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GAS LAWS
Boyle’s law
Charles’ law Keep in mind that you must use only the Kelvin
Gay-Lussac’s law temperature scale when working with
Combined gas law temperature in all gas law formulas!
Dalton’s law
Graham’s law Converting from degrees Celsius to Kelvin
Ideal gas law  𝑲 = 𝐨.𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
Avogadros law

Boyle’s law Charle’s law Guy-Lassac's Law Combined Gas Law

(Pressure law)
The volume of fixed The volume of fixed mass of The pressure of a gas Boyle’s, Charles’s,
mass of gas is inversely gas is directly proportional is directly proportional and Gay-Lussac’s
proportional to the to the temperature at to the kelvin Laws are combined
pressure at constant constant pressure temperature at into one equation
temperature constant volume
Mathematically; Mathematically; Mathematically; Mathematically;

𝟏 𝑷𝑽
𝑽𝜶 𝑽𝜶𝑻 𝑷𝜶𝑻 =𝒌
𝑷 𝑻
𝑽 𝑷
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒌 =𝒌 =𝒌
𝑻 𝑻
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 =
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 = = 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

Dalton’s Law Graham’s Law Ideal Gas Law Avogadro’s law

States that the total pressure The rate of diffusion or The ideal gas relates Volume of a fixed
from a mixture of gases is the effusion of a gas is the pressure, volume, mass of gas is
sum of the partial pressures of inversely proportional to temperature and mole directly proportional
the individual gases that make the square root of its of a gas. to its mole provided
up the mixture.
molar mass temperature and
The pressure exerted by a
particular component of a pressure remains
Mathematically; constant.
mixture of gases is called the
partial pressure of that gas.
Mathematically; Mathematically; Mathematically;
𝑽𝜶𝒏
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑷𝟑 +. . … 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏 𝑹 𝑻
𝑽
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝜶
𝟏 =𝒌
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒏

𝑡𝐵 √𝑀𝐵 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
= =
𝑡𝐴 √𝑀𝐴 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
 DELZY EXPLICIT ONLINE MATERIAL ON GASES… 85% Summary on gases… ……. 07038101576
Boyle’s Law
The volume of fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure at constant temperature.
Mathematically;

𝟏 Restrictions:
𝑽𝜶
𝑷 - 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 must be in the same units
- 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 must be in the same units
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒌 ; Convert pressures using conversion factors.
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101325Pa = 101.325 kPa

Calculations under Boyle’s Law:

1. The initial volume of the gas in the piston 𝑉1 = 3.0𝐿 ; 𝑃1 = 1.0𝑎𝑡𝑚; 𝑉2 = 1.0𝐿 ; 𝑃2 = ? ?
below is 3.00 liters and the initial pressure is 1.00 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
atm. The piston compressed (at constant
temperature) to a new final volume of 1.00 L. 𝑃1 𝑉1 1.0𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 3.0𝐿
What is the final pressure?
𝑃2 = = = 3.0𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉2 1.0𝐿
2. If the syringe shown has an initial volume of 𝑉1 = 0.50𝑚𝐿 ; 𝑃1 = 1.0𝑎𝑡𝑚; 𝑉2 = 3.0𝑚𝐿 ; 𝑃2 = ?
0.50 mL and the gas in the syringe is at a pressure 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
of 1.0 atm, what is the pressure inside the syringe
if your finger is placed over the opening and the 𝑃1 𝑉1 1.0𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 0.5𝑚𝐿
plunger is pulled back to give a final volume of 𝑃2 = = = 0.167𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉2 3.0𝑚𝐿
3.0 mL?
3. A sample of O2 gas has a volume of 𝑉1 = 150𝑚𝐿 ; 𝑃1 = 720𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔; ; 𝑃2 = 750𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔; 𝑉2 =?
150ml when its pressure is 720 mm Hg, 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
what will the volume be if the pressure is 𝑃1 𝑉1 720𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔× 150𝑚𝐿
increased to 750 mm Hg? 𝑉2 = = = 144𝑚𝑙
𝑃2 750𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

4. If a 1.0L of gas at 1.2atm is allowed to 𝑉1 = 1.0𝐿 ; 𝑃1 = 1.2𝑎𝑡𝑚; 𝑉2 = 5.0𝐿; 𝑃2 = ? ?

expand to 5.0L, what is the new pressure at 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
constant temperature?
𝑃1 𝑉1 1.2𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 1.0𝐿
𝑃2 = = = 0.24𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉2 5.0𝐿

5. A gas that obeys Boyle’s law has a volume of 𝑉1 = 15𝐿 ; 𝑃1 = 1.5𝑎𝑡𝑚; 𝑉2 =? ? ; 𝑃2 = 0.75𝑎𝑡𝑚
15L when its pressure is 1.5atm. Determine its 𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
new volume if the pressure is reduced to
0.75atm, temperature remaining constant. 𝑉2 =
𝑃1 𝑉1
=
1.5𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 15𝐿
= 30𝐿
𝑃2 0.75𝑎𝑡𝑚

3 𝑉1 = 478𝑐𝑚3 ; 𝑃1 = 104.1𝑘𝑃𝑎; 𝑉2 =? ; 𝑃2 = 88.2𝑘𝑃𝑎

6. A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of 478 cm
𝑷 𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
and a pressure of 104.1 kPa. What volume would
the gas occupy at 88.2 kPa if the temperature 𝑃1 𝑉1 104.1𝑘𝑃𝑎 × 478𝑐𝑚3
remains constant? 𝑉2 = = = 564𝑐𝑚3
𝑃2 88.2𝑘𝑃𝑎
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Charles law
The volume of fixed mass is directly proportional to the temperature at constant pressure
Mathematically;
𝑽𝜶𝑻
𝑽 Restrictions:
=𝒌 - Temperature must be in Kelvins
𝑻
- 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 must be in the same units
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 Converting from degrees Celsius to Kelvin
= o
 K = C + 273.15
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

Calculations under Charles law: (Temperature must be in Kelvins)

1. The initial volume of the gas in the piston 𝑉1 = 1.35𝐿 ; 𝑇1 = 373𝐾; 𝑇2 = 250𝐾 ; 𝑉2 = ? ?
below is 1.35 liters. The temperature is lowered 𝑽𝟏 𝑽
from 373 K to 250. K (at constant pressure). What = 𝟐
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
is the final volume?
𝑉1 𝑇2 𝟏.𝟑𝟓𝑳 × 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝑲
𝑉2 = = = 0.904𝐿
𝑇1 𝟑𝟕𝟑𝑲

2. A sample of hydrogen has an initial 𝑉1 =? ; 𝑇1 = 50°C = 50 + 273 = 323K;

temperature of 50° C. When the temperature is 𝑉2 = 212𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑇2 = −5°C = −5 + 273 = 268 K
3

lowered to -5°C, the volume of hydrogen 𝑽𝟏 𝑽

3
becomes 212 cm . What was the initial volume of = 𝟐
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
3
the hydrogen in dm ?
𝑉2 𝑇1 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎𝟑 × 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝐊
𝑉1 = = = 256𝑐𝑚3
𝑇2 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝑲
1𝑑𝑚 3
= 256𝑐𝑚3 × = 0.256𝑑𝑚3
1000𝑐𝑚 3

3. A sample of oxygen occupies a volume of 3

𝑉1 = 160𝑑𝑚 ; 𝑇1 = 91°C = 91 + 273 = 364K;
3
160 dm at 91° C. What will be volume of oxygen 𝑉2 = ? ? ; 𝑇2 = 0°C = 0 + 273 = 273K
when the temperature drops to 0.00° C? 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

𝑉1 𝑇2 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒅𝒎𝟑 × 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝑲
𝑉2 = = = 120𝑑𝑚𝟑
𝑇1 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝑲
3 3
4. A sample of helium has a volume of 521 dm 𝑉1 = 521𝑑𝑚 ; 𝑇1 = 18°C = 18 + 273 = 291K;
at a pressure of 75 cm Hg and a temperature of 𝑉2 = ? ? ; 𝑇2 = 23°C = 23 + 273 = 296K
18° C. When the temperatre is increased to 23° C, 𝑽𝟏 𝑽
what is the volume of the helium? = 𝟐
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
Hint: the pressure remained constant. 𝑉1 𝑇2 521𝑑𝑚3 × 296K
𝑉2 = = = 530𝑑𝑚3
𝑇1 291K
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Combined Gas Law

The combination of Boyle’s, Charles’s, and Gay-Lussac’s Laws forms the combined gas law.
Mathematically;
𝑷𝑽
Restrictions:
=𝒌 - Temperature must be in Kelvins
𝑻
- 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 must be in the same units
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 - 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 must be in the same units
𝑻𝟏
= 𝑻𝟐 STP (“standard temperature and pressure”) is often used as one
of the two conditions (initial or final condition)
T = 0 °C = 273K
P =1.0atm= 760mmHg = 101325Pa =101.325kPa

Calculations under combined gas Law:

1. 700ml gas sample at STP is compressed to @ 𝑺𝑻𝑷; 𝑇1 = 273𝐾; 𝑃1 = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎

a volume of 200ml, and the temperature is 𝑉1 = 700𝑚𝑙; 𝑉2 = 200𝑚𝑙
increased to 30°C. What is the new pressure 𝑇2 = 30°C = 30 + 273𝐾 = 303𝐾; 𝑃2 =?
of the gas in kPa 𝑷𝟏 𝑽 𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽 𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 × 700ml ×303K

𝑃2 = = = 393.6𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇1 𝑉2 273𝐾 × 200𝑚𝑙
2. If 282.4 ml of a gas at 25°C and 1.3 atm is 𝑉1 = 282.4𝑚𝑙 ; 𝑇1 = 𝟐5°C = 25 + 273 = 298K; 𝑃1 = 1.3𝑎𝑡𝑚
cooled to 20°C and 780 mm Hg. What is the 𝑉2 =? ? ; 𝑇2 = 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K
new volume 𝑃2 = 780𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 = 𝑎𝑡𝑚 → 𝟕𝟖𝟎𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈 × 𝟕𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝟏𝒂𝒕𝒎

Hint: the pressure both must be in same unit 𝑷𝟏 𝑽 𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽 𝟐

=
to be able to cancel out. 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
1atm = 760mmHg
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2 1.3𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 282.4ml ×293K
𝑉2 = = = 350.4𝑚𝑙
𝑇1 𝑃2 298𝐾 × 1.03𝑎𝑡𝑚

3. A sample of helium at 27°C occupies a 𝑉1 = 120𝐿 ; 𝑇1 = 27°C = 27 + 273 = 300K; 𝑃1 = 700𝑎𝑡𝑚

volume of 120L and pressure of 700atm. 𝑉2 = ? ? ; 𝑇2 = 18°C = 18 + 273 = 291K; 𝑃2 = 738𝑎𝑡𝑚
Calculate the new volume at a temperature of 𝑷𝟏 𝑽 𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽 𝟐
18°C if the pressure was increased by 38atm =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2 700𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 120𝐿 ×291K

𝑉2 = = = 110.4𝐿
𝑇1 𝑃2 300K × 738𝑎𝑡𝑚

4. At 0°C and 1.00atm pressure, a sample of 𝑉1 = 30.0𝑚𝑙 ; 𝑇1 = 𝟎°C = 0 + 273 = 273K ; 𝑃1 = 1.0𝑎𝑡𝑚
gas occupies 30.0mL. If the temperature is 𝑉2 = 20.0𝑚𝑙 ; 𝑇2 = 30°C = 30 + 273 = 303K; 𝑃2 = ? ?
increased to 30°C and the entire gas sample is
𝑷𝟏 𝑽 𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽 𝟐
transferred to a 20.0mL container, what will =
be the gas pressure inside the container? 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2 1.0𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 30.0𝑚𝑙 ×303K

𝑃2 = = = 1.66𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑇1 𝑉2 273𝐾 × 20.0𝑚𝑙
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IDEAL GAS EQUATION:

The ideal gas equation relates the pressure, volume, temperature and mole of a gas.
Mathematically; 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻
 An ideal gas is one whose physical behavior is accurately described by the ideal-gas equation
 Temperature is always in kelvin(K)
 n is the number of moles in unit of mol.
 The constant R is called the gas constant
 R has different values and units.
 The value and units of R depends on the units of P, V given.
 The units chosen for pressure and volume are most often atm and liters (dm3 ) respectively
and the R used in this case is R = 0.0821atm𝐋 mol−1 K −1 𝑜𝑟 0.0821atm𝐝𝐦𝟑 mol−1 K −1 . (the
unit tells that the pressure must be in atm (atmosphere) and volume in Lites (𝑜𝑟 dm3 ).
(Note: Liters (L) is equivalent to cubic decimetre (𝐝𝐦𝟑 )
 However, other units can also be used. 8.314 Pa. m3 mol−1 K −1 is used when pressure is in
unit of Pascal (Pa) and volume in cubic metre (m3 )
 Ensure your unit of P & V used match accordingly to the unit of P & V in the R used. (if not
converted accordingly to match the units in the R)
 When choosing a value of R, choose the one with appropriate unit of the given information
(sometimes given units must be converted accordingly)

Numerical values of the Gas constant, R, Converting from degrees Celsius to Kelvin
in various units  𝑲 = 𝒐.𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
- 0.08206atmL mol−1 K −1
Conversion factor for pressure
- 8.314 Pa. m3 mol−1 K −1 (𝟏𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 𝟕𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈 = 𝟕𝟔𝟎𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟓𝑷𝒂)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚)
From ideal gas: 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻: 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚) 𝒎
Replacing no. of mole (n) with
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀)
: 𝑷𝑽 = 𝑹𝑻
𝑴
Aside from the R which is a constant, any of the parameters could be 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
solved for if the others parameters are known. 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 )

1. Dry ice is carbon dioxide in the solid state. A 1.28g of the dry ice is placed in a 5.0L chamber that is
maintained at 35.1o C. What is the pressure in the chamber after all of the dry ice has sublimed
assume that it’s a perfect gas. (𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1)
𝐕 = 5.0L: 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞(𝐏) =? ? 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬(𝐦) = 1.28g: 𝐓 = 35.1o C = 35.1 + 273 = 308.1K
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬(𝐌)𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐎𝟐 = 12 + (16 × 2) = 44𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 : 𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚) 𝒎
Using; 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻: 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀): 𝑷𝑽 = 𝑹𝑻 ; make P subject formula
𝑴

𝑚𝑅𝑇 1.28𝑔 × 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1 × 308.1𝐾

𝑃= = = 0.147𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑀𝑉 44𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 × 5.0𝐿

OR:
Using: 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻
Solve first for no. of mole (n) separately and then substitute into the ideal gas equation to get the
pressure.
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𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚) 1.28𝑔
𝑛= = = 0.029𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀) 44𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇: making P subject formula

𝑛𝑅𝑇 0.029mol × 0.0821atmL mol−1 K−1 × 308.1𝐾

𝑃= = = 0.147𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉 5.0L

2. What is the pressure of N2 gas that has a volume of 144𝑐𝑚3 and a mass of 0.33𝑔 at a temperature
of 24o C. (𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1 )
Solution:
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞(𝐏) =? ?
1𝑑𝑚3
𝐕 = 144𝑐𝑚3 × 1000𝑐𝑚3 = 0.144𝑑𝑚3 = 0.144L: (Note: 𝐝𝐦𝟑 is same as 𝐋)
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬(𝐦) = 0.33g: 𝐓 = 24o C = 24 + 273 = 297K
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬(𝐌)𝐨𝐟 N2 = (14 × 2) = 28𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚) 𝒎
Using; 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻: 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀): 𝑷𝑽 = 𝑹𝑻 ; make P subject formula
𝑴

𝒎𝑹𝑻 0.33𝑔 × 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1 × 297𝐾

𝑷= = = 1.99atm
𝑴𝑽 28𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 × 0.144L

OR:
Using: 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻
Solve for no. of mole (n) separately and then substitute into the ideal gas equation to get the pressure.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚) 0.33𝑔
𝑛= = −1 = 0.0118𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀) 28𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇: making P subject formula

𝒏𝑹𝑻 0.0118mol × 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1 × 297𝐾

𝑷= = = 1.99𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑽 0.144L

3. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 345ml at 65o C and at the pressure of 776mmHg. What is the
no of moles of the gas? (𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1)
Solution:
1𝐿
𝐕 = 345ml × = 0.345𝐿: (Convert mL = L: Note 1000ml = 1L):
1000𝑚𝑙

𝐓 = 65o C = 65 + 273 = 338K

1𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝐏 = 776mmHg × 760𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 = 1.02𝑎𝑡𝑚: (Convert mmHg to atm; Note: 760mmHg = 1atm)

𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻: make n subject formula

𝑃𝑉 1.02𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 0.345𝐿
𝑛= = = 0.01269𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑅𝑇 0.0821atmL mol−1 K−1 × 338K
 DELZY EXPLICIT ONLINE MATERIAL ON GASES… 85% Summary on gases… ……. 07038101576

4. How many molecules are in 22.4L of an ideal gas at STP?

Solution:
STP refers to standard Temperature ( 𝟎𝐨 𝐂) & Pressure (1atm)
𝐓 = 0o C = 0 + 273 = 273K: 𝐏 = 1atm: 𝐕 = 22.4L: 𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1
𝑃𝑉 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 22.4𝐿
𝑛= = = 1.0mol
𝑅𝑇 0.0821atmL mol−1 K−1 × 273K
5. What is the volume of 203mol of gas whose temperature is −57o C at 143.5atm?
Solution:
𝒏 = 203mol: 𝐏 = 143.5atm: 𝐓 = −57.4o C = −57 + 273 = 216K: 𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1
Using 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻: make V subject formula
𝑛𝑅𝑇 203mol × 0.0821atmL mol−1 K−1 × 216K
𝑉= = = 25.0L
𝑃 143.5atm

FURTHER APPLICATION OF IDEAL GAS:

 Calculation of molar mass (M) of gas when the mass of the gas is known/given.
 Calculation of molar mass (M) of gas when the DENSITY of the gas is known/given.
 Calculation of density of a gas when the molar mass (M) of the gas is known

- CALCULATION OF MOLAR MASS OF A GAS WHEN THE MASS OF THE GAS & OTHER
PARAMETERS ARE GIVEN

1. A gaseous sample weighing 0.896g was found to occupy a volume of 0.524L at 0.96atm and 28o C.
(a). what is the molar mass of the gas (b). What gas do you think it is?
Solution:
𝐓 = 28o C = 28 + 273 = 301K : 𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1
𝐏 = 0.96atm: 𝐦 = 0.896g: V = 0.524L (note: 𝐋 is same as 𝐝𝐦𝟑 )
(a)
𝐏𝐕 = 𝒏𝐑𝐓:
mass (m)
𝑛 = Molar mass (M) OR…..
Solve for mole first & then the molar mass……
m
𝐏𝐕 = M 𝐑𝐓: 𝐏𝐕 = 𝒏𝐑𝐓: make n subject formula
𝐏𝐕
making M (molar mass) subject formula: 𝐧=
𝐑𝐓
𝐦𝐑𝐓 𝟎.𝟗𝟔𝐚𝐭𝐦 ×𝟎.𝟓𝟐𝟒𝐋
𝐌= 𝒏= = 0.0204mol
𝐏𝐕 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 × 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝐊
𝟎.𝟖𝟗𝟔𝒈 × 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 ×𝟑𝟎𝟏𝐊 mass (m)
𝐌= 𝑛= :
𝟎.𝟗𝟔𝐚𝐭𝐦 × 𝟎.𝟓𝟐𝟒𝐋 Molar mass (M)
0.896g
−1 0.0204mol =
M = 44gmol Molar mass (M)
0.896g
M= = 44gmol−1
0.0204mol
(b). The gas could be 𝐂𝐎𝟐(𝐠) or 𝐍𝟐 𝐎(𝐠) : This is because their molar mass = 44g/mol
{ CO2 = 12 + (16 × 2) = 44𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 }
{N2 O = (14 × 2) + 16 = 44𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 }
 DELZY EXPLICIT ONLINE MATERIAL ON GASES… 85% Summary on gases… ……. 07038101576
2. What is the molar mass of gas that has a mass of 2.889g and volume of 936mL given that the
pressure of the gas is 0.967atm at 31o C .
Solution:
𝐓 = 31o C = 31 + 273 = 304K : 𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1 : 𝐏 = 0.967atm: 𝐦 = 2.889g:
1L
V = 936mL × 1000mL = 0.936L

𝐏𝐕 = 𝒏𝐑𝐓:
mass (m)
𝑛 = Molar mass (M) OR…..
Solve for mole first & then the molar mass……
m
𝐏𝐕 = M 𝐑𝐓: 𝐏𝐕 = 𝒏𝐑𝐓: make n subject formula
𝐏𝐕
making M (molar mass) subject formula: 𝐧=
𝐑𝐓
𝐦𝐑𝐓 𝟎.𝟗𝟔𝟕𝐚𝐭𝐦 × 𝟎.𝟗𝟑𝟔𝐋
𝐌= 𝒏= = 0.0363mol
𝐏𝐕 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 × 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝐊
𝟐.𝟖𝟖𝟗𝐠 × 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 × 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝐊 mass (m)
𝐌= 𝑛= :
𝟎.𝟗𝟔𝟕𝐚𝐭𝐦 × 𝟎.𝟗𝟑𝟔𝐋 Molar mass (M)
𝟐.𝟖𝟖𝟗𝐠
−1 0.0363mol =
M = 79.6gmol Molar mass (M)
𝟐.𝟖𝟖𝟗𝐠
M= = 79.6gmol−1
0.0363mol
3. It is found that 0.896g of a gaseous compound containing only nitrogen and oxygen occupies 524𝑐𝑚3
at a pressure of 730mmHg and a temperature of 28o C. What is the molecular weight and molecular
formula of the gas? (0.0821atm𝑑𝑚3 mol−1 K −1 )
Solution:
𝐓 = 28o C = 28 + 273 = 301K : 𝐑 = 0.0821atm𝑑𝑚3 mol−1 K−1 : 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 (𝐦) = 2.889g
1atm
𝐏 = 730mmHg × 760mmHg = 0.96atm ∶ (converting pressure from mmHg to atm)
1𝑑𝑚3
𝐕 = 524𝑐𝑚3 × 1000𝑐𝑚3 = 0.524𝑑𝑚3 (converting from 𝑐𝑚3 to 𝑑𝑚3 )

𝐏𝐕 = 𝒏𝐑𝐓:
mass (m)
𝑛 = Molar mass (M): OR…..
Solve for mole first & then the molar mass……
m
𝐏𝐕 = 𝐑𝐓: 𝐏𝐕 = 𝒏𝐑𝐓: make n subject formula
M 𝐏𝐕
making M (molar mass) subject formula: 𝐧=
𝐑𝐓
𝐦𝐑𝐓 𝟎.𝟗𝟔𝐚𝐭𝐦 ×𝟎.𝟓𝟐𝟒𝐋
𝐌= 𝒏= = 0.0204mol
𝐏𝐕 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝒅𝒎𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 × 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝐊
mass (m)
𝟎.𝟖𝟗𝟔𝒈 × 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝒅𝒎𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 ×𝟑𝟎𝟏𝐊 𝑛= :
Molar mass (M)
𝐌=
𝟎.𝟗𝟔𝐚𝐭𝐦 × 𝟎.𝟓𝟐𝟒𝒅𝒎𝟑 0.896g
0.0204mol =
Molar mass (M)
𝐌 = 44gmol−1 0.896g
M= = 44gmol−1
0.0204mol

Since we were told that the gas contains only N & O.

- First add the atomic mass of the both atoms (N+O = 14 + 16=30)
- Subtract 44 from 30. i.e (44−30=14); 14 correspond to the atomic mass of N
- The gas would therefore contain two (2) N & one (1) O
Therefore the molecular formula of the gas  (𝐍𝟐 𝐎)
 DELZY EXPLICIT ONLINE MATERIAL ON GASES… 85% Summary on gases… ……. 07038101576
4. A sample of gas with mass 0.450g occupies a volume of 345mL at 65o C and at pressure of
776mmHg. What is the molar mass of the gas?
Solution:
𝐓 = 65o C = 65 + 273 = 338K : 𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1 : 𝐦 = 0.450g:
1L 1atm
𝐕 = 345mL × 1000mL = 0.345L ∶ 𝐏 = 776mmHg × = 1.02atm:
760mmHg

Using 𝐏𝐕 = 𝒏𝐑𝐓:
mass (m)
𝑛 = Molar mass (M): OR…..
Solve for mole first & then the molar mass……
m
𝐏𝐕 = 𝐑𝐓: 𝐏𝐕 = 𝒏𝐑𝐓: make n subject formula
M 𝐏𝐕
making M (molar mass) subject formula: 𝐧=
𝐑𝐓
𝐦𝐑𝐓 𝟏.𝟎𝟐𝐚𝐭𝐦 × 𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟓𝐋
𝐌= 𝒏= = 0.01268mol
𝐏𝐕 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 × 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝐊
mass (m)
𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒈 × 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 × 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝐊 𝑛= :
Molar mass (M)
𝐌=
𝟏.𝟎𝟐𝐚𝐭𝐦 × 𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟓𝐋 0.450g
0.01268mol =
Molar mass (M)
𝐌 = 35.48gmol−1 0.450g
M= = 35.48gmol−1
0.01268moll

5. A 0.200g of gas at 100o C and 760mmHg was found to occupy a volume of 69.59mL. Determine the
formula of the gas if further analysis showed that the gas is composed of 54.48%C, 9.13%H and
36.39%O
SOLUTION:
We need to solve for the molar mass using the gas parameters so we would use it to get the formula
(molecular formula) of the compound.
mass(m) = 0.20g: 𝐓 = 100o C = 100 + 273 = 373K: Pressure(P) =760mmHg = 1atm
1L
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞(𝐯) = 69.59mL = 69.59mL × 1000mL = 0.06959L
Solving for molar mass of the gas;
mass (m) m
𝐏𝐕 = 𝒏𝐑𝐓: 𝑛 = Molar mass (M): 𝐏𝐕 = M 𝐑𝐓:

𝐦𝐑𝐓 𝟎. 𝟐𝒈 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 × 𝟑𝟕𝟑𝐊

𝐌= = = 𝟖𝟖𝐠𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏
𝐏𝐕 𝟏. 𝟎𝐚𝐭𝐦 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟗𝐋

C H O Empirical formula (E.F) weight:

54.48 9.13 36.39 = (12 × 2) + (1 × 4) + (16) = 44𝑔
𝟓𝟒.𝟒𝟖 𝟗.𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟔.𝟑𝟗 molecular formula = (𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟒 𝐎)𝐧
𝟏𝟐 𝟏.𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟔
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟖𝟖
4.54 9.13 2.27 𝒏= = =𝟐
𝑬.𝑭 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝟒𝟒
Divide through by smallest
molecular formula = (𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟒 𝐎)𝐧
𝟒.𝟓𝟒 𝟗.𝟏𝟑 𝟐.𝟐𝟕
𝟐.𝟐𝟕 𝟐.𝟐𝟕 𝟐.𝟐𝟕 molecular formula = (𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟒 𝐎)𝟐
2 4 1
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 = 𝐂𝟒 𝐇𝟖 𝐎𝟐
Empirical formula (E.F)= 𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟒 𝐎
 DELZY EXPLICIT ONLINE MATERIAL ON GASES… 85% Summary on gases… ……. 07038101576
- CACULATION OF MOLAR MASS WHEN DENSITY OF THE GAS IS KNOWN
F𝑟𝑜𝑚 PV = nRT ;
mass (m) 𝒎
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒(𝑛) = : 𝒏= :
Molar mass (M) 𝑴

𝒎 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒎) 𝒎
PV = RT : 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙; 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐷) = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 (𝑽) ; i.e 𝐷 =
𝑽
𝑴

𝒎 𝒎 𝒎
PV = RT;  Rearranging  PM = RT: 𝑽
=𝑫
𝑴 𝑽

𝐏𝐌 = 𝑫𝐑𝐓: make Molar mass (M) subject formula

𝑫𝑹𝑻
𝐌=
𝑷
- CACULATION OF DENSITY OF A GAS WHEN MOLAR MASS OF THE GAS IS KNOWN
𝑫𝑹𝑻
From 𝐌=
𝑷
: make density (D) subject of the formula

𝑷𝑴 D=density: T=temp. (K)

P= pressure: M =molar mass
𝐃=
𝑹𝑻
CALCULATION:
1. What is the density of carbon Molar mass CCl4 = 12 + (35.5 × 4) = 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝐠𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏
tetrachloride vapour at 714torr T = 125o C = 125 + 273 = 𝟑𝟗𝟖𝐊
and 125o C. 1atm
P = 714torr = 714torr × 760torr = 0.939atm
(𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1)
Using:
Solution: 𝐏𝐌 𝟎.𝟗𝟑𝟗𝐚𝐭𝐦 × 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝐠𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏
Carbon tetrachloride = (CCl4 ):
𝐃= = = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟑𝐠𝐋−𝟏
𝐑𝐓 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 ×𝟑𝟗𝟖𝐊

2. Assume that the molar mass
of dry air is 29g/mol. What is
the density of the air at 25o C
605torr?
Molar mass of dry air = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝐠𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏
T = 25o C = 25 + 273 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖𝐊
1atm
P = 605torr = 605torr × 760torr = 0.796atm
Using:
𝐏𝐌 𝟎.𝟕𝟗𝟔𝐚𝐭𝐦 × 𝟐𝟗𝐠𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏
𝐃= = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟒𝐠𝐋−𝟏
𝐑𝐓 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 ×𝟐𝟗𝟖𝐊

3. A gaseous CFC compound has Density of the gas = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟖𝟖𝐠/𝐋

a density of 5.488g/L at
1.00atm and 22o C. Calculate
the molar mass of the gas?
(𝐑 = 0.0821atmL mol−1 K −1)
T = 22o C = 22 + 273 = 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝐊
P = 1.00atm
Using:
𝐃𝐑𝐓 𝟓.𝟒𝟖𝟖𝐠/𝐋 × 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 ×𝟐𝟗𝟓𝑲
𝐌= = = 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝐠/𝐦𝐨𝐥
𝐏 𝟏.𝟎𝟎𝐚𝐭𝐦
 DELZY EXPLICIT ONLINE MATERIAL ON GASES… 85% Summary on gases… ……. 07038101576
4. Calculate the density of @ STP: T = 0o C = 0 + 273 = 273K: P = 𝟏. 𝟎𝐚𝐭𝐦
carbon dioxide at STP. Molar mass CO2 = (12) + (𝟏𝟔 × 𝟐) = 𝟒𝟒𝐠𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏
Using:
𝐏𝐌 𝟏.𝟎𝐚𝐭𝐦 × 𝟒𝟒𝐠𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏
𝐃= = = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟑𝐠𝐋−𝟏
𝐑𝐓 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐋 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 𝐊 −𝟏 ×𝟐𝟕𝟑𝐊

Dalton’s Law
States that the total pressure from a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressure of the
individual gases that makes up the mixture. The pressure exerted by a particular component of a
mixture of gases is called the partial pressure of that gas.

Mathematically; 𝐏𝐓 = 𝐏𝟏 + 𝐏𝟐 + 𝐏𝟑 +. . …
Each gas component (i) in the mixture behaves independently of the others and follows the
ideal gas law and can be calculated via:
𝐑𝐓
𝐏𝐢 = 𝐧𝐢 × . ------------------------------------------ (1)
𝐕
The formula above can be used to calculate for the partial pressure of a gas component in
a mixture of gases when the mole of the gas is known as well as the temperature & volume
Let consider a mixture of three (3) gases (1, 2, & 3)
RT RT RT
P1 = 𝐧𝟏 : P2 = 𝐧𝟐 : P3 = 𝐧𝟑 :
V V V
𝐏𝐓 = 𝐏𝟏 + 𝐏𝟐 + 𝐏𝟑
RT RT RT RT
𝐏𝐓 = n1 + n2 + n3 ; 𝐏𝐓 = (n1 + n2 + n3 )
V V V V
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒; 𝒏𝟏 , 𝒏𝟐 , 𝒏𝟑 = number of moles of each of the gases in the mixture
𝐧𝟏 + 𝐧𝟐 + 𝐧𝟑 = 𝐧𝐓 ( 𝑇otal number of moles)
RT
𝐏𝐓 = (nT ) --------------------------------- (2)
V
The formula (equation-2) can be used to calculate for the total pressure (𝐏𝐓 ) of a gas
mixture when the total mole (𝐧𝐓 ) of the gas mixture is known or can be calculated.

PARTIAL PRESSURES AND MOLE FRACTION:

Because each gas in a mixture behaves independently, we can relate the amount of a given
gas in a mixture to its partial pressure.
𝒏𝒊 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑷𝒊 𝑛𝑖 𝑅𝑇/𝑉 𝒏𝒊 𝒏𝑻 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
= = 𝑷𝒊 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑷𝑻 𝑛𝑇 𝑅𝑇/𝑉 𝒏𝑻 𝑷𝑻 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑷𝒊 𝒏
𝑷𝑻
= 𝒏𝒊
𝑻
This formula is used when you are asked to calculate for the partial pressure (𝑃𝑖 ) of a gas
component and the (𝑃𝑇 ), (𝑛𝑇 ) & (𝑛𝑖 ) are known. Or for calculation of any one of the variable and
the three (3) others are known/given.
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Mole fraction is a dimensionless quantity
𝒏𝒊 that expresses that ratio of the number of
Where: = 𝑿𝒊 (mole fraction)
𝒏𝑻 moles of one component to the number of
moles of all components.
𝑃𝑖 𝑛𝑖
= = 𝑋𝑖
𝑃𝑇 𝑛𝑇 This formula can be used when the mole fraction (𝑋𝑖 ) of
𝑃𝑖 a particular gas is known as well as the total pressure
= 𝑋𝑖  𝑷𝒊 = 𝑿𝒊 𝑷𝑻 (𝑃𝑇 ), the partial pressure (𝑃𝑖 ) of the gas can be
𝑃𝑇
calculated using the formula.

Calculations under Dalton’s Law:

1. A mixture of gases contains oxygen, 𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑃𝑂2 + 𝑃𝐻2𝑂 + 𝑃𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑃𝐴𝑟

water vapour, carbondioxide, and argon.
Given that their partial pressure are as
follows: 𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟑. 𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟑 + 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟓𝟕
𝑷𝑶𝟐 = 3.7𝑎𝑡𝑚: 𝑷𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 0.50263𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝑷𝑪𝑶𝟐 = 2.30997𝑎𝑡𝑚: 𝑷𝑨𝒓 = 0.188157𝑎𝑡𝑚
What is the total pressure exerted by the gas
mixture?
2. A 25.0L tank contains 10.54mol N2 , (i) Partial pressure of nitrogen
4.22mol O2 , 6.00mol He gases. Calculate 𝐑𝐓
the partial pressure of each gas and the 𝐏N2 = 𝐧N2 × ∶.
𝐕
total gas pressure 20o C. 0.0821atmLmol−1 K−1 ×293K
PN2 = 10.54mol × = 10.14𝑎𝑡𝑚
Solution: 25.0L
V = 25.0L: T = 20o C = 20 + 273 = 293K (ii) Partial pressure of oxygen
𝐑𝐓
𝒏N2 = 10.54𝑚𝑜𝑙: 𝒏 O2 = 4.22𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐏O2 = 𝐧O2 × ∶.
𝐕
𝒏He = 6.00𝑚𝑜𝑙: 0.0821atmLmol−1 K−1 ×293K
PN2 = 4.22mol × = 4.06𝑎𝑡𝑚
25.0L
Since the total pressure is not known, (iii) Partial pressure of helium
we would use the mole of the respective 𝐑𝐓
gases to calculate for their individual 𝐏He = 𝐧He × ∶.
𝐕
partial pressure 0.0821atmLmol−1 K−1 ×293K
Using PN2 = 6.00mol × = 5.77𝑎𝑡𝑚
25.0L
𝐑𝐓
𝐏𝐢 = 𝐧𝐢 × .
𝐕 (b) 𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝐏N2 + 𝐏O2 + 𝑷𝑯𝒆
𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 10.14 + 4.06 + 5.77
𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟕𝒂𝒕𝒎
3. A 25L flask containing 0.055mole of Solution:
oxygen, 0.12mole of nitrogen, 0.047mole of
carbon dioxide and 0.75mol of argon V = 25L: T = 36o C = 36 + 273 = 309K
at 36𝑜 𝐶. 𝒏𝑶𝟐 = 0.055𝑚𝑜𝑙: 𝒏𝑵𝟐 = 0.12𝑚𝑜𝑙:
(a) calculate the pressure in atm inside the
flask 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 = 0.047𝑚𝑜𝑙: 𝒏𝑨𝒓 = 0.75𝑚𝑜𝑙
(b) calculate the partial pressure of each of 𝒏𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟐𝒎𝒐𝒍
the component
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𝑷𝒊 𝒏𝒊 𝒏𝒊
(a). Pressure inside the flask = 𝐏𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 (b). Using: = : 𝑷𝒊 = 𝑷𝑻 × :
𝑷𝑻 𝒏𝑻 𝒏𝑻
𝐑𝐓
Using: 𝐏𝐓 = 𝐧𝐓 ( ) 𝒏𝑶𝟐 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝐕  𝑷 𝑶𝟐 = 𝑷 𝑻 × ; 𝑷𝑶𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 × 𝟎.𝟗𝟕𝟐𝒎𝒐𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟔𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒏𝑻
0.0821atmLmol−1 K−1 ×309K
𝐏𝐓 = 0.972 × 𝒏𝑵𝟐 𝟎.𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒐𝒍
25L
 𝑷 𝑵𝟐 = 𝑷 𝑻 × ; 𝑷𝑵𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 × 𝟎.𝟗𝟕𝟐𝒎𝒐𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒏𝑻
𝐏𝐓 = 0.986atm 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟕𝒎𝒐𝒍
 𝑷𝑪𝑶𝟐 = 𝑷𝑻 × ; 𝑷𝑪𝑶𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 × 𝟎.𝟗𝟕𝟐𝒎𝒐𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒏𝑻

𝒏𝑨𝒓 𝟎.𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒐𝒍
 𝑷𝑨𝒓 = 𝑷𝑻 × ; 𝑷𝑨𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟔 × 𝟎.𝟗𝟕𝟐𝒎𝒐𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒏𝑻

4. A sample of natural gas contains 𝑷𝒊 𝒏𝒊 𝒏𝒊

8.24mol of 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) ; 0.421mol of 𝐶2 𝐻6(𝑔) Using: = : 𝑷𝒊 = 𝑷𝑻 × :
𝑷𝑻 𝒏𝑻 𝒏𝑻
& 0.116 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8(𝑔) . If the total pressure
of the gas is 1.37atm. Calculate the partial 𝒏 𝑪𝑯𝟒 𝟖.𝟐𝟒𝒎𝒐𝒍
 𝑷 𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝑷𝑻 × ; 𝑷 𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 × 𝟖.𝟕𝟕𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖𝟔𝒂𝒕𝒎
pressures of the individual gases? 𝒏𝑻

𝒏 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 𝟎.𝟒𝟐𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍
Solution:  𝑷 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 = 𝑷𝑻 × ; 𝑷 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 × 𝟖.𝟕𝟕𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟔𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒏𝑻
𝒏 𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 8.24𝑚𝑜𝑙: 𝒏 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 = 0.421𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒏 𝑪𝟑 𝑯𝟖 = 0.116𝑚𝑜𝑙: 𝑷𝑻 = 1.37𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝒏 𝑪𝟑 𝑯𝟖 𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒐𝒍
 𝑷 𝑪𝟑 𝑯𝟖 = 𝑷𝑻 × ; 𝑷 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 × 𝟖.𝟕𝟕𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝒏𝑻
𝒏 𝑇 = 8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍:

COLLECTION OF GAS OVER WATER;

If a gas is collected over water, it is usually saturated with water vapour at that particular
temperature. According to Dalton’s law the total pressure would become:
𝐏𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝐏𝐠𝐚𝐬 + 𝐏𝐇𝟐 𝐎 (𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐫)
Therefore the effective pressure of the gas (Pgas ) or pressure of the water vapour (𝐏𝐇𝟐 𝐎 ) can be
calculated by making subject formula.

COMMON EXAMPLES ……
1. A mixture of nitrogen gas and Solution:
water vapour was contained in a gas Ptotal = 942mmHg: Pgas = 797mmHg
cylinder. The total pressure of the Pressure of the gas mixture = Ptotal
gas mixture was found to be According to Dalton’s law:
942mmHg. What is the pressure Ptotal = Pgas + PH2 O (water vapour)
exerted by the water vapour if the
PH2O = Ptotal − Pgas
partial pressure exerted by nitrogen
gas is 797mmHg? PH2 O = 942mmHg − 797mmHg
PH2 O = 145mmHg
2. A sample of gas at 25o C is Solution:
collected over water and the total Ptotal = 742mmHg: PH2 O = 25mmHg
pressure was found to be 742mmHg. According to Dalton’s law:
If vapor pressure of water is Ptotal = Pgas + PH2 O (water vapour)
25mmHg at 25o C, what is the
pressure exerted by the gas Pgas = Ptotal − PH2 O (water vapour)

Pgas = 742mmHg − 25mmHg

Pgas = 717mmHg
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GRAHAM’S LAW OF EFFUSION (also called GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION):
Graham law of effusion/diffusion states that at constant temperature and pressure, the rate of
diffusion of gases is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.
Mathematically:
𝟏 R = rate of diffusion
𝑹𝜶√ D = density
𝑫

In comparing rate of diffusion between two gases, A and B is given as;

𝑹𝑨 𝑫𝑩
=√
𝑹𝑩 𝑫𝑨

Density of a substance is directly proportional to its molar mass (M), thus Graham’s law of diffusion
can be re-stated that at constant temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of gases is
inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
Mathematically:
𝟏 R = rate of diffusion
𝑹𝜶√ M = molar mass
𝑴

In comparing rate of diffusion between two gases, A and B is given as;

𝑹𝑨 𝑴𝑩
=√
𝑹𝑩 𝑴𝑨

CALCULATION:
1. An unknown gas composed of homonuclear Using:
diatomic molecules effuses at a rate that is only 𝑅𝑥 𝑀O2
0.355 times that of O2 at the same temperature. =√ :
𝑅 𝑂2 𝑀𝑥
Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.
0.355×𝑹𝑶𝟐 32𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Solution: 𝑅𝑂2
=√
𝑀𝑥
:
Let the unknown gas = x:
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑠(𝑀𝑥 ) =? ?: 0.355 32𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2 (𝑀O2 ) = 32𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 1
=√
𝑀𝑥
:
Square both sides so as to take away the square
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑠(𝑅𝑥 ) = root:
0.355 × 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑂2 (𝑅𝑂2 ) 2
32𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
(0.355)2 = (√ )
𝑀𝑥
i.e 𝑹𝒙 = 0.355 × 𝑹𝑶𝟐
32𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.126 =
𝑀𝑥

32𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑥 = = 254𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.126
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2. If a 230 cubic meter of a sample of argon gas Using:
effuses through a porous membrane three 𝑅𝐴𝑟 𝑀x
times as rapid as an unknown gas X. Use this =√
𝑅𝑥 𝑀𝐴𝑟
information to calculate the molar mass of the
gas X. 3×𝑹𝒙 𝑀𝑥
Solution: =√
𝑅𝑥 39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Let the unknown gas = x:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑠(𝑅𝐴𝑟 ) = 3 𝑀𝑥
3 × 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑠 (𝑅𝑥 ) =√
1 39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Square both sides so as to take away the square
i.e 𝑹𝑨𝒓 = 3 × 𝑹𝒙
root:
𝑀𝑥
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑠(𝑀𝑥 ) =?? (3)2 =
39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟(𝑀Ar ) = 39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑥 = (3)2 × 39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 359𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
3. Arsenic (III) sulfide sublimes readily, even Using:
below its melting point of 320o C. the molecules 𝑅𝑥 𝑀
of the vapour phase are found to effuse through = √ Ar
𝑅𝐴𝑟 𝑀𝑥
a tiny hole at 0.28 times the rate of effusion of
Argon atoms under the same conditions of 0.28 × 𝑹𝑨𝒓 39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
temperature and pressure. What is the molar =√
𝑅𝐴𝑟 𝑀𝑥
mass of arsenic (III) sulfide vapour?
Solution:
Let the unknown gas (Arsenic (III) sulfide)= x 0.28
=√
39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 𝑀𝑥
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 Arsenic (III)sulfide = 𝑅𝑥 Square both sides so as to take away the square
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 Argon gas = 𝑅𝐴𝑟 root:
𝑹𝒙 = 0.28 × 𝑹𝑨𝒓 2
0.28 2 39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
( 1
) = (√ 𝑀𝑥
)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟 (𝑀Ar ) = 39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑠 (𝑀𝑥 ) =? ? 39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
(0.28)2 =
𝑀𝑥
39.9𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑥 = = 509𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
(0.28)2

4. Under the same conditions of temperature 𝐑𝐇𝟐 𝑀Y

and pressure, hydrogen diffuses 8 times as fast =√
𝐑𝐘 𝑀𝐇𝟐
as gas Y. calculate the relative molecular mass
of Y. (H=1) 8 × 𝑹𝒀 𝑀𝑌
Solution: =√
𝑅𝑌 2𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 H2 = 𝐑 𝐇𝟐
2
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 gas Y = 𝐑 𝐘 8 𝑀𝑌 2 𝑀𝑌
=√ ∶ ( 8) = (√ )
R H2 = 8 × R Y 1 2𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 2𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 H2 (𝑀H2 ) = 2.0𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑌 = 64 × 2𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 128𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑌 (𝑀𝑌 ) =? ?

There are lots more calculations involving diffusion, but for this material I restricted the questions on calculation involving rates of
diffusion & molar masses based on the fact that over the past years these are the areas we have seen questions more readily. The
other calculations which would involve volume and time would be treated when school resumes, and these types are usually most
common in JAMB……………JOIN DELZY & WHYTE CLASS TODAY ….. For a scintillating & brain-boosting class