Moss Glascrete

MOSS GLASCRETE: AN INSULATION RECOURSE FOR A PLAIN CONCRETE
An Undergraduate Project Study Presented to the
College of Engineering
EASTERN SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY
Guiuan, Eastern Samar
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Technology
Civil Engineering Technology
COLANDOG, SHEM DANIEL R.
ABRAJANO, KATHY MARU T.
YODICO, EARL VINCENT A.
PAGAYANAN, ABNHER A.
LOYOLA, JEMUEL L.
JUNE 2023
CERTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCHERS
We, certify that the project study entitled “MOSS GLASCRETE: AN
INSULATION RECOURSE FOR A PLAIN CONCRETE”, submitted to the College of
Engineering, Eastern Samar State University - Guiuan, Eastern Samar, is our own
independent work and has not been presented and or submitted to any other faculty
or university.
We, furthermore, cede copyright of this project study in favor of Eastern
Samar State University.
We, the researchers, signed this with free act and deed on the 21 st day of
June, 2023.
Date: June 22, 2023
Place: College of Engineering
Eastern Samar State University
KATHY MARU T. ABRAJANO
SHEM DANIEL R. COLANDOG
JEMUEL L. LOYOLA
ABNHER A. PAGAYANAN
EARL VINCENT A. YODICO
Researchers
APPROVAL SHEET
This project study, entitled “MOSS GLASCRETE: AN INSULATION

RECOURSE FOR A PLAIN CONCRETE” prepared and submitted by ABRAJANO,
KATHY MARU T., COLANDOG, SHEM DANIEL R., LOYOLA, JEMUEL L.,
PAGAYANAN, ABNHER A., and YODICO, EARL VINCENT A. in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the degree in BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY – MAJOR IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY is hereby accepted and approved with the
grade of _____.
ENGR. ANTONIO O. PARAMBITA

Project Study Adviser….
_________________
Date Signed
ENGR. SUSANA C. ALA NICANOR C. CABLAO

Chairman, Advisory Committee Member, Advisory Committee
_________________ _________________
Date Signed Date Signed
REYNALDO P. PAGATPATAN DR. DANILO C. RANIDO

Member, Advisory Committee Member, Advisory Committee
Instructor, Project Study
________________ ________________
Date Signed Date Signed
NICANOR C. CABLAO
Member, Advisory Committee
Program Head, Bachelor of Technology
_______________
Date Signed
ENGR. SUSANA C. ALA

Chairman, Advisory Committee
Dean, College of Engineering
_______________
Date Signed
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Kathy Maru T. Abrajano, 23 years old, was born on
the 6th of September, 1999 in Brgy. Lupok, Guiuan,
Eastern Samar. She is the 4 th child among the 6
children of Dr. Francisco A. Abrajano Jr. and Mrs.
Teresita T. Abrajano. She is currently residing in
Brgy. Lupok, Guiuan, Eastern Samar. She took up
her primary education in Lupok Central Elementary School and continued her Junior
High School in Immaculate Conception School. Her Senior High School life ensued in
Eastern Samar State University (ESSU) - Guiuan Campus in Guiuan, Eastern
Samar. For her tertiary education, she initially took Bachelor of Science in Chemical
Engineering at Eastern Visayas State University – Tacloban Campus and later
transferred to Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus. Kathy Maru is now
on her 3rd year taking up Bachelor of Technology, Major in Civil Engineering
Technology.
Shem Daniel R. Colandog, is 21 years of age,
born on 21st of April, 2002. He is the youngest child
among the 4 children of Mr. Danilo G. Colandog &
Mrs. Remedios R. Colandog. Currently, he is
residing in Brgy. Pagnamitan, Guiuan, Eastern
Samar. He took up his primary education at Salug
Elementary School, then his Junior High School and Senior High School in Saint
Mary’s Academy of Guiuan. Currently he is on his tertiary education at Eastern
Samar State University – Guiuan Campus, 3rd year in Bachelor of Technology, Major
in Civil Engineering Technology.

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Jemuel L. Loyola, a 22-year-old, was born on the 20th
of June, 2001 in Guiuan, Eastern Samar. He is the
youngest child of Mr. Mariano G. Loyola and Mrs.
Cecilia L. Loyola. His family resides in Brgy. 03,
Guiuan, Eastern Samar. His education commenced in
Guiuan East Central Elementary School. He continued
his Junior High School in Immaculate Conception School and finished Senior High
School in Eastern Samar State University (ESSU) - Guiuan Campus, Guiuan,
Eastern Samar. He is currently taking up his tertiary education with the same
university when he was in Senior High – in Eastern Samar State University. Jemeul
is now taking up Bachelor of Technology, Major in Civil Engineering Technology in
his 3rd year.
Abnher A. Pagayanan is 21 years old, born on the
12th of May, 2002. He is the 3 rd son of Mrs.
Felicisima A. Pagayanan & Mr. Rolando Q.
Pagayanan. He is currently residing in Brgy. Salug,
Guiuan, Eastern Samar. He took up his primary
education at Salug Elementary School, then his
Junior High School and Senior High School in Guiuan National High School. Abnher
is on his tertiary education in Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus, an
upcoming 4th, currently 3rd year taking up Bachelor of Technology, Major in Civil
Engineering Technology.
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Earl Vincent A. Yodico, 21-year-old, was born on the

nd
22 of May, 2002 in Guiuan, Eastern Samar. He is the 3 rd
child among the 6 children of Mrs. Erlinda A. Yodico and
Mr. Roberto P. Yodico. His family currently resides in
Brgy. San Pedro, Tubabao, Guiuan, Eastern Samar. His
education commenced in the same barangay as his
address, in San Pedro Elementary School. He continued his Junior High School in
Saint Mary’s Academy of Guiuan from grades 7 – 9, and his 10 th grade in Tubabao
National High School. His Senior High School happened in Eastern Samar State
University (ESSU) - Guiuan Campus, Guiuan, Eastern Samar. He is currently taking
up his tertiary education with the same university when he was in Senior High. Earl is
currently a 3rd year taking up Bachelor of Technology, Major in Civil Engineering
Technology.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to extend their in-depth appreciation and gratitude
to the following that made the completion of this project study promising:
First and foremost, to the Almighty Father God, for giving the researchers’
great wisdom and guidance throughout the entire duration of the study. Especially,
for keeping the researchers’ safe and sound, and mostly for blessing them of good
health, now and forever.
To the researchers’ Project Study Adviser, Engr. Antonio O. Parambita, for
humbly accepting the role and for exerting his valuable time and energy in serving his
purpose through offering advises relevant to this project. Likewise, for showing his
confidence to the researchers’ expertise in this field.
To Dr. Danilo C. Ranido, the researchers’ Project Study Instructor, for
supplementing imperative knowledge in composing the manuscript and for patiently
guiding the researchers’ throughout the Project Study. Moreover, his strong drive of
motivation towards the researchers’ helped in finishing the course in its due timeline.
To the advisory committee— namely, Mr. Reynaldo P. Pagatpatan, Dr.
Danilo C. Ranido, Mr. Nicanor C. Cablao, and Engr. Susana C. Ala, for
encouraging the researchers to improve the study and for thoroughly going through
the manuscript. The suggestions and corrections implied made the project study
noteworthy. Their distinguished ideas backed a lot in the completion of this research
endeavor.
To the study-related experts and qualified respondents, for their earnest
acceptance, attention, and cooperation throughout the study, especially upon the
product demonstration and the evaluation form completion.
To our manuscript Editor, for certifying the acceptability of the manuscript
and for his/her anticipated patience to copy-read and check the formats and grammar
of the entire paper.

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The beloved Parents, families, and loved ones of the researchers’, for their
immeasurable support— moral, emotional, and financial, throughout the study. The
researchers’ love you unreservedly.
Our dear Alma Mater, Eastern Samar State University— Guiuan Campus,
through the faculty, for their valuable teachings and guidance that helped the
researchers’ in completing this piece of work.
The researchers warmly extend their gratefulness to the aforementioned. May
the Almighty God bless and shower you his innumerable blessings.
We dedicate this all to you!
Kathy Maru
Shem Daniel
Jemuel
Abnher
Earl Vincent
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE i
CERTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCHERS ii
APPROVAL SHEET iii
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
ABSTRACT ix
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Objectives of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 6
Definition of Terms 6
II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature 8
Related Studies 15
Conceptual Framework 20
III METHODOLOGY
Research Design 22
Respondents of the Study 22
Locale of the Study 23
Research Instruments 23
Analysis of Data 24
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IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Product Development Procedure 26
Design of the Product 28
Developmental Procedure 31
Developmental Cost 42
Product Testing 44
Product Evaluation, Results, and Interpretation 46
V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings 53
Conclusion 55
Recommendations 55
VI REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Letter of Permission 60
Letter to the Respondents 61
Testing Results Data Sheet 62
Survey Evaluation Form 63
Moss Glascrete Finished Product 64
Product Logo 65
Gantt Chart A 66
Gantt Chart B 67
User’s Manual and Caution 68
Editor’s Certification 69
Proof Reader’s Certification 70

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LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Respondents of the Study 22
2 Overall Material Cost 42
3 Overall Tools and Equipment Cost 43
4 Moss Glascrete vs. Plain Concrete Cost 46
5 Moss Glascrete vs. Plain Concrete Internal Temperature 46
6 Benchmark Test Evaluation Summary 47
7 Benchmark Test Frequency and Percentage 47
8 Pilot Test Evaluation Summary 48
9 Pilot Test Frequency and Percentage 49
10 Final Test Evaluation Summary 50
11 Final Test Frequency and Percentage 50

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
Average High and Low Temperature for 2023 in

1 2
2 Research Framework 20
3 Locale of the Study 23
4 Waterfall Model 26
5 Graphical Sketch of the Plain Concrete A 28
6 Graphical Sketch of the Moss Glascrete A 29
7 Graphical Sketch of Moss Glascrete B 30
8 Graphical Sketch of the Commercial CHB 31
9 Formwork for the Plaster Mixture 37
10 Glass Processing 38
11 Mixing Procedure 38
12 Molding Procedure for Plaster Mixtures 39
13 Molding Procedure for Moss Glascrete B 39
14 Unmolding Plaster Mixtures 40
15 Unmolding Moss Glascrete B 40
16 Moss Layering; Painting Procedure 41
17 Moss Layering; Natural Procedure 41
18 Moss Glascrete A 44
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19 Moss Glascrete B 45
20 Pie Chart for Benchmark Survey Result 48
21 Pie Chart for Pilot Survey Result 49
22 Pie Chart for Final Survey Result 51
23 Overall Survey Interpretation 51
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ABSTRACT
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KATHY MARU T. ABRAJANO, SHEM DANIEL R. COLANDOG, JEMUEL L.

LOYOLA, ABNHER A. PAGAYANAN, EARL VINCENT A. YODICO— “MOSS
GLASCRETE: AN INSULATION RECOURSE FOR A PLAIN CONCRETE” (Guiuan,
Eastern Samar, June 2023).
Adviser: ENGR. ANTONIO O. PARAMBITA

Professor, College of Engineering
This study was conducted to determine the general acceptability of the
product— Moss Glascrete: An Insulation Recourse for a Plain Concrete. The main
basis of the study was the aid in reduction of glass waste and the contribution to
oxygen production in a cost-effective manner.
A survey was conducted within the scope of Eastern Samar State University
—Guiuan Campus body, while the experiment was conducted at Brgy. Lupok
Guiuan, Eastern Samar. The methodology was a developmental method; survey type
of research which involved data gathering. The respondents of the study were
categorized into (3) three; benchmark, pilot, and final.
The data obtained was reflected from the survey evaluation form with the
testing results attached for reference. Moreover, from the said instrument, the
researchers’ adopted a Likert scale as it was deemed best suited for the study. All of
the respondents gave their insights and scales relevant to the subject matter. The
data gathered from the evaluation form were consolidated, organized, tabularized,
and the results were analyzed and interpreted using seemly tools.
The product was concluded to be generally acceptable based on the data
obtained from the consolidated assessment sheet. It specifically measured the
product’s adequacy in terms of acceptability, its aesthetic value, cost-effectiveness,
and functionality. It showed a general weighted mean of 4.94 on the final test of the
study. The numbers entail that the developed product was excellent, thus, highly
accept based on the scales set.
Chapter I
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INTRODUCTION
Global warming will be irreversible in 2023— without amplified and urgent
mitigation ambition in the coming years; leading to a sharp decline in greenhouse gas
emissions by 2030, global warming will surpass 1.5°C in the following decades,
leading to irreversible loss of the most fragile ecosystems, and crisis after crisis for
the most vulnerable people and societies. (Taalas and Msuya, n.d.)
In the paper of Tribe (2018) on Climate Change Impacts on Philippine
Communities they pronounced that the Philippines is one of the country’s most
vulnerable to climate change in the world. It is seconded in the article of USAID
(2020) where they exclaimed that the Philippines, in result to global warming, will
experience sea level rise, temperature rise, increased frequency of extreme weather
events, and more. Further, they exclaimed that the country’s more than half of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions came from the energy sector followed by
agriculture, industrial processes and waste, and land-use change and forestry.
Subsequently, according to Business World (2020), the extreme heat caused
by climate change from so much GHG emissions, puts the community at risk of
losing many hours of outdoor work in industries like construction or farming, which
dampens the economic growth. The report— Climate Risk and Response: Physical
Hazards and Socioeconomic Impacts, said that hot and humid countries, such as our
country, stand to lose an average of 8 percentage points in the yearly share of
effective outdoor working hours due to extreme heat and humidity until 2050.
According to preliminary data from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), it was
estimated that 22.9% of the 42.4 million employed Filipinos in 2019 work in
agriculture. Construction workers made up 9.8% of the total, while mining and
quarrying make up 0.4% of the total.

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In the summary and or forecast as of date— June 1, 2023, Weather Spark
(2023), illustrated that in Guiuan, the hot season are short, hot, and overcast; the
cold season are short, warm, windy, and mostly cloudy; and it is oppressive and wet
year round. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 25°C
to 32°C and is rarely below 23°C or above 34°C. The hot season lasts for 1.6
months, from April 30 to June 18, with an average daily high temperature above
31°C. The hottest month of the year in Guiuan is May, with an average high of 31°C
and low of 26°C. The cool season lasts for 2.9 months, from December 8 to March 5,
with an average daily high temperature below 29°C. The coldest month of the year in
Guiuan is January, with an average low of 25°C and high of 28°C.
Figure 1. Average High and Low Temperature for 2023 in Guiuan, ES.
In the synthesis report of Climate Change Org. (2019), a territorial adaptation
case study, they studied Guiuan, Eastern Samar and have noted the facts about the
impacts of climate change. They exclaimed that, Guiuan is located in the south of the
province of East Samar and is the second largest city in the province (52,991
inhabitants in 2015). The municipality is a peninsula surrounded by the Pacific Ocean
and covers 175 km2 and several islands, forming part of an important marine reserve.
On 8th of November 2013, the city was struck by Typhoon Haiyan, leaving behind
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many human and material damages, including the Catholic Church founded in 1595,
a national cultural treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage nomination. Moreover,
they noted on the vulnerabilities that due to its geography, the territory is highly
exposed to hurricanes, storm surges, floods and rising sea levels. The damage
caused by Haiyan highlighted the lack of enforcement of regulations, planning tools
in land use planning, natural resource and waste management practices.
The construction industry is in fact one of the most prominent consumers of
minerals and natural resources by its very nature. The need and significance of
sustainability in construction have become a debated topic due to the growing
concerns over global warming and the finite nature of resources. This conventional
truth caused increased pressure on construction firms to reduce their environmental
impact. (Jackson, 2021)
As a result, the predictions of a future affected by climate change are not
inevitable. Experts believe there is still time to avoid the most negative outcomes by
limiting warming and reducing emissions to zero as quickly as possible. Reducing our
emissions of greenhouse gases will require investment in new technology and
infrastructure, which will spur job growth. Additionally, lowering emissions through
simple waste recycling will lessen harmful impacts to human health, saving countless
lives and billions of dollars in health-related expenses. (NOAA, 2021)
Civil workers, being the most responsible in design and construction, could
improve the welfare and raise the living standards of society while protecting and
restoring our natural environment. Incorporating an ecological means in the
construction methodologies, buildings' hardened surfaces, such as the walls, roofs,
and other spaces, can be made into plant habitats to take the role of the grounded
vegetation in a more sustainable structure. Likewise, glass recycling could take place
to add more nature-saving assembly. Plants that are grown on, up, or against internal
xviii
or external walls of buildings or as freestanding structures are called vertical
greenery (Mansor et al., 2017). A plant that could flexibly comply to such
requirements with few to none maintenance is moss (Chairunnisa and Susanto,
2018).
The environmental issues up-to-date, from climate change to improper
resources control, could be positively addressed through recycling and use of hybrid
construction materials. The means of salvaging glass waste is a noble solution as it
is risky, but the peril would be of worth as it meant saving the earth and the coming
generations. In terms of the alternative and more natural construction materials, the
incorporation of mosses come in handy towards addressing several of these
environmental problems such as noise pollution, water conservation, insulation,
lesser GHG emission, the possibility goes on. The assimilated method— recycling of
local glass wastes and cultivation of the native mosses, Guiuan, Eastern Samar,
being one of the vulnerable to the environmental damages, could be aided and at the
same time bid to live in an artistic, economic, and comfortable accommodation.
Objectives of the Study
This project study aimed to fabricate a moss glascrete that served as an
alternative for a plain concrete.
Moreover, the study specifically projected the following:
1. Designed and developed a glascrete with a cultivated topmost layer of moss
native from the locality of Guiuan, Eastern Samar.
2. Evaluated the product’s properties and specification in a benchmark, pilot,
and final testing in relation to:
2.1 Acceptability;
2.2 Aesthetic Value;
2.3 Cost-effectiveness; and

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2.4 Functionality.
Significance of the Study
This study came up with an eco-friendly means of providing insulation to
homes and maybe commercial buildings. Specifically, the study is ought to be
beneficial to the following:
To the Clients – The clients were projected to settle in an eco-friendly
accommodation with aesthetic and better insulation. The product will make it easy for
them to have a lovely home with very little maintenance as special care was not
much of a requirement.
To the Community – The community were able to experience a sustainable
environment with the use of the product. The recycling of glass waste and the
contribution to oxygen production subsidized to the communities’ greener and more
livable future. Moreover, the study informed the community about the possible
alternatives to alleviate the impacts of climate change.
To the Industry – This project study was a breakthrough for the construction
industry to step-up into a greener process especially in the local sector. Moreover, it
is ought to be a basis for future innovations that could be beneficial for their
respective business profits.
To the University – The results of this study was a useful input for further
researches and innovations produced in the institution. Moreover, this study also
gives an idea to the faculties and staffs to pave paths for students in nurturing the
research field of the university.
To the Future Researchers – This study was anticipated to serve as one of
the references to the future researchers who like to enhance their knowledge in this
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particular field of study. More dynamic and advanced projects can be designed out of
this study for a healthier environment.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This project study designed and developed a moss glascrete. The product’s
main focus was an eco-friendly, economic, and artistic means of construction and or
maintenance of a structure by integrating moss and processed glass. Thus, the idea
of moss glascrete sprung to mind where the concrete was infused with a share of
glass to exhibit recycling and grow moss on it for a more ecological product.
To carry out the study in its due time and in a thrift manner, delimitation to the
operation was set based on the best possible approach to realistically attain the
objectives of the study, thus resorting to a partial trial and error.
The scope of this study looked primarily in designing the product and had
advances with a high priority in evaluating the general acceptability, the aesthetic
value, cost-effectiveness, and the functionality in terms of insulation.
Definition of Terms
The following terminologies were alphabetically arranged and defined in the
context of this research for a better understanding of this study:
Aesthetic Value – This study defined the term as the assessment of the
physical art of the product in terms of its color and texture of the moss layer versus a
plain concrete.
Cost-effectiveness – In the lens of this study, the term was used as testing
and hypothetical evaluation of the moss glascrete against the plain concrete in terms
of its material production cost.

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Functionality – The term was used in this study as the succeeded testing
and evaluation of the mechanism of product’s capability to absorb and or insulate
temperature through regulation of the moss layer.
Glascrete – The study adapted the term derived from the contraction of the
words glass and concrete, thus glascrete. It was a cured concrete surface that
comprised a mixture of course/powdered glass + aggregate, sand, and cement. And
the layer underneath the moss that exhibits eco-friendliness as the glass used were
collected from landfills of Guiuan, Eastern Samar and further recycled.
Moss – In this study, it was descriptively implemented as a small flowerless
and velvety green plant of the class Musci that lacks true roots. It was the topmost
layer of the moss glascrete that served as insulation of the structure. And grown
locally in 2 methods— painting and natural growing.
Natural Method – In this study, it is defined as the moss layering procedure
where the glascrete was left to a shady and humid environment where sun slightly
contracts the glascrete surface and letting the moss thrive with watering
maintenance.
Painting Method – This project study defined the term as the other method
of moss layering where a mixture of yogurt and local moss were blended and later
painted into the glascrete surface.

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter took account of the review of related literature and studies for
Moss Glascrete as insulation recourse for a plain concrete. This further contained the
conceptual framework of the study in a developmental research format where the
researchers centered their inspiration for this project study.
Related Literature
There is a visible profound impact from climate change on every aspect of our
environment. The effects of human-caused global warming that are happening now,
are irreversible for people alive today, and will worsen as long as humans add
greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (NASA, 2023).
The activity of people across our globe, through their choices and actions
since the Industrial Revolution, has increased heat retention and also affected
negatively surface temperatures in every nation. Industrial emissions as well as
vehicle emissions have altered solar and infrared radiation. Moreover, deforestation
has lessened the photosynthesis needed to balance the oxygen to carbon dioxide
ratios, plus as forests are destroyed, the reflection of sunlight that was being
absorbed and cooled is now being reflected hot, back into the atmosphere. (Stop
Global Destruction, 2021)
In the article of USAID (2020) on climate change, they exclaimed that the
Philippines is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including sea level
rise, increased frequency of extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and
extreme rainfall. The country is affected due to its high exposure to natural hazards—
cyclones, landslides, floods, and droughts, dependence on climate-sensitive natural
resources and vast coastlines are shaken, where all of its major cities and the
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majority of the population reside. A rich yet increasingly depleted natural and marine
resources base supports livelihoods through fisheries, agriculture, forestry, energy,
mining, and tourism and provides critical ecosystem services such as shoreline
protection, flood control, soil stability, and habitats for biodiversity. In the Philippines
more than half of greenhouse gas emissions came from the energy sector, followed
by agriculture, industrial processes, waste, and land-use change and forestry.
In the paper of Tribe (2018) on Climate Change Impacts towards Philippine
Communities it was described that the Philippines is one of the country which is most
vulnerable to climate change in the world. An island nation which is heavily exposed
to extreme weather events, the Philippines has little adaptive capacity. The primary
industries of the Philippines, namely agriculture and mining, have varying yet
significant detrimental impacts on the environment, these are explored, as the risks of
both industries and macro scale anticipated climate change impacts to society.
Subsequently, the extreme heat caused by climate change puts the
Philippines at risk of losing many hours of outdoor work in industries like construction
or farming, dampening the economic growth. The report— Climate Risk and
Response: Physical Hazards and Socioeconomic Impacts, said that hot and humid
countries, stand to lose an average of 8 percentage points in the annual share of
effective outdoor working hours due to extreme heat and humidity until 2050.
According to preliminary data, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) estimates that
22.9% of the 42.4 million employed Filipinos in 2019 work in agriculture. Construction
workers make up 9.8% of the total, while mining and quarrying make up 0.4% of the
total. (BusinessWorld, 2020)
Climate change is having a significant impact on businesses, society, and
individuals. It is increasingly understood that a shift towards a low-carbon economy is
needed. The building and construction sector plays a central role in this shift. The
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sector’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions account for approximately 40% of global
GHG emissions (WBCSD, 2023). The major contributors to these emissions are the
materials used as well as the heating, cooling, and lighting of buildings and
infrastructure. Moreover, the building materials and construction sector is confronted
with two major challenges, which expose sector stakeholders along the construction
value chain to climate change risks in two ways. On one hand, the sector contributes
to climate change through GHG emissions and is then exposed to carbon taxes in the
production of building materials as well as from power and heat supply in the used
phase of buildings. Moreover, the sector must address infrastructure and sector
decarburization goals or transition risks. (Müller, et. al., 2021)
The construction sector has become one of the most significant sectors that
cause real environmental impacts by emitting a large amount of GHG into the
atmosphere (Lassio J., et al., 2016). In the view of addressing the problem, other
countries such as Canada has developed a new standard to achieve zero carbon
buildings included zero carbon balance, efficiency, renewable energy and using low
carbon material (Canada Green Building Council, 2017). On the other hand, it is
stated in the article— Green Pyramids Rating System-GPRS for new buildings and
major renovation from The Housing and Building National Research Center (2018),
that the Egyptian government presents a new vision of sustainability by raising
awareness of the problem of climate change and global warming— The Green
Pyramid Rating System (GPRS), has been developed to achieve sustainable design
in Egypt and to meet climate change commitments. It is required to create a building
information model and perform a life cycle assessment of major material and building
systems to mitigate building environmental impacts and CO2 emissions.
The United of Architectures in the Philippines (2023) takes on green
architecture as a sustainable method of green building design. According to them, it is
the design and construction with the environment in mind. It is where ‘Green’
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Architects generally work with the key concepts of creating an energy efficient,
environmentally friendly house. The natural ecology of the planet should be the macro
model for architects to use as a model for green building. Architecture can model itself
on the planetary system to copy the natural ‘green’ environment, making a new
building, or adapting an existing building, both environmentally friendly, in terms of
materials used and the space it occupies, and energy efficient, including solar
technology. The UAP recognizes the urgency of global moves to mitigate climate
change; it feels the problem creeping in and takes upon it the responsibility of every
person, towards saving the environment. This problem specifically concerns the
architect, whose work entails development and use of the earth’s face and its natural
resources. Focus is therefore placed on the UAP – Green Architecture Movement
(GAM), under the Office of the UAP National President.
Ragheb, et. al. (2016) noted that green architecture, or green design, is an
approach to building that minimizes harmful effects on human health and the
environment. The ‘green’ architect or designer attempts to safeguard air, water, and
earth by choosing eco-friendly building materials and construction practices.
Sustainable architecture reflects in a building’s materials, construction
methods, resources used and design in general. The design must also facilitate
sustainable operation during the building life cycle, including its ultimate disposal.
When applying this complex concept to architecture, it then refers to design that
creates healthy living environment while aiming to minimize negative environmental
impacts, energy consumption, and use of human resources. While it has to be
functional and aesthetically superior, the space has to be constructed with the mind-
set of achieving long-term energy and resource efficiency. It challenges architects to
produce smart designs and use available technologies to ensure that structures
generate minimal harmful effects to the ecosystem and the communities. (Barker,
2020)
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Barker (2020) further exclaimed a means on how to achieve a sustainable
design where there are several ways and means that have to be considered when
designing a sustainable building which include materials, energy, resources, space
planning, weather, and many other factors. Furthermore, it is a detail-oriented practice
that requires experts who are in touch with the latest methodologies and techniques
that are proven to be effective and cost-efficient at the same time.
In a Facebook post from BrightVibes (2023), a media/news company from
Utrecht Netherlands with about 1.8M followers, presented a video clip introducing
moss as a means for cities to breathe. In the video, they introduced Respyre to have
developed a concrete and plaster that accommodates the growth of moss on new but
also existing bare concrete walls. They exclaimed that any surface covered in moss,
becomes a natural respiratory system for the city. Mosses holds up to 5 liters of water
per square meter to keep buildings cool and collect CO 2 from the air. Furthermore,
moss is perfect for green facades as it has rhizoids— root-like structures that grow at
the base of bryophytes, mosses, to primarily anchor the plant to the substrate and
take up water and nutrients (Ford, 2021), instead of roots. As opposed to roots,
rhizoids are non-destructive, leaving the facades in a perfect condition with very little
maintenance. Further, it could also create a space for insects stimulating biodiversity
in cities. The moss also helps solve air and noise pollution. It may contribute to the
well-being of urban environments and its inhabitants. Lastly, they exclaimed that it is
visually amazing.
All About Moss (2021) presented an article about the flexibility and
survivability properties of a moss. They exclaimed that moss can grow and survive in
a vast range of climates, from arctic tundra to tropical rainforests. However, it
generally thrives best in damp, shaded conditions. It is further noted that because
moss thrives in moist conditions, it doesn’t automatically mean that if it’s exposed to
warm temperatures, it dies, but it doesn’t. Moss is a much more resilient plant than
27
that. It might not flourish in the heat, but it will in fact go dormant and lose some of its
green coloring. It will wait for a summer shower or the welcome moisture from a
sprinkle of your garden hose to restore its greenery. Moreover, the resilience and
hardiness of moss - it can even grow on the coldest continent on the planet: icy
Antarctica. Its natural low center of gravity, which protects it from the brutal winds,
coupled with its ability to survive on a low amount of sunlight means it can survive in
one of the most unforgiving climates on earth. If it can grow there, it can certainly
survive in your garden during the winter months.
In the article of Ashe (2020), on the oxygen project website, there stated and
described some hints of the maintainability of moss against grasses. They exclaimed
that lawns have been used as status symbols where aristocrats showed off their
wealth to their peers, wasting valuable resources on land used for nothing but
aesthetics. As a result, it cost a third of public water supply, according to the
Environmental Protection Agency. In the U.S., this equates to 9 billion gallons of
water per day, and the 200 million gallons of gas burned by lawnmowers. In a world
where population growth and drought spells are growing, we can no longer afford to
waste one of our most precious resources. However, there is a way that we can have
lawns that are both easier to maintain and environmentally friendly. The solution is
found in a species considered an enemy to lawn-lovers but is a powerful ally in the
fight for our planet— moss.
Using computer simulations as a way of peering into the past, researchers
estimated lichen and moss could have generated about 30 per cent of Earth's oxygen
by about 445 million years ago. As moss proliferated, it increased the amount of
organic carbon in sedimentary rocks, driving up oxygen levels in the air. (ABC News
Au, 2016)
28
The year-round beauty of moss is quite obvious - even to the most casual
observer, but it is the resiliency, reduced maintenance, and environmental soundness
that make growing moss even more appealing (Moss Acres, 2023). The soft, dainty
look of a moss-covered surface adds a fairytale aesthetic to any outdoor area. It is
possible to cultivate this fuzzy green plant on concrete surfaces, and can even create
striking moss wall art by shaping the direction of your moss’s growth into patterns or
images. Choosing to grow moss over bland surfaces is a fantastic and economical
way to upgrade the look of your patio, terrace, or garden. (Iseli, 2021)
Another vital aspect of green architecture is waste reduction. Buildings
produce a large quantity of trash both during construction and operation, which may
be harmful to the environment. In order to reduce waste and advance a circular
economy, green buildings employ recyclable, reusable, or biodegradable materials
and incorporate waste reduction, recycling, and composting initiatives.
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (2022), in
2018, the United States glass recycling percentage is 31%, and non-recycled glass
represents about 5% of the waste that goes into American landfills each year which
equates to 7.6 million tons of glass annually.
Leron, et. al. (nd) noted that several places in the Philippines have been
considered as major contributors in producing by-product waste materials; one of
these materials is waste glass. Traditional glass is manufactured for different
functions such as container of foods, liquor bottles, and broken glassware or also
known as “post-consumer material”. It has been found that large amount of waste
glass is produced daily wherein it became a problem in disposal and control of landfill.
One Sky Philippines (2023), an Aluminum & Stainless Supply Enterprise, said
that manufacturers can repurpose recycled glass and recover close to 100% of the
raw materials needed for their finished products. In fact, recycled glass is often used
29
in the recipe for glass production and decreases the work needed to be exerted by
furnaces and machines, largely reducing energy consumption in the process.
The stakes are significant. Recycling glass have positive impacts not just on
the waste stream, but on energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. According to
the Glass Packaging Institute, making new glass containers from recycled glass
saves between 20% and 30% of the energy, roughly 50% of CO2 emissions, and
offsets a greater-than 100% requirement for inputs, compared to working from raw
materials. Moreover, according to a 2017 survey by the Glass Recycling Coalition,
96% of Americans want and expect that glass may be included in their recycling
options. (Tablas Creek, 2022)
The up-to-date ecological problems were positively addressed in the means of
recycling and use of hybrid construction materials. The means of handling glass
recycling was although risky, but the risk was worthy as it meant saving the earth. In
terms of the alternative and more natural construction materials, the incorporation of
mosses came in handy towards addressing several of these environmental problems
such as noise pollution, water conservation, insulation, lesser GHG emission, the
possibility went on. Guiuan, Eastern Samar, being one of the vulnerable to these
damages, was aided with this method of giving solutions to such harms and
simultaneously attempted to live in an aesthetic and comfortable shelter through the
recycling of local glass wastes and cultivation of the native mosses.
Related Studies
In light of taking action to environmental degradation from glass wastes and
the growing GHG emissions, researches have been established to provide
information and processes that shows significant benefits for the target users and the
community.
30
It has been found that large amount of waste glass is produced daily wherein it
became a problem in disposal and control of landfill; therefore, promoting a way
wherein it can be both beneficial to our environment and different engineering aspects
is essential. Since there are limited resources for fine aggregates, having crushed
waste glass as an alternative will somehow enhance the productivity of concrete
making it more economical. Thus, crushed glass still possessed interfacing problems
when mixed in concrete such as the alkali-silica reaction, flexural and compressive
strength of the glascrete, and crushed glass being full replacement to fine aggregates.
Promotion risk-waste reduction while developing an innovative construction medium
with the used of crushed glass; giving benefit to both environment and engineering
aspects is the goal. From the conventional concrete mix, the sand is used as one of
components then fully replaced with crushed glass for the glascrete mix. (Leron, et.
al., nd)
In a different but relevant study of Sadiqul Islam, Rahman, and Nayem Kazi
(2017), they noted that million tons of waste glass is being generated annually all over
the world. Once the glass becomes a waste it is disposed as landfills, which is
unsustainable as this does not decompose in the environment. Glass is principally
composed of silica. Use of milled (ground) waste glass in concrete as partial
replacement of cement could be an important step toward development of sustainable
(environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and economical) infrastructure systems.
When waste glass is milled down to micro size particles, it is expected to undergo
pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates, forming secondary Calcium Silicate
Hydrate (C–S–H). Flow and compressive strength tests on mortar and concrete were
carried out by adding 0–25% ground glass in which water to binder (cement + glass)
ratio is kept the same for all replacement levels. With increase in glass addition
mortar flow was slightly increased while a minor effect on concrete workability was
noted. The further evaluation of the packing and pozzolanic effects, tests were
31
conducted with same mix details and 1% super plasticizing admixture dose (by weight
of cement) and generally found an increase in compressive strength of mortars with
admixture. As with mortar, concrete cube samples were prepared and tested for
strength (until 1 year curing). The compressive strength test results indicated that
recycled glass mortar and concrete gave better strength compared to control
samples. A 20% replacement of cement with waste glass was found convincing
considering the cost and the environment.
In another study of Eme and Nwaobakata (2019), they noted that One popular
non-biodegradable waste is glass, which is used extensively all over the world in the
manufacturing of sheet glass, bottles, glass ware, vacuum tubing, etc. This waste
glass if found useful in the construction industry, would go a long way to reducing the
pollution threat level of the environment. The research study involved experimental
tests and procedures on concrete specimens using powdered waste glass as partial
replacement for cement in the production of concrete.
In the study by Chairunnisa and Susanto (2018), they explored Living Material
as a Building Facade: The Effect of Moss Growth Toward Mechanical Performance
on Pre-Vegetated Concrete Panels. In their paper, they noted that the increasing
construction of tall buildings in Indonesia has led to the reduction of green areas and
the increase use of building materials such as concrete panels. This research sees
the potential of building facades created by using concrete panels as media for
growing plants to replace those green areas that have decreased. The plants that are
used in this research are selected based on the climatic conditions of tropical
countries in Indonesia. The plants that were chosen are fast growing, require less
maintenance, and considered to be suitable for cementitious materials. A previous
study has found that bryophyte moss meets those criteria. This research compares
the performance of pre-vegetated and non-pre-vegetated concrete panels by
investigating compressive strength through laboratory experiments.

32
In another article of Backyardbend (2020), they noted that researchers have
developed a ‘living concrete’ that grows moss, lichens and fungi that could turn city
buildings into giant air purifiers. Spanish researchers have developed a porous, acidic
concrete that acts almost like soil for moss, lichen, fungi and other drought-tolerant
vegetation. They are using the material to construct prototypes of office building
capable of sucking more CO2 and pollution out of the air than thousands of trees,
while emitting fresh oxygen for us to breathe. A moss-growing bench in London alone
does the work of 275 trees, imagine what a whole building made of the stuff can do. It
is good news for crowded cities that unfortunately don’t have room for large groves of
trees. The idea of vertical gardens or “green walls” has been trendy for a couple of
decades, but they only exist on about 60 buildings around the world so far because of
complicated structural engineering is required to attach the plants and soil to the
building. “Living concrete” could take the concept of green walls to the next level. It’s
composed of three layers. The innermost layer is a waterproof building underneath it,
protecting against moisture damage. The middle is the biological, water-absorbing
layer, which supports colonization of organisms like moss, lichen, and fungi. And the
outer layer is a coating with a reverse waterproofing that allows water to seep in but
not out. The vegetation also insulates the building, helping to regulate indoor
temperatures and further cutting back on emissions from air-conditioners and heaters.
In another article, similar to the featured scope of BrightVibes which is from
Burgos (2022), it is distinguished that skyscrapers and concrete buildings sprawl
across urban cities and dwarf against the green spaces. The lands once brimmed
with greenery that cleansed the body and mind, and reviving their previous state
seems to pose a challenge. They further exclaimed that gatekeepers of nature are
integrating the demands of modern-day architecture into weaving solutions that help
regenerate the concrete jungle’s green domain. And one of them is Respyre.
33
Respyre (2023), a TU Delft spin-off focusing on the valorization of a unique
scientific cross-over between material science and biology, noted that they have
developed concrete and a concrete plaster that accommodates the growth of moss on
its surface. With the bio receptive concrete, Respyre turns any unused surface into an
opportunity to bring vegetation into the urban environment. Any surface covered in
moss, small or large, becomes an autonomous and natural respiratory system for the
city. Respyre is an established system that is committed to the natural cycle of
resources and the sustainability of the environment. With this, Respyre empowers
cities to breathe. Moreover, they noted that at Respyre they help cities integrate
nature into their surroundings in a simple, cost-effective and elegant manner.
Integrating nature into cities is the solution to many challenges cities currently face.
The solution tackles urban problems such as, air and noise pollution and relieves the
city of other stresses in order to improve the well-being of the urban environment and
its inhabitants.
The authorities had enumerated specifications of the said product such as;
quick and easy— cost-effective solution within months, self-sustaining— balanced
moss systems require minimal maintenance, climate positive— minimizing carbon
costs while maximizing its absorption, and beautiful— aesthetically pleasing and
graffiti resistant
34
Conceptual Framework
The figure presented in this section was the conceptual framework of the
Moss Glascrete: Insulation Recourse for a Plain Concrete— it showcased the
flowchart that was followed in the entire study.
START
REFERENCES, IDEAS
AND CONCEPT
DEVELOPMENTAL
PLANNING
PREPARATION OF
ATTAINABLE MATERIALS, TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENT NEEDED
NO YES
ACTUAL PROJECT
DEVELOPMENT
TESTING AND
EVALUATION
IMPROVEMENT OR
MODIFICATIONS
35
Figure 2. Research Framework
The fore step in conducting the study was the conceptualization. In such
phase, ideas and references were collected and wrapped up. Related studies and
literature relevant to the discourse was thoroughly reviewed for justification and
feasibility of the study.
Subsequently, the idea was presented to the research and field experts for
further evaluation whether or not the study is attainable. The board of panel approved
the study’s attainability, as well as materials and equipment procurement instigated.
After, the actual product development began where the mixing process
followed through the respective blends of cement, powdered glass +
aggregates/crushed glass, and sand ratio. After which, curing and storing phase for
certain days was anticipated. After curing, the moss layering instigated where in
different methods were observed in an attempt to set a layer of moss into the
glascrete for 8 weeks.
On the success of the product development, testing and evaluation
commenced with a trial and error. After the selection, surveying took place and the
assessment was based on the factors of acceptability, aesthetic value, cost-
effectiveness, and functionality of the product.

36
For the betterment of the study, it was anticipated to undergo a final
presentation for further evaluation. Possible improvement and modifications were
entertained at this phase and were noted on the paper of the study. In concluding the
study, the objectives were attained, as such, the moss glascrete was established.
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter focused on the discussion of the study techniques and methods
used by the researchers to systematically respond to the specific problem that was
looked upon. This chapter detailed the study method, population and samples,
location of the study, research instrument, and statistical treatment of the data with its
corresponding interpretation.
Research Design
The researchers used the development research design type of study to boost
the improvement in developing Moss Glascrete as an Insulation Recourse for a Plain
Concrete. Researchers formulated the idea in an attempt to address the issues in
climate change and promote glass waste recycling. One of the foreseen benefits of
the product is the low maintenance requirement and the reduction of cost.
Respondents of the Study
The study's participants were composed of the following: for the benchmark
test, it involved the researchers; the pilot tests on the other hand, were the selected
field experts; lastly, for the final test, it was conducted towards the target users, but of
the scope of the University Organization of Eastern Samar State University- Guiuan
Campus.
Table 1. Respondents of the Study
Respondents Tests Number of Respondents
Researchers Benchmark 5
Experts Pilot 30
Users Final 30
TOTAL 65
38
The researchers adopted convenience sampling technique in order to identify
the specific respondents for this study. The convenience sampling method
encompassed expending respondents who were convenient to the researchers.
There was no pattern in acquiring the specific respondents, as long as it fits to the
qualified target population.
Locale of the Study
This study and experimentation was conducted in a local resident at Brgy.
Lupok Guiuan eastern Samar.
Figure 3. Locale of the Study
The researchers conducted the survey within the scope of Eastern Samar
State University— Guiuan Campus, Guiuan, Eastern Samar.
Research Instruments
An evaluation sheet and a score card, were employed by the researchers as
the research instrument where in the gathered data of this study were collected.
Moreover, a letter and a data sheet were attached to help the respondents assess the
product. The evaluation form reflected a 5-point Likert scale pertinent to that of the
39
Moss Glascrete: An Insulation Recourse for Plan Concrete. It is focused more on
obtaining the results in relation to the objectives of the study.
The survey questionnaire distributed mainly assessed the product’s general
acceptability, its aesthetic value, eco-friendliness, and functionality. Moreover, the
following legend was the general basis for the ratings to be acquired during the
survey:
Legend:
Rating Description
5 Very Acceptable
4 Acceptable
3 Moderately Acceptable
2 Less Acceptable
1 Not Acceptable at all
Analysis of Data
Data gathering or data collecting was deemed to be one of the most important
phase of this study. Hence, the corresponding procedures were done to achieve the
objectives of this study and further went through data analysis.
A communication letter was secured and addressed to the good office of the
Dean of the College of Engineering in Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan
Campus as a request for collaboration and involvement of the organization throughout
the course of this study. Furthermore, implementation of the product commenced with
product demonstration where infographics such as the costing and insulating
capabilities of the products during testing are illustrated to better understand the
40
artifact and acquire the most reliable data. The researchers, field experts, and
qualified clients came across the product for evaluation and underwent the survey.
Subsequently, the data that was acquired from the finalized survey
questionnaire were further consolidated, organized, analyzed and interpreted through
statistical treatments— specifically the average, frequency, and percentage.
All throughout the assessment, a scale was adopted— that was generally
used to make a distinction for the range, description, and interpretation of the data
that was distinguished. The highest range is 5 which is described as excellent and is
interpreted as very acceptable. The next range is 4 that is described as very good and
is interpreted as acceptable. The middle range is 3 which means good and is
interpreted as moderately acceptable. The fourth range is 2 is defined as fair and
interpreted as less acceptable. And the lowest range is 1 which is described as poor
and interpreted as not acceptable at all. In general, there are 5 ranges used to
measure, assess and analyze the data

Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This portion of this paper elaborates the findings of the study in an illustrative
tables and figures on analysis, interpretation, and discussion of results based on the
data gathered.
Product Development Procedure
The following figure illustrates the product development procedure that was
enacted by the researchers in the course of the actual making— from requirement
gathering up until the product and paper maintenance.
Requirement Gathering
Product Development
Implementation
Testing
Improvement or Modification
MOSS GLASCRETE
Figure 4. Waterfall Model
The procedure presented was thoroughly trailed to get the best result that
was anticipated in this project study.
Requirement Gathering – In this phase, the researchers gathered further
information, materials, and equipment for the completion of the paper and the
product. At this phase, impression consultation with the Project Study Adviser and
Professor was sought to finalize the concept to be charted through the succeeded
brainstorming. In this phase, materials including the glass waste and the harvested
42
moss, and also equipment were secured to move on to the actual product
development.
Product Development – Subsequently, the researchers of this project
created and developed a moss glascrete to carry out the project satisfactorily within
the time frame anticipated. The development started from the product layout with the
respective mixtures and moss layering method decided by the researchers and
concluded on the eighth week of attempting to grow moss within the glascrete layer.
Implementation – In this phase, the researchers endorsed the developed
product for implementation. Letter request to perform survey evaluation was secured
to the Dean of the College of Engineering of Eastern Samar State University, Guiuan
Campus since the target population was within the scope of the University body—
Faculty, Staffs, Students, and Alumni.
Testing – At this level, the researchers tested the insulation capacity and
economical specifications of the product and further in terms of its acceptability,
aesthetic value, cost-effectiveness, and functionality properties. Aconducted a survey
to the experts in the field and other concerned people about the study. Product
demonstration was prompted and it involved further verification that the desired
objective was near to attainment.
Improvement or Modification – After the testing and data completion, the
paper and the product was endorsed to the panel of experts for the presentation of
the results. In this phase, it involved correcting errors that hasn’t been discovered in
the testing stage of the actual product development. As additional requirements are
identified, the paper, as implemented, was improved through noting it on the
recommendations.
43
Final Product – This phase is the end phase of the project study which
ensues storing in the laboratory of the University for carrying out to its stakeholders,
the community, and of the beneficiaries of the study.
Design of the Product
Prior to the product development, concepts were finalized through free-
associating and looking out to the existing researches and testimonies relevant to the
study. The researchers then designed different models with its respective mixtures
and moss layering methods versus its control product that were expected to go
through trial and error. This was carefully decided to carry out the project study in its
due timeline.C4EE
Figure 5. Graphical Sketch of the Plain Concrete A
The illustration showcases Plain Concrete A, a plastered mixture, where the
followed cement to sand ratio was 1:3. This mixture is ought to serve as the control
product against the Moss Glascrete A, the succeeding design, in an event of
proceeding onto the actual testing and evaluation of the product.

44
Figure 6. Graphical Sketch of the Moss Glascrete A
The design illustrated in figure 6 displays another plaster mixture but of
different component. It is the Moss Glascrete A. The cement to crushed glass to sand
ratio was 1:1:2. The plaster mixture was adopted to contraindicate the notion that
mossed surfaces could let water penetrate the structure easily. Compared to the last
product presented there are certain changes that the recent product has by
upgrading certain things in terms of design which we projected to be more
advantageous in growing the moss and the usage of mixture accompanied by the
appropriate ratio to attain the target time frame of eight (8) weeks in curing. The
moss layering method for this mixture is the painting method. This product is ought to
compete against the Plain Glascrete A, in figure 5, in an event of proceeding on to
the actual testing and evaluation of the product.

45
Figure 7. Graphical Sketch of Moss Glascrete B
Figure 6 shows a Concrete Hollow Block or CHB shaped Moss Glascrete B
as referred in this study. The cement to powdered glass to aggregate to sand ratio
was 1:1/2:1/2:5. It is known that CHB could be broken easily thus the strong claim of
the researchers in utilizing powdered glass instead of the crushed glass was a matter
of the physical structure of the block. The illustration above shows how the Moss
Glascrete can attain the given time which is approximately 8 weeks to have desirable
product within the limited time frame. Moreover, the addition of aggregate could
strengthen the water absorption of the CHB to let the moss thrive. It followed through
the natural moss layering method.

46
Figure 8. Graphical Sketch of the Commercial CHB
The drawing shown above, is the commercial CHB, and ought to be the
control product against the Moss Glascrete B in figure 6. The main basis as to
commercially bought CHB was utilized to truly satisfy the cost-effectiveness
comparison. The commercial CHB was solicited and made sure to have cement to
sand with an aggregate ratio of 1:7 at best. For its curing time the researchers
implemented the same process just like the Moss Glascrete A, which the researchers
cured the product for 8 weeks and identify during given time that product A or B was
more effective. And it shows Glascrete is more adoptable than A in terms of growing
Moss, in this case the researchers proceeded to CHB as the design of the final
product.
Developmental Procedure
This part of the paper illustrated the general steps that were taken
throughout the product development period of this project study.
Step 1. Gather the tools, materials, and equipment.

47
Aggregate was used as a water absorbing agent for the CHB glascrete. It was also
anticipated to increse the mechanical strength of the material.
Blender was used to combine the yogurt and
moss that was utilized for the painting method.
Cement was utilized as the main
ingredient for the various mixtures
indicated in this study.
CHB Molder was used to contain the
physical structure or shape of one of the
mixtures of the glascrete.
The Coco Lumber (2x1) or Lumber
was casted-off as the formwork for the
plaster mixture of the glascrete.

48
Commercial Concrete Hollow Block
was bought to serve as a control product
against the glascrete to exhibit true
comparison of cost-effectiveness and
functionality.
Dipper (1 L) was a tool used to measure
the volume of the cement, sand,
aggregate, glass, and water.
Hammer was used to drive nails for one of
the formworks needed for this study.
Landfill Glass was the star of the glascrete
mixture that promoted recycling and was the
agent for fighting against climate change.

49
Measuring Cup was used to portion the
amount of moss and yogurt.
Mortar and Pestle was used to process the
landfill glass into powder or course size.
Moss was the main character of this
study. It was the topmost layer of the
Moss Glascrete that was harvested in
Guiuan, Eastern Samar.
Nails or Shoe Tax were driven off the
lumber for the formworks.

50
Paint Brush (2”) was used to paint the
moss-yogurt mixture into the glascrete
surface.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
was used to comply for the mandatory
protection in handling the glass.
Sand was mixed with the concrete and
glascrete.
Saw was utilized to break down the lumber
for the formworks.

51
Thermometer was used to carry out the functionality test. The device measured the
temperature of the Moss Glascrete versus the plain concrete. It specified a ±2ºC
accuracy allowance.
Tile sheets were used as a base for one of
the molders. GI sheet or plywood could
serve as substitute.
Trowel was used to mix the respective
mixtures utilized in this study.
Water was the combining agent of the
concrete and glascrete mixtures.

52
Yogurt served as the feed of the mosses to let the growing process carry out.
Step 2. Formwork.
For the Plain Concrete A and Moss
Glascrete A, cut the coco lumber that
would satisfactorily carry out the
model shown in figures 5 and 6, p-28
and p-29. Affix nails to hold its
shape.
Figure 9. Formworks for the Plaster Mixture
Step 3. Crush the glass.
For Moss Glascrete A, crush the glass into course size at about 2mm to 15mm.
For Moss Glascrete B, patiently pound the glass with the mortar and pestle until
almost powdered.
53
Step 4. Mix.
For Plain Concrete A, accurately measure the cement and sand ratio of 1:3 and mix
about half the volume (or 2L) of the combined plaster mixture.
For Moss Glascrete A, measure 1 part of cement, 1 part of course glass, 2 parts of
sand, and about 2 parts (<2L) of water then mix well.
For Moss Glascrete B, follow the 1:1/2:1/2:5 ratios and mix with 1/2L of water.
Figure 11. Mixing Procedure
Step 5. Mould and let sit.
For Plain Concrete A and Moss Glascrete A, using the prepared mold, lay a tile or GI
sheet or plywood under the molder then pour the mixture at about 1 inch in thickness.
Let it sit for about 3 to 5 minutes.

54
Figure 12. Molding Procedure for Plaster Mixtures
For Moss Glascrete B, thoroughly fill the CHB mold until compact and let sit at about
5 to 8 minutes.
Figure 13. Molding Procedure for Moss Glascrete B
Step 6. Unmold and let it cure.
For the Plaster Mixtures-– Plain Concrete A and Moss Glascrete A, while the mixture
is still fresh, unmold and let it cure for at least 2 to 3 days.

55
Figure 14. Unmoulding Plaster Mixtures
For Moss Glascrete B, unmould carefully and let it cure for 7 days.
Figure 15. Unmoulding Moss Glascrete B
Step 7. Moss layering.

56
For Moss Glascrete A, blend 1 part of yogurt and 1/2 part of moss. Using a paint
brush, artistically lay the mixture onto the glascrete. Let it sit for 24 hours and then
religiously spray the moss layer with water twice a day. Observe for 8 weeks.
Figure 16. Moss Layering; Painting Procedure
For Mixture B, find a humid but lightly exposed to sun environment. Let the cured
CHB sit and spray water on the desired surface once a day. Observe for 8 weeks.
Figure 17. Moss Layering; Natural Procedure
Step 8. End of Product Development.

57
After the 8 weeks of observation, moss layering concluded thus the cue for
testing phase where trial and error is projected. Refer to figure 18 and 19 in p-44 and
p-45 for the illustration of the moss layers on its 8 weeks of development.
Developmental Cost
The tables in this section specify the developmental expenditures that were
used during the headway of this study. It separately enumerates the materials, then
tools and equipment. It also showcases the respective quantities and the total costs
that were spent to execute the product development.
Table 2. Overall Material Cost
Quantity Materials Cost
0.50 kg Aggregate P 2.00
3.00 kg Cement P 30.00
1.00 pc Commercial CHB P 20.00
1.50 kg Glass P 30.00
About 2 m Lumber P 40.00
100 g Moss P 10.00
10.00 kg Sand P17.50
About 15 pcs Shoe Tax P 23.50
About 1 m2 Tile Sheets P 200.00
About 4.50 L Water P 25.00
200 g Yogurt P54.50
TOTAL P452.00
Table 3. Overall Tools and Equipment Cost

58
Quantity Tools and Equipment Cost
1 unit Blender Provided
1 set CHB Molder Provided
1 unit Dipper Provided
1 unit Eye Shield PPE Provided
1 unit Hammer Provided
1 pair Hand Gloves PPE P10.00
1 unit Measuring Cup Provided
1 set Mortar and Pestle Provided
1 unit Paint Brush (2”) Provided
1 unit Saw Provided
1 unit Thermometer Provided
1 unit Trowel Provided
TOTAL P10.00
The total breakdown of the material expenses that was purchased to carry out
this product development run at about P133.50. On the other hand, the overall
equipment cost, as broken down in the recent table shown, was just at P10.00 for the
PPE, as almost all of the needed apparatuses were readily available at hand. The
sum of costs runs at P143.50.
Product Testing
59
This part of the study demonstrates the results obtained during the testing.
There are four specifications sought in this study, namely— acceptability, aesthetic
value, cost-effectiveness, and functionality of the Moss Glascrete. This portion
specifically illustrates the results for the last two variables mentioned, cost-
effectiveness and functionality. The results appeared on the evaluation form for
respondents’ reference.
After the 8 weeks of observation, trial and error came forth with the careful
consideration of looking out for moss life within the Glascrete surfaces that would
satisfactorily obtain the objectives of the study.
From the physical observation, Moss Glascrete A had barely gotten a moss
on its glascrete surface. Some of the moss layer went off especially the edges but
some are still intact. As per researches, it was directed that signs of moss life would
appear at about 8 weeks in minimum and 24 weeks’ maximum.
Figure 18. Moss Glascrete A

60
On the other hand, the naturally grown moss— Moss Glascrete B, was
thriving on its eighth week, although, the lower part and the backside of the glascrete
had barely grown moss.
Figure 19. Moss Glascrete B
As initially decided, choosing among the two moss glascrete was necessary
as a part of the trial and error of this study. Since, Moss Glascrete B contracted a
more promising moss life against Moss Glascrete A, thus, Moss Glascrete B was the
selected as the finished product and would proceed to the testing versus the
commercially bought CHB.
Further on the testing phase, the following table exemplified the costing of the
materials to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the moss glascrete versus the control
product— a commercially bought concrete hollow block.

61
Table 4. Moss Glascrete vs. Plain Concrete Cost
Quantity Material/s Cost TOTAL
0.50 kg Aggregate Locally Acquired
1.00 kg Cement P10.00
Moss 0.50 kg Glass Locally Acquired

P18.75/unit*
Glascrete - Moss Naturally Grown
5.00 kg Sand P8.75
About 0.50 L Water Locally Acquired
Plain
1 pc Commercial CHB P20.00 P20/unit**
Concrete
*Labor and equipment cost.

**Discretionary mixtures; paint for aesthetics & aggregate for mechanical strength.
The table below, on the other hand, enumerates the obtained data to assess
the product’s functionality. A thermometer was used to measure the internal
temperature of the Moss Glascrete vs. the control product. The equipment indicated
an accuracy allowance of ±2ºC. The average environmental temperature during the
testing day according to AccuWeather, Inc. (2023) is 31ºC. The time of testing was
based on the environmental temperature and was ran twice alternately.
Table 5. Moss Glascrete vs. Plain Concrete Internal Temperature
TEMPERATURE
Commercial Concrete
Time of Environmental Moss Glascrete
Hollow Block
Testing Temperature
Second Second
First Run First Run
Run Run
11:00 AM 33ºC 28.8ºC 28.8ºC 32.1ºC 32.1ºC
3:00 PM 31ºC 28.8ºC 28.8ºC 31.4ºC 31.1ºC
7:00 PM 29ºC 28.4ºC 28.4ºC 30.5ºC 30.5ºC
Mean Temperature 28.67ºC 31.28ºC

62
As per data obtained, the difference of the total cost was P1.25 and on the
mean temperature was 2.61ºC concluding that the Moss Glascrete exhibited cost-
effectiveness and functionality over the plain concrete based on testing.
Benchmark Test
The succeeding tables reflect the analyzed result for the benchmark testing.
In table 6, it presents the evaluation distributed with the mean for every item and its
corresponding interpretation. Table 7 on the other hand, shows the frequency of the
product acceptability. Then, figure 20 is the pie chart expressed in percentage.
Table 6. Benchmark Test Evaluation Summary
Specification Mean Interpretation
Acceptability 5.00 Very Acceptable
Aesthetic Value 5.00 Very Acceptable
Cost Effectiveness 5.00 Very Acceptable
Functionality 5.00 Very Acceptable
TOTAL 5.00 Very Acceptable
Table 6 shows the overall result for the benchmark test. The total mean
garnered is at 5.00 which means that the product is excellent, thus, very acceptable.
Table 7. Benchmark Test Frequency and Percentage
Category Frequency Percentage
Very Acceptable 5 100%
Acceptable 0 0%
Moderately Acceptable 0 0%
Less Acceptable 0 0%
Not Acceptable at all. 0 0%
TOTAL 5 100%
63
Table 7 shows the overall distribution of the product’s acceptability from the
benchmark test survey. In the survey concluded, the results showed that the
category— benchmark test, reflected a 5 out of 5 with a very acceptable
interpretation. Meaning, the survey was very acceptable for the researchers.
Very Acceptable
Acceptable
Moderately Acceptable
Less Acceptable
100% Not Acceptable at all.
Figure 20. Pie Chart for Benchmark Survey Result
Figure 20 showcases the benchmark test result in a form of a pie graph. Dark
aqua represents highly acceptable, aqua for acceptable, light aqua as moderately
acceptable, white for less acceptable and black for not acceptable at all. Hence, the
graph shows that the product is 100% highly acceptable for the benchmark test.
Pilot Test
Table 8. Pilot Test Evaluation Summary

64
Table 8 shows the overall result for the pilot test. The total mean garnered is
at 4.81 which mean that the product is very acceptable.
Table 9. Pilot Test Frequency and Percentage
Acceptable 3 10%
TOTAL 30 100%
pilot test survey. In the survey concluded, the results showed that the category—
pilot test, reflected a 27 out of 30 with a very acceptable interpretation. Meaning, the
survey result demanded that the product was very acceptable for the experts.
Very Acceptable
10%
Acceptable
Less Acceptable
Figure 21. Pie Chart for Pilot Survey Result
The figure presents the pilot test in a form of a pie graph. Dark aqua
represents highly acceptable, aqua for acceptable, light aqua as moderately

65
acceptable, white for less acceptable and black for not acceptable at all. As reflected
on the chart, it shows 90% is very acceptable percentage, and 10% acceptable
percentage. On average, it is excellent and thus very acceptable for the experts.
Final Test
Table 10. Final Test Evaluation Summary
Table 10 shows the overall result for the final test. The total mean garnered is
at 4.94 which means that the product is very acceptable.
Table 11. Final Test Frequency and Percentage
Acceptable 0 0%
TOTAL 30 100%
final test survey. In the survey concluded, the results showed that the category—
66
benchmark test, reflected a 30 out of 30 with a very acceptable interpretation.
Meaning, the survey was excellent and was very acceptable for the target users.
Very Acceptable
Acceptable
Less Acceptable
Figure 22. Pie Chart for Final Survey Result
The figure presents the data analyzed for the final test in a form of a pie
graph. Dark aqua represents highly acceptable, aqua for acceptable, light aqua as
moderately acceptable, white for less acceptable and black for not acceptable at all.
As reflected on the chart, it shows 100% is highly acceptable percentage.

67
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Benchmark Pilot Final
Very Acceptable Acceptable Moderately Acceptable Less Acceptable Not Acceptable at all.
Figure 23. Overall Survey Interpretation
The bar graph in figure 23 illustrates the overall survey results obtained from
the data gathered. The diagram shows the total comparison result of all the survey—
benchmark, pilot, and final, regarding at a perfect 100% very acceptable result from
the benchmark and final, and 90% from the pilot test. In its general average, settles
that Moss Glascrete: An Insulation Recourse for Plain Concrete was considered
acceptable, aesthetic, cost-effective, and functional based on the obtained data
during the evaluation.

Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter showcases emphasis on the summary, conclusion, and
recommendations about the study. The overall findings of the data presented in the
study are consolidated and further drawn conclusions and recommendations.
Summary of Findings
The project study anticipated to help out alleviate the glass waste in Guiuan,
Eastern Samar and the resounding impact of the global warming within the town and
of the entire world. Moreover, the economical and aesthetic contribution of the
product was projected in the construction industry.
In this light, this project study thus intended to fabricate a Moss Glascrete that
served as an alternative for a plain concrete. The product was ought to fight climate
change through glass recycling and reduce GHG emission through oxygen
contribution.
Moreover, the study projected to achieve the following objectives:
1. To design and develop a glascrete with a cultivated topmost layer of native
moss from the locality of Guiuan, Eastern Samar.
2. To evaluate the product’s properties and specification in relation to:
2.1 Acceptability;
2.2 Aesthetic Value;
2.3 Cost-effectiveness; and
2.4 Functionality.
The researchers then developed the Moss Glascrete: An Insulation Recourse
for Plain Concrete and was assessed through a survey that included the benchmark,
pilot, and final testing respondents.

69
After the accomplished questionnaires were retrieved, these were
consolidated, organized, analyzed, and interpreted. In describing the profile of the
respondents in terms of the product’s acceptability, aesthetic value, cost-
effectiveness, and functionality, frequency counts, percentages and means were
used.
From the data analysis made, the following were the significant outcomes of
the study:
The result for the benchmark test was interpreted as “very acceptable” as the
mean value is equals to 5.00 with a percentage value of 100%.
On the other hand, the pilot test’s garnered the following mean: in terms of
acceptability, the product was assessed at 4.93 mean, the highest average score;
aesthetic value was 4.80; cost-effectiveness, on the other hand, was at 4.67; and
lastly, functionality being at 4.83. The overall tally resulted to an interpretation as
“very acceptable” for getting the mean value of 4.81 with the percentage at 90%
value, and the remaining 10% was interpreted as acceptable.
In the final testing evaluation of the system, the respondents fulfilled the
system’s category stated in the objectives of the study. The overall result including
the overall mean for the final test shows that the system was “Very Acceptable” with
a mean value of 4.94, obtained from the following set of data: acceptability—5.00;
aesthetic value—4.87; cost-effectiveness—4.93; and functionality—4.97. Thus, the
product’s acceptability got the highest rate category of “very acceptable” with the
percentage of 100%.
The overall results of this study were provided to the stakeholders of Eastern
Samar State University— Guiuan Campus based from this valuable data.
70
Conclusion
In light of the essential findings of this study, promising rate was expectedly
achieved. The developed product— Moss Glascrete, insulation Recourse for Plain
Concrete was operative in battling climate change while being economic and striking.
In the final testing, a perfect 5.0 average was obtained in terms of
acceptability which is determined to be the peak rating, while the lowest was at 4.87
in terms of aesthetic value.
This conclusion is drawn from the statistical analysis considering the entire
extents of the parameter. All the sought variables fall into a “very acceptable”
interpretation which is deemed excellent. As such, it is obvious that the product is
deemed to be effective as it is acceptable, aesthetic, cost-effective, and functional.
Thus, the implementation of the product will bring a positive change to the industrial
processes in the construction field.
Recommendations
The study’s outstanding findings lead the researchers to strongly suggest that
the Moss Glascrete: An Insulation Recourse be implemented. The product is
suggested because of its effective approach towards combating climate change by
glass waste recycling and heat reduction. Moreover, its extra feature of being
aesthetic and cost-effective is more valuable in today’s modern world.
The researchers specially recommended the following:
1. In light of the findings gathered for the purpose of this study, it has been
determined that the aesthetic value gained the least average in the final
71
testing, thus recommending a more careful and time allowing means of
propagating the moss layer to achieve better results.
2. Furthermore, it has been carefully determined that the softer concrete mixture
is a better platform in planting moss as it has been observed to thrive best in
such surface. And so, it is recommended for the future researchers to
consider this factor in their respective attempt to create a similar study.
3. The product should be implemented as soon as possible, to enable Guiuan,
Eastern Samar to have an aesthetic, cost-effective, and well-insulating
structure along with assisting the alleviate effects of climate change through
complying with the demands of amplified and urgent mitigation ambition in the
leading to a sharp decline in GHG emissions.
4. The product is though found to have restricted features and capabilities,
therefore, it is recommended to undergo supplementary advancements for a
more universal usage. Furthermore, a longer timeframe and at wet seasons
would best serve in conducting future relevant study.

Chapter VI
REFERENCES
ABC News Au. 2016. Moss boosted Earth's oxygen 400 million yrs ago: study. www.-
abc.net.au/news/science
AccuWeather, Inc. 2023. Hourly Weather Forecast in Guiuan, Eastern Samar. https://-
shorturl.at/kvxAT
Ahmed N., Abdel-Hamid M., Abd El-Razik M., El-Dash K. 2021. Ain Shams Engine-
ering Journal. Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2021, Pages 1375-1383
All About Moss. 2021. Everything You Need to Know About Moss. Allaboutmoss-
.com/does-moss-die-in summer
Attmann, O. 2010. Green Architecture: Advanced Technologies and Materials. McG-

rawHill: New York.
Ashe, C. 2020. Moss Lawns: Saving the Planet One Yard at a Time. The-
oxygenproject.com/post/moss-lawns-saving-the-planet-one-yard-at-a-time/
ASTM C109 / C109M-16a, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hyd-
raulic Cement Mortars (using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens), ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA. 2016.
https://www.as-tm.org/Standards/C109
Backyardbend. 2020. Buildings Made of “Moss-Growing Concrete” Could Remove

More CO2 and Air Pollution than Thousands of Trees. Backyardbend.com
Barker. 2022. Sustainable Architecture. Company Number: 11605920. barker-asso-

ciates.co.uk
BrightVibes. 2023. ‘Moss’ concrete makes cities breathe. Utrecht Netherlands
Burgos M. 2022. Moss grows on concrete, empowering cities to respire and live gre-
en. Designboom. designboom.com/design/moss-grows-on-concrete-02-15-
2022/
BusinessWorld. 2020. Climate change seen reducing outdoor work, dampening

growth. https://www.bworldonline.com/
Canada Green Building Council office. 2017. Zero Carbon Building Standard, Version
1, Ottawa. www.cagbc.org.
Carlin, D. 2022. How The Sector Can Decarbonize. Forbes. www.forbes.com
Chairunnisa, I and Susanto D. 2018. Living Material as a Building Façade: The Effect
of Moss Growth Toward Mechanical Performance on Pre-Vegetated Concrete
Panels. IJtech Vol 9, No 6
Climate Change Org. 2019. Territorial Adaptation Case Study. Synthesis Report 201-
9, p-70
73
Eme D.B. and Nwaobakata C. 2019. Effects of Powdered Glass as an Admixture in

Cement Concrete Block. Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol.
38, No. 1, January 2019, pp. 8 – 14
Ford A. 2021. Rhizoid Overview. Study.com
Iseli, D. 2021. Growing Moss on Concrete — Here’s How It’s Done. Plantophiles.com
Jackson, C. 2021. The Methods and Benefits of Sustainable Construction. Construc-

tion21.org/articles/h/methods-and-benefits-of-sustainable-construction.html
Kiran, C., Mamata, P., Raghunathan, M., 2013. Understanding Environment. Sage P-
ublications, London.
Lassio, J. Franca, K. Santo, A. 2016. Haddad Case study: LCA Methodology Applied
to Material Management in a Brazilian Residential Construction Site J Eng,
10.1155/2016/8513293
Mansor, M., Zakariya, K., Harun, N.Z., Bakar, N.I.A., 2017. Appreciation of Vertical
Greenery in a City as a Public Art. Journal of the Malaysian Institute of
Planners, Volume 15(1), pp. 117–128
Moss Acres. 2023. Growing Moss. https://mossacres.com/pages/growing-moss
Müller, M., Krick, T., Dr. Blohmke, J. 2021. Putting the construction sector at the core
of the climate change debate. Deloitte.
NASA. 2023. The Effects of Climate Change. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE Vital
Signs of the Planet. https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
Leron, Guevarra, Roluna, Tan, and Zalun. 2023. Innovative Construction Reinforce-
ment Medium Using Crushed Glass: An Experimental Risk-Waste Reduction
Research. Reseach and Reviews.
One Sky Philippines. 2023. The Glass Recycling Cycle. https://onesky.ph/blog
Radford, T. 2016. All hail the humble moss, bringer of oxygen and life to Earth. The-
guardian.com
Ragheba A., El-Shimyb H., Raghebb G. 2015. Urban Planning and Architecture Des-
ign for Sustainable Development, UPADSD 14- 16
Respyre. 2023. Advanced Bioreceptive Technology. Van der Burghweg
Sadiqul Islam, Rahman, Nayem Kazi. 2017. International Journal of Sustainable Built
Environment. Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 37-44
Stop Global Destruction Org. 2021. Climate Change. stopglobaldestruction.org
Taalas P. and Msuya J. IPCC Special Report on Global Warming. Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/about/foreword/
Tablas Creek. 2022. Why is Glass Recycling in the United States So Dismal? https: -
//tablascreek.typepad.com
74
The Housing and Building National Research Center. 2018. Green Pyramids Rating
System-GPRS for new buildings and major renovation. Egypt
United Architects of the Philippines. 2023. Green Architecture. united-architects.org
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2022. Glass: Material-Specific Data.

www.epa.gov
USAID climatelinks. 2020. A Global Knowledge Portal for Climate and Development
Practitioners. https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/philippines
Weather Spark. 2023. Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Guiuan. www.w-
eatherspark.com
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). 2023. Transforming

the Built Environment. www.wbcsd.org
APPENDICES
76
APPENDIX A
Letter of Permission
April 26, 2023
ENGR. SUSANA C. ALA

Dean, College of Engineering
Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus
Dear Madam:
Greetings of peace!
We, the undergraduate researchers from Eastern Samar State University—Guiuan

Campus, reverently ask for permission from your good office to allow us to administer
a survey questionnaire in-line with the study— Moss Glascrete: An Insulation
Recourse for a Plain Concrete.
This study is one of the requirements in partial fulfilment for the degree in Bachelor of
Technology – Major in Civil Engineering Technology, particularly in Project Study.
We are anticipating for your kind approval on this request. Thank you very much for
your kind assistance and support!
Respectfully yours,
Abrajano, Kathy Maru T.
Colandog, Shem Daniel R.
Loyola, Jemuel L.
Pagayanan, Abnher A.
Yodico, Earl Vincent A.
Recommended by: Noted by:
_____________________________ _______________________________
ENGR. ANTONIO O. PARAMBITA NICANOR C. CABLAO
Adviser Program Head
Action Taken:
[ ] Approved
[ ] Disapproved
___________________________
ENGR. SUSANA C. ALA
77
APPENDIX B
Letter to the Respondents

May __, 2023
Dearest Respondents,
Greetings!
We, the undergraduate researchers from Eastern Samar State University—Guiuan
Campus, is currently conducting a research entitled, “Moss Glascrete: An Insulation
Recourse for a Plain Concrete”. This study is one of the requirements in partial
fulfilment for the degree in Bachelor of Technology – Major in Civil Engineering
Technology, particularly in Project Study.
In this regard, we respectfully ask for your generous cooperation by answering the
accompanying data collection instrument.
Rest assured that your responses to the questionnaire will be treated with strict
confidentiality and will be used solely for the intentions of this study.
Thank you very much for your kind aid and support!
Courteously yours,
Abrajano, Kathy Maru T.
Colandog, Shem Daniel R.
Loyola, Jemuel L.
Pagayanan, Abnher A.
Yodico, Earl Vincent A.

78
APPENDIX C
MOSS GLASCRETE:
INSULATION RECOURSE FOR A PLAIN CONCRETE
Testing Results Data Sheet
COST-EFFECTIVENESS
Moss Glascrete vs. Plain Concrete Cost
Quantity Material/s Cost TOTAL
0.50 kg Aggregate Locally Acquired
1.00 kg Cement P10.00
Moss 0.50 kg Glass Locally Acquired

P18.75/unit*
Glascrete - Moss Naturally Grown
5.00 kg Sand P8.75
About 0.50 L Water Locally Acquired
Plain
1 pc Commercial CHB P20.00 P20/unit**
Concrete
*Labor and equipment cost.

**Discretionary mixtures; paint for aesthetics & aggregate for mechanical strength.
FUNCTIONALITY
Moss Glascrete vs. Plain Concrete Internal Temperature
TEMPERATURE
Commercial Concrete
Time of Environmental Moss Glascrete
Hollow Block
Testing Temperature
Second Second
First Run First Run
Run Run
11:00 AM 33ºC 28.8ºC 28.8ºC 32.1ºC 32.1ºC
3:00 PM 31ºC 28.8ºC 28.8ºC 31.4ºC 31.1ºC
7:00 PM 29ºC 28.4ºC 28.4ºC 30.5ºC 30.5ºC
Mean Temperature 28.67ºC 31.28ºC
APPENDIX D
79
MOSS GLASCRETE:
Survey Evaluation Form
Name (Optional): _____________________________________________________
Check if: [ ] Benchmark [ ] Pilot [ ] Final
Instruction: Please take time to evaluate and encircle its corresponding scale.
ACCEPTABILITY
5 Very Acceptable; COST-EFFECTIVENESS
4 Acceptable; 5 Very Cost-effective;
3 Moderately Acceptable; 4 Cost-effective;
2 Less Acceptable; 3 Moderately Cost-effective;
1 Not Acceptable at all. 2 Less Cost-effective;
1 Not Cost-effective at all.
AESTHETIC VALUE
5 Very Aesthetic; FUNCTIONALITY
4 Aesthetic; 5 Very Functional;
3 Moderately Aesthetic; 4 Functional;
2 Less Aesthetic; 3 Moderately Functional;
1 Not Aesthetic at all. 2 Less Functional;
1 Not Functional at all.
__________________
Evaluator’s Signature
APPENDIX E
80
Finished Product
MOSS GLASCRETE:
APPENDIX F
Product Logo
81
Moss Glascrete:
INSULATION RECOURSE FOR A PLAN CONCRETE

64
APPENDIX G
Grantt Chart A
A Project Study Proposal
MOSS GLASCRETE:
DATE (Month and Week)
TASK February March
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5
1. Title Proposal
3. Research Concept
4. Finalizing Chapter 1-3
4. Pre-oral Defense
65
APPENDIX H
Grantt Chart B
A Project Study
MOSS GLASCRETE:
DATE (Month and Week)
TASK March April May June
3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2
1. Finalized Proposed Study
2. Requirement Gathering
3. Product Development
4. Trial and Error
5. Product Testing
6. Design Implementation
7. Data Gathering
8. Data Analysis
9. Document Revision
10. Final Defense

66
APPENDIX I
User’s Manual and Caution
MOSS GLASCRETE:
1. PRODUCT CARE AND MAINTENANCE
1.1 Glascrete Handling
1.1.1 Handle Glascrete with care.
1.1.2 Avoid dropping the Glascrete.
1.2 Moss Layering
1.2.1 Painting Method
1.2.1.1 Avoid touching the moss layer when it is in its

developing stage.
1.2.1.2 Religiously spray the moss layer with water up to three
times a day, especially thru summer season, during its
propagation stage.
1.2.1.3 While attempting to grow moss, try to avoid exposing
the layer in direct heat of sunlight.
1.2.1.4 For best results, try to grow moss during wet seasons.
1.2.2 Natural Method
1.2.2.1 Find a humid spot with a little sunlight tracing the

concrete surface.
1.2.2.2 Splash the glascrete surface with water up to three
times a day.
1.2.2.3 For best results, try to grow moss during wet seasons.
2. SAFETY PRECAUTION
2.1 Always use Personal Protective Equipment or PPE such as gloves and
goggles or eye shield especially in handling glass.
APPENDIX J
Editor’s Certification
This is to certify that this research study, entitled “MOSS GLASCRETE: AN
INSULATION RECOURSE FOR A PLAIN CONCRETE”, prepared and submitted by
Abrajano, Kathy Mart T., et. al., in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree in
Bachelor of Technology in Major in Civil Engineering Technology, has been edited and
reviewed by the undersigned.
(Sgd.) AILYN A. PAGAYANAN

Editor
APPENDIX H
Proof Reader’s Certification
This is to certify that this research study, entitled “MOSS GLASCRETE: AN
INSULATION RECOURSE FOR A PLAIN CONCRETE”, prepared and submitted by
Abrajano, Kathy Mart T., et. al., in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree in
Bachelor of Technology in Major in Civil Engineering Technology, has been edited and
reviewed by the undersigned.
ENGR. ANTONIO O. PARAMBITA

Proof Reader

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MOSS GLASCRETE: AN INSULATION RECOURSE FOR A PLAIN CONCRETE

An Undergraduate Project Study Presented to the

EASTERN SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY

Guiuan, Eastern Samar

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Civil Engineering Technology

COLANDOG, SHEM DANIEL R.

ABRAJANO, KATHY MARU T.

YODICO, EARL VINCENT A.

We, certify that the project study entitled “MOSS GLASCRETE: AN

INSULATION RECOURSE FOR A PLAIN CONCRETE”, submitted to the College of

We, furthermore, cede copyright of this project study in favor of Eastern

Samar State University.

Date: June 22, 2023

Place: College of Engineering

Eastern Samar State University

Guiuan, Eastern Samar

KATHY MARU T. ABRAJANO

SHEM DANIEL R. COLANDOG

EARL VINCENT A. YODICO

This project study, entitled “MOSS GLASCRETE: AN INSULATION

ENGR. ANTONIO O. PARAMBITA

ENGR. SUSANA C. ALA NICANOR C. CABLAO

REYNALDO P. PAGATPATAN DR. DANILO C. RANIDO

ENGR. SUSANA C. ALA

Kathy Maru T. Abrajano, 23 years old, was born on

the 6th of September, 1999 in Brgy. Lupok, Guiuan,

Eastern Samar. She is the 4 th child among the 6

children of Dr. Francisco A. Abrajano Jr. and Mrs.

Teresita T. Abrajano. She is currently residing in

Brgy. Lupok, Guiuan, Eastern Samar. She took up

Eastern Samar State University (ESSU) - Guiuan Campus in Guiuan, Eastern

Engineering at Eastern Visayas State University – Tacloban Campus and later

on her 3rd year taking up Bachelor of Technology, Major in Civil Engineering

Shem Daniel R. Colandog, is 21 years of age,

born on 21st of April, 2002. He is the youngest child

among the 4 children of Mr. Danilo G. Colandog &

Mrs. Remedios R. Colandog. Currently, he is

residing in Brgy. Pagnamitan, Guiuan, Eastern

Samar. He took up his primary education at Salug

Mary’s Academy of Guiuan. Currently he is on his tertiary education at Eastern

in Civil Engineering Technology.

Jemuel L. Loyola, a 22-year-old, was born on the 20th

of June, 2001 in Guiuan, Eastern Samar. He is the

youngest child of Mr. Mariano G. Loyola and Mrs.

Cecilia L. Loyola. His family resides in Brgy. 03,

Guiuan, Eastern Samar. His education commenced in

Guiuan East Central Elementary School. He continued

School in Eastern Samar State University (ESSU) - Guiuan Campus, Guiuan,

is now taking up Bachelor of Technology, Major in Civil Engineering Technology in

his 3rd year.

Abnher A. Pagayanan is 21 years old, born on the

12th of May, 2002. He is the 3 rd son of Mrs.

Felicisima A. Pagayanan & Mr. Rolando Q.

Pagayanan. He is currently residing in Brgy. Salug,

Guiuan, Eastern Samar. He took up his primary

education at Salug Elementary School, then his

is on his tertiary education in Eastern Samar State University – Guiuan Campus, an

Earl Vincent A. Yodico, 21-year-old, was born on the

child among the 6 children of Mrs. Erlinda A. Yodico and

Mr. Roberto P. Yodico. His family currently resides in

Brgy. San Pedro, Tubabao, Guiuan, Eastern Samar. His

education commenced in the same barangay as his

University (ESSU) - Guiuan Campus, Guiuan, Eastern Samar. He is currently taking