Damaged, disfigured, and unpleasant

items are considered rejects by the buyers. The female spider conch is also rejected by the

buyers due to its brittleness, which will not be appropriate for the design of crafts.

Owing to the fact that the rejected numbers of seashells are increasing and

contributing to the depletion of the environment. While we can make it an additive to

concrete due to its potential substance, calcium carbonate is a waste. However, despite the

promising results of the previous studies, there is still a need for further research to fully

understand the potential of seashell ash as an additive to concrete. Therefore, this study

aims to contribute to this field of research by evaluating the performance of concrete blocks
with seashells ash as an additives in terms of their acceptability, strength, durability,

worability, sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. In this way the

rresearchers will come up with a possible way to reduce the waste seashells in the

municipality by recycling them into a new product (specifically a Concrete Hollow Blocks)

that will have a positive contribution to the community.

Objectives of the Study

The study aimed to lessen the amount of waste seashells in the environment while

introducing concrete hollow blocks generated from seashell ash. This study will not just help

save ecology from excessive extraction of sand and cement but also reduced reliance on

cement by promoting a modified version.

This study specifically sought to answer the following questions:

1. To lessen the dependence on limestone as the main binder in concrete.

2. To reduce the amount of waste seashells in the environment while introducing a

Concrete Hollow blocks generated seashells ash.

3. To determine an effective mixing ratio of seashells ash: Mixture A, Mixture B,

Mixture C, and Mixture D.

 Mixture A: Cement and sand ( 1 kg : 7 kg)

 Mixture B: Cement, Sand and Seashells Ash (1 kg: 6.625 kg : 0.375

kg)

 Mixture C: Cement, Sand and Seashells Ash (1 kg: 6.250 kg : 0.750

kg)

 Mixture D: Cement, Sand and Seashells ( 1 kg : 5.875 kg : 1.125 kg)

4. To determine the permissibility level of the CHB based on the following criteria:

a. Acceptability
 b. Durability

c. Workability

d. Strength

e. Sustainability

f. Cost-effectiveness

e. Eco- Friendliness

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The researchers focused in utilizing the female spider conch (Lambis lambis) ash as

additives in production of concrete hollow blocks. The seashells were collected in the

municipality of Guiuan, which had abundant seashells resources. The study was conducted

at Eastern Samar State University and was limited to 50 respondents, according to the

researcher’s preference. The study was conducted with the purpose of determining the

acceptability and enhancing the durability, strength parameters, and workability of concrete

hollow blocks. The product was tested through a drop test procedure and a wet absorption

test to determine its strength, durability, and density.

Significance of the Study

The main rationale of this study was to directly reduce the waste shells in the

municipality and, simultaneously, decrease dependence on limestone, the primary cement

material and main binder in concrete. This was intended to benefit the following:

The Environment: the research is intended to help reduce the waste in the

environment as well as the carbon dioxide emissions due to the plethora of cement

production.
 The Hollow Block Makers: This research can serve as a guide for innovating

hollow block mixtures and adding seashells ash as an additive to the mixture.

The Cement Industry: This study will add a variety of cement with a high

compressive strength and lower the production cost of these materials without compromising

the quality of the CHB.

The Local Government: This study will help the local government generate new

knowledge about developing a new variety of cost-effective Concrete Hollow Blocks.

The Researchers: This can be of substantial help to other researchers and be used

as a recommendation for further studies.

Definition of Terms

To fully comprehend the terms used in the study, the researchers find it necessary to

give the conceptual and operational definitions of the terms to have a clear understanding of

the terms utilized in the study.

Acceptability: the quality of being accepted or allowed. The researchers aimed to

introduce a more eco-friendly and cost efficient type of concrete hollow blocks to the

municipality.

Additives: This is artificial or natural materials added to concrete in addition to

cement, water, and aggregates to change certain properties of the concrete. In this study

Spider Conch ash serves as an additive in the production of CHB.

Concrete Hollow Block: is a block made of concrete that has hollow space

between its walls. It is used to build different types of walls for different purposes, like

retaining walls, decorative walls, and classic walls. In this study, this is the product the

researchers wanted to innovate with.

 Cost-Effectiveness: is the measure of how much value is gained from an

investment relative to the cost incurred. To determine the cost-effectiveness of using

seashells ash as an additive in concrete hollow blocks (CHB) , an analysis of production cost

and quality of the CHB must be conducted.

Durability: refers to the ability of a CHB to withstand various environmental and

service conditions over an extended period. It involves factors such as resistance to

weathering, moisture penetration and overall long term performance. In this study, this well

be test through a wet absorption test.

Eco- Friendly: means it is not harmful to the environment. In this study, the

researchers wanted to attain a Concrete Hollow Blocks that is more environmentally friendly.

Mixing ratio: refers to the proportion in which two or more substance are combined

to create a mixture. For instance the mixing ratio of 1:7 for cement of sand means that for

every part of cement, seven parts of sand are used.

Mixing Percentage: is calculated based on the weight of each component in

relation to the total weight of the mixture. For example the mixing percentage of a 1 part of

cement and 7 part of sand ratio. The cement percentage is 1/(1+7)*100 equals 12.5 %.

Spider Conch Shell: Lambis lambis, is a species of large sea snail, a marine

gastropod mollusc in the family Strombidae, true conchs. In this study, this serves as the

main raw material we used to produce concrete hollow blocks with seashell ash as an

additives.

Strength: the capacity of an object to withstand great force or pressure. Strength of

CHB refers to the ability to withstand applied loads without breaking or failing. In this study,

this will be test through a drop test procedure.

 Sustainability: means the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level. In the

study, the researchers wanted to see if using the seashell waste was a long-term or short

term solution to the environmental problem connected to the cement.

Workability: the capability of being worked. The objective of this study is to evaluate

the workability of concrete mixtures containing seashell ash as an additive for the production

of concrete hollow blocks

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researchers

consider in strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presents the synthesis

of the art to fully understand the research for better comprehension of the study.

Related Literature

Cement is a binding material that has been used since ancient times and will remain

the key material to satisfy global housing and modern infrastructure needs. While the use of

cement in concrete has a very long history, the industrial production of cement started in the

middle of the 19th century (Schneider 2021), and since then it has been among the sectors

with ample raw materials and high energy consumption (Bhattacharya and Saha, 2015).

Global cement production has increased by more than 30 times since 1950 and

almost 4-fold since 1990, with much more rapid growth than global fossil energy production

in the last two decades (Andrew, 2017). It started in China in 1990, where cement production

increased by 73 percent due to rapid development, consuming a total of 10 million tons

(ACP, 2021)

Whereas cement sales in the Philippines rose from 24.4 million metric tons in 2015 to

26.0 million metric tons in 2016, according to the Cement Manufacturers Association of the

Philippines (CMAP). In addition, in the United States, cement production reached an

estimated 95 million metric tons in 2022. The highest production volume recorded under the

period of consideration. That same year, 4.1 billion metric tons of cement were produced

worldwide.

For this reason, cement has became the largest source of emissions from the

decomposition of carbonates. With the current levels of global production, it is estimated to

be equivalent to more than half a ton per person per year. Which contribute 5 –10% of total

anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions globally (Hossain et al., 2017).

As a result, there are serious concerns about the significant adverse environmental

impacts of cement production, such as high energy consumption and greenhouse gas

(GHG) emissions (Mikulčić et al., 2016). However, it will still be a challenge to limit the

average temperature and reduce cement production emissions by between 50% and 80% as

required by 2050 due to the high demand in production.

Researchers are currently looking for innovative solutions to issues facing the

cement industry due to increasing population growth, rapid use of energy resources, and

waste disposal issues (Cetin, 2015). One of the solutions is to use waste materials as

replacements or additives for cement. If production of wastes cannot be prevented in the first

place, attempts should be focused on generating an economical demand for these materials.

These materials are produced in huge amounts every year, and are increasing year by year.

Furthermore, the process of getting rid of these wastes by conventional methods has

shown positive impacts on the global environment and economy. This can be accomplished

by creating beneficial conditions for their recycling and reusing as a compensation for the

growing depletion of natural resources (Barthel et al., 2016).

Lambis lambis are one of the rapidly accumulating waste materials, particularly in

coastal areas of the country that consume large numbers of seafood. It is known that the

numbers of rejected lambis lambis is increasing without adequate means of getting rid of the

shells. It was reported that 10-20 million different types of seashells were being disposed

annually worldwide (Calderon, 2022).

Historically, seashells have been used within concrete to make a specific type of

building material called “tabby”. It was mainly used during the late 1700s in coastal areas

due to the material being readily available (Tayeh, 2019). Seashells contain greater than
90% calcium carbonate, which is a source of Carbon Oxide when burned and groundd until

powdery form.

Some studies showed that recycling seashells into concrete has plenty of potential

benefits. First, this introduces an effective and more economical way for getting rid of these

waste materials. Moreover, using seashells in concrete mixes either as aggregate or cement

replacement will decrease the dependency on these materials that are already depleting

worldwide (Bamigboye, 2021 and Tayeh 2019).

Moreover, using seashells in concrete can also lower the pollution levels associated

with the extraction of natural concrete materials. The use of seashell wastes in concrete

mixes can be considered a sustainable construction practice by producing green concrete

that has less negative impacts on the environment than conventional concrete (Elliott and

Fuller, 2013, Olivia et al., 2015).

Therefore, concrete with seashells as cement replacement will produce better

concrete in terms of chemical composition, specific gravity, compressive strength, flexural

strength and tensile strength. Utilizing waste materials such as seashells in the development

of green concrete should be explored, expended and supported through focused research.

To sum it up, seashells can be used in the construction industry as one of the

ingredient in concrete. They can be recycled and processed to be used as fine aggregate,

coarse aggregate, filler, or cement replacement.

Related Studies

It was established that cement production causes a lot of adverse effects on the

environment and the world as a whole. This has shown that more than 4 billion metric tons of

cement are produced annually. Due to this, substantial volumes of greenhouse gases, such

as carbon dioxide are released during cement production. With all these negativities, it has
become imperative to find an alternative that is sustainable and environmentally friendly to

reduce the reliance on cement (Bamigboye et al., 2021).

In the study conducted by Bassam Tayeh et al. (2019), they noted that concrete does

not just contribute to the negative impact on the environment; the natural resources that are

used to make cement are already depleting. Hama (2023) added that the issue of concrete

materials needs an urgent solutions due to the depleting environment in his study, “Effect of

Recycled Seashells on Concrete Properties” . The researchers noted that reducing of

cement production can lower environmental pollution and save natural resources. Therefore,

they attempted to obtain suitable materials to replace traditional concrete materials, focusing

on finding alternatives and incorporating waste materials into concrete mixes. Waste

seashells are one of those materials considered suitable for used as cement or aggregate

replacement due to its physical properties, chemical composition, and mechanical and

durability properties.

Seashells is one of rapid accumulating waste on shore and has ample of resources.

Utilization of seashells in concrete helps in seashell waste management and in producing-

cost efficient concrete. Typical raw seashells consist mainly of 95- 97 % off calcium

carbonate (CaCO3) but when burned to 600 degree, the Calcium Carbonate is transformed

to Calcium Oxide (CaO). Which is an important ingredients in increasing the strength

development and density of concrete. It is also proven that seashells waste ashes have also

been used to produce self- consolidated concrete and pervious concrete - a special type of

concrete with high porosity (Hama, 2023).

According to the Wan (2017), Calcium carbonate has the common properties of other

carbonate. It reacts with acids, releasing carbon dioxide. It also produces carbon dioxide

when heating above 840 °C to form calcium oxide, commonly called burnt lime or quicklime.

Through thermal decomposition process known as calcination, CaCO3 can be converted

into calcium oxide Calcium carbonate also will react with water that is saturated with carbon

dioxide to form the soluble calcium bicarbonate. The quantity of CaO in the seashells is
sufficient to form silicates and aluminates of calcium. The deficiency in CaO will reduce the

strength of cement. Also, the deficiency in CaO causes cement to set quickly.

The Sustainable use of seashells as binder in concrete production: Prospect and

challenges by Gideon O Bamigboye et al. 2021. Tried using seashells in cement aids in

ridding seashells from seashores and landfills, and transforming these wastes to viable

cementations materials. In this review paper summarizes past studies on using seashell ash

powder as a partial replacement for cement in several proportions. The workability of

concrete reduces with the addition of seashell ash. It also indicates a reduction in

compressive strength of concrete whose cement content is partially replaced with seashells

as compared to those of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Also, at low percentages of 5%–

15% ranges, the concrete absorption and porosity are less compared to standard. Though,

with greater replacement levels of up to 25%–50%, these values are enhanced. The

workability of concrete is reduced with the addition of higher percentage of seashell ash.

After long curing periods, concrete permeability is also reduced, and the mechanical

performance is enhanced.

However, the compressive strength of concrete depends on the physical

characteristics of the concrete forming materials (Bunyamin and Amir, 2019). Several

research studies have been conducted on the suitability of the use of seashells as additive

material to concrete. The primary advantage is the preparation is significant reduction of

environmental pollution and the waste materials can be put on good use by avoiding

problems concerning their safe disposal and finally since the seashells naturally have high

calcium content, their use will help the strength properties of the concrete (Ramasubramani

et al., 2019)

Recycling of seashell waste in concrete by Kim Hung et al. in 2018 stated that proper

treatment such as heating at high temperature and crushing to achieve appropriate fineness

are desirable for a better quality material. It is shown in past research that while seashell

waste has been used as a replacement for both cement and aggregate, there is still a lack of
investigation concerning its durability, as well as the actual influence of seashell powder as a

cement replacement material. Despite the reduction in the workability and strength, based

on the review, it is suggested that seashell waste could still be utilized as a partial aggregate

at a replacement level of up to 20% for adequate workability and strength of concrete for

non-structural purposes.

Therefore, based on the different studies it shown us that using seashells ash as

cement replacement is effective but not higher than 25 % in replacement. However recycling

seashells will not just be helpful for the environment but will also help to lessen the

dependence on the cement material as the main concrete binder. Seashells ash is a good

type of aggregates or replacement for cement.

Conceptual Framework

START

REFERENCES, IDEAS, AND CONCEPT

DEVELOPMENTAL PLANNING

ATTAINABLE PREP. OF MAT. TOOLS AND

EQUIPMENT NEEDED
NO YES

TESTING AND
EVALUATION

IMPROVEMENT/
MODIFICATION

CONCRETE HOLLOW
BLOCKS

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

 The initial step of the study was the conceptualization phase. In this stage, the

researchers gathered and organized ideas and references, and thoroughly reviewed relevant

studies and literature to justify and make the study practical.

Afterwards, the researchers presented the concept to research and field

professionals for further evaluation of its feasibility. If the study was deemed infeasible, the

researchers would restart the study to come up with more workable research. However, if

the panel approved the study, the procurement of materials and equipment began.

Subsequently, the actual product development phase began using four different

mixing ratios, namely: Mixture A (1: 7), Mixture B (1: 6.625: 0.375), Mixture C ( 1: 6.25:

0.75), and Mixture D (1: 5.875: 1.125). The mixture consisted of cement, sand, and seashell

ash in their weight in kilograms.

To determine the mixing percentage for each mixtures, we need first to determine the

total weight of each mixture. Once the total weight is computed, we can calculate the

percentage of each component by dividing its weight by the total weight and multiply by 100.

Therefore Mixture A: Cement (12.5%), Sand (87.5%), Mixture B: Cement ( 12.5%),

Sand (82.81%), and seashells Ash (4.69%), Mixture C: Cement ( 12.5%), Sand (78.13%),

and seashells Ash ( 9.37%), and Mixture D: Cement ( 12.5%), Sand (73.44%), and

seashells Ash (14.06%).

After the production of CHB, it will be stored and cured for seven days. The testing

and evaluation of the product will begin if the product development is successful the product

was evaluated based on acceptability, durability, workability, strength, sustainability,

economical aspects, and eco-friendliness. Subsequently, they performed a drop test and a

wet absorption test to test the product.

The researchers then presented their findings in a final presentation for further

evaluation to improve the product. At this stage, they considered potential improvements and
modifications. Upon completing the study, the researchers achieved their objectives and

established the Concrete Hollow Blocks with Seashell Ash as an Additive.

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

The chapter contains the development of the research. It includes the following:

research design, research tools and materials, developmental cost, research procedure,

project model, research local, respondents of the study, research instrumentation, data

gathering procedures, and data analysis.

Research Design

This research utilized the product development method to create the Concrete

Hollows Blocks with Sea Shells ash. Product development research involved evaluating the

progress of the prouct, identifying any changes in the target audience’s needs and making

necessary adjustments to the product.

Product development is a specialized activity that may result in the creation of new

products or modifications in the production process to produce the same product.

Development is necessary to fulfill old and new demands as well as to adjust to changes in

the customer’s demand. The process involves finding out the possibilities of producing a

product and making decisions, such as whether it would be feasible or not to produce the

product.

The study aimed to design and develop concrete hollow blocks from seashells ash

without compromising the quality of the product and that would help reduce the production of

waste seashells in the locality.

Product Model

Figure 2: Design of Concrete Hollow Blocks

A four (4) inches Concrete Hollow Blocks used for interior wall is the type of CHB

researcehrs decided to use as a product to test the effectiveness of Seashells Ash as a

Concrete Addivites which follow the ASTM standard for CHB to cater the construction needs.

Research Locale

The study and developemnt of the product was conducted at Eastern Samar State

Univesity Guiuan Campus.

Figure 3. Map of ESSU- Guiuan

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were chosen according to the convenience sampling

technique. Convience sampling is a non-probability sampling method where units are

selected for inclusion in the sample because they are easist for the researcher to access.

There is no pattern in acquiring the specific respondents as long as they fit the qualified

target population.

Table 1. Respondents of The Study

Respondents Test Number of Respondents

Students Benchmark 6

Consumer Pilot 24

Experts Final 20

TOTAL 50

Research Tools and Materials

Table 2. Tools and Materials

Cement Sand
 Sea Shells Ash Shovel

Hollow block molder Weighing scale

Tape Measure

Water

Fire Wood Tong

Materials and Developmental Cost

The research paper aims to investigate the materials and developmental cost

associated with developing a new product. The study will focus on understanding the factors

that impact the cost and materials and development, and how they can be optimized to

ensure that the product is cost-effective and profitable.

The folowing materials were used for the development of the Concrete Hollow Blocks

with seashells ash.

Table 3. Developmental Cost

Quantity Materials Unit Cost Cost

8 kgs Cement ₱ 7 /kl ₱ 56.00

1 sack Sea Shells ₱ 75 ₱ 75.00

2 sack Sand ₱ 40/sack ₱ 80.00

8 pcs Production cost/ Labor 1.50/pc ₱ 12.00

TOTAL: ₱ 223. 00

Research Procedure

The research procedure is started by collecting the rejected seashells and burning

them until they turn to ash. Afterwards, formulating the mixing ratios of the CHB. The mixing

ratio are the following: 1 : 7 (Mixture A), 1 : 6.625: 0.375 (Mixture B) , 1 : 6.25: 0.75

( Mixture C), and 1 : 5.875: 1.125 (Mixture D).

Mixture A has Cement (12.5%), Sand (87.5%), Mixture B has Cement ( 12.5%), Sand

(82.81%), and seashells Ash (4.69%). For Mixture C has Cement ( 12.5%), Sand (78.13%),

and seashells Ash ( 9.37%), and Mixture D: Cement ( 12.5%), Sand (73.44%), and
seashells Ash (14.06%). The different percentage is to ensure the effectiveness of the

product.

After identifying the mixing ratio, the necessary materials stated in the research were

prepared such as the ash, cement, water, weighing scale, and hollow block molder. The raw

materials were weighted for the desired mixtures.

Afterwards the dried materials were mixed, water was added. The freshly mixed

mortar was poured into the Hollow blocks molder. The sample was removed from the molder

and left for seven days for curing. The modulus of rupture was tested by a drop test

procedure that was done through a solid ground and concrete ground surface.

For the density and durability of the samples produced, it underwent a wet absorption

test.The data will be collected and analyzed to determine if it passes or fails the standard. If

all the mixtures pass the standard, a comparision between the original mixture and the CHB

with seashells will be done.

Table 4: Quantities Of Different Materials In Kilograms

Cement Fine Aggregates Sea shells

1 kg 7 kg 0

1 kg 6. 625 kg 375 g

1 kg 6.25 kg 750 g

1 kg 5.875 kg 1.125 kg
Research Procedure

1. Gather the Seashells needed by the study.

2. Formulate four (4) different mixing ratio

3. Prepare the necessary materials and tools in making

CHB.

4. The mixing phase of the dry materials afterwards add

water gradually until consistency is form.

5. Put the mixture into the hollow block maker molder.

6. Leave the hollow blocks for seven (7) days for curing.

7. The sample is ready for testing for its durability, and

strength.

Figure 4: Research Procedure

Research Instrumentation

This reseach will use a modified standardize questionnaire adapted from the

previous studies on “Concrete Hollow Blocks With Mahogany Leaves As Additives” and

“Eggshell Powder As Additives In Concrete Hollow Blocks”.The questionaire will serve as a

checklist, and the rating scale will be used to appraise a relatively large number of aspects,

with each rating assigned a predetermined point value.

This study will use the modified questionnaire to evaluate the

accceptability,durability, workability, strength, sustainability, cost-effectiveness and eco-

friendliness of the CHB samples produced. In addition to the modified scorecard, visual

inspections and photographs may also be used to document the apperance and quality of

the CHB samples. Finally, a cost analysis will be performed to assess the cost-effectiveness

of using seashells ash as an additives in CHB production, including the cost of materilas and

any changes in production processes.

Data Gathering Procedure

Research procedures are adopted from developmental studies, particulary with

respect to identifying the study’s participants, creating a research design, collecting and

analyzing the data. This research used a modified standardized questinnaire to gather data.

The questionnaire were filled and rated by the experts (CHB makers, engineers, mason, and

construction workers), consumers, and students with there response as a form of evaluation

to our product. The questionnaire are then gather by the researchers and subject it to data

analysis.
Data analysis

In the data analysis phase, the product underwent two testing methods: the drop

test method and the wet absorption test. These tests were conducted to determine the

strength, durability and workability of the product under th study. The collected data was

analyzed to understand the product’s performance, and to see if it passed of failed the test.

Additionally, the researchers conducted survey questionnare and the data gathered

from the respondents was analyzed using the corresponding mean of each criterion. The

questionnare has an ordinal score ranging from 1- 5, which served as an indicator to present

the descriptive data such as outstanding, very satisfactory, satisfactory, fairly satisfactory,

and unacceptable. The mean/ overall result were interpreted using the following range of

mean and descriptions.

SCALE RANGE DESCRIPTION

5 4. 21 – 5.00 Outstanding

4 3.41-4.20 Very Satisfactory

3 2.61-3.40 Satisfactory

2 1.81-2.60 Fairly Satisfactory

1 1.00-1.80 Poor
Table 5: Data Analysis
 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings of the study. Wherein this chapter discussed the

results, analysis and interpretation of data based on appropriate statistical tools used for the

treatment of the collected data.

Materials and Developmental Cost

The research paper aimed to investigate the materials and developmental cost

associated with developing a new product. The study focused on understanding the factors

that impacted the cost and materials and development, and how they can be optimized to

ensure that the product is cost-effective and profitable.

The following were materials were used in developing the research project.

Table 3. Materials and Developmental Cost

Quantity Materials Unit Cost Cost

8 kgs Cement ₱ 7 /kl ₱ 56.00

1 sack Sea Shells ₱ 75 ₱ 75.00

2 sack Sand ₱ 40/sack ₱ 80.00

8 pcs Production cost/ Labor 1.50/pc ₱ 12.00

TOTAL: ₱ 223. 00

The total material and developmental cost for an 8 pieces CHB with seashells ash is

at 223 pesos. However 1 sack of seashells when burnt can make up to 13-15 kilos of

seashells ash. Therefore 1 kilo of seashells ash has a unit cost of 5- 5.8 per kilo.
Developing the Product

In the development of the product, the researchers prepared all the necessary tools

and materials and other relevant documentation for the development of the research project.

Afterwards, proceed to the research analysis and data gathering procedure.

Figure 5: Concrete Blocks with Seashells Ash

Strength Analysis

In this study, the researcher’s uses the drop test method to determine the strength of

the concrete Hollow Blocks. Table 6 shows the drop test result of the Concrete Hollow

Blocks test.

Table 6: Strength Analysis

Mixtures Types of CHB Height Survived

Solid Ground Concrete
Surface (ft.) Ground (ft.)
Mixture A Normal CHB 6 ft. 0 ft.

Mixture B CHB with 4.69 % Seashells Ash 6 ft. 3 ft.

Mixture C CHB with 9.37 % Seashells Ash 6 ft. 2ft.

Mixture D CHB with 14.06 % Seashells Ash 6 ft. 2ft.

Four samples of traditional hollow blocks was tested to determine the samples

strength. The average dimension of these blocks is 40.4 cm x 10.1 cm x 18.6 cm. As stated,
four mixtures were prepared; the first one, Mixture A has 12.5% cement and 87.5 % sand,

the second Mixture B is 12.5% cement, 82.81% sand and 4.69 % seashells ash, for the

mixture C has 12.5% cement, 78.13% sand and 9.37% seashells and the final mixture,

Mixture D has 12.5% cement, 73.44% sand and 14.06% seashells ash.

Evidently, all samples survive the 6 ft. fall on the solid ground surface however, the

results vary on the Concrete Ground Drop test procedure. The normal CHB with no

seashells didn’t survive in the fall, while the second mixture with seashells ash gained the

highest survivability which is 3 ft. while the third and fourth mixtures has the same survival

rate of 2 ft.

Density Analysis

Table 7 summarizes the Physical Dimensions of each Hollow Blocks while on Table

8, shows the calculated volume and density of each block. Thus based on the given value,

the researchers conclude that Mixture B got the highest denseness, followed by Mixture C,

then D and the Normal CHB came last.

Table 7: CHB Dimensions

Sample Type Length Width Height Face shell Web Weight

(cm) (cm) (cm) Thickness Thickness (kg)
(cm) (cm)
A Normal 41 10.5 18.5 3 4 6.3 kg
CHB
B CHB with 40.5 10 19 2 5 6.6 kg
4.69 %
Seashells
Ash
C CHB with 40 9.8 19 2 5 6.4 kg
9.37%
Seashells
Ash
D CHB with 40 10 18 2 5 6.3 kg
14.06 %
Seashells
 Ash

Table 8: Volume and Density of Tested CHB

Sample Type Volume ( cm3 ) Density (kg/m 3)

A Normal CHB 7,964.25 791.04

B CHB with 4.69 % Seashells 7,695 875.70
Ash
C CHB with 9.37% Seashells 7,448 859.29
Ash
D CHB with 14.06 % Seashells 7,200 875
Ash
To compute the volume of the CHB the length, width, and height is multiply to each

other. For density weight is divided by volume converted to cubic meter(m3 ).

Cost and Profit Analysis

The cost analysis is a comparison between the four different mixtures which is shown

in Table 9. The result showed the cost of materials of Normal CHB and CHB with Seashells

Ash. Based on Table 9, the CHB type with highest cost per piece is the CHB with 14.06%

seashells ash with a total of ₱ 14.71 and the lowest cost per piece is normal CHB which is

₱ 14.5 per piece.

Table 9: Cost Analysis

Type Cost per Piece Price SRP Profit

Sand Cement/ Labor Seashells per Per
Cost/ kl Piece per Piece
Quantity (₱) (₱)
piece

Normal CHB ₱ 6.00 / ₱ 7.00 ₱ 1.50 ₱0 14.5 20.00 5.5

7kg
CHB with ₱ 5.69 / ₱ 7.00 ₱ 1.50 ₱ 0.35 14.54 20.00 5.46
4.69 % 6.6 kg
Seashells
Ash
CHB with ₱5.42 / ₱ 7.00 ₱ 1.50 ₱ 0.71 14.63 20.00 5.37
 9.37% 6.3 kg
Seashells
Ash
CHB with ₱ 5.16 / ₱ 7.00 ₱ 1.50 ₱ 1.05 14.71 20.00 5.29
14.06 % 5.9 kg
Seashells
Ash

To shows the profit analysis comparison between the four tested CHB. If the blocks

are sold at ₱ 20 normal CHB yields the highest profit per piece (₱5.5). To better show the

differences in profit, the researchers assumed an order of 500 pieces of CHB. With this the

Profit difference between the four types of CHB the profit range from ₱ 2,645 to ₱ 2,750,

with a difference of ₱ 105.00.

Water Absorption Analysis

To determine the water-tightness of concrete which measure the amount of water

that penetrates through the concrete.

Table 10. Water absorption

Sample Dry Mass Wet Mass Water

Identification (kg) (kg) Absorption (%)

Mixture A 6.3 kg 7.49 18.88 %

Mixture B 6.6 kg 7.35 11.33 %

Mixture C 6.4 kg 7.36 15%

Mixture D 6.3 kg 7.35 16.67%

Average 6.33 kg 7.30 15.47 %

Water Absorption Formula:

W 2−W 1
WA= x 100
W1
W2= Wet Mass

W1= Dry Mass

 The data shows that the use of seashell ash can have a positive impact on water

absorption. Finer particles of seashell ash can help to fill in pores and reduce the overall

porosity of the concrete mixture. The specific property of seashell ash that lessens water

absorption is its chemical composition of calcium carbonate. When seashell ash reacts with

other components of the concrete mix, it forms calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) that fill in

the pores of the concrete. This reduces the porosity of the concrete, making it less

susceptible to water absorption and damage from freeze-thaw cycles. Consequently, it can

withstand environmental stresses and last longer.

However, the test results indicate that mixture with 9.37% and 14.06% of seashell

ash resulted in weaker concrete mix compared to the mixture 4.69% seashell ash, despite

the potential benefits of seashell ash in reducing porosity and improving water resistance.

This could be due to the production of the concrete hollow blocks (CHB). The level of

compaction during the manufacturing process is crucial to ensure that the mix is uniformly

distributed. Due to this, the 9.37% and 14.06% seashell ash had more voids and air pockets

within the material, which made them weaker and more susceptible to damage. In contrast,

the CHB with 4.69% seashell ash is more compacted and denser, making it stronger.

In summary, the strength and durability of concrete products such as CHBs depend

on multiple factors, including the percentage of seashell ash used, the level of compaction

during manufacturing, mix proportions, and curing conditions

Tabular Presentation and Data Analysis

LEGEND:

Scale Range Description

5 4. 21 – 5.00 Outstanding

4 3.41-4.20 Very Satisfactory

3 2.61-3.40 Satisfactory

2 1.81-2.60 Fairly Satisfactory

1 1.00-1.80 Poor

Table 11: Benchmark Test Result

Criteria Mean Interpretation

4.63 Outstanding
1. Acceptability
4.50 Outstanding
2. Durability
4.6 Outstanding
3. Workability
4.4 Outstanding
4. Strength
4.58 Outstanding
5. Sustainability
4.6 Outstanding
6. Cost-effectiveness
4.5 Outstanding
7. Eco-friendliness
Based on Table 11, the benchmark test conducted by the researchers received

outstanding results across most of the criteria being evaluated. The acceptability, durability,

workability, sustainability, and cost effectiveness all received a mean score of 4.5 or higher,

indicating exceptional performance in these areas. The eco-friendliness and durability

received a slightly lower mean score of 4.5 but still received an outstanding interpretation.
 The only criterion that received a slightly lower mean score was strength with a mean

score of 4.4 but still received an outstanding interpretation. Overall, these results suggest

that the materials or products being evaluated by the researchers are of high quality and are

well suited for various applications.

It is important to note that while these results are favorable, further analysis and

testing may be required to evaluate the materials or products in different scenarios or

conditions to determine their suitability for specific applications. Nonetheless, the benchmark

test conducted by the researchers provides a positive indicator of the quality and

performance of the materials or products being evaluated.

Benchmark Test
4.63
4.65 4.6 4.6
4.58
4.6
4.55 4.5 4.5
4.5
4.45 4.4
4.4
4.35
4.3
4.25
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ab ab ab ng ab en lin
pt r k tre n ti v
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Figure 6: Summary of Benchmark Test Result

Table 12: Pilot Test Result

Criteria Mean Interpretation

1. Acceptability 4. 7 Outstanding

2. Durability 4.60 Outstanding

3. Workability 4.50 Outstanding

4. Strength 4.40 Outstanding

5. Sustainability 4.58 Outstanding

6. Cost-effectively 4.70 Outstanding

7. Eco-friendliness 4.50 Outstanding

Table 12 presents the results of a pilot test on the use of seashells ash in CHB

(Concrete Hollow Blocks) and the evaluation made by consumers. The table shows the

mean scores for different aspects of the seashell ash CHB, including acceptability, durability,

workability, strength, sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness.

The mean score for acceptability was 4.7, which indicates that consumers found the

seashell ash CHB to be outstanding in terms of acceptability. Similarly, the mean score for

durability was 4.6, indicating that consumers found it to be very durable. The mean score for

workability was 4.5, which indicates that consumers found the seashell ash CHB to be easy

to work with. The mean score for strength was 4.4, which indicates that consumers found it

to be a strong material.

The mean score for sustainability was 4.58, indicating that consumers found the

seashell ash CHB to be an outstanding sustainable material. The mean score for cost-
effectiveness was 4.7, indicating that consumers found it to be a very cost-effective option.

Finally, the mean score for eco-friendliness was 4.5, indicating that consumers found the

seashell ash CHB to be an outstanding eco-friendly material.

Overall, the results of the pilot test show that seashell ash CHB is a highly

acceptable, durable, workable, strong, sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly material.

The high mean scores suggest that consumers would be willing to use seashell ash CHB as

a building material. The use of seashells ash in CHB can also contribute to reducing waste

and promoting sustainable development.

Pilot Test
4.7 4.7
4.7
4.6 4.58
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4 4.33
4.3
4.2
4.1
ty ty ty h ty s s
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ab ab ab ng bi en lin
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Figure 7: Summary of Pilot Test Result

Table 13. Final Test Result

Criteria Mean Interpretation

4.85
1. Acceptability Outstanding
4.60
2. Durability Outstanding
4.70
3. Workability Outstanding
4.55
4. Strength Outstanding
4.55
5. Sustainability Outstanding
4.60
6. Cost-affectivity Outstanding
4.45
7. Eco-friendliness Outstanding

Table 13 shows the results of the final test on CHB with seashells, which was

evaluated by experts such as engineers, masons, construction workers, and CHB makers.

The ratings for different attributes such as acceptability, durability, workability, strength,

sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness were collected, and the mean score

for each attribute was calculated.

The mean score for all the attributes was above 4.0, which is interpreted as

"outstanding." Specifically, the mean score for acceptability was 4.85, durability was 4.60,

workability was 4.70, strength was 4.55, sustainability was 4.55, cost-effectiveness was

4.60, and eco-friendliness was 4.45.

These high ratings suggest that CHB with seashells is a viable and promising

material for construction. The high scores for acceptability, workability, and cost-

effectiveness indicate that the material is easy to work with and is well-liked by those who

used it. The high score for durability suggests that the material is strong and long-lasting.
 However, the score for eco-friendliness was slightly lower compared to the other

attributes, indicating that there may be some environmental concerns associated with the

use of seashells in CHB. Overall, the final test results further support the potential of CHB

with seashells as a building material, but continued research and testing may be necessary

to fully understand its properties and any potential limitations.

Final Test
4.85
4.85
4.8
4.75 4.7
4.7
4.65 4.6 4.6
4.6 4.55 4.55 4.55
. 4.55
4.5
4.45
4.4
ty ty ty h ty s s
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ab ab ab ng bi en lin
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Figure 8: Summary of Final Test Result

Table 14. Summary of Test Result

Criteria Test Overall Interpretation

Benchmark Pilot Final mean

4.63 4. 7 4.85 4.73

1. Acceptability Outstanding
4.50 4.60 4.60 4.56
2. Durability Outstanding
4.6 4.50 4.70 4.60
3. Workability Outstanding
4.4 4.40 4.55 4.45
4. Strength Outstanding
4.58 4.58 4.55 4.57
5. Sustainability Outstanding
4.6 4.70 4.60 4.63
6. Cost-affectivity Outstanding
4.5 4.50 4.45 4.48
7. Eco- Outstanding
friendliness

The product tested in this study is Concrete Hollow Blocks with seashells ash. The

tests were conducted in three phases, including benchmark, pilot, and final tests, to evaluate

the product's acceptability, durability, workability, strength, sustainability, cost-effectiveness,

and eco-friendliness.

The results showed that the mean score for acceptability was 4.73, indicating a high

level of acceptance by the users. The durability mean score was 4.56, which indicated that

the product is expected to last for a long time. The workability mean score was 4.60,

indicating that the product was easy to work with during construction. The strength mean

score was 4.45, indicating that the product has a high level of strength and can withstand

pressure. The sustainability mean score was 4.57, indicating that the product has a minimal

environmental impact. The cost-effectiveness mean score was 4.63, indicating that the

product is economical compared to other alternatives. Finally, the eco-friendliness mean

score was 4.48, indicating that the product is environmentally friendly.

 Based on these results, it can be concluded that the CHB with seashells ash

performed outstandingly in all three tests. The product received high scores in all categories,

which indicates that it is a reliable and sustainable alternative to conventional CHBs.

Summary of Results
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
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s
es
s
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t
bi
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pt ra or
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C

Benchmark Pilot final

Figure 9: Summary of Results

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMMENDATIONS

This chapter provides the summary that serves as the overview summary of the

proposed Concrete Hollow Blocks. The Conclusion based on the findings of the researcher

will be presented as well as the recommendations

Summary

This study focused on the production of Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) using

Seashells ash as Additives. Specifically, this aimed to:

1. To lessen the dependence on limestone as the main binder in concrete.

2. To reduce the amount of waste seashells in the environment while introducing A

Concrete Hollow blocks generated seashells ash.

3. To determine an effective mixing ratio of seashells ash: Mixture A, Mixture B,

Mixture C, and Mixture D.

 Mixture A: Cement and sand ( 1 kg : 7 kg)

 Mixture B: Cement, Sand and Seashells Ash (1 kg: 6.625 kg, 0.375

kg)

 Mixture C: Cement, Sand and Seashells Ash (1 kg: 6.250 kg, 0.750

kg)

 Mixture D: Cement, Sand and Seashells ( 1 kg : 5.875 kg : 1.125 kg)

4. To determine the permissibility level of the CHB based on the following criteria:

a. Acceptability

b. Durability

c. Workability

d. Strength
 e. Sustainability

f. Cost-effectiveness

e. Eco- Friendliness

The main rationale of this study was to directly reduce the waste shells in the

municipality and, at the same time, lessen the dependence on Limestone as cement material

the in concrete by introducing concrete hollow blocks generated from seashell ash. This

study will not just help us save our ecology from excessive extraction of sand and cement

but also reduce our reliance on cement by promoting a modified version. The study was

conducted as Eastern Samar State University, Guiuan- Campus. The modified CHB was

evaluated by six students for the benchmark test, twenty-four (24) consumers or buyers of

CHB for the pilot and twenty (20) experts in construction for the final test.

Among the different samples the CHB type with highest cost per piece is the CHB

with 14.06% seashells ash with a total of ₱ 14.71 and the lowest cost per piece is normal

CHB which is ₱ 14.5 per piece. This means that a normal CHB cost less than the CHB with

Seashells ash. However based on the different test conducted, CHB with 4.69% shows the

highest survavility rate and water resistance compared to other samples.

The result of the test showed that the researcher evaluated gained an outstanding

evaluation from the respondents. The product receive the highest rating in terms of

acceptability with a total mean of 4.73, followed by sustainability with an overall mean score

of 4.57. The lowest rating is on strength which is 4.57 but still with an interpretation of

outstanding.

The excellent results from the tests demonstrate that the seashell ash- based CHB

performed exceptionally well in all three evaluations, receiving high ratings in all categories,

which indicates its reliability and sustainability as an alternative to traditional CHBs.

Conclusions

Based on the results of the evaluations on the research product, the following

conclusion was obtained:

1. The concrete hollow block with Seashell Ash is acceptable in the market.

2. The developed product will help to minimize the dependence on Limestone as

cement material the main binder in concrete.

3. The product decrease the amount of waste seashells in the environment.

4. Calcium carbonates helps reduce the porosity level in concrete, which makes it

susceptible to water absorption and damage from freeze-thaw cycles.

5. The strength and durability of concrete products such as CHBs depend on multiple

factors, including the percentage of seashell ash used, the level of compaction during

manufacturing, mix proportions, and curing conditions.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations can be made:

1. Pay close attention to the compaction process during the manufacturing of the

concrete products. This is crucial in ensuring that the mix is uniformly distributed, and

the resulting product is more compact and denser.

2. Consider further research to optimize the mix proportions and curing conditions to

improve the overall quality of the concrete products, such as CHBs, using seashell

ash as an eco-friendly alternative.

3. Promote the use of eco-friendly alternatives such as seashell ash as a sustainable

approach to concrete production, which can help to reduce waste and the reliance on

traditional cement materials.

4. For the Local Government, encourage CHB manufacturers to adopt the use of

seashell ash in their products, but with caution on the percentage used to ensure the

quality of the final product. While providing a technical assistance and training to

CHB manufacturers on proper mix proportions, compaction techniques, and curing

conditions to produce high-quality CHBs with seashell ash.

5. For future researchers, conduct further research on the use of seashell ash in other

construction materials such as concrete pavement, precast concrete elements, and

other construction products.

6. Monitor and regulate the use of seashell ash in the construction industry to ensure

compliance with quality standards and environmental regulations.

7. Develop public awareness campaigns on the benefits of using eco-friendly materials

in construction and encourage the public to support sustainable construction

practices.

8. Collaborate with other research institutions, industry stakeholders, and the local

community to promote sustainable construction practices and minimize the impact of

construction on the environment.

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APPENDICES
 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS WITH SEASHELLS ASH
EVALUATION SHEET
Evaluator: __________________________________ Date:______________
Occupation/ Profession: _______________________ Age: ________________
Directions: The following words or phrases describe the performance of the concrete hollow
blocks with seashell ash. Kindly put a check () in the appropriate boxes as to your
perception of the samples’ acceptability, durability, workability, strength, sustainability, and
economics.
Legend:

5- Outstanding

4- Very Satisfactory

3- Satisfactory

2- Fairly Satisfactory

1- Poor

PERFORMANCE OF CHB 5 4 3 2 1

1. Acceptability

2. Durability

3. Workability

4. Strength

5. Sustainability

6. Cost-effectiveness

7. Eco-friendliness

Comments or Suggestions: _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________