Foundation Studies

Standard, Standard Plus & Extended Program

Mathematics
for Science
Standard Term 1

Learning Guide
2023
UNSW Foundation Studies

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 Mathematics for Science

Learning Guide – Standard Term 1

Exercises

Unit 0 Revision Questions

Unit 1 Further Algebra

Unit 2 Functions and Graphs

Unit 3 Quadratic Theory

Unit 4 Differential Calculus and Applications

Unit 5 Polynomials and Further Inequalities

Unit 6 Sequences and Series

Unit 7 Mathematical Induction

Unit 8 Trigonometry

Unit 9 Probability and Discrete Random Variables

 UNIT 0

Pre-requisite Knowledge

Real Number System

Scientific Notation
Sets
Linear Equations and Inequalities in one variable
Surds
Indices and Exponential Equations
Factorisation
Algebraic Functions
Quadratic Equations
Completing the Square
Simultaneous Equations
Irrational number e
Logarithms and the Calculator
Logarithms and Logarithmic Laws
Coordinate Geometry Review
Coordinate Geometry Problems
Basic Trigonometry
Sine Rule
Cosine Rule
Area of a Triangle
Real Number System

1. (a) List all integers x , given that 3  x  1 .

(b) List all even numbers x , given that 2  x  8 .

(c) List all odd numbers x , given that 1  x  7 .

(d) List all prime numbers x , given that 0  x  12 .

2. Indicate whether each of the following statements is T(true) or F(false):

(a) All real numbers are rational.

(b) All irrational numbers are real numbers.

3. State whether the following numbers are rational or irrational:

11 8 
(a) (b)  (c) 05 (d)  12 (e) 121 (f) 0  333
5 9

4. Find the reciprocals of the following:

2 1
(a) (b) 5 (c)
7 100

5. State whether each of the following is T(true) or F(false):

1 1 1
(a)  (b)  0 11 (c) 7 18  7 19
6 5 9

6. Illustrate each of the following on a number line:

(a) x  3 (b) x7 (c) 2  x  0 (d) x  1  x  2

7. State whether the following numbers are integers, rational, irrational, real or not real:

7
(a) (b) 3
1 (c) 0 11 (d) 9 (e) 25 (f) 3
16
11

8. Write the following in a ascending order:

1 5 
, 2 , 0  2,  , 0 1
6 6
Scientific Notation

9. Write each of the following in scientific notation (standard form) correct to 3 significant
figures:
(a) 75000 (b) 124708 (c) 0  00057359 (d) 0  016452

10. Calculate each of the following, giving your answers in scientific notation correct to
2 significant figures:
8  98  1010
(a) (2  56  107 )  (1 83 102 ) (b)
1  44  103

 3 1110   1 33 10 

2 2
(c) 3
9  52  1011 (d) 8 5

11. (a) Increase 9  77 104 by 18% . Give your answer in scientific notation correct to
2 significant figures.

(b) Decrease 10  23 106 by 9  5 % . Give your answer in scientific notation correct

to 2 significant figures.

Sets

12. Write down all the subsets of {1, 4, 9}.

13. U is the set of positive integers greater or equal to 5 and less than 11 .
P = {6, 9, 10} and Q = {8, 10} . Write down the following sets:

(a) P (b) Q (c) P Q (d) P Q (e) P  Q (f) ( P  Q)

14. X is the set of even positive integers less than 10 and Y is the set of odd positive
integers less than 7 . Find:
(a) n( X  Y ) (b) n( X  Y ) (c) n( X )  n(Y )

15. The Venn diagram below shows the number of elements in each set. Use the diagram
to find the number of elements in each of the indicated sets:

U (a) P (f) P  Q
P Q
(b) U (g) ( P  Q)
10 1 7 (c) Q (h) P  Q
(d) P Q (i) ( P  Q)
5
(e) P Q (j) P  Q
16. X is the set of multiples of 5 less than 25 and Y is the set of multiples of 4 less
than 25 . Find:
(a) n( X  Y ) (b) n( X  Y ) (c) n( X )  n(Y )

17. A and B are disjoint sets. If n ( A)  17 and n ( B)  11 find:

(a) n ( A  B) (b) n ( A  B)

18. Given n ( X )  4 , n (Y )  13 and X  Y , find:

(a) n (X Y ) (b) n (X Y ) (c) n X  Y 

19. Given that n(U )  80, n( P )  33, n(Q )  22 and n  ( P  Q )   44 , find n( P  Q) .

20. Name the shaded sets in each of the following.

(a) U (b) U
X Y X Y

(c) (d)
U U
X Y X Y

21. In a class of 30 students, 11 play soccer, 19 play basketball, 8 play tennis,

6 play soccer and basketball, 4 play basketball and tennis, 5 play soccer and tennis

and 3 play all three sports. Find the number of students who do not play any of these

sports.

22. In a class of 50 students, 38 study Mathematics, 26 study Economics and 8

students do not study Mathematics or Economics. Find the number of students who

study both subjects.

23. Use the addition rule for sets to find how many integers between 2000 and 10 000

are divisible by 15 or 21 .
Linear Equations and Inequalities in one variable

24. Solve the following equations:

3y 3a  4
(a) 3 x  13  1 (b) 2 (c) 2
5 a

(d) 9k  8  3k  44 (e) 3( p  12)  2 p (f) 5( g  3)  7 g  9

5t  4 t 3 x 2 x 1 1 1
(g)  3 (h)  (i)   1
3 2 1 x 4  x m 2m 3m

25. Change the subject of the formula to the pronumeral indicated in brackets:
(a) P  2  l  w   w (b) A   r l   r 2 l 

V a  b 37
(c) r h (d)  a
h a  b 12

In each of the following four questions form an equation and hence solve it:

26. A rectangle is 6 cm longer than it is wide. Find the dimensions of the rectangle if its
perimeter is 64 cm.
27. A man is twice as old as his son. If 9 years ago, the sum of their ages was 66 years,
find their present ages.

28. The sum of three consecutive numbers is 84. Find the numbers.
29. A certain journey took 40 minutes to complete. If a half the distance was travelled at
an average speed of 100 km/h and the other half at an average speed of 60 km/h,

find the length of the journey.

30. Solve the following inequalities:

3  2y 2( x  1) 5( x  4)
(a) 3a  5  2 (b) 2  2 x  10 (c) 4   5 (d)   1
3 3 2
31. Find solution sets for 5  4 x  7 given that x is a natural number.

In each of the following two questions form an inequality and hence solve it:

32. A committee is to have 3 more women than men and the number on the committee must
be at least 7 but no more than 15. Find the possible number of women on the committee.

33. The result obtained when a certain number added to 5 is divided by 5, is not more
than the result when the same number added to 13 is divided by 9. Find the largest
possible value of the number.
Surds

34. Simplify:

(a) 5 5 (b) 18  2 (c) 3 2  5 7

(d) 2 3  3 (e) 2 8 (f) 3  12  27

35. Expand and simplify:

(a) 
2 2 2  
(b) 2 7 3 7  5 2 
(c)  11  5  11  5  (d) 2 
5 3 2 2 5 3 2 
36. Express the following in simplest form with rational denominator:

3 10 7 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 5 3 2 2 5 3 3

1 1
37. Simplify  .
1 2 1 2

38. (a) Write 2  8 in the form x where x is an integer.

3  2 3 
2
(b) Write in the form m  n where m and n are integers.

5 1
39. Show that  is a rational number.
4 5 3 5

5 2 1 1
40. If x  find the value of: (a) x  (b) x2 
5 2 x x2

41. Given that 2 x  3  2 7 find the value of x .

1 1 1
42. Given that   find the value of x .
x 3 x 3 2
Indices and Exponential Equations

43. Simplify the following giving answers in index form with positive indices:

(b) 53  53   53 
2
(a) 2 x 3  3x 2 (c) 10m6  5m 2 (d) 368  62

3a 4b3  (2ab 4 ) 2 3
27 a 3 b 6
(e) 20a 5 b 4  5a 2 b 4 (f) (g) 16 x 4 y 12 (h)
(3a 2b3 )3 ab 2

44. Simplify the following:

1  13 3  74 1
(a) (5 x3 )0 (b) 5 x 0 (c) 3 x 3  7 x (d) 15b 7  5b (e) (27 x 9 y 3 ) 3

45. Find the exact value of the following, without using your calculator:

3 2
1 2 1 
2
  25  2  8  3
(a) 25 2
(b) 3 (c) 8 3
(d) 32 5
(e)   (f)  
 16   27 

46. Solve the following exponential equations:

1
(a) 2 x  16 (b) 125m  25 (c) 3 y 4 
9

3 x 2
1 1 3 1
(d) 4k 1  (e) 1 a
 (f)    32  8 x
8 9 3 2

47. Solve the following equations:

(a) m6  64 (b) k 3  125  0 (c) 3

z  8

5 3 3 1
  
(d) a 2  32 (e) x 2
 125 (f) y 2
 8 2  27

48. In a small country town in NSW the population P is given by the formula
t
P  1000  50  2 3 , where t is the number of years elapsed since 1990 .

(a) Find the population in 1990.

(b) What is the population in 2002?

(c) In what year is the population of the town 7400 people?

Factorisation

49. Factorise the following:

(a) 3x  6 y (b) 2m 2  6m (c) 81a 3  27a 2

(d) 5a 3  25a 2b (e) 7 ab  7bc  21b (f) (a  b) 2  3(a  b)

(g) ab  3bc  4a  12c (h) 3x 2  9 xy  xy  3 y 2 (i) y3  3 y 2  y  3

(j) 8mn  12n  10m  15 (k) 49  m 2 (l) 49a 2  121b 2

(m) c 4  16d 4 (n) (a  4) 2  (a  2) 2 (o) 45 x 2 y 2  80

(p)  R2   r 2 (q) x 2  7 x  10 (r) b 2  5b  36

(s) 2 x 2  5 x  12 (t) 6 y 2  5 y  21 (u) a 2 b  3ab  10b

(v) 40m 2  30mn  45n 2 (w) 125  t 3 (x) 64m 3  27 n 3

(y) a 3b  216b (z) a 2  b 2  2a  2b (aa) 25 y 2  x 2  6 x  9

Algebraic Fractions

50. Simplify the following:

x2  x  6 6m 2  11m  10 k 3  9k
(a) (b) (c)
3x  9 2m  5 k 3  27

6a 3 b 3 8 x 3 y 4 xy z2  z z3  1
(d)  (e)  (f) 
b 2 9a 3 15 z3  z2  z z2  6z  5

2 x 2  x  15 x 2  6 x  9 x 2  49
(g)   2
x 2  3x  28 x 2  4x 6 x  15 x

51. Simplify the following:

3m m x 2x 3p p
(a)  (b)  (c) 
4 4 2 3 2 4
3w 5w w 2 5 t 5 t  2
(d)   (e)  (f) 
4 6 3 k 3k 3 6
4 (3  a) 3(a  2) 1 1 1 y4
(g)  (h)  (i)  2
5 10 x 1 x 1 y  3 y  5y  6
1 1 1
(j) 2
 2  2
x  5 x  6 x  4 x  3 x  3x  2
6a 2  6 a3 1 a4 1 3y 2  2 y  4 y 1 2
(k)   (l)  2 
a 2  a  1 a 3  3a 2 a 3  a 2 3
y 1 y  y 1 y 1
 1 x2
x 1
x t y2
52. Simplify: (a) (b) (c)
1 t 1 x 2 2x
1 1  1
x t 1 y2 y

53. Write each expression below as a simple rational expression with only positive indices:
1
b 2 a 2  a 2 b 2  x 1  y 1 
(a) (b)  1 1 
ba 1  ab 1 x  y 

x 1  1
54. Solve 2 .
x 2  1

Quadratic Equations

55. Solve:

 2k  3 
2
(a) x 2  7 x (b) x 2  5  0 (c) 0

 w  2
2
(d) (3m  7) (5m  2)  0 (e) 8 y (9 y  5)  0 (f)  25

(g) x 2  x  2  0 (h) x 2  14 x  49  0 (i) x 2  1  0

(j) 2 x2  9 x  5  0 (k) x 2  3x  1  0 (l) 3x 2  2 x  1  0

(m) 18 y  24  3 y 2  0 (n) (2a  3) 2  (a  4) (a  3)

(o) (3x  8) ( x  1)  19  0 (p) (5 p  3) ( p  1)  2

56. A bullet is shot vertically upward with its height h metres after time t seconds, given
by h  80t  10t 2 .

(a) Find the time at which the bullet is first at a height of 120 metres.

(b) When will the bullet fall back to the ground?

13
57 The sum of a number and its reciprocal is . Find the number.
6
1
58. The sum of the first n counting numbers is given by S  nn  1 . How many
2
counting numbers, starting at 1, add up to equal 91 ?

59. Find two consecutive even integers if the sum of their squares is 244 .

60. The sides of a right-angled triangle are given by  x  3 cm,  2 x  5 cm and

 2 x  7  cm. Find the length of the hypotenuse.
Completing the Square

61. For each of the following, complete the perfect square.

x 2  10 x............   x  ....... m 2  6m............   m.........
2 2
(a) (b)
1
w2  ..........  196   w.........
2
(c) (d) p2  p...........  ( p........) 2
4
62. (i) Express each of the following in the form a ( x  h) 2  k :
1
(a) x 2  4 x  13 (b) x 2  5 x  3 (c) x 2  x  2 (d) 3x 2  6 x  8
3

(ii) For each of the expressions in part (i) find the minimum value and the value of x
for which this minimum value occurs.

63. (i) Express each of the following in the form k  a ( x  h) 2 :

2
(a) 5  12x  x 2 (b) 3x  1  x 2 (c)  x 2  x  1 (d) 1  15 x  5 x 2
3
(ii) For each of the expressions in part (i) find the maximum value and the value of x
for which this maximum value occurs.

64. The minimum value of x 2  12 x  k is 4 . Find the value of k .

65. Show by completing the square that the expression x 2  7 x  13 is positive for all
values of x .

66. For what values of x is 25  x 2  10 x positive?

67. (a) Find the minimum value of the function f ( x)  2 x 2  4 x  5 .

(b) Find the value of x for which the function has the minimum.

68. A farmer wishes to enclose a rectangular vegetable garden with 80 metres of wire
netting. Let the length of the rectangle be x metres.
Find:
(a) an expression for the width of the rectangle in terms of x .
(b) an expression for the area A of the rectangle in terms of x .
(c) the largest rectangular area that he can enclose.
(d) the dimensions of this rectangle.
Simultaneous Equations

69. Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations:

y  11  2 x 3m  n  7 7 a  4b  1
(a) (b) (c)
y  3x  9 m  n  3 3a  4b  5

4 x  y  11 2 p  3q  8 3m  n  0
(d) (e) (f)
y  7  5x 5 p  4q  43 4m  2n  12

70. In each of the following word problems form two simultaneous equations and
solve them:

(a) A group of 41 people went to the theatre and the total cost of the tickets was
$3310 . Adult tickets cost $92 and child tickets cost $50. How many adults
and how many children went to the theatre?

(b) In 8 years time a mother will be twice as old as her daughter.

Two years ago she was three times as old as her daughter. Find their present ages.

71. Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations:

(a) 52 x  y  25 (b) 27 m  9n  9 (c) y  x2 (d) x 2  y 2  13

2 x  y  128 1 2x  y  3  0 3x  2 y  0
8n  m 
8
72. Form two simultaneous equations and solve them to find two numbers whose sum
is 25  7 and whose product is 165 .

Irrational number e

73. Use your calculator to find the value of the following giving your answers correct to
4 decimal places:

1
(a) e (b) e2 (c) (d) e5 (e) e3 (f) e2  e2
e

n
 1
74. (a) Use your calculator to evaluate 1   for the following values of n , giving
 n
your answers correct to 5 decimal places :

(i) n  100 (ii) n  1000 (iii) n  10000 (iv) n  100000

(b) Calculate the difference between e and your answers in part (a) .
What do you notice?
75. (a) For the curve y  e x fill in the table below:

x 2 1 0 1 2

(b) Hence sketch the graph of the curve y  e x .

Logarithms and the Calculator

76. (a) For the curve y  ln x (i.e. y  log e x ) fill in the table below:

x 0 1 0  25 05 1 2 e 3

(b) Hence sketch the graph of the curve.

77. (a) For the curve y  log10 x fill in the table below:

x 0 1 0  25 05 1 2 3 10

(b) Hence sketch the graph of the curve.

78. (a) Use your calculator to find the value of the following:
log10 1000
 log10 10 
5
(i) 8ln e (ii) (iii)
1
log10
10
(b) Use your calculator to find the value of eln 73 and eln888 hence simplify eln x .

(c) Use your calculator to find the value of 10log10 13 and 10log10 555 hence
simplify 10log10 x .

79. Use your calculator to find the value of the following giving your answers correct to
5 decimal places:

ln 23  23 
(a) log10 7 (b) ln 7 (c) (d) ln  
ln   
 1
ln  n  
ln 6  ln 2  n 1
ln 5e   ln 5   eln 5
e
(e) (f) (g) for n 
ln 5  ln 7  1 e 1
log10  n  
 n
80. The logarithmic form of the equation log a x  n can be written in index (exponential)

form as x  a n and vice versa.

(a) Express each of the following in logarithmic form:

1

(i) 8x  7 (ii) yk  p (iii) em  5 (iv) a 7
3

(b) Express each of the following in index form:

(i) log 3 x  2 (ii) log a 5  4 (iii) log n m  p (iv) ln x  8

81. (a) Make x the subject in each of the following equations:

2 x 1
(i) 10 x  8 (ii) e x  11 (iii) 10 3
7 (iv) e3 2 x  20

(b) Hence find the value of x giving answers correct to 4 decimal places.

82. (a) Write each of the following equations in index form, hence solve them:
(i) log 5 x  3 (ii) k  log 2 32 (iii) log a 8  3 (iv) ln m3  1

(b) Evaluate the following without use of a calculator:

1
(i) log 5 125 (ii) log a 1 (iii) log a a (iv) log 27  
9

83. Solve the following equations giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures:
1
(a) log10 x  0  35 (b) log e w  1  8 (c) ln p 
2

84. Solve the following logarithmic equations:

1
(a) log 7 k  2 (b) log 49 w  (c) log x 243  5
2
1
(d) log a 7  (e) log10 (3m  1)  2 (f) log p 49  2
3
 4 
(g) log n    2 (h) log 4 y 5  15 (i) log 2 (4 2)  k
 25 

 log 6 m 
2
(j) log 4 (1  x 2 )  2 (k) log ( x 1) (7  3 x)  2 (l) 1
Logarithms and Logarithmic Laws

85. Write the following in expanded form:

m  x 
(a) log 7 abc (b) log a (c) log a x m (d) log m  
n  yz 

 mn 
5
 x4 
(e) log10 3x y 5
(f) log p mn (g) log a  2  (h) log a  3 
 p   y 
 

86. Express the following as a single logarithm:

1
(a) log a 5  log a x (b) log n 7  2 log n x (c) log b a  2 log b x  2
2

87. Use laws of logarithms to evaluate the following:

(a) log12 4  log12 3 (b) log 3 12  2 log 3 2 (c) log 3 3 9  log8 2

log11 9
(d) ln e3  ln e (e) (f) log 7 49  log 2 8
log11 3

(g) log8  
3  2  log8  3 2 
88. For each of the following, write a relationship between a and b that does not involve
logarithms:

(a) log 7 (a  b)  log 7 a  log 7 b (b) log8 (a  b)  log8 a  log8 b

1 log 5 a
(c) 2 ln a  ln b  0 (d) 3log 5 b  1 
2 2

89. Given that log a 3  0  5 and log a 7  0  9 evaluate the following:

3
3  7 
(a) log a 21  log a   (b) log a 9  log a 49 (c) log a 3a  log a  
7  a

90. Given that log8 7  m and log8 5  n express the following in terms of m and/or n :
7  125 
(a) log8 35  log8   (b) log8 40  log8  
5  7
91. Solve the following equations:

(a) log 4 x  log 4 5  1 (b) ln(m  2)  ln m  ln 5 (c) log 2  log8 x   1

92. Solve the following equations giving your answers correct to 4 significant figures:

(a) ln 5 x  ln 7 (b) 3x  8 (c) e2 w  11

(d) 7e3 k  5 (e) 51 2 x  3 (f) 32 m 1  5m  2

Coordinate Geometry Review

93. (a) Find the distance between points A(2, 4) and B(2, 1) .
(b) If the distance between the points (0, k ) and (1,5) is 5 2 , find all possible
values of k.
94. Show that the triangle with vertices P (4, 4) , Q(1, 5) and R(5,1) is isosceles.

95. (a) Find the midpoint of the interval PQ where P is (8,1) and Q is (2, 5) .

(b) If M (5,8) is the midpoint of A(1, 4) and a point B , find the coordinates of
point B .
(c) If (m,5) is the midpoint of (7, n) and (2, 3) find values of m and n .

96. A line passes through points P (3, 2) and Q(1,5) find:
(a) the gradient of PQ .
(b) the gradient of a line parallel to PQ .
(c) the gradient of a line perpendicular to PQ .

97. Given points A(4, 7), B(1, 3), C (0, 2) and D(4, k ) find k if:
(a) AB is parallel to CD .
(b) AB is perpendicular to CD .

98. Using gradients show that A(1,0) B(0,8) C (7,4) and D(8,4) are the vertices of
a rhombus.

99. Show that the points A(4,5), B(0, 1) and C (2, 4) are collinear (i.e. the points lie
on the same straight line).

100. If points P(5,1), Q(3, 4) and R(3  k ,1  2k ) are collinear find the value of k .

101. (a) For the acute angle   10 (i.e. 0    90 ) find tan  .

(b) For the obtuse angle   170 (i.e. 90    180 ) find tan  .

(c) What do you notice? What is the relationship between  and  ?

102. In each of the diagrams below, find the angle of inclination  that the line makes
with the positive direction of the x-axis. Give your answer correct to the nearest degree.
Mark the angles on the diagram.
(a) y (b) y

x x
103. Find the equations, in general form, of the lines in the diagrams below. For each line
write down the x and y intercepts.
(a) y (b) y

x x

(c) y (d) y

x x

104. Find the x and y intercepts of the line 5 x  3 y  30  0 .

105. (a) Find the equation of the line with gradient  3 and y-intercept 2 .

(b) Find the gradient of the line 10 x  3 y  2  0 .

(c) Find the equation of the line parallel to the line y  5 x  7 and with
y-intercept  2 .

(d) Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line y  3  2 x and with
y-intercept 7 .

(e) Find the equation of the line passing through the point (5,  2) and having
gradient 3 .

(f) Find the equation of the line with x-intercept 7 and gradient 1 .

(g) Find the equation of the line passing through points (2,  1) and (1, 7) . Give
your answer in general form.

(h) Find the equation of the line passing through the point (2, 5) and perpendicular
to the line 2 x  4 y  11  0 .

(i) Find the equation of the line passing through the point  5, 7  and parallel to
the y-axis.

(j) Find the equation of the line passing through the point  9, 8  and parallel to
the x-axis.

(k) Write down the equations of the coordinate axes.

106. (a) Test whether the point (8,  6) lies on the line 2 x  3 y  33  0 .

(b) Find all possible values of k if the point (k 2 , k ) lies on the line
x  4 y  12  0 .

107. Find the point of intersection of the lines given by the equations 4 x  y  1  0
and 2 x  y  5  0 . Show the information on a sketch.

108. (a) Find the perpendicular bisector of MN where M (2, 6) and N (4,  2) . Write
down its equation in general form.

(b) Find the perpendicular distance of the point (1, 2) from the line 3x  4 y  12  0 .

109. The lines 3x  4 y  m and 5 x  12 y  2m  6 are equidistant (the same distance), from
the origin. Find the possible values of m .

110. Write down the equations of the circles:

(a) centre ( 0, 0) and radius 7 . (b) centre  3,5  and radius 6 .

111. Sketch the locus of the point P( x, y ) and write down its equation if:
(a) P( x, y ) is always 2 units from the point (0,3) .
(b) P( x, y ) is always 3 units from the circle x 2  y 2  16 .
(A locus can be described as the path traced out by a variable point P ( x, y ) moving
according to some given rule or condition. The locus of a point that is a fixed distance from
a fixed point is a circle.)

112. For each circle, find the centre and radius:

 x  3
2
(a) 9 x2  9 y 2  4 (b)  y 2  81 (c) x2  y 2  6 x  4 y  0

113. For each of the following semi-circle draw a neat sketch:

(a) y  16  x 2 (b) y   3  x2 (c) x  4  y2

114. Find the equation of a circle that touches the x-axis at (7, 0) and the y-axis at (0, 7) .
Coordinate Geometry Problems

115. The points P, Q and R have coordinates (3, 2) , (9, 6) and (1,8) respectively.

(a) Draw a diagram showing the points P, Q and R .

(b) Find the gradient of the line PQ .

(c) Find the equation of PQ .

(d) Find the coordinates of M the midpoint of PQ .

(e) Show that PQ is perpendicular to MR .

(f) Name the perpendicular bisector of PQ and find its equation in general form.
(g) What kind of triangle is PQR ?
(h) Find the coordinates of a point N such that M is the midpoint of RN.
(i) Show that PNQR is a square and find its area.
(j) Find the equation of the circle that passes through the points P, Q and R .
(k) Find the points of intersection of this circle with the coordinate axes.

(l) Find the equation of the tangent to this circle at the point P.

(m) Find the area of this circle.

(n) Find the perpendicular distance of the point M from the line PR .

(o) Find the ratio of the area of a circle inscribed in the square PNQR and the circle
that passes through the points P, Q and R .

Basic Trigonometry

116. Find the value of the following, correct to 2 decimal places:

34
(a) sin1620 (b)
cos 2918
117. Find the value of the acute angle  , correct to the nearest minute:

(a) sin   0.82 (b) tan   8.66

118. Find the value of x in each of the following triangles:

(a) (b) (c)

38 42
14 9
21 x

x

x 22
119. Find the exact value of :
2
(a) cos  if tan   and 0    90 .
3
(b) tan  if sin   0  3 and 0    90 .

120. Fill in the table below with the exact values of trigonometric ratios of acute angles
30, 45 and 60 using the given triangles.

30 45 60

30  45 
2 2 sin
1
3
cos

60  45
tan
1 1

121. Find the value of  where 0    90 , given:

(a) cos   sin 38 ; (b) cot   tan (  66).

122. The angle of elevation of a plane P from P

a point A on level ground is 41 .

The plane is vertically above the point B
h
on level ground. The distance of
the point B from A is 23 metres.
Find the altitude of the 41
A 23m B
plane correct to the nearest metre.

123. Find, correct to the nearest degree, the angle of depression of a boat 330 metres out to
sea, from the top of a vertical cliff of height 55 metres.

124. A rhombus has one angle of 60  and a shorter diagonal of length 8 cm.
(a) Find the exact length of the longer diagonal of the rhombus.
(b) Find the exact area of the rhombus.
125. Find the conventional and true bearings of N
A and B from O .
B

Conventional True bearing 44

bearing W E
31 O
A
A
B

126. The bearing of P from X is 311, and the bearing of Q from X is 163.
Find the size of the obtuse PXQ .

127. Find the following in terms of m and n : C

(a) sin 

(b) cos(90   )
n m
(c) tan 

(d) The area of the triangle ABC . 

A B

128. The bearing of A from B is 058, the bearing of A from C is 328 and C is due
East of B. Find the distance AB, if the distance BC is 30 kilometres. Give your
answer in km correct to one decimal place.

129. In the diagram below ABCD is a unit square and CDE is an equilateral triangle.
The midpoint of AB is F and G is the point where EF intersects DC . Find:
(a) the size of ADE .
A D
(b) the size of DAE .
(c) the size of EAF .
(d) the exact length of EG . F E
G
(e) the exact length of EF .
(f) the exact value of tan 75 .
B C
(g) the exact length of AE .
(h) the exact value of cos 15 .
Sine Rule

130. (a) For the acute angle   20 find sin  .

(b) For the obtuse angle   160 find sin  .

(c) What do you notice? What is the relationship between  and  ?

131. (a) Find the size of the obtuse angle  if sin   sin 38 .
3
(b) Find the sizes of the acute and the obtuse angles  if sin   .
2
(c) Find the sizes of the acute and the obtuse angles  if sin   0  43 ,

giving your answers correct to the nearest minute.

x 17
132. (a) Find the value of x if  . Give your answer correct to
sin 73 sin 83
2 decimal places.
sin  sin123
(b) Find the value of the acute angle  if  . Give your answer
12 14
correct to the nearest degree.

133. (a) Find the value of x correct to (b) Find the value of y correct to
2 decimal places. 2 decimal places.

54

31 85  3

38 1729 7124

x y

(c) (i) Find the two possible values

54 
of  . Give your answer correct
to the nearest degree.
12  6
(ii) For each value of  find the 15  2
third angle in the triangle.
(iii) For each of the two situations in
(i) and (ii) find the third side in
the triangle. Give your answers
correct to one decimal place.

134. The angle of elevation of the top of a television tower, from a point on the ground,
is 18 . On advancing a distance of 500m on level ground towards the tower, the angle
of elevation is 27 . Calculate the height of the tower correct to 3 significant figures.
135. A surveyor walking due East turns at A to avoid a large pond and walks 270 m to
B on a bearing of 048. He then turns and walks on a bearing of 112 to C.
If C due East of A, find the distance AC, correct to the nearest metre.

Cosine Rule

136. (a) For the acute angle   50 find cos  .

(b) For the obtuse angle   130 find cos  .

(c) What do you notice? What is the relationship between  and  ?

137. Find the size of the obtuse angle  given that cos    cos 50 .

138. (a) Find the values of x if x 2  132  242  2 13  24  cos83 . Give your answer
correct to 2 decimal places.
252  302  432
(b) Find the size of angle  if cos   . Give your answer
2  25  30
correct to the nearest degree.

139. (a) Find the value of a correct to (b) Find the value of  correct to
2 decimal places. the nearest minute.

88  8

a
34

66  6
27 77  7
67

140. Find the largest angle of a triangle which has sides of length 35cm , 43cm and 51cm .
Give your answer correct to the nearest minute.

141. Ship A is 20 nautical miles from a port P and is on a bearing of 055. Ship B is
25 nautical miles from P and is on a bearing of 115.
(a) Find the exact distance in nautical miles between the two ships.
(b) Find the bearing, correct to the nearest degree, of ship B from ship A .
(c) Find the bearing, correct to the nearest degree, of ship A from ship B .
Area of a Triangle

142. (a) Find the area of the  ABC . C

Give your answer correct to
3 decimal places.
13cm

Diagrams are not to scale. 42

A 18cm B

(b) Find the size of the obtuse R

angle  given that the  PQR
has the same area as the  ABC .
13cm
(c) For each triangle find the length
of the third side. Give your

answer correct to 2 decimal places.
P 18cm Q

143. A triangle has sides of length 22 cm, 33 cm and 44 cm.

(a) Find the size of the smallest angle in the triangle.
(b) Hence find the area of the triangle.
(c) Check your answer in (b) by using Heron’s formula:
Area  s( s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle and s is half the perimeter.
(You do not need to memorise this formula!)

144. The diagonals of a parallelogram have lengths m and n and their angle of
intersection is 60 .

(a) Find in terms of m and n :

(i) the area of the parallelogram.
(ii) the lengths of the sides of the parallelogram.

(b) m and n are also the lengths of the perpendicular sides of a right angled
triangle whose hypotenuse is 4 and one of the angles is 30 . Find the exact
lengths of the sides of the parallelogram.
 ANSWERS

Real Number System

1. (a) 2,  1, 0,1 (b) 2, 4, 6 (c) 1,3,5, 7 (d) 2,3,5, 7,11

2. (a) F (b) T

3. (a) rational (b) rational (c) rational (d) irrational (e) rational (f) rational

7 1
4. (a) (b)  (c) 100
2 5

5. (a) F (b) T (c) F

6. (a) (b)
3 7
(c) (d)
2 0 1 2
7. (a) rational, real (b) integer, rational, real (c) rational, real

(d) not real (e) integer, rational, real (f) irrational, real

5  1
8.  , 0 1, , 0  2, 2
6 6

Scientific Notation

9. (a) 7  50 104 (b) 1  25  105 (c) 5  74 104 (d) 1  65 102

10. (a) 4  7 105 (b) 6  2 107 (c) 4  6 104 (d) 3 1108

11. (a) 1  2 105 (b) 9  3 106

Sets

12.  , 1 , 4 , 9 , 1, 4 , 1,9 , 4,9 , 1, 4,9

13. (a) 5, 7 ,8 (b) 5, 6, 7 ,9 (c) 6,8,9,10 (d) 10 (e) 8 (f) 5, 7
14. (a) 0 (b) 7 (c) 7

15. (a) 11 (b) 23 (c) 15 (d) 1 (e) 18 (f) 13 (g) 22 (h) 10 (i) 5 (j) 5

16. (a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 10 17. (a) 0 (b) 28

18. (a) 4 (b) 13 (c) 9 19. 19
20. (a) X  Y  (b) X  Y (c) X  (d)  X  Y 
21. 4 22. 22 23. 838

Linear Equations and inequalities in one variable

10
24. (a) x  4 (b) y  (c) a  4 (d) k  6 (e) p  36
3
10 5
(f) g  3 (g) t  (h) x  5 (i) m 
13 6
P A   r2 V 49 b
25. (a) w l (b) l  (c) h  (d) a 
2 r  r2 25
26. width  x , lenght  x  6 ,  2 x  2( x  6)  64 , so dimensions are 13 cm  19 cm

27. son's age  x , father's age  2x ,  ( x  9)  (2 x  9)  66 , so son is 28 and father 56

28. x  ( x  1)  ( x  2)  84 , so numbers are 27, 28, 29

x x
29. distance travelled  x , time for the first half  2 , time for the second half  2 ,
100 60
x x
40
 2  2  , so distance is 50 km
100 60 60
1 7
30. (a) a 1 (b) 1  x  5 (c)  6  y  4 (d) x  5
2 11
31. {1, 2}

32. number of women = x , number of men = x  3 ,

number of people on the committee = x  ( x  3) , so 7  x  ( x  3)  15 , then
5  x  9 i.e. possible number of women are 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9

x  5 x  13
33. certain number = x , so  , then x  5  the largest x  5
5 9

Surds

34. (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 15 14 (d) 3 3 (e)  2 (f) 2 3

35. (a) 2 2  2 (b) 42  10 14 (c) 6 (d) 2

2 5
36. (a) 3 (b) (c) 3  2 (d) 3 3  2 5
3
37. 2 2
 3
38. (a) 18 (b) m  21 , n  432 39. i.e. rational
4
2 2 2
14  1 1 1  1  14  178
40. (a) (b) since  x    x 2  2  2 x 2  2   x    2     2 
3  x x x  x  3 9

25
41. x 42. x  21
2

Indices &Exponential equations

4b 2
43. (a) 6x 5
(b) 5 12
(c) 2m 4
(d) 6 14
(e) 4a 3
(e) (g) 4 x 2 y 6 (h) 3
9
44. (a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 21 (d) 3b (e) 3x3 y
1 1 125 9
45. (a) 5 (b) (c) 4 (d) (e) (f)
9 2 64 4
2 7 3 3
46. (a) x  4 (b) m  (c) y  2 (d) k   (e) a  (f) x  
3 4 4 4
1 2
47. (a) m  2 (b) k  5 (c) z  512 (d) a  4 (e) x  (f) y 
25 9
48. (a) 1050 (b) 1800 (c) 2011

Factorisation

49. (a) 3( x  2 y ) (b) 2m (m  3) (c) 27a 2 (3a  1)

(d) 5a 2 (a  5b) (e) 7b (a  c  3) (f) (a  b) (a  b  3)
(g) (a  3c) (b  4) (h) ( x  3 y ) (3x  y ) (i) ( y  3) ( y 2  1)
(j) (2m  3) (4n  5) (k) ( 7  m) ( 7  m ) (l) (7 a  11b) (7 a  11b)
(m) (c 2  4d 2 ) (c  2d ) (c  2d ) (n) 4 (a  3) (o) 5 (3xy  4) (3xy  4)
(p)  ( R  r ) ( R  r ) (q) ( x  5) ( x  2) (r) (b  9) (b  4)
(s) (2 x  3) ( x  4) (t) (3 y  7) (2 y  3) (u) b (a  5) (a  2)

(v) 5 (4m  3n) (2m  3n) 

(w) 5  t  25  5t  t 2  
(x) 4m  3n  16m 2  12mn  9n 2 

(y) ba  6 a  6a  36
2
 (z) (a  b) (a  b  2) (aa) (5 y  x  3) (5 y  x  3)

Algebraic Functions

x2 k  k  3 2a 2b
50. (a) (b) 3m  2 (c) (d)
3 k 2  3k  9 3
 z 1 x7
(e) 10x 2 (f) (g)
z 5 3x  3
7x 5p 5w
51. (a) m (b) (c) (d)
6 4 4
1 3t  8 30  11a 2
(e) (f) (g) (h)
3k 6 10  x  1 x  1
2 x 6 3
(i) (j) (k) (l)
y2 x  1x  2x  3 a3 3
y 1

t 1 xy
52. (a) x 1 (b) (c)
2 xy

b2  a 2 yx
53. (a) (b) .
ab yx

2
54. x
3

Quadratic Equations

3 7 2
55. (a) x  0, x  7 (b) x   5 (c) k   (d) m   ,
2 3 5
5
(e) y  0,  (f) w  3,  7 (g) x  1, x  2 (h) x  7
9
1 3 5
(i) no real solution (j) x  , x  5 (k) x  (l) no real solution
2 2
5  61 4  11
(m) y  2, 4 (n) a  (o) no real solution (p) p 
6 5

56. (a) after 2 seconds (b) after 8 seconds

1 13 2 3
57. number = x , so x    x= or
x 6 3 2

58. 13

59. first even number = x , next even number  x  2 , so x 2  ( x  2) 2  244 i.e. x  10

 consecutive even integers are 10 , 12

longest side = (2 x  7) , i.e. hypotenuse = (2 x  7) , so  x  3   2 x  5    2 x  7 

2 2 2
60.

i.e. x  5 since x must be positive  hypotenuse = 17 cm

Completing the Square

x 2  10 x  25   x  5  m 2  6m  9   m  3 
2 2
61. (a) (b)
2
1 1  1
w2  28w  196   w  14 
2
(c) (d) p2  p  p 
4 64  8
2 2
 5  13  1  73
 x  2 (d) 3  x  1  5
2 2
62. (i) (a) 9 (b)  x    (c)  x   
 2 4  6  36
13 5 73 1
(ii) (a) 9, x  2 (b)  , x (c)  , x (d) 5, x  1
4 2 36 6
2 2 2
5  3 10  1 49  3
63. (i) (a) 41   x  6 
2
(b)  x   (c)  x  (d)  5 x  
4  2 9  3 4  2
5 3 10 1 49 3
(ii) (a) 41, x  6 (b) , x (c) , x (d) , x
4 2 9 3 4 2
2
 7 3
64. 40 65.  x     0
 2 4

25  x 2  10 x   x  5  so it is positive for all real values of x except x  5 .

2
66.

67. (a) f ( x)  2  x  1  3 , min = 3

2
(b) x  1

68. (a) width  40  x (b) A  40 x  x 2

(c) A  400   x  20  , Maximum area = 400 m 2
2
(d) Dimensions : 20m  20m

Simultaneous Equations

3 19
69. (a) x  4 y  3 (b) m  5 n  8 (c) a  b
2 8
(d) x  2 y  3 (e) p  7 q  2 (f) m   1  2 n  3  6

70. (a) number of adults  x , number of children  y , x  y  41


92 x  50 y  3310
so number of adults  30 , number of children  11

(b) daughter's present age  x , mother's present age  y , y  8  2 ( x  8)


y  2  3( x  2)
so daughter's present age  12 ,
mother's present age  32

71. (a) x3, y4 (b) m  0 , n  1

(c) x  3, y  9 or x  1, y  1 (d) x  2, y  3 or x  2, y  3

72. If numbers are x and y , then x  y  25  7 so numbers are 13  2 and 12  5

xy  165
Irrational number e

73. (a) 2  7183 (b) 7  3891 (c) 0  3679

(d) 0  0067 (e) 4  4817 (f) 7  5244

74. (a) (i) 2  70481 (ii) 2  71692 (iii) 2  71815 (iv) 2  71827

(b) (i) 0  01347 (ii) 0  00136 (iii) 0  00014 (iv) 0  00001

n
 1
The greater the value of n , the closer the value of 1   is to the value of e .
 n
75. (a) (b) y

x 2 1 0 1 2

y 0 1 04 1 27 74

Logarithms and the Calculator

76. (a)
x 0 1 0  25 05 1 2 e 3
y 2  3 1 4 0  7 0 07 1 1 1

(b) y

77. (a) x 0 1 0  25 05 1 2 3 10

y 1 0  6 0  3 0 03 05 1
(b)
y

78. (a) (i) 8 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (b) 73 , 888, x (c) 13 , 555, x

79. (a) 0  84510 (b) 1  94591 (c) 2  73907 (d) 1  41094
(e) 0  30900 (f) 13  02076 (g) 2  30259

1
80. (a) (i) x  log8 7 (ii) k  log y p (iii) m  log e 5 or m  ln 5 (iv)   log a 3
7
(b) (i) 32  x (ii) a 4  5 (iii) np  m (iv) e8  x

1 1
81. (a) (i) x  log10 8 (ii) x  ln11 (iii) x   3log10 7  1 (iv) x   3  ln 20 
2 2
(b) (i) x  0  9031 (ii) x  2  3979 (iii) x  0  7676 (iv) x  0  0021

82. (a) (i) x  53 , x  125 (ii) 2k  32, k  5 (iii) a 3  8, a  2 (iv) m3  e1 , m  3 e

2
(b) (i) 3 (ii) 0 (iii) 1 (iv) 
3
83. (a) x  2  24 (b) w  0 165 (c) p  1 65

1
84. (a) k (b) w7 (c) x3 (d) a  343
49
101 5
. (e) m (f) p  7, p  0 (g) n , n0 (h) y  64
3 2
15 1
. (i) k 5 (j) x , x0 (k) x  2, x  0 (l) m  6, m 
4 6

Logarithms and Logarithmic Laws

85. (a) log 7 a  log 7 b  log 7 c (b) log a m  log a n

(c) m log a x (d) log m x  log m y  log m z

1 1
(e) log10 3  5log10 x  log10 y (f) log p m  log p n
2 2
4 1
(g) 5log a m  5log a n  10 log a p (h) log a x  log a y
3 3
2
7 x a
86. (a) log a 5 x (b) log n (c) log b 2
x2 b
5 7
87. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) (d) (e) 2 (f) 6 (g) 0
6 2
a
88. (a) a  b  ab (b) a b  (c) a2 b  1 (d) b3  5 a
b
m
89. (a) 1 (b) 0  8 (c) 2  7 90. (a) 2m (b) 1   4n
2
4 1
91. (a) x  (b) m  (c) x  64
5 2
92. (a) x  1  209 (b) x  1  893 (c) w  1 199
(d) k  0 1122 (e) x  0 1587 (f) m  7  345
Coordinate Geometry Review

93. (a) AB  5 (b) k  2, k  12

94. PQ  3 10 , QR  6 2 , PR  3 10 and so PQ  PR

95. (a) (5, 2) (b) B (11,12) (c) m  4  5, n  13

7 7 4
96. (a)  (b)  (c) 97. (a) k  6 (b) k  4
4 4 7
4
98. m AB  mCD  8 so AB  CD , m AD  m BC   so AD  BC
7
2 3
m AC  , m BD   so are diagonals perpendicular
3 2
3 24
99. mAB  mAC   100. k  
2 19

101. (a) 0 1763269807 (b) 0 1763269807 (c) tan    tan  ,     180

1
102. (a) tan   m  so   27 (b) tan   m  1 so   135
2
y y

x x

103. (a) 2 x  y  0 , x  0 , y  0 (b) x  2 y  2  0 , x  2 , y  1

(c) y  1  0 , no x-intercept , y  1 (d) x  2  0 , x  2 , no y-intercept

104. x  6 , y  10

10 1
105. (a) y  3 x  2 (b) m  (c) y  5 x  2 (d) y x7
3 2
(e) y  3 x  13 (f) y   x  7 (g) 8 x  3 y  13  0 (h) y  2 x  1
(i) x  5 (j) y  8 (k) x-axis y  0 , y-axis x  0

106. (a) 2  8  3  (6)  33  0 , so NO (b) k  6 , k  2

107. (1, 3) y 7
108. (a) 3x  4 y  5  0 (b)
5
5
30
109. m  10 , m  
(1, 3) 23
110. (a) x 2  y 2  49
 x  3   y  5 
2 2
0  25 25 (b)  36
x
1
111. (a) x 2   y  3  4 (b) x 2  y 2  49 or x 2  y 2  1
2

y
y
5

3 7
1 4 x
1
x

2
112. (a) C (0, 0) , r  (b) C ( 3, 0) , r  9 (c) C (3,  2) , r  13
3
y y y
113.
4 2
 3 3
x
2 x
4 4 x
 3
2

114. ( x  7) 2  ( y  7) 2  49

Coordinate Geometry Problems

115. (a) y 3
(e) mMR  , so mPQ  mMR  1
R 2
(f) MR , 3x  2 y  13  0
Q
(g) PR  QR  104 , PQ  208 , so isosceles
M (h) N (7, 4)
(i) PQ  NR and PQ  NR , 104
x
P (j) ( x  3) 2  ( y  2) 2  52
N (k) (3  4 3, 0) , (3  4 3, 0) ,

2 2 (0, 2  43) , (0, 2  43)

(b) mPQ  (c) y  x
3 3 3 13
(l) y  x
(d) M (3, 2) 2 2
(m) 52 (n) 26 (o) 1: 2

Basic Trigonometry

116. (a) 0  28 (b) 38  99

117. (a)   555 (b)   8325

118. (a) x  8  62 (b) x  64  62 (c) x  30  69

 3 3
119. (a) cos   (b) tan  
13 91
120.
30 45 60
1 1 3
sin 2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 2
2 2
1
tan 1 3
3

121. (a)   52 (b)   12

122. 20 m 123. 9

124. (a) 8 3 (b) 32 3

125.
Conventional bearing True bearing
A S 59W 239
B N 46W 314

126. 148
m m m m n2  m2
127. (a) (b) (c) (d)
n n n2  m2 2

128. 25  4 km

129. (a) ADE  150 (b) DAE  15 (c) EAF  75
3 2 3
(d) EG  (e) EF  (f) tan 75  2  3
2 2
2 3
(g) AE  2  3 (h) cos15 
2

Sine Rule

130. (a) 0  3420201433 (b) 0  3420201433 (c) sin   sin  ,     180

131. (a) 142 (b) 60 , 120 (c) 25 28 , 15432

132. (a) 16  38 (b)   46

133. (a) x  40  74 (b) y  89  98 (c) (i) 77 , 103 (ii) 49 , 23 (iii) 11 8, 6 1

134. 448 m 135. 648 m

Cosine Rule

136. (a) 0  6427876097 (b) 0  6427876097 (c) cos    cos  ,     180

137.   130

138. (a) x   25  86 (b)   102

139. (a) a  39  82 (b)   5755

140. 8058

141. (a) 5 21 nautical miles (b) 164 (c) 344

Area of a Triangle

142. (a) 78  288cm 2 (b) 138 (c) BC  12  05cm , QR  29  00 cm

143. (a) 285718.09 (b) 351 4732387 cm 2 (c) 351 4732387 cm 2

3 1 1
144. (a) (i) mn (ii) m 2  n 2  mn , m 2  n 2  mn
4 2 2
(b) 4 3 , 4 3
 UNIT 1

Further Algebra

1-1 Equations Reducible to Quadratics

1-2A Absolute Value – Definition and Equations
1-2B Absolute Value – Inequalities
1-3 Further Logarithmic Laws, Change of Base, Inequalities
 EXERCISE 1-1
EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO QUADRATICS

1. By putting ( x  1)  m, solve for x : ( x  1) 2  5( x  1)  6  0.

2. Solve the following equations:

2
 2
2
(a) x  x  14 x  x  24  0 2
  1
(c)  x    4
x

   
2
(b) 12( x  1) 2  25( x  1)  12  0 (d) 4 x 2  3x  x 2  3x

3. By substituting x 2  m, solve the equation x 4  5x 2  4  0.

4. Solve the following equations:

(a) x 4  14 x 2  45  0 (c) x 4  11x 2  12  0

(b) x 6  9x 3  8  0 (d) x 2  5x 1  6  0

5. By substituting 2 x  m, solve the equation 22 x  6  2 x  8  0.

6. Solve the following equations:

(a) 22x  9  2 x  8  0 (c) 2 2 x  3  2 x  2  32  0

( b) 4 x  10  2 x  16  0 (d) 2 2 x2  9  2 x  2

7. (a) 32 x 1  28  3 x  9  0 (c) 2 3 x  12  2 2 x  32  2 x  0

(b) 8  2 2 x +2  1  3  2 x  2

EXERCISE 1-1 ANSWERS

1. x  3,4
1 1
2. a   3,1,2,4 (b) , (c) 1,1 (d)  1,0,3,4
4 3
1 1
3. x  1,2 4.(a)  5 ,3 (b) 1,2 (c)  12 = 2 3 (d) ,
3 2

5. x  1,2 6.(a) 0,3 (b) 1,3 (c) 2,3 (d) 1, 2

7. (a) x  1,2 (b) x  2,3 (c) x  2,3.

 EXERCISE 1-2A
ABSOLUTE VALUE – DEFINITION and EQUATIONS

1. Evaluate the following:

(i) 9 (ii) 59 (iii) 59

(iv) 5  9 (v) 5  2 (vi)  25  5

2
(vii) 9 (viii) 5  9 (ix) 5  9

2. Simplify:
3 3
(i) 29 35   2 (ii) 2  3
2
(iii) 5  2 6 3 4 (iv) 39  2  7  5 0

3. (i) (a) If x  7 , then x  7  ? (b) If x  7 , then x  7  ?

(ii) Simplify x  1  x for (a ) x  1, (b) x  0, (c ) 0  x  1

4. Solve the following absolute value equations algebraically:

(i) x 3 (ii) 4 x  24 (iii) x  2  0

(iv) x + 3  10 (v) 2 x  3  13 (vi) 3 x  24  0

1 1 1
(vii) 5  4 x  17 (viii) 6 x  5  25 (ix)  , x 1
2x  3 3 2

5. Solve the following equations algebraically:

(i) 2 x  3  3x  7 (ii) x  3  9  2x

(iii)  x  4 x (iv) 7 x  4  3 x  16

(v) 4  7 x  3 x  16 (vi) 3x  4  9  2 x

(vii) 3x 5  2 x 8 (viii) 6 x + 3  2 x 1  0

6. Solve the following (note: check the validity of your answers)

(i) x 1  x (ii) x  x 1
(iii) 2 x  13  x (iv) 2x  5  x  2
(v) x  2  2x  5 (vi) 3x  4  2 x  11
(vii) 3x  1  2 x  4 (viii) 4  2 x  x  2
 EXERCISE 1-2A ANSWERS

1. (i) 9 (ii) 4 (iii) 14 (iv)  4 (v) 10 (vi) 5 (vii) 81

(viii) 14 (ix) 45

2. (i) 5 (ii)  19 (iii) 25 (iv) 13

3. (i) (a) x  7 (b) 7  x (ii) (a) 2 x  1 (b) 2 x  1 (c)1

4. (i)  3, 3 (ii)  6,6 (iii) 2 (iv)  13, 7

1 1
(v)  5, 8 (vi) 8 (vii)  3,5 (viii)  3 , 5
2 3
(ix) 0, 3

5. (i) 2,4 (ii) 4,6 (iii)  2 (iv)  1  2,5

13 1 1
(v)  1  2,5 (vi)  5, (vii)  6 ,1 (viii)  4,2
5 5 2
1 1
6. (i) No solution (ii) x (iii) 13, 4 (iv) 1, 7
2 3
(v) 7 only (vi) No solutions  x  3, x  7 (vii)  1, 3
(viii) 2 only

EXERCISE 1-2B
ABSOLUTE VALUE – INEQUALITIES

1. Solve the following absolute value inequalities:

(i) x  3 (ii) x3 2 (iii) x  1  5

(iv) x  4  4 (v) x2 8

2. (a) Find all real x satisfying the conditions, and

(b) graph each solution set on separate number lines.

(i) 2x  8 (ii)  6x  6 (iii) 2x  3  7

(iv) x + 6  15 (v) 2 x + 1  19 (vi) 3x  2  10

(vii) 4 x + 3  19 (viii) 5x  2  3 (ix) 2 x  5  13

(x) 2x  4  6 (xi) 4x  1  9 (xii) 2 x  6  12

(xiii) 7x  3  4 (xiv) 3 x  4  13 (xv) 5  2x  9

 EXERCISE 1-2B ANSWERS
1. (i)  x:3  x  3 (ii) x : x  1  x : x  5 (iii)  x:4  x  6

(iv)  x: x  8   x: x  0 (v)  x:10  x  6

2. (i) 4  x  4 (i)
4 4
(ii) x  1 or x  1 (ii)
1 1
(iii) 2  x  5 (iii)
2 5
(iv) 21  x  9 (iv)
21 9
(v) 10  x  9 (v)
10 9

2
(vi) x  2 or x  4 (vi)
3
2
2 4
3
1
(vii) x  5 or x  4 (vii)
2
1
5 4
2
1
(viii)   x 1 (viii)
5
1
 1
5
(ix) 9  x  4 (ix)
9 4
(x) 1  x  5 (x)
1 5
1
(xi) x2 or x  2 (xi)
2
1
2 2
2
(xii) 9  x  3 (xii)
9 3
1
(xiii) x   or x  1 (xiii)
7
1
 1
7
2
(xiv) x  3 or x  5 (xiv)
3
2
3 5
3
(xv) 2  x  7 (xv)
2 7
 EXERCISE 1-3
FURTHER LOGARITHMIC LAWS, CHANGE OF BASE, INEQUALITIES

1. (i) Evaluate correct to 3 decimal places: (a) log 3 8 (b) log 5 24

1
(ii) Using change of base theorem evaluate: (a) log 4 8 (b) log 2 2 ( )
32
log 3 8
2. Express as a single logarithm.
log 3 5

3. Evaluate log 5 ( x 2  7 x  5) if x  9 correct to 3 decimal places.

1
05 log8 ( )
ln 5 2 log10 7 9
4. Evaluate without calculator (a) e (b) 10 (c) 8

5. Solve 3 2 x 1  5 3 x 2 .

6. Express y in terms of x without logarithms if log10 y  2  log10 x  log10 x 2 .

7. Solve log 8 2  log x 5 .

8. If log b 2  0  43 and log b 3  0  68 evaluate log b 18 .

9. Prove log b a  log a b  1 .

10. Solve 3 log 5 x  log x 5  2 .

2m  1
11. If m  log 2 3 show that log 8 18  .
3
12. If log a 81  log a 243  log a 27  k log a 3 find k.

log m a
13. If  c express b in terms of a and c and hence express log a
b in
log m b

terms of c.
14. If log 2 3  m and log 5 6  n find log 5 2 in terms of m and n.

x
15. If log 5 8  x show that log10 2  .
x3
16. Solve for p and q:
log 3 p  log 3 q  6
log 2 p  log 2 q  4

17. If a  0 and b  0 and a 2  b 2  23 ab prove that

ab 1
log c    log c a  log c b 
 5  2

Hint: start with (a  b) 2  a 2  2ab  b 2

18. If ln( 2  1)  ln( 2  1)  ln(3  b) find b.

1 1 1
19. If 2 x  5 y  10 z and xyz  0 use logarithms to show that   .
x y z

20. Given that m  log 2 7 and n  log 2 3 and 12 t  24  5 express t in terms of m

and n. Hint: 24  5  49  2

21. If log x 9  log y 27 show y  x 3 .

22. If log a x  p and log a y  q find in terms of p and q

x
(a) log a ( ) (b) log x ay
y
1
1
23. Given that log 3 2  log a 9  log a 3   m show that a  6 m .
log 2 a

24. Solve log 3 5  log x 7 , correct to 2 decimal places.

25. Solve the following inequalities:

x 7
x 1 2 2
(a) 2  2 3     
x 5
(b) (c)
81 3 3
x
1 1 2
(d)    (e)  4 2 x3  32
2 16 8

26. Find the smallest integer x such that

(a) 3 x  40 (b) 09x  0 4

27. Solve the following inequalities:

(a) 5x  6 (b) 83 p  7 (c) 3e 5 k  2

(d) (0  3) x  10 (e) (0  5) 3t  0  6 (f) 8 x 1  5 3 x  2

28. Solve:

(a) e x  2e  x  3  0 (b) 3 x  3 x  2  0
2x  4
29. Given that y  log10 find the real values of x if:
3
(a) y is real (b) y is positive
 EXERCISE 1-3 ANSWERS
3 1
1. (i) (a) 1 893 (b) 1 975 (ii) (a) (b)  3
2 3
1
2. log 5 8 3. 1 594 4. (a) 5 (b) 49 (c)
3
100
5. 1 641 6. y  7. 125
x
1

8. 1.79 10. 5 and 5 3
12. 6
2 n 27
13. 14. 16. p  108, q 
c m 1 4
2m  1 1 1 q
18.  2 2 20. 22. (a) p  q (b)
n2 2 p

24. x  3  77

25. (a) x5 (b) x4 (c) x7 (d) x4

7 11
(e) x
8 4

26 (a) x4 (b) x9

27. (a) x  11133 (b) p  0  3119 (c) k  0  0811

(d) x  1 9 (e) t  0  245655 (f) x  1 92745

28. (a) x  0, ln 2 (b)

ln 1  2
x
 
ln 3
1
29. (a) x  2 (b) x  
2
 UNIT 2

Functions and Graphs

2-1A Functions and Relations

2-1B Even and Odd Functions
2-2A Transformations of Functions
2-2B Basic Graphs and Transformations
2-3 Absolute Value Graphs Involving Straight Lines (Sets 1 & 2)
2-4A Quadratic Functions and Parabolas
2-4B Quadratic Inequalities
2-5A More on Domain
2-5B Piecemeal Functions
2-6 Interpretation of Graphs
 EXERCISE 2-1A
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

1. Determine whether or not each of the relations below is a function. In each case state
the Domain and the Range.

(a)  (1, 7), (2, 7), (3,5), (4, 2)  (b)  (2,5), (2,9), (3, 7), (4,9)
2. Determine whether or not each of the relations below is a function. In each case state
the Domain and the Range.

(a) y (b) y (c) y

x x x

(d) y (e) y (f) y

x x x

(g) y (h) y (i) y

x x x

3. Determine whether or not each of the relations below is a function. In each case state
the Domain.
(a) 7y  2 x 2  1 (b) y 2  3 x  4

4. Find the domain of the following relations:

1
(a) y  8x  3 (b) y  2x 1 (c) y
x6

1 1
(d) y (e) y  x 1  (f) y  x  x 8
x5 x

x
(g) y (h) y2  x 1 (i) x2  y2  9
x4
5. For each of the functions below state the Domain and the Range.
(a) y (b) y

x
x

y
(c)
.(1,5) (d)
(3, 6) y

(1,3)
.
(4, 2)

x
.
(3,  2) (2,  3)
x

.
(4,  6)

6. The area of a rectangle is 13cm 2 .

(a) Express the length l of the rectangle as a function of the width w .
(b) Express the perimeter P of the rectangle as a function of the width w .
(c) State the domain of the function P.

7. The perimeter of a rectangle is 60 cm .

(a) Express the length y of the rectangle as a function of the width x .
(b) Express the area A of the rectangle as a function of the width x .
(c) State the domain of the function A .

8. A farmer wishes to make a rectangular enclosure by using an existing fence as one

side. She has 30 metres of fencing material available to make the other three sides.
Let x metres be the width of the enclosure as shown below.

Existing
Enclosure x
fence

(a) Express the length l of the enclosure as a function of the width x .

(b) Express the area A of the enclosure as a function of the width x . Give your
answer in the form A  a  b( x  c) 2 .
(c) Find the dimensions of the enclosure with the maximum area.
(d) Find the maximum area of the enclosure.
(e) State the domain of the function A .
9. An open rectangular box of volume V cm 3 is made from a of sheet of cardboard
12 cm wide and 20 cm long. Equally sized squares of edge x cm are cut out from the
corners. The ends of the rest of the sheet are folded up and taped together to form a
rectangular box.

x
x x

w
l

(a) Express the length l of the box as a function of x .

(b) Express the width w of the box as a function of x .
(c) Express the volume V of the box as a function of x .
(d) State the domain of the function V .

10. Given that f ( x)  x 2  6 x  1 :

(a) Find:
(i) f (2) (ii) f ( x  1) (iii) f ( x)
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
(iv) f (x 2 ) (v)
h
(b) Solve:
(i) f ( x)  8 (ii) f ( x )  8 x (iii) f ( x)  f (0)

2x
11. If f ( x)  3x  1 and g ( x)  find f ( g (1)) and g ( f ( x)) .
x 1

12. The diagram shows the graph of the function f ( x) .

Use the graph to find: y

(a) the value of:

(i) f (1) (ii) f (3)
x
(b) the value(s) of x for which:
(i) f ( x)  0 (ii) f ( x)  3
(c) the range of f (x) for the restricted domain
3  x  2

1  x  x2 1
13. If f  x   show that f    f  x  .
x x
x
a a
x
If g  x   show that 2  g  x    1  g  2 x  .
2
14.
2
 EXERCISE 2-1A ANSWERS

1. (a) Yes , D :{1, 2,3, 4} , R :{2,5, 7} (b) No , D :{2,3, 4} , R :{5, 7 ,9}

2. (a) Yes , D: all reals , R : y  2 (b) No , D : 2  x  1 , R : 3  y  0
(c) No , D : x  3 , R: all reals (d) Yes , D : x  3 , R : y  0
(e) Yes , D : x  1 , R : y  0 (f) Yes , D: all reals , R: all reals
(g) No , D :{2, 0,1} , R :{1, 0,1, 2} (h) Yes , D: all reals , R : y  1  5
(i) No , D : x  2  5 , R: all reals
4
3. (a) Yes , D: all reals (b) No , D : x  
3
1
4. (a) all reals (b) x   (c) x  6 (d) x  5 (e) x  1 , x  0
2
(f) x8 (g) x4 (h) x  1 (i) 3  x  3

5. (a) D: all reals , R : y  0 (b) D : x  0 , R : y  0

(c) D : 4  x  4 , R : 6  y  5 (d) D: all reals , R : y  6
13 26
6. (a) l (b) P  2w  (c) w  0
w w
7. (a) y  30  x (b) A  30 x  x 2 (c) 0  x  30
2
225  15 
8. (a) l  30  2 x (b) A  30 x  2 x 2
, A  2 x  
2  2
15 225
(c) x  , l  15 (d) A  (e) 0  x  15
2 2
9. (a) l  20  2 x (b) w  12  2 x (c) V  4 x 3  64 x 2  240 x (d) 0  x  6
10. (a) (i) 17 (ii) x 2  4 x  4 (iii) x 2  6 x  1 (iv) x 4  6 x 2  1 (v) 2 x  h  6

(b) (i) x  3 (ii) x  1 (iii) x  0 , x  6

6x  2
11. f ( g (1))  2 , g ( f ( x)) 
3x
12. (a) (i) 2 (ii) 0 (b) (i) x  3, 0, 2 (ii) x  1 5 , 2  8 (c) 2  f ( x)  3
2
1 1 x2  x  1
1  
1 x x x2
13. f     f  x
x 1 1
x x
2
 a x  a x  a 2 x  2  a 2 x a 2 x  a 2 x
2  g  x    1  2   g  2x
2
14.   1   1 
 2  2 2
 EXERCISE 2-1B
EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

1. Determine algebraically whether the following functions are even, odd, or

neither even nor odd:
(a) f ( x)  x 2 (b) f ( x)  x 3
(c) f ( x)  x 4  x 2 (d) f ( x)  x 2  x

2. Complete each given portion of the curve drawn below to make it into
(a) an even function (b) an odd function
 EXERCISE 2-1B ANSWERS

1. (a) even (b) odd (c) even (d) neither.

2.
 EXERCISE 2-2A
TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

1. Sketch the following graphs:

yx y2 x 1  0 2x  y  2  0
y y y y

x x x x

2. Using the graph of y  x sketch the following graphs:

y  x y  x 1 y  x2 y x
y y y y

x x x x

3. Using the graph of y  x sketch the following graphs:

y2 x y  x 1 y  x2 y x
y y y y

x x x x

4. Using the graph of y  x 2 sketch the following graphs:

1 2 y  x2 1 y   x2  1 y  ( x  1) 2
y x
2
y y y y

x x x x
5. Using the graph of y  x sketch the following graphs:
y  x3 y  2 x 1 y x y  1 x

y y y y

x x x x

6. Using the graph of y  x 3 sketch the following graphs:

y   x3 y  x3  1 y  1  x3 y  x3
y y y y

x x x x

7. Using the graph of y  3 x sketch the following graphs:

y  3 x 2 y  3 x 1 y  1 3 x y 3
x
y y y y

x x x x

1
8. Using the graph of y  sketch the following graphs:
x
1 1 1 1
y y y  1 y
x x x x 1
y y y y

x x x x
9. Using the graph of the given function y  f ( x) sketch the other graphs. Note that the
function y  f ( x) has a horizontal asymptote y  2 .

y  f ( x) y  f ( x)  1 y  f ( x)  1 y   f ( x)

y y y y

x x x x

10. The point (2,  1) lies on the graph of y  f ( x) . Find the coordinates of the
corresponding point on the following graphs:
(a) y   f ( x) (b) y  f ( x) (c) y  f ( x)  1 (d) y  f ( x)
(e) y  3 f ( x) (f) y  f ( x  2) (g) y  2  f ( x  3)

11. Using the graph of the given function y  f ( x) sketch the other graphs.

y  f ( x) y  2 f ( x) y  f ( x) y  [ f ( x  1)  1]
y y y
y

1 1 x x x x

12. Using the graph of the given function y  f ( x) sketch the other graphs.
y  f ( x) y  f ( x) y  f ( x) f ( x)
y
2
y y y y

x x x x
13. Sketch the following graphs:

x 1 y 2 y x x  y 1
y y y y

x x x x

14. Find the equations of the (a) y (b) y

functions shown on the
9
diagrams that have been
obtained by
transformations
4 x 3 3
of the parabola y  x 2 . x
(2,  4)

15. Find the equations of the (a) y (b) y

functions shown on the
diagrams that have been (2, 1)
obtained by 3
transformations 1 3 x
3 x 1
of the parabola y  x .
EXERCISE 2-2A ANSWERS

1. yx y2 x 1  0 2x  y  2  0
y y y y

x x x x

2. y  x y  x 1 y  x2 y x
y y y y

x x x x

3. y2 x y  x 1 y  x2 y x

y y y y

x x x x

1 2 y  x2 1 y   x2  1 y  ( x  1) 2
4. y x
2
y y y y

x x x x

5. y  x3 y  2 x 1 y x y  1 x
y y y y

x x x x
6. y   x3 y  x3  1 y  1  x3 y  x3
y y y y

x x x x

7. y  3 x 2 y  3 x 1 y  1 3 x y 3
x
y y y y

x x x
x

1 1 1 1
8. y y y 1 y
x x x x 1
y y y y

x x x x

9. y  f ( x) y  f ( x)  1 y  f ( x)  1 y   f ( x)
y y y
y

x x x
x

10. (a) (2,1) (b) (2,1) (c) (2, 0) (d) (2,  1) (e) (2,  3) (f) (0,  1) (g)
(5,3)
11. y  f ( x) y  2 f ( x) y  f ( x) y  [ f ( x  1)  1]
y
y y y
2
1 1 1
1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 x
 f ( x)
12. y  f ( x) y  f ( x) y
y  f ( x) 2
y y y y

x x x x

13. x 1 y 2 y x x  y 1
y y y y

x x x x

14. (a) y  x2  4x (b) y  9  x2

15. (a) y  x3 (b) y  1 x  2

 EXERCISE 2-2B
BASIC GRAPHS AND TRANSFORMATIONS

When sketching graphs all essential features should be shown.

1. Sketch graphs of the following straight lines:

(a) 2x  3y  6 (b) 2x  3y  6 (c) y  2 x

(d) y2 (e) x2

2. Sketch graph of the following curves:

1
(a) y  x2 (b) y  x3 (c) y 
x
(d) y x (e) y x (f) y  3 x

3. (a) Sketch the graph of y  4  x .

(b) Hence sketch the graph of y  4  x .

4. (a) Sketch the graph of y  4  x 2 .

(b) Hence sketch the graph of y  4  x 2 .

5. (a) Sketch the graph of y  4  x .

(b) Hence sketch the graph of y  4 x .

6. Sketch the following graphs:

1 1
(a) y  (4  x) 2 (b) y  4 (c) y
x 4 x

7. Sketch the following graphs:

(a) y  4  x 3 (b) y  (4  x) 3 (c) y  4  x3 (d) y  4  x 3

8. Sketch the following graphs:

(a) y   x (b) y  4 x (c) y  4 x

9. Sketch the following graphs:

4 4 4
(a) y  (b) y  (c) y 4
x4 x4 x4

10. Sketch the following graphs:

(a) y  3 4 x (b) y43 x (c) y 3 x4 4

11. (a) Find the x-intercepts of f ( x)  x 2  x  2 .

(b) Find the y-intercept of f ( x)  x 2  x  2 .
(c) Find the x-intercepts of y  f ( x  1) .
(d) Find the y-intercept of y  f ( x)  2 .
12. The point (3,  7) lies on the graph of y  f ( x) . Find the coordinates of the
corresponding point on the following graphs:
(a) y   f ( x) (b) y  f ( x) (c) y  f ( x)  4 (d) y  3 f ( x)
1
(e) y f ( x) (f) y  2 f ( x  3) (g) y  1  f ( x  2)
2
13. Find the equation of the function formed by:
(a) Shifting the graph y  3 x two units to the left and 4 units vertically downwards.
1
(b) Reflecting the graph y  in the x-axis and shifting it 5 units to the right.
x
(c) Reflecting the graph y  x in the y-axis and shifting it 7 units vertically
upwards.

14. Find the equations of the functions (a) y (b) y

shown in the diagrams that have been
obtained by transformations of the 1
1 1
1
hyperbola y  . x x
x 1

15. Find the equations of the functions (a) y (b) y

shown in the diagrams that have been 9
obtained by transformations of the
parabola y  x 2 . 7 3 3 x
(2, 3)

16. Find the equations of the functions (a) y (b) y

shown in the diagrams that have been
obtained by transformations of the 4
4 x
graph of y  x . x
(2,  2) 4

17. Sketch the graph of the following curves:

(a) x  1 y2 (b) x  ( y  2) 2 (c) x  ( y  1) 2

18. Sketch the graph of the following functions:

x
 x  1
2
(a) y  3 ( x  1)3 (b) y (c) y x
x
EXERCISE 2-2B ANSWERS

1. (a) y 1. (b) y 1. (c) y

2
2

3 x 3 x 2 x
2

1. (d) y 1. (e) y
2

x 2 x

y y
2. (a) 2. (b) y 2. (c)
4

x 0 x
0 x

2. (d) y 2. (e) y 2. (f) y

0 x
y x 0 x

3. (a) y 3. (b) y 4. (a)

y
4
4 4

4 x 4 x
2 2 x

4. (b) 5. (a) 5. (b)

y y
y
4 4
4

4 4 x
2 2 4 4 x
x
6. (a) y 6. (b) y 6. (c) y
2
y  ( x  4) 1
1 y
x4
4 4
16
4 x
1
x
4
4 x

7. (a) y 7. (b) 7. (c)

y y

4 y  ( x  4) 3
64 4

3
4 x 4 x 3
4 x

7. (d) y 8. (a) y 8. (b) y

4 2

3
4 x x 4 x
3 4

8. (c) 9. (a) y 9. (b) y

y
x  4
4 1 1

16 x x x
x  4

9. (c) 10. (a) 10. (b)

x  4 y y  3 x  4 y
y
5 3
3
4 4
x 4
3 64 x
x
y  4

10. (c) y 11. (a) x  1, x  2 (b) y  2

(c) x  0, x  3 (d) y0
60
2  4 x
(4,  4)
12. (a) (3, 7) (b) (3,  7) (c) (3,  11) (d) (3, 21)
(e) ( 3,  3.5) (f) (0,  14) (g) (5,8)

1
13. (a) y  4  3 x  2 (b) y (c) y  7  x
x 5

1 1
14. (a) y 1 (b) y
x x 1

15. (a) y  ( x  2) 2  3 (b) y  x2  9

16. (a) y  x2 2 (b) y  x4

17. (a) y (b) y (c) y

1
2 1 x
1 x 1
1
4 x

18. (a) y  x  1 (b) y  x 1 (c) When x  0 , y  1  x

When x  0 , y  1  x
y y y
1
1
1 x 1
1 x
1 1 x
1
 EXERCISE 2-3
ABSOLUTE VALUE GRAPHS INVOLVING STRAIGHT LINES
Set 1

1. For each of the following functions:

(a) sketch the graph
(b) write down the equations of the 2 straight lines which form the graph
(c) find the domain and range.
(i) y x
(ii) y  x 3
(iii) y  x2
(iv) y 1  2 x

2. For each of the following, sketch the graph and write down the equations of the lines
which form the graph:
(i) x 3
(ii) x + 2y  1

EXERCISE 2-3 Set 1 ANSWERS

1.
(i)(a) (ii)(a) (iii)(a) (iv)(a)
f(x) f(x) f(x)
f(x)

2
3

x 1
x
x -2 0 x
0

(b) y  x , y   x (b) y  x  3 (b) y  x  2 (b) y  2 x  1

y  x  3 y  x  2 y  2 x  1
(c) D: x  (c) D: x  (c) D: x  (c) D: x 
R: y  0 R: y  3 R: y  0 R: y  1

2.
(i) (ii) f(x)

f(x)

1
2
x
1
-3 0 3 -1 x
 1
2

x= -3 x=3
 EXERCISE 2-3
Set 2
Sketch the following graphs. For each function state the domain and range.
1. x 2 2. y 3 3. y x
y y y

x x x

4. y  x 2 5. y  x3 6. yx
y y y

x x x

7. y  4 x 8. y  2x 9. y  2x  3
y y y

x x x

10. y  2x  3 11. x y 12. x  1  y

y y y

x x x

13. x  y2 14. xy 2 15. 2 x  3 y 6

y y

x x
 EXERCISE 2-3 Set 2 ANSWERS
1. x 2 2. y  3
y
3. y  x
y

-2 2 x x x

-3

NOT a function NOT a function X   x: x  ; Y   y: y  0

4. y  x 2 5. y  x3 6. yx
y y y

3
2
x x x
3

X   x: x  ; Y   y: y  2 X   x: x  ; Y   y: y  0 X   x: x  ; Y   y: y  0

7. y  4 x 8. y  2x 9. y  2x  3
y y y
4

x x  32 3
2
x
-4 4

-3
X   x: x  ; Y   y: y  4 X   x: x  ; Y   y: y  0 X   x: x  ; Y   y: y  3
10. y  2x  3 11. x y 12. x  1  y
y y y

3
1
x x x
-1
 32 -1

X   x: x  ; Y   y: y  0 NOT a function NOT a function

13. x  y2 14. xy 2 15. 2 x  3 y 6
y y y

2 2
x -2 x -3 x
2 3
2
-2
-2

NOT a function NOT a function NOT a function

 EXERCISE 2-4A
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS AND PARABOLAS

1. (i) Find the equation of the axis of symmetry.

(ii) Find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola.
(iii) Sketch the parabola.
(a) y  x2  4x  5 (b) y  x2  2x 1

(c) y  2x2  4x  3 (d) y  2x  x2

(e) y  2 x 2  4 x  1

2. Express in factor form and find the x intercepts of the following parabolas.
In each case, sketch the parabola.
(a) y  (1  x)(3  x) (b) y  2x2  x
(c) y  x 2  3x  4 (d) y  3  5x  2 x 2

3. (i) Express in “completing the square” form.

(ii) Write down the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola.
(iii) Sketch the parabola.
(a) y  x2  2x 1 (b) y  x 2  4x  5
(c) y  x2  2x  3 (d) y  x2  2x  2
(e) y  2x2  4x  5

4. Sketch the following parabolas, showing the coordinates of the vertex, and the
intercepts on the axes (where relevant).
(a) y  x 2  6x  8 (b) y  3  5x  2 x 2
(c) y  x 2  4x  9 (d) y  6 x  9  x 2
(e) 2 y  2 x 2  5x (f) y  4x  5  2x 2

5. For a camera retailer the profit $ P is given by P  4 000  40( x  25) 2 where x is
the number of cameras sold and 0  x  30 .
(a) Write down the maximum profit.
(b) Find the breakeven point for the company (that is, the number of cameras sold
when P  0 ).
(c) Sketch the profit function.
 EXERCISE 2-4A ANSWERS
1.
(a) (i) x  2 (ii) (2,1) (b) (i) x  1 (ii) ( 1,0) (c) (i) x  1 (ii) ( 11
,)
(iii) (iii) (iii)
f(x) f(x)
f(x)

5
3
1 (-1,1)
(2,1) x
x 0
x -1 0
0

(d) (i) x  1 (ii) (1,1) (e) (i) x  1 (ii) (1,1)

(iii) (iii)
f(x)
f(x)
(1,1)

(1,1) x
-1
x
0 2

x intercepts are
2 2 2 2
and
2 2

2.
(a) y  (1  x )(3  x ) (b) y  x (2 x  1) (c) y  ( x  1)( x  4) (d) y  (3  x )(1  2 x )
1 1
x intercepts 1,3. x intercepts 0, x intercepts  4,1 x intercepts  3,
2 2
f(x)
f(x) f(x) f(x)

x
-3 0 1 x x
-4 0 1 -3 0 0ꞏ5

x
-0ꞏ5 0

3.
(a) (i) y   x  12 (b) (i) y   x  2 2  1 (c) (i) y   x  12  4
(ii) (1, 0) (ii) (2,1) (ii) (1,  4)

y y y

1 -3 0 1 x
2,1 -3
0 1 x 0 x (-1,-4)
(d) (i) y  3   x  12 (e) (i) y  2 x  12  3
(ii) (1, 3) (ii) (1, 3)
y
y
(1,3)

5
1 3 3 1 x (-1,3)
0 x

4.
(a) (b) (c)
f(x) f(x) f(x)

8
3 9

x
-3 0 0ꞏ5

x
0 2 4 x

(d) (e) (f)

f(x) f(x) f(x)

-3 0 x
x
0

-5
x
0 2ꞏ5

-9

5. (a) $4 000 (b) 15 cameras (c) P (25,4000)

(30,3000)
15 x

 21000
 EXERCISE 2-4B
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

1. (a) Draw a sketch of the parabola y  ( x  2)( x  1) showing the x-intercepts.

(b) Using the parabola, solve the inequality ( x  2)( x  1)  0

2. (a) Draw a sketch of the parabola y  2 x 2  7 x  3 showing the x-intercepts.

(b) Using the parabola solve the inequality 2 x 2  7 x  3  0

3. Solve the following quadratic inequalities by sketching the relevant parabolas.

(a) (2 x  1)(5  x )  0 (b) 3x 2  12 x  15  0

4. Sketch the parabola y  ( x  1)( x  3) . Use your sketch to solve the inequalities.

(a) ( x  1)( x  3)  0 (b) x2  4x  3  0

5. By sketching an appropriate parabola, solve the following quadratic inequalities:

(a) (2  x )(3  x )  0 (b) (4  x )(1  2 x )  0

(c) 5x  x 2  0 (d) x2  4x  5  0
(e) x2  4x  5  0 (f) x2  x
(g)  x 2  3 x  1  1 ( h)  x 2  3x  1  1
(i) x2  4x  5  1 (j) x 2  3x  1

6. Solve for x:
(a) x2  9 (b) 5( x  3) 2  0
(c) x2  x  5  0 (d) x 2  x  12  0
(e) 2x 2  5  0 (f) x 2  5x  3  0

7. Solve for x:
(a) (3 x  1)( x  2)  2  (2 x  3)( x  5)
(b)  
4 x 2  2  ( x  1)( x  3)  4

8. The base of a triangle is 1 cm greater than the height. Find the possible values of
the height h such that the area of the triangle will be greater than 10 cm 2 .

9. The function h(t )  16t 2  32t  960 gives the height h metres of an object
thrown from a tower 960 m high after time t seconds. For what times is the
height of the object greater than 400 metres?
 EXERCISE 2-4B ANSWERS

1. (a) 2. (a) 1
(b) 1  x  2 (b) x  , x3
f(x)
2
f(x)
y=(x-2)(x+1)
y=-2x²+7x-3

x x
0ꞏ5 3
-1 2

3. (a) 3. (b)
f(x) f(x)

y=3x²+12x-15
x
-5 1
x  1, x  5
y=(2x+1)(5-x)

1
  x5
-0ꞏ5 5
x 2

4. (a) (b)
f(x)
f(x)

x
-3 -1 0

( x  1)( x  3)  0 for x  3  x  1 x 2  x  3  0 for  3  x  1

1
5.(a) 3  x  2 (b) x4
2
(c) x  0 x  5 (d) x  1  x  5
(e) x  (f) 0  x 1
(g) x  0 x  3 (h) 1 x  2
3 5 3 5
(i) x2 (j) x x
2 2

6.(a) 3  x  3 (b) x  3  x  3 or x  , x  3
(c) no real values of x (d) x  3  x  4
 5  13  5  13
(e) x  (f) x x
2 2

1
7.(a) x  1 x  3  x 1 (b)
3
8. The height must be greater than 4 cm.
9. The height is greater than 400 metres during the first 7 seconds.
 EXERCISE 2-5A MORE ON DOMAIN

1. State the values of x which are excluded from the domain of the following.
1
(a) y (b) y x (c) y  9  x2
x
1 f(x)
(d) y (e) y  x2 (f)
x 1
x

2. State the exclusions from the domain shown by the following graphs :
(a) (b) (c)

-2 2 x

3. State the largest possible domain of each of the following :

1 1
(a) y  x  6 (b) y  (c) y 
x x2
2
(d) y  3x  1 (e) y  2 x  3 (f) y  2
x 4
1 1
(g) y  1  x 2 (h) y  4  x 2 (i) y  
x2 x3
3 5
(j) y  x  6  x  3 (k) y  (l) y 
x4 16  x 2
x 3
(m) y  (n) y  x 2  9 (o) y 
 x  92 x  3 x2  1

4. Sketch the graph of the following functions on the given domain.

State the range in each case.
(a) f  x   2 x  3 for  1  x  3 (b) g ( x)  2 x  1 for x  {0,1,2}
(c) f  x   x 2 for  1  x  2 (d) A x   x 2 for x = 0,1,2
(e) f ( x)  ( x  1) 2 for x  0 (f) h x    x  2 2 for x  0
1
(g) g x   x  1 for  3  x  2 (h) h x   for x  0
x
1
(i) h( x)  for x  2 (j) P x   4  x 2 for  2  x  3
x2
(k) f  x   3  x  1 for  4  x  0
 EXERCISE 2-5A ANSWERS

1. (a) x  0 (b) x  0 (c) x  3 or x  3 (d) x  1 (e) x  2 (f) x  0

7
2. (a) x  2 (b) x  3 (c) x 
2
3. (a) x : x  6 (b) x : x  R, x  0 (c) x : x  R, x  2
(d) x : x   13 (e) x : x  32  (f) x : x  R, x  2
(g) {x : 1  x  1} (h) x : 2  x  2 (i) x : x  R, x  2,3
(j) x : x  6 (k) x : x  4 (l) x : 4  x  4
(m) x : x  R,x  9, 32  (n) x : x 3 x : x 3
(o) x : x 1 x : x 1
4.
(a) y (b) y
(c) y
(3,3) (2,4)
5
3

1.5 x 1 (1, 1)
x
0 1 2 3
3
(1, 5) x

R f   y:5  y  3 Rg  { y: y  1,3,5} R f   y:0  y  4

(d) (e) f(x) (f) y

y
(2,4)
4
(0,0) (1,1)
1
x
-1 0
x
2 x

R A   y: y  0,1,4 R f  { y: y  0} Rh   y: y  0

(g) y (h) y (i) f(x)

(3, 4)

(2,1)
x x
1 0.5
x
-2 0

Rg   y:0  y  4 Rh   y: y  0 Rh  { y: y  0}

(j) y (k)
y
4 (1, 3)
2

2 2 x 4 1 x

(3,5)

R P  y : 5  y  4 R f  y : 0  y  3
 EXERCISE 2-5B PIECEMEAL FUNCTIONS

1
 for x  1
1. If f ( x )   x find the values of f (2), f (1) and f (0)
2 x  3 for x  1

 x 2 for x  0
2. If F ( x)   find the values of F (1), F (1) and F (a 2  1)
 x 3 for x  0

2 x for x  0
3. If f  x   
 x for x  0
find: (a) f 5 (b) f  2 (c) f 0  
(d) f a 2

 1 for x  2

4. If f  x   0 for  2  x  2 find : (a) f  3 (b) f  2 (c) f 1 (d) f 2
1 for x  2


x 2  2 x  1 for x  0

  1
5. If f  x   ax  3 for 0  x  1 find a and b if f  1  f    f 1 .
  2
bx 2  9 for x  1

6. Sketch the following functions and state the range in each case .
 1 if 0  x  1 1 for x  0
(a) y   (b) f  x   
1 if  1  x  0  x  1 for x  0

x  1 for x  1  1
  x for x  0
(c) g  x   1  x 2 for  1  x  1 (d) H  x    2
 x  1 for x  1  x x  1 for x  0

2  2 x 2 for 1  x  3
x 2 for x  2 

(e) f ( x)   (f) f ( x)  1 - x 2 for  1  x  1
x  2 for x  2 x  1 for  3  x  1


1 for x  1
2 for x  0 
(g)   x    2
(h) M  x    x 3 for  1  x  1
2 x  x for x  0 x  2 for x  1

 1
 x  2 when x  2
  x 1 1 for x  0
x 
(i) T  x     2 when  2  x  2 (j) Lx   1 for x  0
2  x  1 for x  0
 1 
 x  2 when x  2

 EXERCISE 2-5B ANSWERS

1
1. (a) f (2)  (b) f (1)  1 (c) f (0)  3
2
2. (a) F (1)  1 (b) F ( 1)  1 (c) F (a 2  1)  (a 2  1) 2

3. (a) 10 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 2a 2

4. (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) 1
5. a  2 , b  5
6.
(a) (b)

Y   y : y  1 R f  y:y  1

(c) (d)

Rg   y : y  1
RH  y:y   14 

f(x)
(e) f(x) (f) -3 -1 1 1
x
-2
-4
R f  y : 16  y  1

4
0 x
2 -16
R f  y : y  0 y : y  4
(g) (h)

R  y:y  1, y  2 RM  y: y  1

(i) (j)

RL  y:y  0 y:y  1

RT  y: y  0
 EXERCISE 2-6
INTERPRETATION OF GRAPHS

1. Use the graph of y  f ( x) y

to answer the following:
y  f ( x)
(a) Find :
(i) f (1) (ii) f (0) (1,5)
(3,5)
(b) Find the values of x for which :
(i) f ( x)  5
(ii) f ( x)  0 3
(iii) f ( x)  0
(iv) f ( x)  0
(v) 0  f ( x)  5

-2 4 x
(c) Find the values of f ( x ) for which:
(i) x  0
(ii) x  0
(iii) 2  x  1

(d) Find the value(s) of k for which the equation f ( x)  k has exactly :
(i) one real solution
(ii) two real solutions
(iii) three real solutions

2. The diagram shows a graph of a parabola y  f ( x )

with vertex (k ,  18) and x intercepts 1 and 5 .

(a) Solve the inequality f ( x)  0 .

(b) Find the value of k .
(c) Find the equation of the parabola.
(d) Find the y intercept of the parabola.

3. A parabola has vertex (6, 7) and y intercept 3 . Find the equation of the parabola.

4. (a) Write the equation of the parabola y  5 x 2  10 x  1 in the form y  a( x  b) 2  c .

(b) Write down the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola y  5 x 2  10 x  1 .
(c) Write down the equation of the axis of symmetry of the parabola y  5 x 2  10 x  1 .

5. (a) Find the x intercepts of the parabola y  3 x 2  6 x  45 .

(b) Sketch the graph of the parabola y  3 x 2  6 x  45 showing the x intercepts.
(c) Hence solve the inequality 3x 2  6 x  45  0 .
 1
6. (a) Find the x intercept of the hyperbola y  1 .
x 3
1
(b) Sketch the graph of the hyperbola y   1 showing the x intercept and the
x 3
asymptotes.
1
(c) Hence solve the inequality 1 .
x 3

7. Find the largest possible domain of:

7
(a) f ( x)  x 2  1 (b) f ( x)  5  x (c) f ( x) 
9  x2
1
(d) f ( x)  50  2 x 2 (e) f ( x)  x  7 
3 x
8. Express the equations of each of the following functions in the form y  a( x  b) 2  c and
hence write down its maximum or minimum value and the range.
(a) y  x2  6x  7 (b) y   x2  4x  7

 x2 for x2
9. Consider the function f ( x)   .
6  x for x2
(a) Find the values of:
(i) f (2) (ii) f (5) (iii) f (0) (iv) f ( 3)
(b) Sketch the graph of y  f ( x) .
(c) Hence the value(s) of k for which the equation f ( x)  k has exactly two real solutions.

10. (a) Write the equation of the function f ( x)  x  x  1 in the piecemeal form.
(b) Hence sketch the graph of y  f ( x) .
(c) Find the range of the function y  f ( x) .

11. (a) Sketch the graphs of y  x 2  2 and y  x on the same diagram.

(b) Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs.
(c) Hence solve x 2  2  x .

12. The diagram shows the graph of the piecemeal

function y  f ( x) made up out of the parts of
two parabolas whose vertices are (1, 4) and
(0  5, 2  25) .
3
(a) Find the equation of the piecemeal
function y  f ( x) . 2
(b) Write down the range of y  f ( x) .
(c) Find the value(s) of k for which the
equation f ( x)  k has exactly:
(i) one real solution
(ii) three real solutions
13. Use the diagram to answer the following:

(a) Find: y
(i) f (0)
y  f ( x)
(ii) g (0)
(iii) f (5)
(iv) g (2)

(b) Find the values of x

for which:
(i) f ( x)  0 x
(ii) g ( x)  0
(iii) f ( x)  6
(iv) f ( x)  g ( x)
(v) f ( x)  0
(vi) g ( x)  0 y  g ( x)
(vii) f ( x)  g ( x)
(viii) f ( x)  g ( x)

(c) Find the values of f ( x ) (e) Find the value(s) of k for which the equation
for which : f ( x)  k has exactly :
(i) x  0 (i) one real solution
(ii) 7  x  5 (i) three real solutions
(ii) two real solutions
(d) Find the values of g ( x)
for which: (f) Find the value(s) of k for which the equation
(i) x  7 g ( x)  k has exactly :
(ii) 7  x  6 (i) one real solution
(ii) two real solutions
(iii) three real solutions

14. The sum of two numbers is 18 .

(a) If one of the numbers is x , express the product P of the two numbers in terms of x .
(b) Express P in the form P  a( x  b) 2  c .
(c) Find the numbers if their product is a maximum.
(d) Find the maximum product

15. A farmer wants to make a rectangular enclosure for her ducks

using her existing fence as one side. She has 20 metres of
the fencing material available to make the other three sides. existing fence
(a) Express y , the length of the side opposite the existing x
x
fence, in terms of x , the length of the other two sides.
(b) Express the area A of the enclosure in terms of x . y
(c) Express A in the form A  a( x  b) 2  c
(d) Find the dimensions of the largest enclosure that can be
made.
(e) Find the area of the largest enclosure.
EXERCISE 2-6 ANSWERS

1. (a) (i) 5 (ii) 3

(b) (i) 3,1 (ii) 2, 4 (iii) x  2,  2  x  4 (iv) x  2, x  4
(v) 3  x  1, 1  x  4
(c) (i) f ( x)  5 (ii) f ( x)  0 (iii) 0  f ( x)  5
(d) (i) k  0, k  5 (ii) k  0, k  5 (iii) 0  k  5

2. (a) 1  x  5 (b) k  2
(c) y  2( x  1) ( x  5) or y  2( x  2) 2  18 or y  2 x 2  8 x  10 (d) 10
1
3. y   ( x  6) 2  7
9
4. (a) y  5( x  1) 2  6 (b) V (1, 6) (c) x 1

5. (a) x  3, x  5 6. (a) x4

y
x3
(b) y (b)

4
y  1 x
4
3 5 x 
3

(c) x  3, x  5 (c) x  3, x  4

7. (a) all reals (b) x5 (c) 3  x  3 (d) 5  x  5 (e) 7  x  3

8. (a) y  ( x  3) 2  2 , min value 2 , range y  2

(b) y  ( x  2) 2  3 , max value 3 , range y  3

9. (a) (i) 4 (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) 9 1 for x0

10. (a) f ( x)  
(b) y 2 x  1 for x0

(b) y
(2, 4)

1
6 x x

(c) k  0, k  4 (c) y 1
11. (a) y 12. (a)
  x2  2x  3 for x0
f ( x)   2
 x  x  2 for x0
(2, 2) (2, 2)
(b) y  4
 2 2 x
(c) (i) k  4 , 2  25  k  3
2
(ii) 2  k  2  25

(b) (2, 2) , (2, 2)

(c) x  2, x  2

13. (a) (i) 7 (ii) 0 (iii) 0 (iv) 4

(b) (i) x  7, 5,9 (ii) x  7, 0, 6,10 (iii) x  10, 0  2, 2,11

(iv) x  7, 2, 7 , 10  5 (v) 5 x9 (vi) x  7 , 0  x  6, x  10

(vii) x  2, 7  x  10  5 (viii) x  7 , 2  x  7 , x  10  5

(c) (i) f ( x)  0 (ii) 0  f ( x)  7

(d) (i) g ( x)  0 (ii) 4  g ( x)  6

(e) (i) k  2 (ii) k  0, k  7 (iii) k  7 ,  2  k  0

(f) (i) k  4, k  6 (ii) k  4, k  6 (iii) 4  k  3, 0  k  6

14. (a) P  x (18  x) (b) P   ( x  9) 2  81 (c) 9, 9 (d) 81

15. (a) y  20  2 x (b) A  x (20  2 x) (c) A  2 ( x  5) 2  50

(c) 5 m , 10 m (d) 50 m 2
 UNIT 3

Quadratic Theory

3-1 Roots and Coefficients of a Quadratic Equation

3-2A Roots of Quadratic Equations and Discriminants
3-2B Parabolas and Discriminants
3-2C Further Uses and Applications of the Discriminant
 EXERCISE 3-1
ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

1. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are:

1 3
(a) 7 and  5 (b) and  (c) (3  5 ) and (3  5 )
5 5
1
(d) m and 3m (e) m and m  3 (f) m and
m

2. If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation 3x 2  7 x  8  0 , find:

(a)  (b)  (c)  3 2   2 3
1 1
(d)  (e) (  1)(   1) (f) 2 2
 
 
(g)  (h)  2   2 (i) 3  3
 
(j) (   ) 2 (k)  

3. (a) The roots of the quadratic equation x 2  mx  n  0 are 11 and  7 .

Find the values of m and n .
(b) The roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  10  0 are  1 and 5 .
Find the values of a and b .
(c) The roots of the quadratic equation 2 x 2  mx  n  0 are 5 and  11 .
Find the values of m and n .

4. The roots of the equation ax ( x  1)  3  4 x are m and n . Find in terms of a the

values of:
(a) mn (b) mn
1 1
(c) ( m  1)( n  1) (d) 
m n

5. (a) Given that 7 is one root of the equation x 2  76 x  581  0 , find the other
root.
(b) Given that 3 is one root of the equation x 2  71x  m  0 , find the other
root and the value of m .
(c) Given that 5 is one root of the equation x 2  kx  55  0 , find the other root
and the value of k .

6. If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation x 2  mx  n  0 , find in terms

of m and n :
1 1 1 1
(a)  (b)  2    2 (c)  2
  2
 

7. Find the value of k for the equation x 2  (k  2) x  4k  0 if:

(a) the sum of the roots is 5 .
(b) the product of the roots is 12 .
(c) one root is two more than the other.
8. Find the value of m for which the equation x 2  (3  m) x  ( 2m  1)  0 has
(a) one of the roots equal to  1 .
(b) roots which are reciprocals of each other.
(c) roots which are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
(d) The sum of the roots equal to the product of the roots.

9. Consider the function y  2 x 2  (3m  1) x  ( 2m  5) where m is a rational number.

Find the value of m if:
(a) one x-intercept is equal to 0 .
(b) the sum of the x-intercepts equals the product of the x-intercepts.
(c) the x-intercepts are reciprocals of one another.
(d) the x-intercepts are equal in magnitudes but opposite in sign.

10.  
Find k if the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation k x 2  x  5x  1  0
is  4 .

11. Find the value(s) of k for which the equation x 2  ( k  8) x  3k  4  0 has the
product of its roots equal to five times the sum of the roots.

12. (a) One root of the equation x 2  px  q  0 is twice the other root. Show that
2 p 2  9q .
(b) One root of the equation x 2  mx  n  0 is 5 more than the other root.
Show that m 2  4n  25 .

13. Find a quadratic equation for which:

(a) sum of roots = 13 and product of roots = 17 .
(b) sum of roots = p and product of roots = p  2 .

14. If  ,  are the roots of the equation x 2  mx  n  0 , find the quadratic equation
having roots   3,   3 .

15. If  and  are roots of the equation 3x 2  2 x  7  0 , form the equation with
integer coefficients with roots:
1 1
(a) and (b) (  2  ) and (   2 )
 

16. The parabola y  x 2  px  q cuts the x-axis at x  3 and x  5 .

Find the values of p and q .

17. The x-intercepts of the parabola y  x 2  px  q are m and n . Find the values of
of p and q in terms of m and n .

18. (a) Find the values of m for which the equation x 2  ( m  3) x  ( m  5)  0 has
positive roots.
(b) Find the values of m for which the equation x 2  (8  m) x  ( m  9)  0 has
negative roots.
19. In a rhombus the lengths of the two diagonals , p and q , are the roots of the quadratic
equation 5 x 2  11mx  4m 2  0 where m is a positive constant. Find in terms m :
(a) the area of the rhombus . (b) the perimeter of the rhombus .
(Hint: Diagonals of rhombus bisect each other at right angles.)

20. The line y  6 x  9 intersects the parabola y  x 2  1 at A and B .

(a) Show that the x-coordinates of A and B satisfy the equation x 2  6 x  8  0 .
(b) Without solving the equation, find the coordinates of the midpoint M of AB .

21. The line 3 x  y  b  0 cuts the circle x 2  y 2  16 at P and Q .

(a) Find the coordinates of M ( x, y ) , the midpoint of PQ , in terms of b .
(b) Find the equation of the locus of M as b varies, and describe the locus
geometrically.
 EXERCISE 3-1 ANSWERS

1. (a) x 2  2 x  35  0 (b) 25x 2  10 x  3  0

(c) x 2  6x  4  0 (d) x 2  4mx  3m 2  0
(e) x 2  ( 2m  3) x  m 2  3m  0 (f) mx 2  ( m 2  1) x  m  0

7 8 448 7 2 97
2. (a) (b)  (c) (d)  (e) (f)
3 3 27 8 3 9
97 97 847 145 145
(g)  (h) (i) (j) (k)
24 64 27 9 3

3. (a) m  4 , n  77 (b) a 2 , b8 (c) m  12 , n  110

a4 3 1 4a
4. (a) (b) (c) (d)
a a a 3

5. (a)  83 (b)  74 , m  222 (c)  11 , k  6

m m 2  2n
6. (a) (b) mn (c)
n n2

7. (a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 0 , 12

1
8. (a) m (b) m0 (c) m3 (d) m  4
3

5 7 1
9. (a) (b) 4 (c) (d)
2 2 3

10. k  1 11. k  4  5

13. (a) x 2  13x  17  0 (b) x 2  px  p  2  0

14. x 2  ( m  6) x  3m  n  9  0

15. (a) 7x 2  2x  3  0 (b) 9 x 2  18 x  29  0

16. p  2 , q  15 17. p   m  n , q  mn

18. (a) m5 (b) m9

2m 2 18m
19. (a) (b) 20. (3, 27)
5 5
  3b b 
21. (a) M , 
 10 10 
1 1
(b) y   x . The locus is the part of the line y   x which is within the
3 3
circle. The locus is perpendicular to the given line 3 x  y  b  0 .
 EXERCISE 3-2A
ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND DISCRIMINANTS

1. Calculate the discriminant of each of the following, and state whether the equation has
two, one or no real roots:
(a) x2  6x  2  0 (b) 2 x 2  3x  4  0
(c) 4 x 2  12 x  9  0 (d) 3x  8  2 x 2

2. Complete the table below:

Equation Δ  b 2  4ac Nature of the roots of the

equation

4 x 2  12 x  9  0

4 x 2  11x  3  0

5 x 2  3x  1  0

2 x 2  3x  6  0

3. Calculate the discriminant of each equation, and solve the equation:

(a) x2  9x  5  0 (b) x 2  4( x  24)
(c) 9 x 2  24 x  16  0 (d) 2 x 2  5x  1  0

4. Without solving, find whether the roots of the equation 9 x 2  8 x  1  0 are real or
unreal, rational or irrational, equal or distinct.

5. Find the discriminant and hence solve the following quadratic inequalities:
(a) 2 x 2  3x  5  0 (b) 2x 2  4x  5  0 (c) 2 x 2  3x  4  0

6. Find the values of k for which the quadratic equation:

(a) x 2  kx  3  0 has two real distinct roots.
(b) (k  1) x 2  (k  1) x  1  k has exactly one root (or two equal roots).

7. Find the values of m for which the equation x 2  m  2x  4  0 has equal roots.

9
8. Find the values of k for which the equation x   k has real roots.
x

9. Find the values of p for which the equation x 2  x  p  0 has real and different
roots.

10. Find the values of m for which the equation (5m  3) x 2  4mx  m  1  0 has equal
roots.
11. Find the values of k for which the roots of (k  1) y 2  (k  1) y  k  1  0
are real.

12. If the roots of the equation 2mx  x 2  3 are  and  find the values of m for
which    .

13. Find the values of k for which the quadratic equation 2  k x 2  2kx  k  3  0
has no real roots.

14. Find the values of m for which the equation x 2  mx  (m  1) 2  0 has two real
distinct roots.

EXERCISE 3-2A ANSWERS

1. (a)   28 , two roots (b)   23 , no real roots

(c)   0 , one root (or double root) (d)   73 , two roots

2. Equation Δ  b 2  4ac Nature of the roots of the equation

4 x  12 x  9  0
2 0 1 rational
4 x 2  11x  3  0   169 2 distinct rational
5 x 2  3x  1  0   11 not real
2 x 2  3x  6  0   57 2 distinct irrational

9  101
3 (a)   101, x  (b)   368 , no real roots
2
4  5  17
(c)   0, x   (d)   17 , x 
3 4

4. real, rational, two distinct roots

5
5. (a)   49 , x  1 , x  (b)   24 , all reals
2
(c)   23 , no real solution

1
6. (a) k  2 3 , k  2 3 (b) k  ,3
3

7. m  6 , m  2 8. k  6 , k  6

1
9. p 10. m  1 or  3
4

1
11. k 3 12. m 3
3

3 2
13. 2k  14. 2 m 
2 3
 EXERCISE 3-2B
PARABOLAS AND DISCRIMINANTS

1. Without sketching the graphs of the given parabolas, determine whether they cut
the x-axis in two distinct points, touch the x-axis or have no common points with
the x-axis.
(a) y  x2  5x  2 (b) y  4 x 2  2 x  1
(c) y  x2  6x  9 (d) y  x2  x 1

2. Use the discriminant to determine the number of times each of the given parabolas cut
or touch the x-axis. Also state whether the parabolas are concave up or concave
down.
(a) y  2 x 2  13 x  2 (b) y   4 x 2  12 x  9 (c) y  3x 2  2 x  5

3. Using the discriminant, show that the quadratic expression 2 x 2  4 x  7 is positive

for all values of x .
(Alternatively, this example could be written: “ show that the parabola
y  2 x 2  4 x  7 is always above the x-axis ”.)

1
4. Show that the line y  3  2 x does not intersect the hyperbola y  .
x2

5. Show that the curve y   x  2x 2  2 x  6 crosses the x -axis at one point only.

6. Find the values of m such that the line y  mx  6 is a tangent to the circle
x 2  y 2  25 .

7. (a) Find the values of c for which the line y  x  c is a tangent to the circle
x2  y2  4 .
(b) Find the coordinates of the point of contact.

8. Find the values of a for which the line y  ax is a tangent to the circle
x 2  y 2  20 x  10 y  100  0 .

9. (a) Find the values of m for which the line y  mx  4 (m  0) intersects the
1
hyperbola y   in two distinct points.
x2
(b) Find the values of k for which the line y  x  k does not intersect the circle
x2  y2  9 .
(c) Find the values of m for which the line y  mx  6 does not intersect the
parabola y  x 2  2 x  3 .

10. Show that the parabolas y  2 x 2  6 x  7 and y  x 2  2 x  3 touch each other.

Find the coordinates of the point of contact.
 EXERCISE 3-2B ANSWERS

1. (a) 2 distinct points (b) no (c) touches (d) no

2. (a) concave up ,   153  0 , two x-intercepts

(b) concave down ,   0 , touches the x-axis
(c) concave up ,   56  0 , no points of intersection with the x-axis

3. (coefficient of x 2 )  2  0 ,   40  0

4. for y  2 x 2  7 x  7 and   7  0

5. the only solution x  2 , since   20  0

11
6. m
5

7. (a) c  2 2 (b) ( 2 ,  2 ), ( 2 , 2 )

4
8. a  0, 
3

9. (a) m 1 , m  4 (m  0) (b) k  3 2 , k  3 2
(c) 22 3  m  22 3

10. (2, 3)
 EXERCISE 3-2C
FURTHER USES AND APPLICATIONS OF THE DISCRIMINANT

1. Use the discriminant to find whether the quadratic expression 21x 2  13 x  20 can be
factorised.

2 k 8
2. Find the values of k for which the equation    0 (a  0) has
xa x xa
exactly one root.

3. Show that mx 2  (m  1) x  2m  0 has two real distinct roots for all real values
of m  0 .

4. Find the values of k for which kx 2  3kx  6  0 for all values of x .

5. Consider the equation ( x  a)( x  b)  c 2 where a , b and c are real.

(a) Show that the roots of the equation are always real.
(b) Find the conditions that a , b and c need to satisfy so that the equation has
exactly one root.

6. Show that the quadratic equation x 2   p  1x  p  0 has rational roots for all
rational values of p .

7. Show that the equation 3 px 2  2 px  3qx  2q has rational roots for all rational
values of p and q .
 5
8. Show that the roots of the equation (3n  5) x 2  3n 2 x  5n 2  0 ,  n   are rational
 3
if n is rational.

9. Find the values of m for which:

(a) the equation 4 x 2  mx  9  0 has exactly one real root and find that root.
(b) the equation 4 x 2  mx  9  0 has real roots.
(c) 4 x 2  mx  9  0 for all real values of x .

10. The quadratic function is given by Q( x)  (1  m) x 2  4 x  m  1 . Find the values of

m for which:
(a) the equation Q( x)  0 has exactly one solution.
(b) the equation Q( x)  0 has no real roots.
(c) Q( x)  0 for all real values of x .
(d) Q( x)  0 for all real values of x .

11. (a) Find the equation of the line with gradient m that passes through the
point (1, 3) .
(b) Find the equations of the two tangents through the point (1, 3) to the parabola
y  x 2  2x  5 .
(c) Find the coordinates of the points of contact of the tangents with the parabola.
12. (a) Find the equation of the line with gradient m that passes through the
point (3,  9) .
(b) Find the equations of the two tangents through the point (3,  9) to the
9
hyperbola y  .
x
(c) Find the coordinates of the points of contact of the tangents with the hyperbola.

13. The line ax  by  c  0 where a , b and c are non zero constants, is a tangent to
the circle x 2  y 2  r 2 . Find the relationship involving a , b , c and r .

14. (a) Find the equation of the circle, centre (4, 0) and radius 2 .
(b) Write down the equation of the line through the origin with gradient m .
(c) Show the x-coordinate of P , the point of contact of the tangent to the circle
through the origin satisfies the equation (m 2  1) x 2  8 x  12  0 .
(d) Find the possible values of m .
(e) Find the possible coordinates of P .

15. Show that y  mx  m  1 can be a tangent to the circle x 2  y 2  1 for only one
value of m . Find the equation of this tangent.

16. Show that y  mx  m  3 cannot be a tangent to the circle x 2  y 2  11 for any

value of m .

17. (a) Find the values of m for which the roots of x 2  2 x  3  m(2 x  1) are
always real and positive.
(b) Find the values of m for which the roots of x 2  2(m  2) x  8  m  0 are
always real and negative.

18. (a) Find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola y  x 2  8 x  40 .

(b) The equation 2 x 2  ax  (b  5)  0 has real roots.
(i) Show that a 2  8b  40 .
(ii) Hence find the minimum value of a 2  b 2 and the values of a and b
for which a 2  b 2 is minimum.

*19. (a) Find the discriminant of the equation x 2  2kx  (km  kn  mn)  0 .
(b) Find the values of k for which the equation x 2  2kx  (km  kn  mn)  0
has no real solutions given that m  n .
x 2  mn
(c) Hence find the range of the function y  given that m  n .
2x  m  n

*20. (a) Find the discriminant of the equation x 2  2kx  (3 pk  2 p 2 )  0 .

(b) Find the values of k for which the equation x 2  2kx  (3 pk  2 p 2 )  0 has
no real solutions given that p  0 .
x2  2 p2
(c) Hence find the range of the function y  given that p  0 .
2x  3 p
 EXERCISE 3-2C ANSWERS

1.   43 2 , so (3x  4) (7 x  5)

2. k  1 ,  9,  10

3.   (m  1) 2  8m 2  0

8
4. 0k 
3

5. (a)   (a  b) 2  4c 2  0 (b) a  b  0 (i.e. a  b) , c  0

6.   ( p  1) 2 = perfect square

7.   (2 p  3q ) 2 = perfect square

  n(3n  10) = perfect square

2
8.

3 3
9. (a) m  12 than x  , m  12 than x  
2 2
(b) m  12 , m  12 (c)  12  m  12

10. (a) m 5 (b) m 5 , m 5

(c) m 5 (d) m 5

11. (a) y  mx  3  m (b) y  2 x  1 , y  2 x  5 (c) (2, 5), (0, 5)

12. (a) y  mx  3m  9 (b) y   x  6 , y  9 x  18 (c) (3,  3) , (1, 9)

13. (a 2  b 2 )r 2  c 2

14. (a) ( x  4) 2  y 2  4 (b) y  mx

1
(d) m (e) (3, 3 ), (3, 3 )
3

15.   8m ,   0 when m  0 ,  equation of the tangent y  1

16.   4(10m 2  6m  2)  0 for all m

17. (a) (Sum of roots > 0 & product of roots > 0 &   0 ) so 2  m  3
(b) (Sum of roots < 0 & product of roots > 0 &   0 ) so 4  m  8

18. (a) (4, 24) (b) (ii) 24 , a  2 2 , b  4

19. (a)   4(k  m) (k  n) (b)   0 ie m  k  n

2
x  mn mn
(c) k for x   Range is y  m , y  n
2x  m  n 2

20. (a)   4(k  p) (k  2 p) (b)   0 ie p  k  2 p

x2  2 p2 3p
(c) k for x   Range is y  p , y  2 p
2x  3 p 2
 UNIT 4

Differential Calculus
and Applications

4-1A Limits
4-1B Continuity
4-2A Differentiation from First Principles (Sets 1 and 2)
4-2B Nonexistence of the Derivative
4-2C Basic Differentiation
4-2D The Second Derivative
4-3A The Product and Quotient Rules
4-3B The Chain Rule and Combining all Three Rules
4-4 Tangents and Normals
4-5 Implicit Differentiation
4-6 The Sign of the First Derivative and Graphs
4-7A Sign of the Second Derivative and Concavity
4-7B The Second Derivative Test for Turning Points and Points of Inflection
4-8 Curve Sketching Using Calculus
4-9A Limits at Infinity
4-9B Asymptotes
4-9C Graphs of Rational Functions
4-9D More Graphs of Rational Functions
4-10A Application of Calculus to Maximum and Minimum Problems
4-10B Further Application of Calculus to Maximum and Minimum Problems
 EXERCISE 4-1A
LIMITS

1. Use the graph of the function f below to evaluate the limits.

-4 -2 2 4 6 x

-2

(a) lim f  x  (b) lim f  x  (c) lim f  x  (d) f 1

x 1 x 1 x 1

(e) lim f  x  (f) lim f  x  (g) lim f  x  (h) f 3

x 3 x 3 x 3

(i) lim f  x  (j) lim f  x  (k) lim f  x  (l) f 4 

x 4  x 4 x 4

3 g  x   h x 
2. Given lim g x   3 and lim h x   4 , find the value of lim
x 5 x 5 x 5 2h x 

 x2 1 
3. Find lim  x 2  3 
x 1 x  1
 

4. Find the following limits as x  0

3x  2 x 2  6x ax 2  bx  c
(a) (b) (c)
7x  9 5 x 4  11  px  q 2
5. Evaluate:
(a)
x 2

lim 1  2 x  3 x 2  4 x 3  (b) lim 14  x
x  2

(c) lima  3a  4 

a 1
(d)
h2

lim h 2  4h  4 
x2  x2 x3 
(e) lim (f) lim  x   

x  1 x xa
 a a2 
6. Evaluate the following limits where they exist.

(a) lim
x 2  2x  3
(b) lim
x  2x  3
x 1 x 1 x 2 x2  4
2
x  25 1
(c) lim (d) lim
x 5 x  1 x 2 x 2

x 3  3x 2  x  3 2x  5
(e) lim (f) lim
x 3 x3 x 10 3 x  5

7 x x3 1
(g) lim (h) lim 2
x 7 7  x x 1 x  1

x3 x3
(i) lim (j) lim
x 3 x  3 x 3 x  3

x 2  x  12
7. Find the limit of as:
x 2  4x
(a) x4 (b) x  3 (c) x0 (d) x2

f  x   f 2
8. If f  x   x 2  x , simplify . Hence find the limit of this expression as x  2 .
x2

f x  h   f x  f x  h   f x 
9. If f  x   x 2 , simplify . Hence find lim
h h 0 h

10. Show that the following limits do not exist:

 x, x0
(a) lim f  x  where f  x   
x 0
 x  1, x0
 x 2  1, x  1
(b) lim f  x  where f  x   
x 1
 3 x, x 1

EXERCISE 4-1A ANSWERS

1. (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) does not exist (d) does not exist
(e) 2 (f) 2 (g) 2 (h) 2
(i) 1 (j) 1 (k) 1 (l) 2
13 2 c
2.  3. 4 4. (a)  (b) 0 (c)
8 9 q2
5. (a) 17 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 0 (e) 1 (f) 3a
5 1
6. (a) 4 (b) (c) 0 (d) (e) 10
4 4
3
(f) 1 (g) does not exist (h) (i) 1 (j) 1
2
7 5
7. (a) (b) 0 (c) does not exist (d)
4 2
8. x  3, 5 9. 2 x  h, 2 x
 EXERCISE 4-1B
CONTINUITY

A function f (x ) is continuous at x  a only if

all three of the following conditions hold:

(i) f (a ) exists
(ii) lim f ( x ) exists , and
xa

(iii) lim f ( x )  f ( a ) .
x a

1. The graph of a function is given. From the graph, determine the x-values at which the
function is discontinuous and state which of the conditions above fail in each case.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
2. Test the following functions for continuity at the given point. Sketch each function.

2
f ( x )   x  2  at x  2
2
(a) (b) f ( x)  at x  1
x 1

x2  4 x
(c) f ( x)  at x  2 (d) f ( x)  at x  0
x2 x

 x 2  1 if x  3
3. For the function f ( x)   find the value of c that makes the
 x  c if x  3
function continuous for all real values of x.

 x  k for x  2

4. The graph below shows the function f  x    10 .
 x for x  2

Given that f  x  is continuous for all real x, find the value of k .

y

x
 EXERCISE 4-1B ANSWERS

1. (a) x  1; f (1) does not exist.

(b) x  1; lim f ( x ) does not exist, lim f ( x )  f (1) .

x 1 x 1

(c) x  1; lim f ( x )  f (1) .

x 1

(d) x  1; f (1) does not exist, lim f ( x ) does not exist.

x 1

(e) x  3 ; f ( 3) does not exist, lim f ( x ) does not exist.

x  3

x  2; f ( 2) does not exist, lim f ( x ) does not exist.

x2

(f) x  1 ; f (1) does not exist.

2. (a) Continuous at x  2 (b) Discontinuous at x  1

(c) Discontinuous at x  2 (d) Discontinuous at x  0

3. c7

4. k 3
 EXERCISE 4-2A DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
Set 1

1. Draw tangents to this curve at

the marked points.
Name the points where the Q
gradient of the curve is
(a) positive R
T
(b) negative P
(c) zero S

2. The diagram shows a curve y  f (x )

y
and the tangent to the curve at the point
3,2 on it .
Find the gradient of the tangent and
(3,2) write the result using derivative
notation.
O x

3. The diagram shows a curve y  f (x )

y
and the tangent at the point  1,5 on it.
(a) Find f (1)
y = f(x) (b) Find f (1)
(c) Find f (0)
O 1 x (d) Find f (0)
(e) Solve f ( x)  0
-4

4. The diagram shows a curve

y
y  4  x 2 and the tangents at the
points where x  1 and x  2
on it. By carefully selecting points
on the tangents, find:
(a) f  2 
(b) f 1
x
Verify these results by finding
f x  from first principles and
then substituting x  1 and
x  2 .
5. Given the function f  x   x 2  x ,
(a) Find the slope (gradient) of the secant joining 1, f 1 and 3, f 3 .
(b) Find the slope of the secant joining 1, f 1 and 1  h, f 1  h  .
(c) Hence find the slope of the tangent at 1, f 1 .
(d) Find the equation of this tangent.

dy
6. Find for each of the following functions from first principles.
dx
1
(a) y  x 2  2x (b) y
x
2
(c) y  1  3x  x (d) y x.

7. (a) Find, from first principles, the gradient of the tangent to the curve
y  x  2  at the point on it where x  2 .
2

(b) Illustrate the curve and the tangent.

8. (a) Show using first principles that the gradients of the tangents to the curve
3
y   at the points where x  1 and x  1 are equal.
x
(b) What is the geometric significance of this?
(c) Illustrate the curve and the two tangents.

9. Use first principles to show that the derivative of f  x   x 2  bx where b is a

constant is f  x   2 x  b . Find the values of b in the following cases.
(a) The tangent at the origin has gradient 5.
(b) The curve y  f  x  has a horizontal tangent at x  3
(c) The tangent at the point where x  2 makes an angle of 45 with the
positive x-axis.
(d) The tangent at the non zero x-intercept has gradient 7.
 EXERCISE 4-2A Set 1 ANSWERS
1.

R
T
P
S

(a) P, T (b) R (c) Q, S

2 2
2. gradient = , f 3 
3 3
3. (a) 5 (b) 9 (c) 1 (d) 0 (e) 0, 2
4. (a) 4 (b) 2
5. (a) 5 (b) h  3 (c) 3 (d) y  3x  1
1 1
6. (a) 2x  2 (b)  (c)  3  2x (d)
x2 2 x

7. (a) 0 (b) y

tangent

2 x

8. (a) f 1  f (1)  3 (b) tangents are parallel

y
(c)

tangents

9. (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 7

 EXERCISE 4-2A DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
Set 2 CALCULUS PREPARATION - FACTORISATION OF x  c
n n

1. Using the result for the factors of x n  c n , factorise:

(a) x 5  y 5 (b) x 7  c 7 (c) x 7  128 (d) a 3  27
(e) 32 x 5  y 5 (f) 1  x 5 (g) a 3  b 3 (h) P 5  Q 5
(i) m 9  512 (j) a 6  b 6 (k) P10  Q10 (l) x10  1024

2. Using the result for the factors of x n  c n , factorise:

5 5 9 9 7 7
(a) x2  y2 (b) a2 b2 (c) m2  n2

f x  h   f ( x )
3. (a) Find in simplified form an expression for where f ( x )  x 5 .
h
f x  h   f ( x )
(b) For the function f ( x )  x 5 , what expression does approach
h
as h approaches the value zero?

6.2A Set 2 CALCULUS PREPARATION – FACTORISATION OF x  c (ANSWERS)

n n

1. (a) x  y x 4  x 3 y  x 2 y 2  xy 3  y 4 
(b) ( x  c)( x 6  x 5 c  x 4 c 2  x 3 c 3  x 2 c 4  xc 5  c 6 )
(c) ( x  2)( x 6  2 x 5  4 x 4  8x 3  16x 2  32 x  64)
(d) (a  3)(a 2  3a  9)
(e) (2 x  y )(16 x 4  8 x 3 y  4 x 2 y 2  2 xy 3  y 4 )
(f) (1  x )(1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4 )
(g) a  b a 2  ab  b 2 
(h) P  Q P 4  P 3Q  P 2 Q 2  PQ 3  Q 4 
(i) m  2m 8  2m 7  4m 6  8m 5  16m 4  32m 3  64m 2  128m  256
(j) a2
 
 b 2 a 4  a 2b 2  b 4
(k) P 2
 Q P  P Q  P Q  P Q  Q 
2 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 8

(l) x2
 4x  4 x  16 x  64 x  256
8 6 4 2

 1 1  3 1 1 3 
2. (a)  x 2  y 2  x 2  x 2 y 2  xy  x 2 y 2  y 2 
  
  
 1 1  7 1 5 3 3 5 1 7 
(b)  a 2  b 2  a 4  a 2 b 2  a 3b  a 2 b 2  a 2 b 2  a 2 b 2  ab 3  a 2 b 2  b 4 
  
  
 1 1  5 1 3 3 1 5 
(c)  m 2  n 2  m 3  m 2 n 2  m 2 n  m 2 n 2  mn 2  m 2 n 2  n 3 
  
  

3. (a) x  h 4  x x  h 3  x 2 x  h 2  x 3 x  h   x 4 (b) 5 x 4
 EXERCISE 4-2B

NONEXISTENCE OF THE DERIVATIVE

1. State whether or not each of the following functions is continuous.

Give the x-coordinate of any point at which the function is not continuous.

2. State the values of x at which the following functions are not differentiable
and give a reason for your answer
(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

3. Determine whether the following functions are continuous at x  1 . For the functions
that are continuous at x  1 , find lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) to check for differentiability
x 1 x 1
at x  1 .
 x2 , if x  1  x, if x  1
(a) f ( x)   (b) f ( x)   1
2 x  1, if x  1  x , if x  1

( x  1) 2 , if x  1  2  x 2 , if x  1
(c) f ( x)   (d) f ( x)  
 4 x  3, if x  1 ( x  2) , if x  1
2

 x2 , if x  0
4. Consider the function f ( x)   , where a and b are real numbers.
ax  b, if x  0

(a) Find the value of b if f ( x) is continuous at x  0 .

(b) For this value of b, find the value of a if f ( x) is differentiable at x  0 .

 x 2 , if x  1
5. Consider the function f ( x)   , where a is a real number.
 ax , if x  1

Find the value of a if the function is continuous at x  1 . Is this function

differentiable at x  1 ?

 x2 , if x  1
6. Consider the function f ( x)   , where a and b are real numbers.
 ax  b, if x  1

Find the values of a and b if the function is differentiable at x  1 . (Hint: if the

function is differentiable at x  1 , it must be continuous at x  1 .)
7. In the diagram below, a curve is drawn representing part of a roller-coaster track. The
section AO is a straight line with gradient 1 5 and the section BC is a straight line
with gradient  2  1 . The section OB is a parabola y  px 2  qx where p and q are
real numbers. The horizontal distance from the yaxis to B is 18 metres.
y
O
x
A B
18 m
C

In order for the ride to be smooth the curve must be differentiable at points O and B .
Find the values of p and q so that the ride is smooth.
 EXERCISE 4-2B ANSWERS

1. (a) Yes (b) No; discontinuous at x  3

(c) No; discontinuous at x  1 (d) Yes
(e) No; discontinuous at x  2 (f) Yes

2. (a) At x  4 (discontinuous) (b) At x  2 (“sharp corner”-no unique tangent)

(c) Differentiable for all x. (d) At x  1 (“sharp corner”-no unique tangent)
(e) At x  0 (vertical tangent) (f) At x  3 (discontinuous)
(g) At x  0 (discontinuous) (h) At x  0 (vertical tangent)
(i) Differentiable for all x  0

3. (a) y (b) y
(1,1)

1 0 x
0 1 x
Differentiable at x  1 Continuous but not differentiable at x  1
lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  2 lim f ( x)  1 , lim f ( x)  1
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
(c) (d)
y y
(1, 4)
2
1
(1,1) 0 1 2 x
1 0 x
Not continuous at x  1 Differentiable at x  1
lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  2
x 1 x 1

4. (a) b  0 (b) a  0 5. a  1 . No.

6. a  2, b  1 7. p  0  1, q  1  5
 EXERCISE 4-2C
BASIC DIFFERENTIATION

dy
1. Find if:
dx
3
5
(a) y  x . 7
(b) y  x (c) y  x 4

9

(d) y  x (e) y  6 (f) y  x 5

2. Find f  x  if:

(a) f  x   3x 4 (b) f  x   5x 5 (c) f  x   7

4
(d) f  x   x 10 (e) f  x   4 x 1 (f) f  x    x
5

3. Find the derivatives of the following with respect to x:

1
(a) 3
x (b) (c) 5
x2
x7
1
(d) (e) x (f) 6
x5
x 10
3
1 1 1
(g) (h) (i)  5 
x x5 x 

4. Find y  if:
3 1
(a) y  3x 2 (b) y  (c) y 
x2 3x 2
x2 3
(e) y  3x 
2
(d) y  (f) y  2
3 x

dA 5 dz
5. (a) If A  6 x , find (b) If z  , find
dx 2y dy
dW 5t dC
(c) If W  44 M , find (d) If C = , find
dM 3 dt
8 dN dP
(e) If N  4 , find (f) If P  6 x 4 , find
q dq dx
dD 4
(g) If D  8, find (h) If f c  c10 , find f c
dz 9
5
7
(i) If hq   q , find h q 
8
(j) If W d   5 , find W d .
d
6. Find :

(a)
d 5 y4 

dy  8 
 (b)
d
dx
 
4 x (c)
d  5z3 

dz  4 


d  m d 5 d  4 
(d)   (e)   (f)
dm  4  dq  q 3  dn  n 
d  1  d  4  d  t
(g)   (h) (i)  
dp  5 p 3  dr  5 r  dt  3 

(j)
d
di
4i  (k)
d  1 
dw  3 w 
(l)
d
df
 
4f2

d  2  d  g3 
(m) (n)  
dc  3 c  dg  4 

7. Differentiate with respect to x:

(a) x 2  7 x (b) x 2  2 x  8 (c) 3x 4  2 x 3  7 x
(d) 5 x 4  7 x (e) 9 x 2  7 (f) 4 x 5  3x 2
2 3
(g) 6 x  (h) x 2  x  1 (i) 5 x  2
x x
2
(j) 7 x 3  4 x 2 (k) 9 x 2  11x 4 (l) 3 x  5  8
x

8. Simplify the following and then differentiate:

(a) y 7  y 4 (b) ( x 5 ) 2 (c) x 30  x10
(d) (6 x 4 ) 2 (e) yy (f) x 7  x 1

9. Expand the following and then differentiate:

(a) x(2 x  3) (b) 2 x 7 ( x 3  3x 4 ) (c) x 2 ( x 2  3 x  4)
(d) ( x  2)( x  5) (e) (3x  1)( x + 2) (f) ( x  9) 2
(g) (3x  4) 2 (h) ( x  3)( x 2  2 x  4) (i) (8 x  2)( x  1) 2 .

10. Simplify and then differentiate ( x  0)

x 2  3x x2  7x  3 4x 3  x
(a) (b) (c)
x x2 x2

9x 2  7 x4  x2  x 5x 5  2 x 3  4
(d) (e) (f)
x3 x x4
 EXERCISE 4-2C ANSWERS

5 3 9
1. (a) 7 x 6 (b) (c) (d)1 (e)0 (f)
x6 1 14
4x 4
5x 5

4
2. (a)12 x 3 (b) 25x 4 (c)0 (d) 8 x 9 (e)
x2
(f)–1

1 7 2 10 1
3. (a) 2
(b) (c) (d) (e)
x8 3
x 11 2 x
3x 3
5x 5

5 1 5
(f) 1
(g) 3
(h) 7
(i)15x 14
6x 6
2x 2
2x 2

6` 2 2x
4. (a)6x (b) (c) (d) (e)18x
x3 3x 3 3
2 3
(f)
x3

3 5 1 5 32
5. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
x 2y2 3
3 q5
M 4

40c 9 5 7
(f) 24 x 3 (g)0 (h) (i) 3
(j) 6
9
8q 8
5d 5

5y 3 2 15z 2 1 15
6. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
2 x 4 8 m q4
2 3 2 1
(f) (g) 4 (h) (i) (j)4
n n 5p 5r r 6 t
1 1 3g 2
(k) (l)8f (m) (n)
6w w 3c c 4

7. (a) 2 x  7 (b) 2x–2 (c)12 x 3  6 x 2  7 (d) 20 x 3  7

2 6
(e)18x (f) 20 x 4  6 x (g) 6  2 (h) 2 x  1 (i) 5  3
x x
10
(j) 21x 2  8 x (k) 18 x  44 x 3 (l) 3  6
x
8. (a) y 11 ; 11y 10 (b) x 10 ;  10 x 11 (c) x 20 ; 20 x 19
3 1
8 7 3
(d) 36 x ; 288 x (e) 2
y ; y 2 (f) x 8 ; 8 x 7
2

9. (a) 2 x 2  3x; 4 x  3
(b) 2 x 10  6 x 11 ; 20 x 9  66 x 10
(c) x 4  3x 3  4 x 2 ; 4 x 3  9 x 2  8 x
(d) x 2  3x  10; 2 x  3
(e) 3x 2  5x  2; 6 x  5
(f) x 2  18 x  81; 2 x  18
(g) 9 x 2  24 x  16 ; 18 x  24
(h) x 3  x 2  10 x  12; 3x 2  2 x  10 (i) 8 x 3  14 x 2  4 x  2; 24 x 2  28 x  4

7 3 7 6
10. (a) x  3; 1 (b) 1   ; 
x x2 x2 x3
1 1 9 7 9 21
(c) 4 x  ; 4  2 (d)  ;  4
x x x x3 x2 x
2 4 2 16
(e) x 3  x  1; 3x 2  1 (f) 5x   4 ; 5 2  5
x x x x
 EXERCISE 4-2D
THE SECOND DERIVATIVE
2
d y
1. Find :
dx 2
(a) y  x 2 (b) y  3 x 4  x 3 (c) y  x 10  2 x 3

2. Find y 
1 3 1 2
(a) y  2 x  1 (b) y  3 x 2  5 (c) y  x  x x
3 2

3. If f ( x)  2 x 3  3 x  1, find:
(a) f (0) (b) f ( x) (c) f (1)

3 2 d 2s
4. If s  3t  2t  t  1, find .
dt 2

5. If f ( x)  x 3  3x  4, evaluate f (1)  f (1)  f (1)

2
 dy  d2y
6. If y  x 3  3x, find    2 .
 dx  dx

1 3 5 2
7. If f ( x)  x  x  6 x, solve f ( x)  0.
3 2

8. If y ( x)  x 2  2 x  3, solve y ( x)  y ( x).

Questions 9 to 12 require product / quotient / chain rules

d2y
9. Find
dx 2

(a) y   x  3 x 2  5  (b) y 
x 1
3x
1
(c) y  (d) y  43x  4 4
2x  4

10. 
If y  3 x 2  1  6
find
d2y
.
dx 2
x 1
11. Find f (2) when f ( x)  .
x2

x
12. If f  x   find f  x  .
1 x2
 EXERCISE 4-2D ANSWERS

1. (a) 2 (b) 36 x 2  6 x (c)90 x 8  12 x

2. (a) 0 (b) 6 (c) 2 x  1
3. (a)  3 (b)12 x (c)  12
4. 18t  4
5. 20

6. 9 x 4  18 x 2  6 x  9
7. x  1,6
8. x2
2 1
(d) 4323 x  4 
2
9. (a) 6 x  6 (b) (c)
3x 3 x  23

10. 36(3x 2  1) 4 (33 x 2  1)

1
11.
32

12. f  x  

2x x 2  3 
1  x 
2 3
 EXERCISE 4-3A
THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES

dy
1. If y  (2 x  5) (3x  7) , find by:
dx
(a) expanding and then differentiating (b) using the product rule.

2. Given that y  (6  x 2 ) (2 x  3), find y  by:

(a) expanding and then differentiating (b) using the product rule.

3. Given the differentiable functions f and g, find h 1 if h x   f  x  g  x  and

f 1  5, f 1  1, g 1  3 , g 1  2 .

4. Use the product rule to differentiate each of the following:

(a)  
y  2 x 2  5 x x  2 (b) y  x 4  x  3
(c) y  5  x x  3x  4
2 2
(d)  
y  x 2  3x  1 x 3  2 x 2  x 
5.  
If y  x 2  3 x 2  5 , find  dy
dx
and find the values of x for which
dy
dx
 0.

6. 
Find f 2  if f  x    x  3 x 2  1 . 
4 3
x  3x dy
7. If y  2
, find by:
x dx
(a) simplifying and then differentiating (b) using the quotient rule.

f x 
8. Using the information given in Question 3 above, find h 1 if h x   .
g x 

9. Use the quotient rule to find the derivatives of the following:

x 2x  7 3x  5
(a) (b) (c)
x 1 3x  5 x2  3
x2 2x 2 x 3  3x  1
(d) (e) (f)
x2  5 3 x x2 1

2x  3
10. Find g  2  if g  x  
2x

3x
11. Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y  at the origin.
2x  1
x
12. Find the points on the curve f  x   for which f  x   1 .
x 1
 EXERCISE 4-3A ANSWERS

dy
1. (a) y  6 x 2  x  35;  12 x  1 (b) 12 x  1
dx
dy
2. (a) y  12 x  18  2 x 3  3x 2 ;  12  6 x 2  6 x
dx
2
(b)  6 x  6 x  12

3. h 1  7

4. (a) 6 x 2  2 x  10 (b) 5 x 4  12 x 3
(c)  4 x 3  9 x 2  2 x  15 (d) 5 x 4  4 x 3  18 x 2  10 x  1

dy
5.  4 x 3  16 x; x  0,  2
dx

6. f 2   23

dy
7. (a) y  x 2  3 x;  2x  3 (b) 2x  3
dx

13
8. h 1  
9

1 31 9  3 x 2  10 x
9. (a) (b) (c)
1  x 2 3x  52 x 2
3 
2

10 x 2 x6  x  x 4  2x  3
(d) (e) (f)
x 2
5 
2
3  x 2 x 2
1 
2

7
10. g  2 
16

11. 3

12. 0,0 2,2

 EXERCISE 4-3B
THE CHAIN RULE AND COMBINING ALL THREE RULES

1. Use the chain rule to differentiate the following with respect to x:

(a) 2 x  7 5 (b) 3x 2


1
4
(c) 4  5 x 6
3

(d) 3x 2
 2x  1 
3
(e)

 2 x  3 
2
(f) x2  7
 
1 1
(g) 4
3x  7 3 (h) (i)
2x  7 x 3
4  5

2 3
6x 4
(j) 3
(k) (l)
x  4x 9 x 2  3x  1

2. Find the value of f 1 if:

x
(a) f x   (b) f x   x 2 x  2
2 x  53
dy 2
3. Given that y  4 x  9 , show that  when x  0
dx 3

dy
4. Find for the following:
dx

(a) y  x 2  3x  x  2 (b) 
y  2x 2 x3  1  4

(c) y
7  x  3 4
(d) y  2 x  1 3 x  2 
3 2
3
2x

dy
5. If y  x2 x  17 show that  16 x  12 x  16 and hence find the gradient of
dx
the tangent to the curve at the point 1,1

6. Find f x  and find the values of x where the tangent line is horizontal if:

(a) f  x   x 2 x  5
3
(b) f  x   x 2  8 x  20

k
7. Find the value of k if the tangent to the curve y  at the point where
x2
1
x  2 has a gradient of .
4
 EXERCISE 4-3B ANSWERS

1. (a) 102 x  7 
4
(b) 
24 x 3 x 2  1  3
(c)  304  5 x 
5

(d) 
6 3x  1 3x  2 x  1 2

2
(e) 32 x  3
2

x 9 2
(f) (g) (h)
x2  7 4 3x  7
4
2 x  7 2

(i)
 15 x 2
(j) 

2 3x 2  4  (k)
1
(l)
x 3
4 
6
x 3
 4x  2
27 3
6  x  2

 22 x  3
x 2
 3x  1 
3

1 1
2. (a)  (b) 2
9 2

4. (a) 2x  3 
1
(b)  
4x 7x3  1 x3  1 
3

2 x2

(c)

 3 3x 3  7 7  x 3  
3
(d) 6 5 x  13 x  2 2 x  1
2
4
2x

5. 15

f  x   5 x  x  2  x  5 ;
2
6. (a) x  0, 2, 5
x4
(b) f  x   ; x4
x 2  8 x  20

7. 4
 EXERCISE 4-4
TANGENTS AND NORMALS

1. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the following curves at the given
points.

(a) y  x 2  5x  6 at (3,0)
1  1
(b) y at  2, 
x  2
(c) y  3x 3  7 x 2  2 x at (2,0)
1
(d) y  x at (1,2)
x

2. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve y  x 3 that are parallel to the line
3x  y  1  0 .

3. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y  3 x at the point where x  0 and
sketch the curve.

4. Find the equations of the tangents to the parabola y  4 x  3x 2 at the points where
the parabola cuts the x-axis.

5. Show that the parabolas y  2 x 2  6 x  5 and y  x 2  2 x  1 touch each other and

hence find the equation of the common tangent.

6. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y  ( x  2)( x 2  2 x  6) at the point
where this curve crosses the x-axis.

7. Find the points on the curve y  x 3  6 where the tangents are parallel to the line
y  12 x  1 . Hence find the equations of the normals to the curve at those points.

8. The tangent and the normal at P 2,2  on the curve y  x 3  x 2  6 cut the
x-axis at T and N respectively. Find the area of  PNT .

1
9. (a) Find the equation of the normal to the parabola y  x  22 at the
4
point P where x  6 .
(b) Find the coordinates of the point Q at which this normal meets the
parabola again.

(c) Show that the length of the chord PQ is 5 5 .

10. Find the values of b and c if the line 3x  y  8  0 is a tangent to the curve
y  x 2  bx  c at the point 3,1 .

11. Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y2 x where the angle of
inclination of the tangent is 60 .

The following question uses the product / quotient / chain rules

12. Find the equation of the tangent to the following curves at the indicated value of x
x
f  x   3 x  1 ; at x  1 (b) f x  
4
(a) ; at x  3
2 x  53

EXERCISE 4-4 ANSWERS

1. (a) y  x  3 , y  x  3 (b) x  4 y  4  0 , 8 x  2 y  15  0

(c) 10 x  y  20  0 , x  10 y  2  0 (d) y  2, x  1

2. y  3x  2 , y  3x  2

3. x  0  y-axis 

4. y  4 x , 12 x  3 y  16  0

5. y  2x  3

6. y  14 x  28

7. 2,2  2,14; x  12 y  26  0, x  12 y  170  0

1
8. 16 units²
4

9. (a) x  2 y  14  0 (b) Q  4,9  (c) PQ  5 5

1 2 
10. b  9, c  17 11.  3, 
 3

12. (a) y  96 x  80 (b) y  17 x  54

 EXERCISE 4-5
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
dy
1. Find in each of the following:
dx

(a) x  y 1 (b) x  y2  5 (c) x2  y2  9

(d) x3  y2  4 (e) x  y  20 (f) xy  2  0

(g) x3 y2  3 (h) xy  y 2  6  0

(i) x 2 y 3  xy 2  8  0 (j) x 4  5x 2 y  6 y 2 x 3  3x  0
x
(k)  4x  0 (l) x n y m  mn
y

2. Find the equation of the tangent to the given curve at the given point P:

(a) x2  2y2  4 at 
P 2 ,1 
(b) x  xy  y  1
2 2
at P(2,3);
(c) x2 y2  9 at P(–1,3);
(d) y 2  2x  4 y  1  0 at P(–2,1).

2 2
3. Find the gradient of the normal to the curve x3  y3  5 at the point (8,1).

4. Find the equation of the normal to the curve x 2  5 y 2  36 at the point (4 ,2).

dy d2y
5. If x  y  y find
2
and .
dx dx 2

dt
6. Find if pt  t 2  c , where c is a constant.
dp

7. For the curve ( x  y ) 2  4 x 2 y  1 find the equation of the tangent at the

point (1,2) and the equation of the normal at the point (1,0).

8. Show that the curves y 2  4 x  4 and 4 x  y 2  4 intersect at right angles.

9. Show that the normal to the circle x 2  y 2  a 2 at any point  p, q  on it

passes through the origin.

dy y
If x 2 y   x  y  show that
3
10. 
dx x
x2 y
[Hint : Substitute  x + y 
2
 into the derivative]
x y
 EXERCISE 4-5 ANSWERS

1 x
1. (a) 1 (b) (c)
2y y
3x 2 y y
(d) (e) (f) 
2y x x
3 y y
(g) (h)
2x x  2y

(i)

 2 xy 2  y  (j)

 4 x 3  10 xy  18 x 2 y 2  3 
3x y  2 x
2
5x  12 x y
2 3

y  4y 2
ny
(k) (l)
x mx

2
2. (a) y x  2 (b) (b) 7x  4 y  2  0
2
(c) 3x  y  6  0 (c) x  y 1 0

3. 2

4. 5x  2 y  16  0

dy 1 d2y 2
5.  , 
dx 2 y  1 dx 2
(2 y  1) 3

t
6.
p  2t

7. y  5x  3 ; y   x  1.
 EXERCISE 4-6
THE SIGN OF THE FIRST DERIVATIVE AND GRAPHS

1. Study each diagram and state

(i) the x co-ordinates of any stationary points.

(ii) the values of x for which the function is increasing
(iii) the values of x for which the function is decreasing

y y y
(a) (b) (-1, 2)
(c) (1, 2)

O x x x
(1, -1)

(-1, -2)

y
(d) (e) f(x) (f)

(-1,2)
(2, 4)

x x
(-2, -4) -2 0

(1,-3)

2. Find the x - values of the stationary point(s) on the following curves :

(a) y  x2  4x  2 (b) y  x2  2x  1

3. Find the stationary point(s) on the following curves :

(a) y  3x 2  6 x  7 (b) y  x3

4. Find any stationary points on the following curves

(a) y  x 2  6x (b) y  x 3  5x 2  3x  4

y   x  1
4
(c) y  4  x2 (d)

x 1 2x  1
(e) y (f) y
x2  3 2x  1
1
(g) y
x 4
2
5. For each of the following find whether the function is increasing, decreasing
or stationary at x  4 .
1 4
(a) f  x  x 2  5x  7 (b) f  x  x 4  x 3
4 3
1
(c) f  x  x (d) f  x  4
x
3x  1
f  x    2 x  7 f  x 
9
(e) (f)
2x  7

6. For what values of x is the function f  x  x 2  5x  6

(i) increasing (ii) decreasing (iii) stationary

dy
7. If y  x 3  6x 2  9 x  2 show that  3 x  1 x  3 . Hence, determine the values
dx
of x for which y  x 3  6x 2  9 x  2 is increasing.

1 3
If f  x  x  x 2  9 x  7 show that f  x   x  1  8 and thus that f  x is
2
8.
3
increasing for all x.

9. If y  x 3  6x 2  12 x  8 , prove that the curve has one stationary point and that it
otherwise steadily increases for all x.

x 1
10. Show that f  x  is decreasing for all values of x.  x  1
x 1

d d
11. Show that
dx
 3x  x 3  5  31  x1  x and
dx
 3x  x 3  5  31  x 2  . Hence
prove that the curve y  3x  x 3  5 has two stationary points but y  3x  x 3  5
has none.

12. Show that 3  3 2, 9  6 2  and 3  3 2, 9  6 2  are the stationary points on

x 2  3x
the curve y  .
x3

13. For the following functions y  f  x

(i) state the x-coordinate of the stationary point
(ii) find the nature of the stationary point.

(a) x 0 1 2 (b) x 1 2 3
dy dy
dx 1 0 3 dx 1 0 4

(c) x 3 2 1 (d) x 1 0 1
dy dy
dx
4 0 1 dx
1 0 2
 (e) x 1 0 1 (f) x 2 3 4
dy dy
dx 1 0 2 dx
1 0 1

14. Find the stationary points for each of the given functions. By considering the gradient
of the tangent on either side of these points, identify each as a maximum or minimum
turning point or a horizontal point of inflection. Show the stationary points on a
sketch of the function (you are NOT required to show any other features of the curve
at this stage.)

(a) y  x 2  7x (b) y  12 x  x 3 (c) y  ( x 2  1) 3

(d) y  x 3  3x 2 (e) y  x 3  3x 2  3 x  1
x2
(f) y
x2
 EXERCISE 4-6 ANSWERS

1. (a) (i) x  1 (ii) x  1 (iii) x  1

(b) (i) x  1 (ii) x  1 (iii) x  1

(c) (i) x  1, x  1 (ii)  1  x  1 (iii) x  1  x  1

(d) (i) x  2 , x  2 (ii) x  2  x  2

(iii)  2  x  0  0  x  2

(e) (i) x  2 , x  1, x  1

(ii) x  1, x  1
(iii) 1 x  1

(f) (i) x  1, x  1

(ii)  1  x  0, 0  x  1
(iii) x  1  1  x  3  x  3

2. (a) 2 (b) 1
3. (a)  1,4 (b) 0,0
 1 13 
4. (a) 3,  9 (b)  , 4  ,  3,  5
 3 27 
(c) 0, 2 (d) 1, 0
 1  1
(e)  3,  ,   1,   (f) none
 6  2
 1
(g)  0, 
 4

5. (a) increasing (b) stationary

(c) increasing (d) decreasing
(e) increasing (f) decreasing

1 1 1
6. (i) x2 (ii) x2 (iii) x2
2 2 2

7. x 1  x 3

13. (a) minimum point when x  1 (b) horizontal point of inflection when x  2
(c) maximum point when x  2 (d) horizontal point of inflection when x  0
(e) minimum point when x  0 (f) maximum point when x  3
14.
1 1 (b) ( 2,16) min
(a) (3 ,12 ) min
2 4
(2,16) max

2,16

1 1
(3 ,12 ) ( 2,16)
2 4

(c) (0,1) min (d) (0,0) min

(1,0) horizontal point of inflection ( 2,4) max
( 1,0) horizontal point of inflection
( 2 ,4 )

-1 1
(0,0)

-1

(e) (1,2) horizontal point of inflection (f) no stationary points

(1,2 )
 EXERCISE 4-7A
SIGN OF THE SECOND DERIVATIVE AND CONCAVITY

1.
y

-2 1
x

inflection inflection
(-1·5,-2) (0,-2)
-2

(-1,-4)

Examine the sketch of y  f ( x) above and state the values of x for which the
curve is
(a) increasing
(b) decreasing
(c) concave up
(d) concave down
(e) increasing and concave down

2. (a) Find the values of x for which the curve y  2 x 3  x 2  4 is concave up.
(b) Find the values of x for which the curve y  4 x 2  x 3 is concave down.

3. Show by calculus that the curve y  x 4  3x 2  7 x  2 is always concave up.

4. f ( x)  ( x  2) 3 ( x  1)( x  3) . By drawing a sketch of the polynomial function

y  f ( x) find values of x for which y  f ( x) is concave down.

5. Sketch the portion of each curve below for the given domain by plotting the
endpoints and using the signs of the first and second derivative to decide whether the
curve is increasing or decreasing and concave up or concave down.

(a) y  x for domain 1  x  4

(b) y  x 3  3 x 2  6 x  2 for domain 2  x  3
(c) y  2 x 2  x 4 for domain 1  x  2

6. By considering the sign of f  x  and f  x  sketch the shape of the curve
y  x 3 from x  1 to x  3 .
7. (a) Sketch the curve y  f  x  if f 0  3, f 2  7 and if in the domain
x  0 to x  2, f  x   0 and f  x   0 .

(b) Sketch the curve y  f  x  if f 1  5, f 3  1 and if in the domain

x  1 to x  3, f  x   0 and f  x   0 .

8. If f ( x)  2 x 3  9 x 2  12 x  8 find f ( x) and f ( x) and hence find the set of

values of x for which the curve y  f ( x) is
(i) increasing (ii) concave up (iii) increasing and concave up

dy
9. If y  x 4  8 x 2  16 prove that 4 x( x  2)( x  2) . Find the stationary points
dx
and determine their nature. Show that the function is even. Show these features on a
sketch.

1
10. If y  2
find the stationary point and determine its nature. Show that the
x 4
curve does not cross the x-axis. Show these features on a sketch.

1
11. If f ( x)  ( x  1) 3 (8  3x)  1
8
(a) Find f ( x) in factorised form and hence find the stationary points and
determine their nature.
(b) Find the domain for which the function is decreasing.
(c) Find f (x) in factorised form and hence find the domain for which the
curve is concave up.
 EXERCISE 4-7A ANSWERS

1. (a) x  2,  1  x  1, x  1 (b)  2  x  1

(c)  1.5  x  0  x  1 (d) x  1.5  0  x  1
(e) x  2  0  x  1

1 4
2. (a) x  (b) x  4. x  2  1  x  3
6 3
5.
(a) (b) (c)
f(x)

(3,16)
(4,2) (1,1)

x
(1,1)
(2,6)
increasing
concave down increasing decreasing
concave up concave down
(2,-8)

6. concave upwards and 7. (a) 7. (b)

gradient positive from y
x  1 to x  3 .

0 1 3 x

1
8. (i) x  2  x  1 (ii) x  1 (iii) x  2
2
9. (0,16) max 1
(-2,0) min 10. (0, ) max
4
(2,0) min
y
y

16 1/4

x
-4 -2 2 4

-2 2 x

3 1
11. (a) f ( x)  ( x  1) 2 (9  4 x) (1,1) horizontal inflection (2 ,1.3) max
8 4
1 3 11
(b) x2 (c) f ( x)  ( x  1)(6 x  11) concave up for 1  x 
4 4 6
 EXERCISE 4-7B
THE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR TURNING POINTS AND POINTS OF
INFLECTION

1. Find the stationary points for each of the following functions and determine their
nature by using the second derivative.
(a) y  2 x 3  9 x 2  12 x  3
4
(b) y x
x
(c) y  ( x  1) 2 ( x  2)
x2  1
(d) y
x2  4

2. For the curve y  2 x 3  12 x 2  5x  3 find the point of inflection.

3. Find the point on the curve y  x 3  x 2 where concavity changes.

4. Find the equation of the tangent at the point of inflection for the curve
y  5  4 x  3x 2  x 3 .

5. Show that the function y  ( x  1) 4 has no point of inflection.

6. For the function y  (2  x )(1  x 2 ) find the coordinates of any stationary points and
d2y
determine their nature using . Also find the coordinate of any points of
dx 2
inflection.

dy dy
7. If y  x ( x 3  4) prove  4( x 3  1) and if y  (1  x ) 5 show that  5(1  x ) 4 .
dx dx
Hence show that the curves y  x ( x  4) and y  (1  x ) each have only one
3 5

stationary point, but in one case this is a minimum turning point while in the other
case it is a horizontal inflection point.

8. At x  2 there is a stationary point on the curve y  x 3  cx 2  12 x  5. Find the value

of c.

9. The curve y  ax 2  6 x  b has a stationary point at (3,2) on it. Determine the

values of a and b.

10. Find the stationary points on the curve y  2 x 3  9 x 2  28 and determine their nature.
Show these points on a sketch. Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve at
the point when x  1.

11. Show that the curve y  x 3 ( x  4) has two stationary points one of which is a
horizontal point of inflection. Determine the nature of the other. Further show that
there is another point of inflection, which is not horizontal.
12. Find the co-ordinates of the stationary points P, Q of the curve
y  x 3  3x 2  9 x  15 and prove that the midpoint R of the interval PQ lies on
the curve and is the point of inflection of the curve.

13. The curve y  x 3  ax 2  bx  c has a minimum turning point at x  4 and a

point of inflection at (1,2) . Find the values of a, b and c.

14. Show that the function y  x 4  4 x does not have a point of inflection.

EXERCISE 4-7B ANSWERS

1. (a) (2,1) min (1,2) max

(0,28)

(b) (2,4) min ( 2,4) max

(c) (1,0) min ( 1,4) max
(3,1)
1
(d) (0, ) min
4

2. (2,45)

1 2
3. (  , ) 11. (0,0) horizontal inflection,
3 27
(3,27) min, (2,16) inflection
4. . x  y  4  0
12. P (3,12) Q ( 1,20)
5.
13. a  3
1 23
6. ( ,1 ) min (1,2) max b  24
3 27
c  28
2 25
( ,1 ) inflection
3 27

7.

8. c  6

9. a  1, b  7

10. (0,28) max (3,1) min

tangent: y  33  12 x
 EXERCISE 4-8
CURVE SKETCHING USING CALCULUS

1. y
M

N
L
x

The diagram shows a sketch of the curve y  6 x 2  x 3 . The curve cuts the
x-axis at L , and has a local maximum at M and a point of inflection at N.
(i) Find the coordinates of L.
(ii) Find the coordinates of M.
(iii) Find the coordinates of N.

2. Use the second derivative test to find the maximum and minimum turning points of
the following functions.
2
(a) y  x2  (b) y  x 4  2x 2  2
x

3. Draw neat sketches of the following functions showing turning points and points of
inflection.
(a) y   x  1 x  2 x  3

(b) y  x 4  2x 2
(c) y  x3  x2
(d) y  3x  x 3

4. Consider the curve given by y  1  3x  x 3 for  2  x  3 .

(i) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their nature.
(ii) Find the coordinates of the point of inflection.
(iii) Sketch the curve y  1  3x  x 3 for  2  x  3 .
(iv) Find the minimum value of y for  2  x  3 .

5. Find the maximum value of the function y  x 3  3x 2  3x  1 in the domain

0  x  3.

6. Consider the function f ( x)  x 3  3x 2  24 x  80 on the domain  3  x  8 .

(a) Find the values of f (3) and f (8) .
(b) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their nature.
(c) Find the coordinates of the point of inflection.
 (d) Sketch the graph of the function.
(e) Find the absolute minimum and the absolute maximum values of the
function.
(f) Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of the function at the point
of inflection.

7. Consider the curve given by y  3x 2  x 3 .

(i) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their nature.
(ii) Sketch the curve, indicating where it crosses the x-axis.
(iii) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point P (1, 4) .

1 4
8. Consider the curve given by y  x  x3 .
4
(i) Find the coordinates of any stationary points and determine their nature.
(ii) Find the coordinates of any points of inflection.
(iii) Sketch the curve for  1.5  x  4.5 , indicating where the curve
crosses the x-axis.
(iv) For what values of x is the curve concave down?

9. Consider the curve given by y  x 3  6 x  4 .

(i) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their nature.
(ii) Find the coordinates of any points of inflection.
(iii) Sketch the curve for the domain  3  x  3 .
(iv) Find the maximum value of x 3  6 x  4 in the domain  3  x  3 .

10. Consider the curve given by y  7  4 x 3  3x 4 .

(i) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their nature.
d2y
(ii) Find the values of x for which  0.
dx 2
(iii) Sketch the curve for the domain  1  x  2 .

11. Twenty five kangaroos were released on an island. The population P of kangaroos on
the island t years later is given by P  t 3  6t 2  25 , for 0  t  6 .
(i) After how many years was the population a maximum?
(ii) What was the maximum population?
(iii) Sketch the curve P  t 3  6t 2  25 for 0  x  6 .
(iv) When was the population increasing most rapidly?

12. Consider the function y  4 (1  x ) 3 .

(a) Find the domain of the function.
dy
(b) Find .
dx
(c) Find the coordinates of the stationary point and determine its nature.
d2y 3 (1  x)
(d) Show that  .
dx 2 x 3
 (e) Find the values of x for which the curve is concave down.
(f) Find the equation of the tangent at the point of inflection.
(g) Sketch the graph of the function.
(h) Find the range of the function.
(i) Find the equation of the tangent at the point (0, 4) .

(j) Find the values of k for which the equation 4 (1  x ) 3  k

has no real solutions.
(k) Find the values of c for which the function f ( x)  4 (1  x ) 3  c
is negative for all values of x in the domain.

13. The diagram shows the graph of a certain function f (x) .

y
y  f (x)

Copy this graph. On the same axes, draw a sketch of the derivative f (x) of the
function.
 EXERCISE 4-8 ANSWERS

1. (i) L (6, 0) (ii) M (4, 32) (iii) N (2,16)

2. (a) minimum at 1,3

,  and at  1, 1
(b) maximum at 0,2; minimum at 11

3. (a) Cuts axes at 1,0 , 2,0 , 3,0 , and 0,6 .Maximum at approx 1  4, 0  4 .
Minimum at approx 2  6,0  4 . Inflection at approx 2,0.

(b)  
Cuts axes at  2 ,0 ,  0,0 and  
2 ,0 . Minima at  1,1 and 1,1.
 1 5  1 5
Maximum at 0,0. Inflections at  ,  ,   ,  .
 3 9  3 9

(c) Touches x-axis at 0,0 and cuts at 1,0. Maximum at  0,0.

2 4  1 2 
Minimum at  ,  .Inflection at  ,  .
 3 27   3 27 

(d)  
Cuts axes at  3, 0 , 0,0 and  
3, 0 . Minimum at  1,2. .
Maximum at 1,2 . Inflection at  0,0.
4. (i) (1, 3) max, (1,  1) min (ii) (0,1)
(iii)
y
(2, 3) (1, 3)

(0,1)

(1,  1)

(3,  17)
(iv) abs min  17

5. absolute maximum of 64

6. (a) f (3)  98 , (d)

f (8)  208
y
.(8, 208)
(b) (4, 0) min,
..
(2,108)
(2,108) max
(c) (1, 54)
(3, 98) .(1, 54)
(e) abs min = 0, (4, 0) x
abs max = 208
(f) y  27 x  81

7. (i) max (2, 4) , min (0, 0)

(ii)
y (2, 4)

0 3 x

(iii) y  9 x  5

3
8. (i) min (3,  6 ) , hpi (0, 0)
4
 (ii) point of inflection (2,  4) , hpi (0, 0)
(iii)
y (4  5,11  4)

(1  5, 4  6)

(2,  4)
3
(3,  6 )
4
(iv) 0 x2

9. (i) max ( 2 , 4  4 2 ) , min ( 2 , 4  4 2 ) (ii) (0, 4)

y (3,13)
(  2 , 9  7)

( 2 ,  1  7)
(3,  5)
(iv) abs max = 13
2
10. (i) hpi (0, 7) , max (1, 8) (ii) x  0, x 
3
(iii)
y
(1, 8)
(0, 7)

(1, 0) x

(2,  9)

11. (i) 4 years (ii) 57 kangaroos (iv) at t  2 years

P (4, 57)

25 (6, 25)

t
12. (a) x0 (g)
y
(b)
dy  6 (1  x )

2
.(0, 4)
dx x
(c) (1, 0) hpi
(e) x 1 .
(1, 0) x
(f) y0
(tangent is the x-axis)
(h) y4
(i) x0
(tangent is the y-axis)
(j) k4
(k) c  4

13.

y
y  f ( x)

y  f (x)
 EXERCISE 4-9A
LIMITS AT INFINITY

1. Evaluate the following limits:

3 5
(a) lim (b) lim (c) lim 3x  2
x  x x  x  6 x 

 2  2x 2x2
(d) lim 5   (e) lim (f) lim
x   3x  1 x  x  2 x  5x 2  1

5x 2  4 x 9 x 3  5x 2 px  q
(g) lim (h) lim (i) lim
x  3x  2 x  1
2
x  3x  2
3 x  mx  n

ax  bx  c
2
x ( x  6)
3
(j) lim (k) lim 4
x  ( px  q ) 2 x  5x  11x

2. Describe the geometric meaning of your answers in question 1 (f), (g),(h).

3. Evaluate the following limits:

6x  1 x2  4 x 3  5x
(a) lim (b) lim (c) lim
x  x 2  1 x  3 x 2  7 x  3x 2  1

x3 ( x  2)( x 2  3)  5 
(d) lim (e) lim (f) lim  x  
x  x  3 x  7x 3  2 x   x  10 

4. This is a graph of the function

y  x x  x  0

Use the graph to find lim x x

x 

5. This is a graph of the function

x2
y
x 1

Use the graph to find:

(a) lim f ( x )
x 

(b) lim f ( x )
x 

(c) lim f ( x )
x 1
6. For each of the following functions find (i) lim y and (ii) lim y
x  x 

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

EXERCISE 4-9A ANSWERS

2
1. (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) does not exist (d) 5 (e) 2 (f) (g) 0
5
p a 1
(h) does not exist (i) (j) (k)
m p2 5

2
2. (f) Horizontal asymptote y  (g) Horizontal asymptote y  0 i.e. x-axis
5
1
(h) No horizontal asymptote . Oblique asymptote: y  3x  .
3
1 1
3. (a) 0 (b) (c) does not exist (d) 1 (e) (f) does not exist
3 7
4. Does not exist

5. (a) Does not exist (b) Does not exist (c) Does not exist

6. (a) 0, 0 (b) 2, does not exist (c) Does not exist, does not exist
(d) Does not exist, –1
 EXERCISE 4-9B
ASYMPTOTES

1. State all asymptotes for the functions graphed below.

(a) (b) (c)

2. Find any asymptotes for the following rational functions:

1 7 3
(a) y (b) y (c) y
x3 1 x 5x  1

x2 3x  1 7x  3
(d) y (e) y (f) y
x3 x4 4x  5

1 1 2
(g) y x (h) y 2 (i) y  3x 
x x 1 x2

3. Find any asymptotes for the following rational functions:

7 x x2  2x  3
(a) y (b) y (c) y
x 1
2
x x
2
x

x 1 3x 2  1 5x 2
(d) y (e) y (f) y
x2  1 x2  4 x2  2x  1

1 x 3  2x  7 x 4  9x  4
(g) y  4x 2  (h) y (i) y
x 2x x3
 EXERCISE 4-9B ANSWERS

1. (a) Horizontal Asymptote (H.A.) y  2 , Vertical Asymptote (V.A.) x  1

(b) H.A. y  1 , V.A. x  2 & x  0 (y-axis)
(c) O.A. y  x , V.A. x  0 (y-axis)

2. (a) H.A. y  0 (x-axis), V.A. x  3

(b) H.A. y  0 (x-axis), V.A. x  1
1
(c) H.A. y  0 (x-axis), V.A. x  
5
(d) H.A. y  1 , V.A. x  3
(e) H.A. y  3 , V.A. x  4
7 5
(f) H.A. y  , V.A. x 
4 4
(g) O.A. y  x , V.A. x  0 (y-axis)
(h) H.A. y  2 , V.A. x  1
(i) O.A. y  3x , V.A. x  2

3. (a) H.A. y  0 (x-axis), V.A. x  1 & x  1

(b) H.A. y  0 (x-axis), V.A. x  1 (also discontinuous at x  0 )
(c) O.A. y  x  2 , V.A. x  0 (y-axis)
(d) H.A. y  0 (x-axis)
(e) H.A. y  3 , V.A. x  2 & x  2
(f) H.A. y  5, V.A. x  1

(g) V.A. x  0 , Curved Asymptote (C.A.) y  4 x 2

x2
(h) V.A. x  0 , C.A. y  1
2
(i) V.A. x  3 , C.A. y  x 3  3x 2  9 x  36
 EXERCISE 4-9C
GRAPHS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

x
1. Consider the function f  x   .
x 1
(a) Find the domain.
(b) Find the x-intercept.
(c) Find the equations of all asymptotes.
(d) Show that the function is decreasing for all values of x in the domain.
(e) Hence sketch the graph of the function.

8
2. Consider the function y  2 x  .
x
(a) Find the equations of all asymptotes.
(b) Find the stationary points and determine their nature.
(c) Hence sketch the graph of the function.

x
3. Consider the function f ( x)  2
.
x 4
(a) Find the domain.
(b) Show that the function is odd.
(c) Find the x-intercept.
(d) Find the equations of all asymptotes.
(e) Find f ( x) .
(f) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their
nature.
(g) Hence sketch the graph of the function.
(h) State the range of the function.

1  x2
4. Consider the function f  x  .
1  x2
(a) Find the coordinates of the stationary point and determine its nature.
(b) Find the domain.
(c) Find the equations of all asymptotes.
(d) Sketch the graph of the function.
(e) State the range of the function.
 3x
5. Consider the function f  x   .
x 12

(a) Show that the function is an odd function.

(b) Find the equations of all asymptotes.
(c) Show that there are no stationary points.

(d) Find the coordinates of the point of inflection.

(e) Sketch the graph of this function.

(f) State the range of the function.
3x
(g) Solve the equation 2  2.
x 1
3x
(h) Use your graph to solve the inequality  2.
x 1
2

x2
6. Consider the function f ( x)  .
x2 1
(a) Find the domain.
(b) Show that the function is even.
(c) Find the x-intercept.
(d) Find the equations of all asymptotes.
(e) Find f (x) .
(f) Find the coordinates of the stationary point and determine its nature.
(g) Hence sketch the graph of the function.
(h) State the range of the function.
 EXERCISE 4-9C ANSWERS

1. (a) x 1 (e)
(b) x0 y
(c) V.A. x  1 , H.A. y  1
1
(d) f ( x)   0 1
( x  1) 2
for all values of x from
1 x
the domain

2. (a) OA y  2 x
VA x  0
(2,8)
(b) ( 2,8) min
( 2,8) max x

(-2,-8)

3. (a) all reals

(c) x0 (g) y
(d) HA y  0 (x-axis) 2, 14 
4  x2
(e) f ( x)  0 x
( x 2  4) 2  2,  
1
4
 1
(f)  2,  max,
 4
 1 1 1
  2,   min (h)  y
 4 4 4

4. (a) (0, 1) min (d) y

(b) x  1

(c) V.A. x  1 -1 1
O x
H.A. y  1
-1
(e) y  1, y  1
5. (b) V.A. x  1 (e) y
H.A. y  0
(d) (0, 0)
(f) all reals
1
(g) x , x2
2 1 0 1 x
1
(h) 1  x  
2
1< x < 2

y
6. (a) all reals (g)
(c) x0 1
(d) HA y  1
2x
(e) f ( x) 
( x  1) 2
2
0 x
(f) (0, 0) min
(h) 0  y 1
 EXERCISE 4-9D
MORE GRAPHS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

x2  x 1
1. Consider the curve y  .
x 1
x2  x 1 1
(a) Show that  x .
x 1 x 1
(b) Show that the curve does not cut the x-axis.
(c) Find the y-intercept.
(d) Find the equations of all asymptotes.
(e) Points A and B are the stationary points. Find the coordinates of the points A
and B and determine their nature.
(f) Sketch the graph of the curve.
(g) State the range.
(h) The point P is the point of intersection of the two asymptotes of the
x2  x 1
curve y  . Find the coordinates of the point P.
x 1
(i) Show that the point P is the midpoint of the interval AB.
(j) The line y  mx  b passes through the points A and B. Find the
values of m and b.
x2  x 1
(k) Hence use your graph to solve the inequality  mx  b .
x 1
 7
(l) Show that  3,  is the point of intersection of the curve
 2
2
x  x 1 7x2
y and the parabola y  .
x 1 18
x2  x  1 7x2
(m) Hence use your graph to solve the inequality  .
x 1 18

4
2. Consider the function y  2
.
x 1
(a) Find the domain.
(b) Show that the function is even.
4
(c) Find lim and give an interpretation of your answer.
x  x 2  1

dy d2y
(d) Find and .
dx dx 2
(e) Find the coordinates of the stationary point and determine its nature.
 (f) Find the coordinates of the points of inflection.
(g) Hence sketch the graph of the function.
(h) State the range of the function.
4
(i) The line y  mx  b is a tangent to the curve y  2
at
x 1
the point where x  1 .

( ) Find the values of m and b.

( ) This tangent meets the curve again at the point P. Find the coordinates
of the point P.
4
( ) Hence use the graph to solve the inequality 2
 mx  b .
x 1

x2  x  2
3. Consider the curve y  .
x 1
x2  x  2 2
(a) Show that  x .
x 1 x 1
(b) Find x-intercepts.
(c) Find the y-intercept.
(d) Find the equations of all asymptotes.
(e) Show that there are no stationary points.
(f) Show that there are no points of inflection.
(g) Sketch the graph of the curve.
(h) State the range.
x2  x  2
(i) Use the graph to find the number of solutions of the equation k,
x 1
where k is a real number.
(j) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point where x  1 .
(k) This normal meets the curve again at the point P. Find the coordinates
of the point P.
x2  x  2
(l) Show that the curve y  and the circle ( x  3) 2  ( y  1) 2  10
x 1
have a common tangent at the point (0,  2) .
(m) Find the equation of this tangent.

4. Sketch the graphs of the following rational functions:

2x2 x2 x3  2
(a) y (b) y (c) y
x2  x  6 1 x x
5. Consider the rational function y 
x  13
x
(a) Find the equations all asymptotes.
(b) Find the stationary points and determine their nature.
(c) Sketch the curve.

(d) Using the curve find the number of solutions to

x  13 7
x

EXERCISE 4-9D ANSWERS

1. (c) y  1 (f) y
(d) V.A. x  1 ,
O.A. y  x yx
(e) (2, 3) min, .
(2, 3)
(0,  1) max
(g) y  3 , y  1 .P
(h)
(j)
P (1,1)
m  2, b  1
0 .(0, 1) x

(k) x  0, 1 x  2
(m) 1 x  3

2. (a) all reals

y
(c) 0, y  0 is HA
(g) 4
(d)
dy
 2
8x
,
. .
dx ( x  1) 2
d 2 y 8(3x 2  1)
 2
dx 2 ( x  1) 3 x
(e) (0, 4) max
 1   1 
(f)  , 3  ,   , 3 
 3   3 
(h) 0 y4
(i) ( ) m  2 , b  4
( ) P (0, 4)
( ) 0  x  1, x  1
3. (b) x  1 , x  2 (g) y
(c) y  2
(d) V.A. x  1 , O.A. y  x
(h) all reals
(i) two (since any horizontal
line intersects the graph of
the curve in two points)  2 1 1 x
2 2
(j) y  x
3 3 2
 8 26 
(k) P , 
 5 15 
(m) y  3x  2

4. (a) (b)
y
y
y  x 1

2
1 1 1 x
(12, 1.92) (2, 4)
2 3 x

(c)
y

y  x2

3 2 0 x
5. (a) VA x  0 CA y  x 2  3x  3
1 3
(b) (1,0) HPI and ( , 6 ) min
2 4
(c)

(0.5 , 6.75)

x
-1

(d) 3 solutions
 EXERCISE 4-10A
APPLICATION OF CALCULUS TO MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM PROBLEMS

1. The cost $C of running a tour for x people is given by the formula

C  x 3  972 x  36000 .
(a) Find the number of people required for the cost to be a minimum.
(b) Find each person’s share of the minimum cost.

2. Farmer Tang wishes to enclose a rectangular field using 100 metres of fencing for
three sides, the fourth side being formed by an existing fence.
(a) Find the dimensions of the field such that the enclosed area is a maximum.
(b) Find this maximum area.

3. A firm sells x transistors per week where 0  x  2500 . The profit for each
x 5000
transistor sold is 6   dollars. Find the maximum weekly profit.
1000 x

4. A car rental agency can rent out 200 cars per day if it charges a daily rental rate of
$30 per day but if it charges more then the number of cars rented out decreases. For
every $1 increase in rate, 5 fewer cars are rented out.

(a) Show that if the daily rental rate is 30  x dollars then the daily rental income
is 6000  50 x  5 x 2 dollars.

(b) Hence find the rental rate which would maximize daily rental income.

5. A rectangular box, open at the top, is constructed from thin sheet metal. The base is a
square of side x centimetres.

(a) If the box holds a volume of 500 cm3 and its height is h cm, find an expression
for h in terms of x.

(b) Show that the area, A cm2, of sheet metal required to make the box is given by
2000
A  x2  .
x

(c) Hence, find the least area of the sheet metal required to make the box.
6. A company manufactures and sells x mobile phones per month.
The total cost of producing the x mobile phones is
C  x   72 000  60 x dollars and the price charged for each mobile phone is
x
p  200  dollars where 0  x  6 000 .
30
These are called the monthly cost and price-demand equations.
Find (a) the production level that will realize maximum profit.
(b) the maximum profit.
(c) the price the company should charge for each mobile phone to realize
maximum profit.

7. A box with a square base is made so that the sum of its three dimensions is
9 cm. Using calculus, show that its maximum volume is 27 cubic centimetres and
that this occurs when it is a cube.

8. A cylindrical can, open at the top, is to be made from 300 cm 2 of sheet metal.
(a) Find an expression for the volume of the can in terms of r, the radius of the
base.
(b) If the volume of the can is to be maximum, find:
(i) the radius of the base.
(ii) the height of the can.

9. A manufacturer plans to build a fence around a 972m2 rectangular storage area next to
a building, by using the building as one side of the enclosed area. The fencing parallel
to the building will cost $9 per metre installed, while fencing for the other two sides
will cost $6 per metre installed.

Find:

(a) the length of each type of fence so that the total cost of the fence will be a
minimum.

(b) the minimum cost.

10. A graph of parabola f ( x)  9  x 2 is shown on the diagram below.
y

. P( x, f ( x))

(a) Show that the area of a rectangle inscribed in the region bounded by this
parabola and the x-axis is given by A  18 x  2 x 3 .
(b) Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the region
bounded by this parabola and the x-axis.

11.

2 km

A P B

1 km

O
The diagram shows a straight section of a river one kilometre wide. Jyoti is at a point
O on one bank and she wishes to reach a point B, on the opposite bank, as quickly as
possible. The point A is on the opposite bank directly across from O and the
distance AB is two kilometres. Jyoti can row at 6 km/hr and jog at 10 km/hr. She
intends to row in a straight line to a point P on the opposite bank and then jog
directly from P to B. Let the distance AP be x kilometres.

(a) Show that the time in hours that Jyoti takes to reach B is given by
x2 1 2  x
T  .
6 10
(b) Show that if Jyoti wishes to minimize the time taken to complete the journey
then she should row to a point 0  75 km from A.
 EXERCISE 4-10A ANSWERS

1. (a) 18 people (b) $1352

2. (a) 25m by 50m (b) 1250 m 2

3. $3 750

4. $35 per day

500
5. (a) h (c) 300 cm 2
x2

6. (a) 2100 mobile phones (b) $75 000 (c) $130

 r3
8. (a) V  150 r 
2
(b) (i) 10cm (ii) 10cm

9. (a) (parallel to building) = 36m, (other two sides) = 54m

(b) $648

10. (b) 12 3
 EXERCISE 4-10B
FURTHER APPLICATION OF CALCULUS TO MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM
PROBLEMS

1. A 300 room hotel in Sydney is filled to capacity every day at $80 a room. For each
$1 increase in rent, 3 fewer rooms are rented per day. Each rented room costs $10 to
service per day.
(a) If $x is the increase in rent for each room per day, find an expression for P,
the total profit per day, in terms of x.
(b) How much should the management charge for each room to maximize the
profit?
(c) Find the maximum profit and the number of rooms left vacant per day.

2. A magazine advertisement is to contain

50 square centimetres of printed area with
clear margins of 4 centimetres each at the
top and the bottom and 2 centimetres on
each side of the page. Printed
If the dimensions of the advertisement are area y
x cm by y cm find:
(a) an expression for the printed area in
terms of x and y.
(b) an expression for A, the area of the
advertisement in terms of x.
(c) dimensions of the page if the area x
of the advertisement is to be a
minimum.

3. An open rectangular box is to be made from a piece of sheet metal 3 cm wide and 8
cm long by cutting a square of side x cm from each corner, and then bending up the
sides.
(a) Express the volume V of the box as a function of x.
(b) Determine the domain of this function according to the physical constraints.
(c) Determine the value of x such that the volume of the box is a maximum.
(d) Find the maximum volume.

4. Two straight roads intersect at right angles. Anne and Jim are 100 km from the
intersection, one on each road. They start driving towards the intersection at 30 km/h
and 40 km/h respectively. During their approach to the intersection, find:
(a) the distance of each driver from the intersection t hours after they start.
(b) the distance between Anne and Jim, L km , as a function of time t .
(c) the values of t for which the distance between Anne and Jim is a minimum.
(d) the minimum distance between Anne and Jim.
5. A hotel is on an island 5 km from P , the nearest point on the coast. A fresh water
spring is 10 km along the coast from P. A drinking water pipeline is to be run from a
spring to the hotel. Q is the point, x km from P towards the spring, where the
pipeline will reach the coast from the hotel. The cost of laying a pipeline on land is $
1000 per km.
Hotel

5 km
Spring
P Q
x km
10 km
(a) If it costs 1 4 times as much to lay the pipe under water as it does on land,
find:
(i) an expression for C, the total cost of the project in terms of x.
(ii) the value of x which minimises the total cost.
(iii) the minimum cost correct to the nearest dollar and the length of the
pipeline correct to 2 decimal places.

(b) If it costs 1 1 times as much to lay the pipe under water as it does on land,
find the value of x which minimises the total cost and the length of the
pipeline.

6. (a) (i) Use calculus to find the minimum value of the expression
3600
y  x for x  0 .
x
3600
(ii) Sketch the graph of y  x  for x  0 .
x

(b) A bus operates between two towns, D km apart, at a constant speed of v km/h.

For a given v, the cost per hour of operating the bus service is 3600  v 2 
cents.
(i) Find an expression for C, the total cost in dollars for the trip,
as a function of v.
(ii) Find the value of v which minimises the cost of the trip.

(c) If the distance between the towns is 1080 km and if the trip should not take
longer than 16 hours, find the value of v which minimises the cost of the trip.
Hence find the minimum cost of the trip.
 EXERCISE 4-10B ANSWERS

1. (a) P  21 000  90 x  3 x 2 (b) $95

(c) $21 675, 45 rooms

8 x 2  18 x
2. (a) ( x  4) ( y  8) (b) A
x4
(c) 9cm by 18cm

3
3. (a) V  4 x 3  22 x 2  24 x (b) 0 x
2
2 200
(c) x (d) cm 3
3 27

4. (a) Anne (100  30t ) km, Jim (100  40t ) km

(b) L  10 200  140t  25t 2
(c) t  28
(d) 20km

5. (a) (i) C  10 000  1000 x  1400 x 2  25

(ii) x  5 1
(iii) $14899, 12  04 km
(b) x  10 (pipeline goes in a straight line from the hotel to the spring)
length of pipeline = 11 18 km

6. (a) 120 (when x  60 ) (ii)

y

( 60, 120)

x
D  3600 
(b) (i) C   v (ii) v  60
100  v 
(c) v  67  5 , $1305
 UNIT 5

Polynomials
and
Further Inequalities

5-1 Basic Operations with Polynomials

5-2 Remainder and Factor Theorems
5-3 Polynomial Functions
5-4 More Inequalities
 EXERCISE 5-1
BASIC OPERATIONS WITH POLYNOMIALS

1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials ?

1
1 1
(a) 3 x  x  2 1
2
(b) 5x 2
x2  (c) 5x 5  5 x  1
2 4
(d) 2
4x  2 (e) x 4  x 3 2 (f ) x3  x

2. For each of the following polynomials :

(i) Write the degree; (v) Write the coefficient of
(ii) Write the leading term; the quadratic term;
(iii) Write the leading coefficient; (vi) State the constant term;
(iv) State if they are monic; (vii) State the number of terms.
1
(a) 7 + x3  x5 (b) 7 x 7  3x 2  x (c) x8 1
4
(d) x  4x 3  3 (e) x + 7 2 (f) 2 x  12 x  1
3 3

3. If P( x )  3x 3  2 x 2  1 and Q( x )  x 4  2 x 2  1, find :
(a) P( x )  Q( x ) (b) P( x )  Q( x ) (c) P( x )  Q( x )
(d) P( 1) (e) Q(0) (f) P(2)  Q(2)

4. If P x   ax 5  x 4  3 and Q( x )  6 x 5  3x 4  x ,
state the degree of the following polynomials
(a) P ( x )  Q( x ) (b) P ( x )  Q( x ) (c) P( x )  Q( x )

5. Complete the following divisions, expressing each result in the form

Dividend = Divisor  Quotient + Remainder

(a) x 2

 5 x  1   x  3
2x 2  4x  3
(b)
x5
(c)  
6 x  5 x 2  8 x  3  2 x  3
3

(d) x  x  2 x  4  x  2
4 3 2

(e) 6 x  4 x  3  2 x  x  1
4 2

x 5  3x 2  8 x  5
(f)
x2  x 1
(g)   
2x5  x   x3  2x 2  x  1  2x 2  x  1 
(h) 8x 7
 4x 4  6x 2  1  2 x  7 
3

6. Determine the quotient Q x  and the remainder R x  when the polynomial

P x   x 4  3x 3  4 is divided by the divisor D x   x 2  2 .
 EXERCISE 5-1 ANSWERS

1. (a) Yes (b) No (c) No (d) Yes (e) No (f) No

2. (a) (i) 5 (ii) x5 (iii) 1 (iv) no (v) 0

(vi) 7 (vii) 3
(b) (i) 7 (ii) 7x 7 (iii) 7 (iv) no (v) -3
(vi) 0 (vii) 3
(c) (i) 8 (ii) x8 (iii) 1 (iv) yes (v) 0
(vi) 1 (vii) 2
(d) (i) 4 (ii) x4 (iii) 1 (iv) yes (v) 0
(vi) 12 (vii) 4
(e) (i) 2 (ii) x2 (iii) 1 (iv) yes (v) 1
(vi) 49 (vii) 3
(f) (i) 6 (ii) 4x 6 (iii) 4 (iv) no (v) 0
(vi) 1 (vii) 2

3. (a) x 4  3x 3  4 x 2 (b)  x 4  3x 3  2
(c) 3x 7  2 x 6  6 x 5  5x 4  3x 3  1 (d) –4
(e) –1 (f) 10

4. (a) If a = 6, Degree = 4 (b) If a = 0, Degree = 9

If a  6, Degree = 5 If a  0, Degree = 10
(c) If a = 6, Degree = 4
If a  6, Degree = 5

5. (a) x 2  5 x  1  ( x  3)( x  2)  5
(b) 2 x 2  4 x  3  ( x  5)(2 x  6)  33
(c) 
6 x 3  5 x 2  8 x  3  (2 x  3) 3 x 2  2 x  1  0 
(d) 4 3
 2

x  x  2x  4  x  2 x  x  2  0 2

 3 9  31 21
(e) 6 x 4  4 x  3  (2 x 2  x  1)  3x 2  x    x 
 2 4 4 4
(f) x 5  3x 2  8 x  5  ( x 2  x  1) ( x 3  x 2  4)  4 x  1
(g) 2 x 5  x 4  x 3  2 x 2  x  1  (2 x 2  x  1) ( x 3  1)
(h) 8 x 7  4 x 4  6 x 2  1  (2 x 3  7) (4 x 4  12 x)  6 x 2  84 x  1

6. Q x   x 2  3x  2 and R x   6 x
 EXERCISE 5-2
REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREMS
1. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder when :
(a) 3 x 2  7 x  8 is divided by x  1
(b) x 4  2 x 3  4 is divided by x  1
(c) y 4  3 y 3  5 y 2  2 is divided by y  4
(d) x 4  2 x 2  13 x  60 is divided by 2 x  3

2. Use the factor theorem to show that  x  2  is a factor of the polynomial

P x   x 3  4 x 2  7 x  10 .

3. (a) If P x   x 4  7 x 2  18 , find the value of P3 .

(b) What does this mean?

4. (a) Show that x  3 is a zero of the polynomial P x   x 3  4 x 2  x  6 .

(b) What does this mean?
(c) Hence express P x   x 3  4 x 2  x  6 as a product of linear factors.
(d) Hence write down all the zeros of P x  .

5. When x 3  3 x 2  7 x  m is divided by x  2 , the remainder is 20 . Find m .

6. Find the value of the constant k if x  1 is a factor of P x   x 5  2kx 2  2 .

7. Show that x  4 is a factor of P ( x)  6 x 3  35 x 2  34 x  40 and hence fully factorise

P(x)

8. Express each of the following polynomials as a product of linear factors.

(a) x 3  3 x 2  x  3 (b) x 3  7 x  6 (c) x 3  2 x 2  9 x  18
(d) 2 x 3  9 x 2  8 x  15 (e) x 3  2 x 2  41x  42 (f) x 4  2 x 3  3 x 2  4 x  4

9. If x 3  ax  b is divisible by  x  3 and  x  4  , find the values of a and b .

10. The remainder when x 4  ax  b is divided by x  1 is 5 and the remainder when

it is divided by x  2 is 29. Find a and b .

11. The factors of the polynomial x 3  x 2  4 x  4 are  x  2  ,  x  2  and x  1 .

Write down the zeros of the polynomial x 3  x 2  4 x  4 .

12. The zeros of the polynomial P x   x 3  4 x 2  7 x  10 are  1 , 2 and  5 . What are

the factors of P x  ?

13. (a) Express x 3  3 x 2  10 x  24 as a product of linear factors.

(b) Hence solve x 3  3 x 2  10 x  24  0 .
14. (a) Show that x  1 is a root of the equation 2 x 3  7 x 2  2 x  3  0 .
(b) Express 2 x 3  7 x 2  2 x  3 in the form ( x  1) (2 x 2  ax  b) where
a and b are constants.
(c) Hence solve the equation 2 x 3  7 x 2  2 x  3  0 .

15. Use the factor theorem to find a factor and hence find all real solutions to the following
polynomial equations.

(a) x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6  0 (b) x 3  7 x  6  0
(c) x 3  x 2  2 x  0 (d) x 3  3x 2  6 x  8  0
(e) x 3  2 x 2  1  0 (f) x 4  5 x 2  4  0

16. When a polynomial P x  is divided by x  1 x  3 the quotient is Q x  and the

remainder is 3 x  1 . Find the remainder when P x  is divided by x  1 .

17. Let P ( x )  ( x  1)( x  3)Q ( x)  m( x  1)  n , where Q (x ) is a polynomial and m

and n are real numbers.
When P (x ) is divided by ( x  1) the remainder is  11 .
When P ( x ) is divided by ( x  3) the remainder is 1 .
(a) Find the value of n .
(b) Find the value of m .
(c) Find the remainder when P ( x ) is divided by ( x  1)( x  3) .

18. The remainder when polynomial P ( x ) is divided by ( x  1) is 5 and the remainder

when P ( x ) is divided by ( x  5) is  1 . Find the remainder when P ( x ) is divided
by ( x  1)( x  5) .
 EXERCISE 5-2 ANSWERS

495
1. (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 142 (d) 
16
2. P2   0 and   x  2  is a factor

3. (a) P3  0
(b) x  3 is a zero of the polynomial Px  and so  x  3 is a factor of P x 

4. (b)  x  3 is a factor of P x 

(c) P x    x  3 x  2 x  1

(d) x  3 ,  2 , 1
5. m  14
3
6. k
2
7. P (4)  0 , P ( x)   x  4 3 x  2 2 x  5

8. (a) x  1 x  1 x  3 (b) x  1 x  3 x  2  (c)  x  2  x  3 x  3

(d) x  1 x  52 x  3 (e) x  1 x  7 x  6  (f) x  1  x  2 

2 2

9. a  13 and b  12

10. a  3, b  7

11.  2 , 2 and  1

12 x  1 , x  2 and  x  5 .

13. (a) ( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  2) (b) x  3 , x  4 , x  2

1
14. (b) ( x  1) (2 x 2  5 x  3) (c) x  1, 3 , 
2

15. (a) x  1 , 2 or  3 (b) x  1 , 2 or  3 (c) x  0 ,  1 , or 2

1 5
(d) x  1,  2 , or 4 (e) x  1, (f) x  1,  2
2

16. Remainder = 2

17. (a) n  11 (b) m3 (c) 3x  8

18. x4
 EXERCISE 5-3
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

1. Sketch the following polynomial functions:

(a) y   x  1 x  2 x  3 (b) y  x x  1 x  2 x  5

(c) y   x x  3 (d) y  x 2  x  1
2

(e) y  x x  2  3  x  (f) y   x  12 x  3 x  4

2 2

(g) y   x  3  x  1 (h) y   x  3  x  1
3 2 2

(i) y  3x  2 2  x  (j) y  3  4 x 2  x 

2 2 3

(k) y   x  1 x  2 x  32 x  3 (l) y   x  42  x  x  31  2 x 

Sketch the polynomial function f  x    x  1  x  3 and hence determine

3
2.
the values of x for which  x  1 3  x  3  0 .

3. Sketch the polynomial function f  x   x 3  x 2  2 x and hence determine

the values of x for which x 3  x 2  2 x  0 .

4. Determine the values of the zeros of the polynomial P x   x 3  3x 2  4 x and

hence sketch the graph of y  P x  .

5. (a) Factorise x 4  13x 2  36 .

(b) Hence sketch the graph of y  x 4  13x 2  36 .

(c) Find the values of x for which x 4  13x 2  36  0 .

6. (a) Factorise x 4  3 x 3  4 x .
(b) Hence sketch the graph of g  x   x 4  3x 3  4 x .

(c) Find the values of x for which x 4  3 x 3  4 x  0 .

7. The polynomial P ( x )  x 3  6 x 2  6kx  14 has a zero at x  1 .

(a) Find k .
(b) Factorise P ( x ) .
(c) Find the other zeros of P ( x ) .
(d) Find the set of values of x for which P ( x )  0 .

8. Sketch the graph of y  3  8 x  6 x 2  x 4 and hence solve 3  8 x  6 x 2  x 4  0 .

9. Sketch the following polynomial functions:

y  2  x  y  x 6  9x 4
4
(a) (b)
y  3  x  1  x  y  x 4 2  x  x  1  x  5
5 4 3 2
(c) (d)
(e) y  x 5 ( x  3) 4 (f) y   x 8 ( x  2) 7
10. (a) Sketch the graph of y  5 x 4  x 5 and hence solve 5 x 4  x 5  0 .
(b) Sketch the graph of y  2 x 4  5 x 3  3x 2  x  1 and hence solve
2 x 4  5 x 3  3x 2  x  1  0 .

11. A sketch of a polynomial function y  f ( x) of degree n is shown below.

Find the equation of the polynomial function if:

y (a) n3

. (2,8)
(b)
(c)
n5
n7

1 x

12. Sketches of two polynomial functions of degree n are shown below.

Find the equation of each polynomial function if n is the smallest possible integer.

(a) (b) y
y

. (4, 16)

5 8 x ─3 1 x
─9

13. A sketch of a polynomial function y  f ( x) of degree n is shown below.

Find the equation of the polynomial function if:

y
(a) n5
16 (b) n7
(c) n9
─1 2 x

14. (a) Sketch a graph of y  x 3  3 x 2  4 x showing the x-intercepts.

(b) Express x 3  7 x  6 in the form ( x  1) 3  a( x  1) 2  b( x  1)
where a and b are constants.
(c) Hence sketch the graph of y  x 3  7 x  6 .

15. (a) Sketch a graph of y  x 3  7 x 2  12 x showing the x-intercepts.

(b) Express x 3  4 x 2  x  6 in the form ( x  1) 3  m( x  1) 2  n( x  1)
where m and n are constants.
(c) Hence sketch the graph of y  x 3  4 x 2  x  6 .
 EXERCISE 5-3 ANSWERS
1.
(a) y (b) y y (d) y
(c)

x -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6x x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -1 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 1 2

(e) y (f) y (g) y (h) y

x
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
x -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
9
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-48 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

(i) y (j) y (k) y (l) y

24
18
x
-4-3 -2 -1 12345
-24
x x
-2 -1 1 2 3 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2

2. y
3. y
8 4. zeros are : x   1, 0, 4
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 4 y
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-3 -1 0 4
-4
-8 x

x  1 or x  3 x  2 or 0  x  1

5. (a) x  2 x  2 x  3x  3 6.(a) x x  1 x  2 

2
8. y  ( x  1) 3 ( x  3)

(b) y y 7.
36 (b) y

x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 3

-2 0 1 x -3 0 1 x

(c) x  3 or  2  x  2 or x  3
(c) x  -2, 0  x  1 x  3 or x  1

3
7. (a) k   (b) ( x  1)( x  7)( x  2) (c) 7 and -2 (d)  2  x  1  x  7
2
9. (a) y (b) y (c) y
2
243
x 3 3 x
−3 1 x
16

(d) y (e) y (f) y

─2 x
1
2 5 x 3 x

10. (a) y  x 4 (5  x) (b) y  ( x  1) 3 (2 x  1)

y
y

1 1 x

2
5 x 1

x0 , x5 1
x , x 1
2
1 4 1 6
11. (a) y  2 x 2 ( x  1) (b) y x ( x  1) (c) y x ( x  1)
2 8
1 2 1
12. (a) y x ( x  5)( x  8) 2 (b) y  ( x  3) 3 ( x  1) 3
16 3

13. (a) y  4( x  1) 3 ( x  2) 2
(b) y  ( x  1) 3 ( x  2) 4 or y  4( x  1) 5 ( x  2) 2
1
(c) y  ( x  1) 3 ( x  2) 6 or y  ( x  1) 5 ( x  2) 4 or y  4( x  1) 7 ( x  2) 2
4
14. (a) y  x( x  4)( x  1) (c) shift graph in (a) 1 to the left
y y

1 4 x  2 1 3 x

(b) ( x  1) 3  3( x  1) 2  4( x  1)

15. (a) y  x( x  3)( x  4) (c) shift graph in (a) 1 to the right

y y

3 2 1
4 3 x
x

(b) ( x  1) 3  7( x  1) 2  12( x  1)
 EXERCISE 5-4
MORE INEQUALITIES

1. Solve:
(a) x 2  5x  0 (b) x2  4 (c) x 9  0
(d) x 3 (2  x)  0 (e) 2
x ( x  1)  0 (f) x  2x 2  8x
3

(g) 4 x 4  4  17 x 2 (h) 4 x  5(2 x )  4  0 (i) x2 1  3

2. Solve:
x2 x4 1
(a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 4
x4 1 x x
3 2x  1 1 1
(d) 1 (e) 1 (f) 
x 1 x 1 x x 1

3. Solve:
1 x 1 x2  x
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 1
x 1 x x2 1
x 2  6x 1 x4
(d) 2 (e) 1 (f) 1
x2  4 x x x

4. (a) Show that x 2  2 x  3 is positive for all real values of x .

3x 2  x  1
(b) Hence solve 2 3 .
x  2x  3

5. (a) Show that x 2  x  3  0 for all real values of x .

3x 2  2 x  2
(b) Hence solve 2 .
x2  x  3

6. (a) Show that x 2  x  1  0 for all real values of x .

x 2  2x  7
(b) Hence solve 2 .
x2  x 1

x7 2  7x
7. Find the domain of (a) y (b) y
3 x 5  4x

8. Solve the following inequalities:

x2 2 5
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)  1
x4 3x  x 2 2  x x  2
1
9. (a) Sketch the graph of y  .
x 1
1 1
(b) Hence, or otherwise, write down the values of x for which  .
x 1 2
 1
10. (a) Sketch the function y   2 showing the asymptotes and intercepts.
x 1

(b) Using your graph:

(i) state the values of y for which x  0 .

2x  1
(ii) solve the inequality 0 .
x 1

11. Solve the following:

x 2  5x ( x  1) 2 3x  1
(a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 1
x3 x2  2x  3 x4
2 1 1 1
(d)  (e)  1 (f) 4
x 1 x  2 ( x  1)( x  3) 2x  1
( x  4) ( x  3) ( x  3) 2 ( x  4) ( x  2) 2 ( x  7 ) 3
(g) 0 (h) 0 (i) 0
x 2 ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1) ( x  5) x (1  x)

12. Solve:
1 x3 2x  1
(a) 1  3 (b) 0 1 (c) 1  5
x 2x  5 x4

13. (a) Factorise x 3  3 x  2 .

4( 4 x  7 )
(b) Hence solve x  2  2 0 .
x  2 x  15

14. (a) Factorise x 4  5 x 3  3 x 2  13 x  10 .

x 4  5 x 3  3 x 2  13 x  10
(b) Hence solve 0 .
2x
 EXERCISE 5-4 ANSWERS

1. (a) 5  x  0 (b) x  2 , x  2 (c) 0  x  81

(d) 0 x2 (e) x  0 , 0  x 1 (f) x  4 , 0  x  2
1 1
(g) 2 x   ,  x  2 (h) 0 x2 (i) 2 x  2
2 2

1
2. (a) 4 x 2 (b) x  4 , x  1 (c) x  0, x 
4
(d) x  1, x  4 (e) 1  x  2 (f) 1  x  0

1 3 1
3. (a)  x  , x 1 (b)   x  0 , 0  x 1 (c) x 1
2 2 3
(d) x  2, x  4 (e) 0  x 1 (f) x  16

4. (a) 0 (b) x2

5. (a) 0 (b) x  2 , x  2

6. (a) 0 (b) x  1, x  5

2 5
7. (a) 7  x 3 (b) x , x
7 4

8. (a) x  0 or x  4 (b) 0  x  1 , 2  x  3 (c) x  3 or  2  x  2 or x  3

9. (a) (b) x  1 or x  3
y
y

3, 12 
y  12
1 1 x
1 1 x

10. (a) y (b) (i)  2  y  1

1
-2
1
(ii) 1  x  
-1 2
x
-1

-2
 3
11. (a) 5  x  0, x  3 (b) 3  x 1 (c) 4 x 
2
(d) 1  x  2 , x  5 (e) x  1, x  2 , x  3
3 5 1
(f) x , x (g) x  4 ,  2  x  1 , x  0 , x  3
8 8 2
(h) x  5 , x  3 ,  4  x  1 (i) x  2 , 0  x  1 , x  7

1
12. (a) x  1 or x  (b) x  3 , x  8 (c) x  1 , x  7
3

13. (a) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) (b) x  3 , x  1 , 2  x  5

14. (a) ( x  1) 2 ( x  5)( x  2) (b)  5  x  2 , x  1 , x  2 ,

 UNIT 6

Sequences
and
Series

6-1 Introduction to Sequences and Series, Sigma Notation

6-2A Arithmetic Sequences
6-2B Arithmetic Series
6-3A Geometric Sequences
6-3B Geometric Series
6-4 Infinite Geometric Series
 EXERCISE 6-1
INTRODUCTION TO SEQUENCES AND SERIES, SIGMA NOTATION

1. Give the first four terms of the sequences whose n th terms are given.
n 1 2n  3 xn
(a) T  (b) T  (c) T  (d) T  (2) n  1
n 2 n 3n  1 n n n
n
2. Find the tenth term in the sequence given by T  3 2 n 1  n.
n
 
3. Which term in the sequence given by T  5n  2 is equal to 372?
n
4. Find the general term, T , in each of the sequences below whose first four terms are :
n
(a) 1, 2 , 3, 4, ... (b) 2, 4, 6, 8, ... (c) 1, 3, 5, 7, ...
(d) 1, 4, 9, 16, ... (e) 2, 5,10,17, ... (f ) 1, 3, 9, 27, ...
1 1 1 1 2 3 4
(g ) , , , ... (h )  4, 4,  4, 4, ... (i) , , , , ...
4 16 64 2 3 4 5

5. If Tn  35  3n find : (a) how many terms are positive ;

(b) whether or not 16 is a term of the sequence.
3
The m th term of a sequence is 3  2
m4
6. . Which of the numbers 96 ; ; 256
4
belong to the sequence?

7. For the sequence 4,7,10,13,16,.......... write down :

(a) the corresponding series.
(b) the sum of the first five terms of the series S 5 .
(c) the sum of the first four terms of the series S 4 .
(d) the value of S 5  S 4 , and show that T5  S 5  S 4 .

8. For a certain series, S n = 3n 2  n. Find the value of :

(a) S1 (b) T1 (c) S 2 (d) T2 (e) S n1 (f) Tn

9. If S n  2 n find S n 1 and Tn .

10. Find, for any series :

(a) S 2  T3 (b) S 32  T33 (c) S 7  S 6 (d) S k +1  S k .

11. Write in expanded form :

6 2 14
(a) k (b)  5r  1 (c)  8  k 
k =1 r 0 k 4
3 12
(d)  2m (e)   1r 1 x r
m  1 r 1
12. Find the value of :

 n 
5 6 5 t
(a) 2
n (b)  5 k 4 (c)  3  2
n =1 k 4 t 1
4 p 1 5
3h 1 7
1 1 
(d )   1 p2 (e)  h2
(f)   r  r 1 
p 0 h 1 r 1  

1
13. A sequence satisfies Tn  Tn 1  Tn 1 , with T1  3 and T2  7. Find T3 and T4 .
2
14. State the number of terms in each of the following series;
16 10 24 m+1
(a) f (r ) (b) g (i ) (c)  h(k ) (d)  g (r ).
r =1 i =2 k = 3 r = 7

15. Write the following using sigma notation (begin with r  1) :

(a) 1  2  2  3  3  4  .....  n(n  1) (b) 13  2 3  33  4 3  .... for n terms
(c) 1 5  2  5 2  3  5 3  ..... for n terms (d) 1  2  4  2  3  5  3  4  6  ..... for n terms
1 1 1
(e)    ...... for n terms (f) 2  6  12  20  30  ..... for n terms
4  2 5 2 2
6 23

n(n 1)
16. Given that 1  2  3  4  .....  n  , find the following :
2
(a) 1  2  3  4  .....  100 ;
(b) 5  10  15  20  .....  1000 ;
(c) 1  2  3  4  .....  (n 1) ;
(d) 1  2  3  4  .....  (2n 1)  2n

17. The diagrams show the first two objects in a pattern.

……………

n 1 n2
(a) Determine the general formula for the number of squares in the nth pattern.
(b) How many squares are in the tenth pattern ?
(c) Which pattern will have 81 squares ?
18. The Fibonacci sequence of numbers can be generated by the recursion formula
T1  1 T2  1 and for n  3 Tn  Tn 1  Tn 2 .
(a) Write out the first ten terms of the Fibonacci sequence.
(b) Binet’s formula gives the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence as
1  1  5   1  5  
n n
   
5  2   2  
 
Use your calculator and Binet’s formula to find the 20th and 21st terms of the
Fibonacci sequence and hence without using Binet’s formula write down the
value of the 19th term.

1 1
19. A sequence is defined by T   .
n n n 1
(a) Find T1  T2  T3  T4 .
(b) Determine a formula for T1  T2  T3  T4  ...  Tn .

1
20. For a series it is given that T1  1 and Tn   Tn1 for n  2 . Evaluate S 6 .
3

EXERCISE 6-1 ANSWERS

2 3 4 5 5 9 11 x 2 x3 x 4
1. (a) , , , (b) , 1, , (c) x, , , (d) 4,  8, 16,  32
1 4 9 16 4 10 13 2 3 4

2. 1546 3. T74

4. (a) T  n (b) T  2n (c) T  2n  1 (d) T  n 2

n n n n
1
(e) T  n 2  1 (f ) T  3n 1 (g ) T  n (h ) T  4(1) n
n n n 4 n
n
(i) T 
n n 1

3
5. (a) 11 (b) No 6. 96 and
4

7. (a) 4  7  10  13  16   (b) S 5  4  7  10  13  16  50
( c) S 4  4  7  10  13  34 (d) S 5  S 4  50  34  16  T5 .

8. (a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 14 (d) 10 (e) 3n 2  5n  2 (f ) 6n  2

2 n 1 if n  2
9. S n 1  2 n 1 and Tn  
2 if n  1

10. (a) S3 (b) S 33 (c) T7 (d) Tk +1

11. (a) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 (b)  1 + 4 + 9 (c) 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 0 + (1) + (2)   + (6)
(d) 2 1  2 0  21  2 2  2 3 (e) x  x 2  x 3  x 4    x12

147 7
12. (a) 40 (b) 31 (c)  66 (d)  10 (e) (f)
20 8

13. T  11 and T  15
3 4

14. (a) 16 (b) 9 (c) 28 (d) m  9.

n n n
15. (a)  r (r 1) (b) r3 (c)  r  5r
r =1 r 1 r 1
n n n
1
(d)  r (r 1)(r  3) (e)  (r  3)  2 r (f)  r (r 1)
r 1 r 1 r 1

n(n -1)
16. (a) 5050 (b) 100500 (c) (d) n(2n  1)
2

17. (a ) T  4n  1 (b) 41 (c) 20th

n

18. (a) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 (b) 6765, 10946, 4181

4 n
19. (a) (b)
5 n 1

182
20.
243
 EXERCISE 6-2A
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES

1. Find the common difference in each of the following arithmetic progressions and then
write the next two terms:
1 1
(a) –5, –1, 3, 7,  (b) 12, 9 , 7, 4 , 
2 2
(c) 3 , 12 , 27 , . (d) x , x  3, x  6, x  9, .

2. Find an expression for the nth term of each sequence:

(a) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,  (b) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 

3. Find the eighth term and the fourteenth term of the arithmetic sequence 8, 14, 20, 

4. Find the arithmetic progression where T5 = 17 and T12 = 52.

5. Find the sixth term of an arithmetic sequence if T3  5  6 and T12  7 .

6. Find the value of p if p  5, 4 p  3, 8 p  2 , are successive terms of an arithmetic

sequence.

7. How many terms are there in the arithmetic progression 9, 12, 15,  , 615?

8. Find whether 2863 is a term of the arithmetic sequence 7, 13, 19, 25, .

9. Find the first negative term of the arithmetic sequence 24, 21, 18, .

10. Insert two numbers between 64 and 27 so that the sequence of four numbers is an
arithmetic sequence.

11. Find an expression for the nth term of an arithmetic sequence in which the sum of the
2nd and 5th terms is 32 whilst the sum of the 3rd and 8th terms is 48.

12. The cost of erecting a multi storey building is $50 000 for the first floor, $55 000 for
the second floor, $60 000 for the third floor and so on , the cost increasing by $5 000
for each additional floor.
(a) Find the cost of erecting the 20th floor.
(b) Find which floor costs $105 000 to erect.

13. A musical instrument has a number of strings with the difference between the lengths of
adjacent strings being constant so that the lengths of the strings are the terms of an
arithmetic progression. If the first string has a length of 30 cm and the 31st string has a
length of 124 cm find the difference between the lengths of the 5th and 6th strings.

14. A ball is dropped from the top of a high building. It falls 10 metres in the 1st second,
14 metres in the 2nd second, 18 metres in the 3rd second and in each successive second
4 metres more than the previous second. How far does it fall during the tenth second?

15. The purchase value of an office computer is $12 500. Its annual depreciation is $1875,
that is it decreases in value by this amount each year. Find the value of the computer
after 6 years.
16. Factory equipment is depreciating (decreasing in value) at the rate of $4200 per year.
The book value of the equipment is defined to be the original cost of the equipment
minus the depreciation to date, and is calculated at the end of each year.

(a) If the equipment originally cost $41 800, how many years will it take for the
book value to be less than $10 000 ?

(b) At the beginning of the sixth year, after the original equipment was purchased,
additional equipment was bought for $4500. The additional equipment
depreciates at the rate of $170 per year. How many years does it take for the
total book value of the equipment to be less than $10 000 ?

EXERCISE 6-2A ANSWERS

1 1
1. (a) d = 4 ; 11, 15 (b) d = 2 ; 2 , 
2 2
(c) d = 3; 4 3 , 5 3. (d) d = 3; x  12, x  15

2. (a) 2n – 1 (b) 2n

3. 50, 86 4. 3 , 2, 7, ...

5. 1 4 6. 3

7. 203 8. yes

2 1
9. T10  3 10. 64, 51 , 39 , 27 .
3 3
11. 4n  2

12. (a) $145 000 (b) 12th floor

47
13. cm 14. 46 metres
15

15. $1250 16. (a) 8 years (b) 9 years

 EXERCISE 6-2B
ARITHMETIC SERIES

1 1
1. Find the sum of the first 16 terms of the arithmetic sequence 3, 4 , 5 , ....
4 2

2. Find the sum of the first 12 terms of the arithmetic progression in which the first term is
8 and the twelfth term is 41.

3. The ninth term of an arithmetic progression is 0. The sum of the first fifteen terms is
30. Find the first term and the common difference.

4. How many terms of the series 7 + 9 + 11 + ... must be added to give 352?

5. Find the sum of the multiples of 7 which are between 50 and 200.

6. Logs of wood are stacked in a pile so that there are 15 logs on the top row, 16 on the
next, 17 on the next, and so on. If there are 246 logs altogether,
(a) How many rows are there?
(b) How many logs are on the bottom row?

7. A sales team sells 1200 calculators in its first month of operation. They plan to
increase their monthly sales by 150 calculators each month selling 1350 in the second
month, 1500 in the third month and so on. How many calculators do they plan to sell :
(a) in the last month of the second year of operation?
(b) over the entire two year period?

8. From a length of wire 600cm long, 25 pieces are cut off. Each piece is 1cm longer than
the preceding piece. Find the length of the first piece cut off.

9. An employee commences work on an annual salary of $25 000. The employee is to

receive an annual increment of $300 so that his salary is $25 300 in the second year,
$25 600 in the third year and so on. How many whole years will it take the employee to
earn a total salary of $557 000 ?

10. Show that the sum of the first n positive odd integers is n 2 .

11. A painter agrees to paint a flag pole at $10 for the first metre, $15 for the second
metre, $20 for the third metre, and so on. Find how much the painter would earn if the
flag pole was 20 metres high ?

25 61
12. Find (a)  (9n  1) (b)  3  5r 
n 1 r 2

13. The cost of publishing pages of a magazine, with up to 36 pages, is $3 for the first
page, $2  92 for the second page, $2  84 for the third page and so on with the cost for
each page being 8¢ less than for the previous page. Find the cost of publishing:
(a) the thirtieth page;
(b) a thirty page magazine.
14. The sum to n terms of an arithmetic series is 5n 2  11n . What is the common
difference?

15. A junior accountant is given a starting salary of $30 000 a year. The accountant is
promised a $2300 raise each subsequent year. Find the accountant’s total earnings at
the end of 10 years.

16. A lecture theatre is designed with 15 seats in the first row, 18 seats in the second row,
21 seats in the third row, and so on. If the theatre is to have a capacity of at least 1000,
how many rows must the theatre have ?

17. Heidi decides to swim every day to improve her fitness level. On the first day she
swims 750 metres, and on each day after that she swims 100 metres more than on the
previous day.
(a) Write a formula for the distance she swims on the nth day.
(b) How far does she swim on the 10th day?
(c) What is the total distance she swims in the first 10 days?
(d) After how many days does the total distance she has swum equal the width of
the English channel, a distance of 34 kilometres?

18. The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression with a common difference of
4, is 21. The sum of the first 2n terms is 78. Find the first term.

19. Postage stamps are issued in denominations varying by 1 cent from 1c to 10c and
varying by 10 cents from 10c to $1. What is the cost of buying one stamp of each
denomination?

20. A wall is built to stop erosion. The wall consists of horizontal rows of concrete blocks
laid end to end. The bottom row, row 1, has 120 blocks. Each of the rows 2,3,4…..20,
has 3 fewer blocks than the row below it. Above row 20 each row has 1 fewer block
than the row below it. The top row has 10 blocks.
(a) How many blocks are in row 20?
(b) What is the total number of rows in the wall?
(c) How many blocks are used in the construction of the wall?

EXERCISE 6-2B ANSWERS

1. 198 2. 294
3. 16, 2 4. 16
5. 2646 6. (a) 12 (b) 26
7. (i) 4650 (ii) 70 200 8. 12 cm
9. 20 years 11. $1150
12. (a) 2900 (b)  9270 13. (a) 68¢ (b) $55·20
14. 10 15. $403 500
16. 22 rows
17. (a) 650  100n (b) 1 65 km (c) 12 km (d) 20 days
18. 3 19. $5  95
20. (a) 63 (b) 73 (c) 3738
 EXERCISE 6-3A
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES

1. Which of the following are geometric sequences?

1 1
(a) 3, 16, 12, ... (b) 8, 2, ,  , ... (c) 2, 5, 11, 23, ...
2 8

2. Given a and r in each of the following geometric progressions, find the indicated
term.
2 1
(a) a  5, r  2, find T6 . (b) a  81, r  , find T7 . (c) a  , r  2, find T9 .
3 9

3. Find the first term and common ratio of a geometric sequence, given that T3  25 and
1
T5  156 .
4

4. Find the first term of the geometric progression whose 6th and 7th terms are
32 64
and respectively.
9 27

5. If x , x  2, x  6 are in geometric progression, find x and hence find the

common ratio.

6. Which term of the sequence 3, 6, 12, ... is equal to 384?

7. If a sequence of numbers has a first term of 16 and each subsequent term is one
quarter of the preceding term:
(a) Write down the first five terms.
(b) Write a formula for Tn in terms of n .

8. The numbers 2, a, b are in arithmetic progression and a,b, 9 are in geometric

progression. Find a and b .

9. A geometric progression has second term 6 and the ratio of the 6th term to the 7th
term is 3. Find the 1st term.

10. A diamond purchased for $1500 is increasing in value at the rate of 8% a year. Find
its value after 12 years.

11. A colony of bacteria is growing so that the number of bacteria doubles every hour.
There are 2 bacteria at the start.
(a) How many bacteria would be present after 3 hours ?
(b) Using the formula for the nth term, determine the number of bacteria present
after 24 hours.
`

12. The population of a town is 10 000. Each year the population decreases by 10% of
its value that year so that for example the population is 9000 after 1 year, 8100 after
2 years and so on. Find the population in 8 years time.
13. A pump removes one quarter of the water that is in a tank every 15 minutes. If the
tank initially holds 256 000 litres, how much water will remain in the tank after one
hour?

14. For the geometric progression 7, 14, 28,  find

(a) which term is equal to 224 .
(b) how many terms are less than 1 000 000.

15. Find a number which when added to each of 2, 6, 13 gives three numbers in
geometric progression.

EXERCISE 6-3A ANSWERS

1. (b) 9. 18
2. (a) 160 10. $3777.26
1
(b) 7 11. (a) 16 bacteria
9
4
(c) 28 (b) 33 554 432 bacteria
9
5
3. 4,  12. 4304
2
4. 27 13. 81 000 litres
5. x  2, r  2
6. T8 14. (a) 6th term (b) 18
1 1 10
7. (a) 16, 4, 1, , 15.
4 16 3
(b) 16  4  n 1  4 3n

1 3
8. a  4, b  6 or a  ,b
4 2
 EXERCISE 6-3B
GEOMETRIC SERIES

1. Find the sum of the following geometric series:

1 1
(a) 1  3  9  ... to 8 terms. (b)   1  ... to 7 terms.
4 2
(c)  5  10  20  ... to 9 terms. (d) 125  25  5   to 7 terms

2. How many terms of the series 2  6  18  54  ... are needed to give a sum of 728?

3. For the sequence 2, 2 3 , 6,  find :

(a) the 10th term (b) the sum of the first 10 terms

4. During vacation a student agrees to work for 14 days if she is paid one cent for the
first day and her salary is doubled on each succeeding day. How much would she earn
on the 14th day? How much would she earn over the whole 14 days?

5. During the recess period, a Foundation student obtains a job working as a newspaper
boy on Sunday mornings. He works at the rate of $4 for the first hour, $6 for the
second hour and $9 for the third hour, and so on. How much will he receive if his
job takes six hours ?

6. CRAZIE CHARLIES sold $200 000 worth of stock in its first year of business. If the
marketing manager predicts an annual growth in sales of 7% each year, find:
(a) the expected value of the sales in the eighth year.
(b) the total value of the sales in the first eight years.

7. The sum of the first 8 terms of a geometric progression is 17 times the sum of the
first 4 terms. Find the common ratio.

8. A student is trying to read an important text starting at 7pm on the evening before an
exam. The text has 500 pages. The exam is at 9am. In the first hour he reads 60
pages but, because he gets tired, in each hour after the first the number of pages read is
only 90% of the number read in the previous hour. Show that the student cannot read
the complete text in time for the exam.

9. (a) Show that ln 3, ln 9, ln 81 are in geometric progression.

(b) Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the geometric series ln 3  ln 9  ln 81  

10. The C-the-World travel agency sells 50 000 tickets in the year 2002 but the number
of tickets sold decreases by 8% each year thereafter.
(a) Find the number of tickets sold in the year 2010.
(b) Find the total number of tickets sold from the start of 2002 to the end of
2010.
11. The price of shirts is increasing with inflation by 10% per annum, so that the price in
each year of the ten year period is given by P, 1 1 P, 1  1 P, ….. You buy one shirt
2

for each of the 10 years.

(a) Find an expression for the total amount you pay over the ten years.
(b) Hence find the initial price P, if the total price you pay is $900.
 EXERCISE 6-3B ANSWERS

31
1. (a) 3280 (b) 31 75 (c) -2555 (d) 156
125
2. 6
3. (a) 162 3 (b) 242( 3  1)
4. $81  92, $163  83
5. $83 13
6. (a) $321 156  30 (b) $2 051 960  51
7. 2 or  2 or  1
8. He can only read 462 pages in 14 hours.

9. (b) 1023 ln 3

10. (a) 25 660 (b) 329 899

11. (a) S10  10 P (1  110  1) (b) $56  47 .

 EXERCISE 6-4
INFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES

1. Find the common ratios of each of the following infinite geometric series. State in
each case whether a limiting sum exists or not. If it exists, determine its value.
(a) 72  24  8... (b) 8  24  72 ...
(c) 8  8  8... (d) 8  24  72 ...

2. Find the limiting sum for each of the following infinite geometric series:
1 1 1
(a) 4  2  1... (b)   ...
2 4 8
 k 1
 1
3. Evaluate   4  .
k 1

4. Express each of the following repeating decimals as infinite geometric series and
p
hence write each in the form where p and q are integers.
q
   
(a) 04 (b) 067 (c) 0  37
15
5. Find k if the following infinite series has limiting sum : 3  3k  3k 2 ...
4

6. Find the values of x for which 1  3 x  9 x 2  27 x 3  ... has a limiting sum.

7. Find the infinite geometric series a  ar  ar 2  ... in which the first term is 2 and the
limiting sum is 8.

8. An author writes a book, so that during the first day he writes 54 pages, during the
2
second day he writes 36 pages, and on each succeeding day he writes of the
3
number of pages of the preceding day. What is the maximum possible length of the
book?

9. The height of a tree was 10 metres and it grew by 2 metres during the next year. If in
2
each succeeding year the growth is of that of the previous year, find the maximum
3
possible height of the tree.

10. A ball is dropped 12 metres onto a flat surface, rebounds to a height of 9 metres then
falls to the flat surface again and rebounds this time to a height of 6  75 metres. The
ball continues to fall and rebound in this way, on each rebound reaching a height
3
which is of the height of the previous rebound. If the ball is allowed to continue
4
until it stops, through what total distance does it travel?

11. A pendulum oscillates through a distance of 3 cm on the first swing, 2 cm on the

2
second swing, and on each successive swing through a distance of the previous
3
swing. How far will the pendulum travel before eventually coming to rest ?
12. A person weighing 140 kg went on a diet and lost 900 g on the first day. The loss for
each day after the first was 90% of the loss of weight of the previous day. If the diet
continued indefinitely, what value would the person’s weight approach ?

13. Find the first three terms of a geometric sequence given that the sum of the first four
2
terms is 21 and the sum to infinity is 27.
3

14. A government department decides to plant a pine forest in order to help protect the
environment. In the first year 1000 trees are planted, in the second year 800 trees,
and in each successive year the number planted is 80% of the number of trees planted
in the previous year.
(a) Determine the maximum number of trees that will be planted.
(b) Determine the maximum number of trees that will be planted after the first 5
years.

15. Consider the geometric series 5  10 x  20 x 2  40 x 3  

(a) For what values of x does this series have a limiting sum?
(b) The limiting sum of this series is 100. Find the value of x.

16. A new music player, RK7, is released onto the market. In the first month 20 000 RK7
players are sold. In each successive month the sales are 85% of the previous month’s
sales. How many RK7 players will eventually be sold assuming they continue to be
sold indefinitely?

17. A local council allows residents a 30% reduction in their next 2 quarterly bills for
council rates if they install any two of the following items – rain water tanks; energy
saving light globes; temperature controlled hot water units; household water saving
devices. In the first quarter of the first year 2500 residents take up the offer. In each
successive quarter the number of residents who take up the offer is 75% of the
number who did so in the previous quarter.
(a) Determine the number of residents who take up the offer in the first 2 years.
(b) Determine the number of residents who will eventually take up the offer.
(c) If the average quarterly bill for council rates is $650 determine the total
reduction allowed by council to residents who take up its offer.
 EXERCISE 6-4 ANSWERS
1
1. (a) r  , S   108 (b) r  3, S  does not exist
3
(c) r  1, S  does not exist (d) r  3, S  does not exist

1
2. (a) 8 (b)
3

4
3.
3

4 67 17
4. (a) (b) (c)
9 99 45
1
5. k
5
1 1
6.  x
3 3

3
7. a  2, r 
4

8. 162 pages

9. 16m

10. 84m

11. 9 cm

12. 131 kg

13. 9, 6, 4 0r 45,  30 , 20

14. (a) 5000 (b) 1638

1 1 19
15. (a)  x (b) x 
2 2 40

16. 133 333

17. (a) 8998 (b) 10 000 (c) $3 900 000

 UNIT 7

Mathematical Induction

7-1A Mathematical Induction: Introductory Exercises

7-1B Further Mathematical Induction (Sets 1 and 2)
 EXERCISE 7-1A
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION: INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

nn  1
1. Consider the proposition 1  2  3    n  for n  1, 2 , 3 , ... .
2
(a) Prove the proposition for n  1 .
(b) Write the proposition for n  k and n  k  1 , where k is a positive integer.
(c) Assuming the proposition is true for n  k , show that it is true for n  k  1 .
(d) State the conclusion.
n
1 n
2. Given that P(n) is the statement  (2r  1) (2r  1)  2n  1 for n  1 .
r 1

(a) Write the statements P (1) , P (k ) and P (k  1) .

(b) Assuming P (k ) is true show that P (k  1) is true, where k is a positive
integer.
(c) State the conclusion.

3. Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that the following propositions are
true for the indicated integer values of n :

(a) 1  3  5  7    2n  1  n 2 for n  1, 2 , 3 , ... .

1 1 1 1 n
(b)      for n  1 .
1  5 5  9 9  13 4n  34n  1 4n  1
n
n2n  12n  1
(c)  2r  12  3
for n  1 .
r 1

(d) 1  2 0  2  21  3  2 2  4  2 3  ...  n  2 n 1  1  (n  1) 2 n for n  1 .

n
nn  1n  2n  3
(e)  r r  1r  2  4
for n  1 .
r 1

1 3 7 2n 1 1
(f)    ...  n  n  n  1 for n  1, 2 , 3 , ... .
2 4 8 2 2
n
 n (n  1) 
(g)  (1) r 1 r 2  (1) n1  2  for n  1 .
r 1

 1  1  1   1  n 1
(h) 1  2  1  2  1  2   ...  1  2   for integers n  2 .
 2  3  4   n  2n

4. Consider the sequence defined by: T1  5 and Tn 1  2Tn  3 for n  1 .

Use mathematical induction to prove that Tn  2 n  3 for all integers n  1 .

5. (a) By considering the sum of an arithmetic series show that
1
(1  2  3    n) 2  n 2 ( n  1) 2 .
4
(b) Hence by using the principle of mathematical induction prove that
13  2 3  33    n 3  (1  2  3    n) 2
for all integers n  1 .

6. (a) Factorise the polynomial 3x 3  10 x 2  11x  4 .

(b) Hence use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that
1

3

5
 
2n  1  n(3n  1) for all
1 2  3 2  3  4 3  4  5 nn  1n  2 4(n  1) n  2
integers n  1 .

7. Consider S n  1  4  42  43  .......  4n 1 for integers n  1 .

4n  1
(a) Use mathematical induction to prove that S n  for all
3
integers n  1 .
(b) Find the largest value of n for which S n  25 000 .
(c) Find the least value of n for which S n exceeds 349 525 .

*8. Prove by mathematical induction that

(n  1)(n  2) (2n  1)(2n)  2 n [1  3    (2n  1)] for all integers n  1 .

EXERCISE 7-1A ANSWERS

1(1  1)
1. (a) LHS  1 , RHS 
2
k k  1
(b) 1 2  3  k 
2
(k  1)k  2
1  2  3    (k  1) 
2
(d) The proposition is true for n  1 , then it must be true for n  2 and
so on. Hence by mathematical induction it is true for all positive integers
n  1, 2, 3,  .

k 1
1 1 k
1 k 1 k 1
2. (a) 
1 3 2  1  1
,  (2r  1) (2r  1)  2k  1 ,  (2r  1) (2r  1)  2k  3
r 1 r 1

(c) Thus, Pn  is true for all integers n  1 by induction.

6. (a) ( x  1) 2 (3x  4)

7. (b) n8 (c) n  11

 EXERCISE 7-1B
FURTHER MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Set 1: DIVISIBILITY

1. Consider the proposition: 9 n  2  4 n is divisible by 5 for all integers n  1, 2 , 3 , ... .

(a) Show that the proposition is true for n  1 .
(b) Assuming the proposition is true for n  k , show that it is true for n  k  1 ,
where k is a positive integer.
(c) State the conclusion.

2. Prove the following propositions by mathematical induction:

(a) 5 n  12n  1 divisible by 16 for all positive integers n .
(b) 4 n 1  5 2 n 1 is divisible by 21 for all integers n  1 .
(c) 33n  2 n  2 is a multiple of 5 for all integers n  1, 2 , 3 , ... .
(d) 2 n  (1) n is divisible by 3 for all integers n  1 .
(e) 5 n  2  11n is a multiple of 3 for all integers n  1 .
(f) 5 2 n  3n  1 is divisible by 9 for all positive integers n .

3. (a) If n is an integer list the two consecutive integers greater than n .

(b) Hence write an expression in terms of n for the sum of the cubes of three
consecutive integers.
(c) Use mathematical induction to prove that the sum of the cubes of three
consecutive integers is divisible by 9 for all positive integers n .

4. (a) Given that n is an odd integer list the three consecutive odd integers greater
than n .
(b) Use mathematical induction to prove that the sum of the squares of four
consecutive odd integers is divisible by 4 for all positive odd integers n .

5. Use mathematical induction to prove that 7 n  11n is divisible by 9 for all odd integers
n 1 .

6. Use the method of mathematical induction to prove that if x is a positive

integer then (1  x) n  1 is divisible by x for all integers n  1 .

7. (a) Factorise k (k  1)(k  2)(k  3)  4(k  1)(k  2)(k  3) .

(b) Hence use mathematical induction to prove that n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3) is
divisible by 4 for all integers n  1 .

ANSWERS

1. (c) From (a) the proposition is true for n  1 , then from (b) it is true for n  2
and so on. Hence by mathematical induction it is true for all positive integers
n  1, 2, 3,  .
3. (a) n 1 , n  2 (b) n 3  (n  1) 3  (n  2) 3
4. (a) n2 , n4 , n6
7. (a) (k  1)(k  2)(k  3)(k  4)
 EXERCISE 7-1B
FURTHER MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Set 2: INEQUALITIES

1. Prove that n 2  n  1  0 :
(a) for all real values of n , using the discriminant.
(b) for all positive integers n , using mathematical induction.

2. Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that:

(a) 2 n  n for all integers n  1 .
(b) 5 n  7 n  12 n for all integers n  2 .
(c) 10 n  5 n  3 n  2 n  0 for all positive integers n .

3. Given that x  0 use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that

1  x n  1  nx for all positive integers n .

4. If x  0 and y  0 prove by mathematical induction that x  y n  x n  y n

for all integers n  2 .
 UNIT 8

Trigonometry

8-1 Angles of any Magnitude

8-2 Pythagorean Identities
8-3 Fundamental Trigonometric Graphs
8-4 Simple Trigonometric Equations
 EXERCISE 8-1
ANGLES OF ANY MAGNITUDE
1. State the quadrant(s) in which  lies if
(a) cos  0 (b) sin   0 (c) cot   0
(d) 2 cos  0 (d) cosec  0 and cos   0
(e) tan   0 and sin  0

2. If sin   0.3 write down the value of the following trigonometric ratios.
(a) sin(180   ) (b) sin(180   ) (c) sin(360   )

3. Calculate the exact value of the following.

(a) sin 120 (b) cos150 (c) tan 135
(d) sin 330 (e) tan 300 (f) cos 390
(g) sin 300 cos150  cos 300 sin 150

3
4. (a) Find the possible values of  if sin   , and 0    360.
2
(b) Find the value of the obtuse angle, , if sin   0  5 , giving the
answer correct to the nearest degree.
(c) Find the possible values of , correct to the nearest degree, if tan   0  925
where  180    180.

5. The diagrams below show unit circles, each with a point P marked on it.
(a) y (b) y

 3 1 
P  ,
  2 2
  
x x
P(0  9272,  0  3746)

(i) State the value of sin  and cos  in each case.

(ii) Hence find the value of tan  .
(ii) Find the size of angle  if 0    360 .

6. The diagrams below show unit circles, each with a point P marked on it. Find the
coordinates of the point P and the value of sin  and cos  .

(a) y (b) y
P

P x  x
 (c) y (d)
y

  293 P
x   210 x
P

7. Solve the following equations for 0    360 :

1
(a) cos   (b) 2sin   3  0
2
(c) tan   2 (d) cos   1
(e) s ec   4 (f) 4sin 2   1

8. Solve the following equations for -180    180 :

1
(a) sin    (b) s ec  2
3

9. (a) Write 3  2 x  x 2 in the form a  ( x  b) 2 .

(b) Hence by considering the expression 3  2 tan   tan 2  for 0    360
find:
(i) the values of  for which the expression is maximum.
(ii) the maximum value of the expression.

10. (a) Write 4 x 2  4 x  5 in the form a( x  b) 2  c .

(b) Hence by considering the expression 4 sin 2   4 sin   5 for 0    360
find:
(i) the values of  for which the expression is minimum.
(ii) the minimum value of the expression.

11. (a) Factorise x 3  4 x 2  x  6 .

(b) Hence solve sin 3   4 sin 2   sin   6  0 for 0    360 .

12. (a) Factorise 2 cos 3 x  3 cos 2 x  3 cos x  2 .

(b) Hence solve 2 cos 3 x  3 cos 2 x  3 cos x  2  0 for 0  x  360 .

13. Consider the series cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  3 cos 2 x  ... where 0  x  360 .
Find the values of x for which:
21
(a) T7  (b) S 20  210
4
14. Consider the geometric series sin 2 x  sin 4 x  sin 6 x  ... where 0  x  360 .
(a) Show that a limiting sum S  exists for all values of x except when
sin x  1 .
(b) Find the values of x for which:
1
(i) S  3 (ii) T8 
256
2343
(c) If x  120 then S n  . Find the value of n .
1024

EXERCISE 8-1 ANSWERS

1. (a) 1st or 4th (b) 3rd or 4th (c) 1st or 3rd

(d) 2nd or 3rd (d) 1st (e) 4th

2. (a)  0.3 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.3

3 3
3. (a) (b)  (c)  1
2 2
1 3
(d)  (e)  3 (f) (g) 1
2 2

4. (a) 60, 120 (b) 150 (c) 43, 137 .

5. (a) (i) sin   0  3746 , cos   0  9272 (ii) tan   0  4040

(ii)   202
1 3 1
(b) sin   , cos    (ii) tan    (iii) 150
2 2 3

6. (a) P (1, 0) , sin   0 , cos   1

(b) P(0,1) , sin   1 , cos   0
(c) P(0  39,  0  92) , sin   0  92 , cos   0  39

 3 1 1 3
(d) P  ,  , sin   , cos   
 2 2 2 2

7. (a) 45, 315 (b) 60, 120 (c) 6326, 24326

(d) 0, 360 (e) 10428, 25531 (f) 30,150, 210,330

8. (a) 1928,  160321 (b) 45,  45

9. (a) 4  ( x  1) 2 (b)   135, 315 (c) 4
2
 1
10. (a) 4 x    6 (b)   210, 330 (c) 6
 2

11. (a) ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3) (b) x  90

12. (a) (2 cos x  1) (cos x  1) (cos x  2) (b) x  60,180, 300

13. (a) x  30,150, 210, 330 (b) x  0,180, 360

14. (b) (i) x  60,120, 240, 300

(ii) x  45,135, 225, 315
(c) n5
 EXERCISE 8-2
PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES

1. Simplify:

(a) 1  sin 2 A (b) sec 2 A  tan 2 A

(c) 1  sin 2 A  cos 2 A (d) tan A cos A

(e) 1 cot A sin

2 2
A (f) tan 2 A  tan 2 A sin 2 A

(g) (sec 2   1) tan(90    ) (h) sin 3   sin  cos 2 

sec   1 sin  cos 

(i) (j) 
1  cos  1  tan  1  cot 

1
2. If x  a cos  , simplify
a  x2
2

3. Prove the following identities:

(a) 1  2 sin 2   2 cos 2   1 (b) sin 2  tan 2   sec 2   cos 2

1  cos 2  1 1
(c) sin  tan  (d) 1
cos  cot 
2
cos 2 

cos  cos 
(e) tan    sec  (f)  sec   tan 
1  sin  1  sin 

1  sin 2 x cos 2 x
(g) 2
 tan 2 x  cos 2 x
cos x

1  cot  sec 
(h)  cos  
cosec tan   cot 

EXERCISE 8-2 ANSWERS

1. (a) cos 2 A (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) sin A (e) 1

(f) sin A (g) tan  (h) sin  (i) sec  (j) 0

1
2.
a sin 
 EXERCISE 8-3
FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS

1. Consider the trigonometric function y  sin x for 0   x  360  .

(a) Graph the function y  sin x on the set of axes below using the table of values as a
guide.

x 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

y 0 07 1 07 0  07 1  07 0

x
90° 180° 270° 360°

-1

(b) Use your graph to find the values of k for which the equation sin x  k has
exactly two solutions within the given domain 0   x  360  .

2. Consider the trigonometric function y  cos x for 0   x  360  .

(a) Graph the function y  cos x on the set of axes below using the table of values as
a guide.

x 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

y 1 07 0  07 1  07 0 07 1
y

x
90° 180° 270° 360°

-1

(b) Use your graph to solve the inequality cos x  0 for 0   x  360  .
3. Consider the trigonometric function y  tan x for 0   x  360  .

(a) Graph the function y  tan x on the set of axes below using the table of values as
a guide.

x 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180

y 0 06 1 1 7   1 7 1  06 0
x 210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360
y 06 1 1 7   1 7 1  06 0
y

x
90° 180° 270° 360°

-1

(b) Find the number of values within the given domain 0   x  360  for which the
function is undefined.

4. Write down the range of the following functions.

(a) y  sin  (b) y   sin  (c) y  2 sin 

(d) y  3 cos (e) y  2 tan  (f) y  1 sin 

 EXERCISE 8-3 ANSWERS

1. (a)
y
1

90 180 270 360 x

1

(b)  1  k  0  0  k  1

2. (a)
y
1

90 180 270 360 x

1

(b) 90  x  270 .
 

3. (a)

90 180 270 360 x

(b) Two values: x  90  and x  270 

4. (a)  1  y  1 (b)  1  y  1 (c)  2  y  2

(d)  3  y  3 (e) all real numbers (f) 0  y  2

 EXERCISE 8-4
SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

1. Solve the following for 0    360 :

(a) sin   1 (b) cos ec  6

(c) 2 sin   1  0 (d) sec   2

1
(e) 2 cos   sec  (f) tan 2  
3
(g) 3 sin   2 cos  (h) cot   tan   2 cos ec
(i) cos  3 sin   0 (j) cos ec 2  2
(k) sin 2  0  7385 (l) (cos  3)(4 cos   1)  0

(m) (tan   3)(tan   2)  0 (n) 3 sin 2   5 sin   2  0

(o) 6 tan 2   5 tan   1  0 (p) 3 tan 2   2  sec 2 

(q) sin 2   2 sin   2  2 cos 2  (r) 15 cos   2 sin 2   9
(s)* sin 2   2 sin  cos   3 cos 2   0 (t)* cos 2   7 sin  cos   3
* Harder questions

2. Find  (in degrees and minutes) if:

(a) sin   0  2337 and 90     180 
(b) tan   1  0909 and  is obtuse.

3. If sin   0  6578 and  is acute, find the value of tan  , correct to four decimal places.

4. If 0  A  360 , find all possible values of A when:

(a) tan A  3 (b) cos ecA  3.6771

5. If 0    360 , find all possible values of  when:

(a) sin   0  3695 and cos  is negative.
(b) tan   1.4968 and sin  is negative.

6. Find all values of x for 0  x  360 which satisfy the equations:

3
(a) sin x  (b) tan x  1 (c) sec x  2
2
x
(d) tan x  0 (e) sin 2 x  1 (f) cos  1
2
7. Solve cos x  0  5 for 180  x  180 .
5
8. (a) If sin   and  is an acute angle, find the exact value of tan .
3
(b) Find the exact value(s) of sin  if cos   0  2 .
 EXERCISE 8-4 ANSWERS

1. (a) 90  (b) 9  36, 170  24

(c) 30  , 150  (d) 45  , 315 
(e) 45  , 135  , 225  , 315  (f) 30  , 150  , 210  , 330 
(g) 33 41, 213 41 (h) 60  , 300 
(i) 30  , 210  (j) 45  , 135  , 225  , 315 
(k) 23 48, 66 12, 203 48, 246 12 (l) 104  29, 255  31
(m) 71 34, 116  34, 251 34, 296  34 (n) 41 49, 90  , 138 11
(o) 18  26, 26  34, 198  26, 206  34 (p) 50  46, 129 14, 230  46, 309 14
(q) 0  , 180  , 360  (r) 60  , 300 
(s) 45  , 108  26, 225  , 288  26 (t) 18  26, 198  26, 63 26,243 26

2. (a) 166 0 29' (b) 132031'

3. 0  8733

4. (a) 108 0 26' or 288 0 26' (b) 15 0 47' or 164 013'

5. (a) 2010 41' (b) 2350 15 '

6. (a) 60 0 or 120 0 (b) 1350 or 3150 (c) 600 or 3000

(d) 00 ,1800 ,3600 (e) 45 0 or 225 0 (f) 360 0

7.  600
5 2 6
8. (a). (b) 
2 5
 UNIT 9

Probability and Discrete Random

Variables

9-1A Sets
9-1B Basic Probability
9-2 Successive Outcomes
9-3 More Probability
9-4 Conditional Probability and Independence
9-5A Discrete Probability Distributions, Random Variables
Expected Value and Variance
9-5B Applications of Expected Value and Variance
 EXERCISE 9-1A

SETS

1. Write down the infinite sets from the following:

(a) A = {1, 2, 3} (b) B = the set of positive integers
1 1 1
(c) C = { , , ,.......... } (d) D  { 1  x  9 }, x an integer.
2 3 4

2. Write down the equivalent sets from the following sets:

A = {Tom, Sam, John}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
C = {the set of even integers between 2 and 10}.

3. Write down the equal sets from the following:

A = {3, 6, 9}
B = {6, 9, 3}
C = the set of positive multiples of 3 less than 12.

4. Write down all the subsets of {1, 4, 9}.

5. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 3, 4} and C = {0, 1, 4}. Write down T (true)

or F (false) for each of the following:
(a) A B (b) B A (c) 3C
(d) A A (e) 0 B (f) BC
(g) B (h) B  C  {1, 4} (i) CA

6. U is the set of positive integers greater or equal to 5 and less than 11 .

P = {6, 9, 10} and Q = {8, 10} . Write down the following sets:
(a) P (b) Q (c) P Q (d) P Q (e) P  Q (f) ( P  Q)

7. X is the set of even positive integers less than 10 and Y is the set of odd positive
integers less than 7 . Find:
(a) n( X  Y ) (b) n( X  Y ) (c) n( X )  n(Y )

8. The Venn diagram below shows the number of elements in each set. Use the diagram
to find the number of elements in each of the indicated sets:

U (a) P (f) P  Q
P Q
(b) U (g) ( P  Q)
10 1 7 (c) Q (h) P  Q
(d) P  Q (i) ( P  Q)
5
(e) P  Q (j) P  Q
9. X is the set of multiples of 5 less than 25 and Y is the set of multiples of 4 less
than 25 . Find:
(a) n( X  Y ) (b) n( X  Y ) (c) n( X )  n(Y )

10. A and B are disjoint sets. If n ( A)  17 and n ( B)  11 find:

(a) n ( A  B) (b) n ( A  B)

11. Given n ( X )  4 , n (Y )  13 and X  Y , find:

(a) n (X Y ) (b) n (X Y ) (c) n X  Y 

12. Given that n(U )  80, n( P )  33, n(Q )  22 and n  ( P  Q )   44 , find n( P  Q) .

13. Name the shaded sets in each of the following.

(a) U U (b)

(c) (d)
U U

14. In a class of 30 students, 11 play soccer, 19 play basketball, 8 play tennis,

6 play soccer and basketball, 4 play basketball and tennis, 5 play soccer and tennis
and 3 play all three sports. Find the number of students who do not play any of these
sports.

15. In a class of 50 students, 38 study Mathematics, 26 study Economics and 8

students do not study Mathematics or Economics. Find the number of students who
study both subjects.

16. In a city with two newspapers, the Times and the Herald, 300 people are asked which
newspaper they buy each day. Of these people, 50 people said they bought the Times,
110 people said they bought the Herald and 160 said they did not buy a newspaper.
Calculate how many bought:

(a) both newspapers (b) either the Times or the Herald

(c) the Times but not the Herald (d) one newspaper only
17. Use the addition rule for sets to find how many integers between 2000 and 10 000
are divisible by 15 or 21 .

18. In a marketing survey of 1 200 commuters, questions were asked about morning
radio listening habits. The results showed that 900 people said yes to listening to
talkback radio, 600 said yes to listening to music radio and 400 said yes to listening
to both.
Let T  commuters who said yes to talkback radio
And M  commuters who said yes to music radio
Find the number of commuters in each of the following sets and describe the set in
words.

(a) T M (b) T  M  (c) T  M 

(d) T M (e) T M (f)
T  M   T   M 
 EXERCISE 9-1A ANSWERS

1. B and C 2. A and C 3. A, B and C

4.  , 1 , 4 , 9 , 1, 4 , 1,9 , 4,9 , 1, 4,9

5. (a) F (b) T (c) F

(d) T (e) T (f) F
(g) T (h) T (i) T

6. (a) 5, 7 ,8 (b) 5, 6, 7 ,9 (c) 6,8,9,10 (d) 10 (e) 8 (f) 5, 7
7. (a) 0 (b) 7 (c) 7

8. (a) 11 (b) 23 (c) 15 (d) 1 (e) 18 (f) 13 (g) 22 (h) 10 (i) 5 (j) 5

9. (a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 10 10. (a) 0 (b) 28

11. (a) 4 (b) 13 (c) 9 12. 19

13. (a) X  Y  (b) X  Y (c) X  (d)  X  Y 
14. 4 15. 22. 16. (a) 20 (b) 140 (c) 30 (d) 120

17. 838

18. (a) 1 100, the set of commuters who listen to either talkback or music.
(b) 100, the set of commuters who do not listen to either talkback or music.
(c) 800, the set of commuters who do not listen to both talkback and music.
(d) 200, the set of commuters who listen to music but not talkback.
(e) 500, the set of commuters who listen to talkback but not music.
(f) 700, the set of commuters who listen to either talkback or music, but not both.
 EXERCISE 9-1B
BASIC PROBABILITY

1. A die is thrown. Find the probability that the result is:

(a) an even number .
(b) a number less than 5.
(c) a number which is even and less than 5.
(d) a number which is even or less than 5.

2. A box contains 5 red, 3 green and 6 white marbles. One marble is selected at
random from the box. Find the probability that it is:
(a) white (b) red or white (c) not red.

3. A letter is selected from the letters of the word KATOOMBA. Find the
probability that the letter is a vowel.

4. Three cards are marked 1, 2, 3 respectively. One is selected and without returning
this card a second one is selected. Write out the sample space and find the probability
that an odd digit was drawn:
(a) the first time (b) the second time (c) both times.

5. Two normal dice are tossed and the sum of the numbers appearing on the uppermost
faces is recorded as a score X. Write out the sample space in table form and hence
find the probability that:
(a) X  10 (b) X 9 (c) X  11

6. One hundred cards are marked 00, 01, 02, 03,……, 09, 10, 11,………, 99.
One of the cards is selected at random. Find the probability that:
(a) the digit 9 appears.
(b) the digit 9 does not appear.
(c) the card bears a double digit.
(d) the number on the card is a multiple of 9 (not 00).
(e) the number on the card is a double digit or a multiple of 9.

7. From a bag containing 5 white and 3 black marbles a marble is drawn out and found
to be white. If a second marble is now drawn out what is the probability that it is also
white?

8. In a particular cross of two plants the probability the flowers will be red is 0  23 .
What is the probability that the flowers will not be red?

9. The numbers 1,2,3,………,30 are written on 30 cards. One card is selected at

random. Show that the probability that the number on this card is a prime number
or a multiple of 5 is 0  5 .
10. Two digit numbers are made from the digits 1,2,3,4,5 without repetition of digits.
Find the probability that the two digit number is:
(a) even (b) divisible by 5

11. In the Venn diagram below the number of elements in each set is indicated.

A B

35 5 20

40

Find each of the following probabilities:

(a) P( A) (b) P( A) (c) P( A  B)

(d) P( A  B) (e) P ( A  B ) (f) P ( A  B)

(g) P ( A  B ) (h) P ( A  B ) (i) P ( A  B )

12. From a survey involving 1000 students at a university it is found that 750 own a
computer and 450 own a car whilst 350 own both. If a student is selected at random
find the probability that:
(a) the student owns either a computer or a car.
(b) the student owns neither a computer nor a car.

13. A group of 80 people includes 35 who play tennis and 40 who play golf as well as
20 who play neither of these sports. Find the probability that a person selected at
random from this group plays both tennis and golf.

14. Out of 50 cars in a certain suburb, 12 have defective brakes , 30 have defective
steering, and only 15 have neither defect. If one car is chosen at random and
inspected find the probability it has:
(a) defective brakes or defective steering.
(b) both defective brakes and defective steering.
(c) defective brakes only.

15. In a group of 50 students there are 26 who play the piano, 15 who play the guitar
and 8 who play both. Find the probability that a student chosen at random:
(a) plays the piano or the guitar.
(b) plays neither the piano nor the guitar.
(c) plays only one of these instruments.
(d) plays at least one of these instruments.
16. One card is chosen at random from a standard pack of 52 cards. Find the probability
that the card is:
(a) a King or a 10 (b) a Heart or an Ace.

17. In a group of 50 students, 36 study English, 15 study Indonesian and 7 study

neither English nor Indonesian. If a student is selected at random from the group, find
the probability that the student studies both English and Indonesian.

18. A survey of a certain district showed that 6% of families have 1 child, 38% have 2
children, 42% have 3 children and 10% have more than 3 children. A family is
selected at random. What is the probability it will have:
(a) no children (b) at least 2 children

19. Manufacturers of a portable computer provide a 90 day warranty covering only the
keyboard and the disk drive. Their records indicate that during the warranty period
6% of their computers are returned because they have faulty keyboards, 5% are
returned because they have faulty disk drives and 1% are returned because both the
keyboard and the disk drive are faulty. What is the empirical probability that a
computer will not be returned during the warranty period?

20. A factory assembles calculators. Each calculator requires a chip and a battery. It is
known that 1% of chips and 4% of batteries are defective and 0  7% of
calculators have both a defective chip and a defective battery.
(a) Find the probability that a calculator selected at random will have at least one
defective component.
(b) Find the probability that a calculator selected at random will have exactly one
defective component.

21. Two conventional dice are tossed and the numbers on the uppermost faces are
recorded. Find the probability of the following events:
(a) the sum of the numbers is 5 or 6.
(b) the number on the first die is 1 or the number on the second die is less than 3.
(c) the number on the first die exceeds the number on the second die.

22. Four cards are marked a,b,c,d. They are shuffled and dealt out one by one being
placed in a line from left to right so that a typical result is bdac. How many results are
possible? Write out all the possible results. If in the arrangement abcd each letter is
said to be in its “proper place” calculate the probability that:
(a) the letter a is dealt first.
(b) some letter appears out of its proper place.
(c) every letter appears out of its proper place.

23. A horse is grazing inside an enclosed rectangular paddock 50 m by 20 m and is free

to move anywhere inside the paddock. What is the probability that at any given time
the horse is
(a) less than 5 m from the fence?
(b) not more than 5 m from a corner?
 EXERCISE 9-1B ANSWERS

1 2 1 5
1. (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 3 6
3 11 9
2. (a) (b) (c)
7 14 14
1 2 2 1
3. 4. (a) (b) (c)
2 3 3 3
1 13 1
5. (a) (b) (c)
12 18 12
6. (a) 0 19 (b) 0  81 (c) 0 1 (d) 0  11 (e) 02
4
7. 8. 0  77
7
2 1
10. (a) (b)
5 5

11. (a) 04 (b) 06 (c) 0  05 (d) 06 (e) 0  35

(f) 0  65 (g) 04 (h) 0  95 (i) 0  95

12. (a) 0  85 (b) 0  15

3
13.
16
7 7 1
14. (a) (b) (c)
10 50 10
33 17 1 33
15. (a) (b) (c) (d)
50 50 2 50
2 4
16. (a) (c)
13 13
4
17.
25
18. (a) 0  04 (b) 09

19. 90%
20. (a) 0  043 (b) 0  036
1 4 5
21. (a) (b) (c)
4 9 12
22. 24, abcd abdc acbd acdb adbc adcb
bacd badc bcad bcda bdac bdca
cabd cadb cbad cbda cdab cdba
dabc dacb dbac dbca dcab dcba
1 23 3
(a) (b) (c)
4 24 8
23. (a) 06 (b) 0  079
 EXERCISE 9-2
SUCCESSIVE OUTCOMES

1. A delicatessen serves sandwiches with the following options: 3 kinds of bread, 5

kinds of meat, and lettuce or sprouts. How many different sandwiches are possible
assuming one item is used from each category?

2. Find the number of successive outcomes in each of the following random experiments:
(a) a die is thrown 3 times.
(b) a coin is tossed 5 times.
(c) a die is tossed and a coin is flipped.
(d) a two digit number is formed using the digits 3,6,7 without repetition of
digits.
(e) a two digit number is formed using the digits 3,6,7 allowing repetition of
digits.
(f) two people are chosen from the set {Anne, Paul, Chris, Tony} and the order
in which they are chosen is not relevant so that, for example, the outcome
“Anne and Paul” is the same as “Paul and Anne”.
(g) three people are chosen from the set {Anne, Paul, Chris, Tony} and the order
in which they are chosen is relevant.

3. A sales representative who lives in city A wishes to start from home and fly to 3
different cities B, C and D. If he can either catch a taxi or drive to and from his
home to the airport, and if all the cities are interconnected by airlines , how many
different travel plans can be constructed to visit each city exactly once and then return
home?

4. How many outcomes are there when a coin is tossed 3 times? Draw a tree diagram to
show these outcomes.

5. Draw a tree diagram to show all 2 letter code words which can be formed using the
letters A, B, E, F without repetition of letters. What proportion of these code words
have at least one vowel?

6. A coin is tossed three times. What is the probability that ‘heads’ appears every time?

7. A coin and a die are thrown together. What is the probability of a head and a number
greater than 4 or a tail and a number not exceeding 3?

8. An urn contains 3 white balls, 4 red balls and 5 black balls. Two balls are drawn at
random one at a time with replacement. What is the probability that they are:
(a) both white?
(b) the same colour?
(c) different colours?
9. A game is played in which two coloured dice are thrown. The six faces of the blue die
are numbered 4, 6 8 ,9, 10, 12. The six faces of the pink die are numbered 2, 3, 5, 7,
11, 13. The player wins if the number on the pink die is larger than the number on the
blue die.
(a) By drawing up a table of outcomes calculate the probability of the player
winning.
(b) Calculate the probability that the player wins at least once in two successive
games.

10. Robin Hood fires three arrows in succession at a target. Each time the probability of
him hitting the target is 90%. Find the probability that Robin Hood hits the target:
(a) three times (b) the first time only
(c) exactly once (d) at least twice

11. For a certain species of birds the probability that a fledgling will survive the first
month after birth is 4 in 5. From a brood of three fledglings what is the probability
that :
(a) all will survive.
(b) none will survive.
(a) at least one will survive.

12. Three students sit for an examination. Their chances of passing are 60%, 70% and
75% respectively. Draw a probability tree and find the probability that:

(a) all three pass (b) all fail

(c) at least one passes; (d) only one student passes.

13. An insurance company has calculated that the probability that a woman will be alive in
40 years time is 0  8 and the probability that her husband will be alive in 40 years
time is 0  7 . What is the probability that in 40 years time:
(a) both will be alive?
(b) only one will be alive?
(c) the husband or the wife will be alive?
(You can assume independence)
 EXERCISE 9-2 ANSWERS

1. 30
2. (a) 216 (b) 32 (c) 12 (d) 6 (e) 9 (f) 6 (g) 24
3. 12
4. 8
H HHH
H
T HHT
H H HTH
T
T HTT
H THH
H
T THT
T
H TTH
T
T TTT

B AB
5. A E AE
F AF
A BA
B E BE
F BF
A EA
E B EB
F EF
A FA
F B FB
E FE
5
have at least one vowel
6

1 5
6. 7.
8 12
1 25 47
8. (a) (b) (c)
16 72 72
7 203
9. (a) (b)
18 324
10. (a) 0  729 (b) 0  009 (c) 0  027 (d) 0  972
64 1 124
11. (a) (b) (c)
125 125 125
12.
1st student 2nd student 3rd student
0.75 PASS
PASS
0.7
0.25 FAIL
PASS
0.75 PASS
0.6 0.3 FAIL
0.25 FAIL

0.75 PASS
0.4 PASS
0.7
0.25 FAIL
FAIL
0.75 PASS
0.3 FAIL
0.25 FAIL

(a) 31.5% .

(b) 3% .

(c) 97% .

(d) 20.5%

13. (a) 0  56 (b) 0  38 (c) 0  94

 EXERCISE 9-3
MORE PROBABILITY

1. One urn contains 2 red cubes and 4 blue cubes and a second urn contains 4 red cubes
and 3 blue cubes. One cube is selected at random from each of the two urns. What is
the probability that exactly one of the cubes is red?

2. A bag contains 4 white balls and 2 red balls. One ball is selected at random and
replaced by a ball of the other colour. The bag is then shaken and another ball is
randomly selected.
(a) Find the probability that both balls selected are white.
(b) Find the probability that the second ball selected is white.

3. In a soccer competition between the A team and the B team, on average the A team has
won 3 games out of every 4 games.
(a) Find the probability that the A team wins the next two games.
(b) In the next three games, what is the probability that the A team wins more
games than the B team?

4. Students studying at least one of the languages French and Japanese attend a meeting.
Of the 28 present, 18 study French and 22 study Japanese.
(a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen student studies French?
(b) What is the probability that two randomly chosen students both study
French?
(c) What is the probability that a randomly chosen student studies both
languages?

5. In a large field of flowers 30% of the flowers are white. Three flowers are chosen at
random to be included in a bouquet. Find the probability that exactly two of the
flowers are white.
6. In a raffle 30 tickets are sold and there are two prizes. What is the probability that a
person buying five tickets wins:
(a) neither prize? (b) both prizes? (c) at least one prize?

7. David has invented a dice game for one person. He throws two ordinary dice
repeatedly until the sum of the two numbers shown is either 7 or 9. If the sum is 9,
David wins. If the sum is 7, David loses. If the sum is any other number, he
continues to throw until it is 9 or 7.
1
(a) Show that the probability that David wins on his first throw is .
9
(b) Calculate the probability that a second throw is needed.
(c) What is the probability that David wins on his first, second, or third throw?
Leave your answer in unsimplified form.
(d) Calculate the probability that David wins the game.
8. The probability of a football team losing or drawing any match is 0  8 and the
probability of the team winning any match is 0  2 .
(a) Find the probability of the team winning at least one of three consecutive
matches.
(b) What is the least number of consecutive matches the team must play to be 90%
certain it will win at least one match?

9. In a particular strain of plant the probability that a seed will produce a red flower is
0  25 . Determine the least number of seeds that must be planted in order that the
probability of obtaining at least one red flower exceeds 0  99 .

10. If a coin is tossed n times, where n  1 .

(i) Find the probability of obtaining:
(a) n heads.
(b) at least one head.
(c) at least one head and one tail.
(ii) Find the least value of n if the probability of obtaining at least one head is
greater than 98% .

11. A bag contains 4 red balls and 5 green balls. Two balls are withdrawn at random
one at a time without replacement. Draw a probability tree for this experiment and
hence find the probability that:
(a) both balls are red.
(b) at least one ball is red.
(c) the second ball is red given that the first ball is red.

12. Roger and Andy play against each other in a tennis match. The first person to win two
sets wins the match so that at most three sets need to be played. If the probability that
Andy wins any set is 0  6 draw a probability tree for the tennis match. Hence find
the probability that:

(a) Andy wins the tennis match.

(b) a winner is decided in two sets.

13. About 1 in 1000 people have a particular disease. There is a test to detect it but the
test is not always accurate. Studies show that 95% of people who do have the
disease will get a positive test result [that is, the test shows they have the disease] and
99% of people who do not have the disease will get a negative test result.

(a) What is the probability that I have the disease but I will get a negative test result?
(b) What is the probability that I do not have the disease but I will get a
positive test result?
(c) What is the probability that I will get a positive test result?
14. Fifty red tickets and 50 green tickets are placed in a barrel. Three tickets are drawn
from the barrel one by one without replacement to determine the winners of 1st , 2nd
and 3rd prizes respectively. Find the probability that:
(a) all three prizes are won by red tickets.
(b) at least one green ticket wins a prize.

15. In a game a player draws a card from a regular 52 card pack. If he draws a 2 he wins.
If he draws a 3 , 4 or 5 he loses. If he draws a heart which is not a 2, 3, 4 or 5 then he
must roll a die and he wins only if he rolls a 1. If he draws one of the other three suits
and the card is not a 2 ,3, 4 or 5 then he must toss a coin and he wins only if he tosses
a tail. Find the probability that the player wins the game.

16. To gain a driver’s licence in NSW both a written test and a practical test must be
passed. Statistics show that 70% pass the written test on the first attempt and 90%
of those who need to sit a second test pass that test. Also 60% pass their first
practical test and 80% pass on their second try. The written and practical tests are
independent. Calculate the probability of:
(a) passing the written test on the second attempt.
(b) passing the written test after no more than two attempts.
(c) requiring a 3rd written test.
(d) passing the practical test on the second attempt.
(e) receiving a licence after requiring one practical test and two written tests.
(f) requiring either a 3rd practical test or a 3rd written test.

17. There are two white discs and three black discs in a bag. Two players A and B are
playing a game in which they draw a disc alternately from the bag and then replace it.
Player A must draw a white disc to win and player B must draw a black disc to win.
Player A goes first. Find the probability that:
(a) player A wins on the first draw.
(b) player B wins on his first draw.
(c) player A wins taking less than 4 of his draws to do so.
(d) player A wins the game.

18. In each game of Sic Bo three regular dice are thrown once.
(a) What is the probability that all three dice show six?
(b) What is the probability that exactly two of the dice show 6?
(c) What is the probability that exactly two of the dice show the same number?
(d) What is the probability of rolling three different numbers on the dice?
(e) If four games of Sic Bo are played in succession what is the probability that all
three dice show different numbers on at least one of the games.
19. One bag contains 3 black balls and one white ball. Another bag contains 2 black balls
and 3 white balls. Andrew takes one ball from each bag at random and places them in
a third bag. If one ball is then taken at random from the third bag find the probability
that it is black.

20. A jar contains g green and b blue marbles . Three marbles are taken from the bag.
(a) Write down an expression in terms of g and b for the probability that all 3
marbles chosen are green.
(b) If the bag had initially contained one additional green marble, the probability
that the three marbles chosen were green would have been double that found in
part (a)
g2  g  2
(i) Show that b 
5 g
(ii) Determine all possible numbers of green and blue marbles.

EXERCISE 9-3 ANSWERS

11
1.
21
1 11
2. (a) (b)
3 18
9 27
3. (a) (b)
16 32
9 17 3
4. (a) (b) (c)
14 42 7
5. 0  189
20 2 9
6. (a) (b) (c)
29 87 29
13 1 13 1 13 13 1 2
7. (b) (c)      (d)
18 9 18 9 18 18 9 5
8. (a) 0.488 (b) 11
9. 17
1 1 1
10. (i) (a) (b) 1  (c) 1  n 1
(ii) 6
2n 2n 2
1 13 3
11. (a) (b) (c)
6 18 8
12. (a) 0  648 (b) 0  52
13. (a) 0.00005 (b) 0.00999 (c) 0.01094
4 29
14. (a) (b)
33 33
 19
15.
52
16. (a) 0  27 (b) 0  97 (c) 0  03 (d) 0  32 (e) 0  162 (f) 0  1076
2 9 1622 10
17. (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 25 3125 19
1 5 5 5 6305
18. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
216 72 12 9 6561
23
19.
40
g g 1 g2
20. (a)  
g  b g  b 1 g  b  2
(b) (ii) 3 green and 2 blue or 4 green and 10 blue
 EXERCISE 9-4
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY and INDEPENDENCE

1. Given the sample space of equally likely outcomes S  {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, } and the
events E  {1,3,5} F  {1,2,4,5,6} and G  {2,3,4,5} find each of the following
probabilities:
(a) P( E ) (b) P ( E ) (c) P( E / F ) (d) P( F / E )
(e) P( E  / F ) (f) P( E / F  G )

2. Suppose we have a sample of 10 people whom we want to classify according to age

and sex. Of the 10 people 6 are female. Of the females 4 are aged under 40. Of
the males 3 are aged under 40. Make a table to show this information. If one of the
people is selected at random find the probability that the person is :
(a) female.
(b) under 40 years old.
(c) male and aged 40 or more.
(d) aged less than 40 given that she is female.
(e) male given that the person is aged under 40.

3. From a standard pack of cards one card is selected at random. Using the reduced
sample space method, or otherwise, find the conditional probabilities:
(a) P(queen/heart) (b) P(2 or 3/diamond) (c) P(spade/club)
(d) P(spade/ace) (e) P(jack/black)

4. A survey of 500 voters showed that 250 of the 300 female voters were in favour of
a particular proposal and 150 voters were against the proposal. A voter is selected at
random. Find the probability that the voter is :
(a) female and opposed to the proposal.
(b) in favour of the proposal.
(c) in favour of the proposal given that a female is chosen.
(d) in favour of the proposal or female.

Are the events “being female” and “being in favour of the proposal” independent
events?

5. It is given that P( X )  0  6, P(Y )  0  5, and P( X  Y )  0  4

(a) Show that the events X and Y are dependent events.
(b) Find P ( X / Y ) and P (Y / X ) .
(c) Find P( X  Y ) .
 1 8 1
6. If P( E )  and P( E  F )  and P ( E  F )  find:
3 15 5
(a) P( F ) (b) P( E / F ) (c) P ( E / F ) [Hint:use Venn
diagram]

1
7. If events E and F are independent and P ( E / F )  find P (E ) .
3

8. A market research firm has determined that 40% of people in Australia have seen the
advertising for a new product and 85% of those who have seen the advertising have
purchased the product. What is the probability that an Australian person selected at
random has seen the advertising for this product and has purchased the product?

9. A bag contains 4 red balls and 5 green balls. Two balls are withdrawn at random
without replacement. Draw a probability tree for this experiment and hence find the
probability that:
(a) both balls are red.
(b) at least one ball is red.
(c) the second ball is red given that the first ball is red.
(d) at least one ball is red given that the first ball is green.

10. A basketball team is to play two games in a tournament. The probability of winning
the first game is 0  2 . If the first game is won the probability of winning the second
game is 0  25 . If the first game is lost the probability of winning the second game is
0  1 . Find the probability the first game is won if the second game is lost.

11. Kornikova and Seles play against each other in a tennis match. As is usual in
women’s tennis the first person to win two sets wins the match so that at most three
sets need to be played. If the probability that Seles wins any set is 0  6 draw a
probability tree for the tennis match. Hence find the probability that:

(a) Seles wins the tennis match.

(b) a winner is decided in two sets.
(c) Seles wins the tennis match given that she wins the first set.

12. The probability that Winny Tan watches the Simpsons on TV is 0  7 . The
probability that her brother Billy watches the Simpsons on TV is 0  8 .
The probability that they both watch the Simpsons on TV is 0  6 .
(a) Show that the events that Winny Tan watches the Simpsons on TV and Billly
Tan watches the Simpsons on TV are dependent events.
Calculate the conditional probabilities that :
(b) Winny watches the Simpsons on TV given that Billy does.
(c) Billy watches the Simpsons on TV given that Winny does.
P( B)  P( A / B)
13. Prove that P ( B / A)  .
P( A)
14. A student has 4 Maths lectures, 3 Economics lectures and 2 Computer lectures per
week. The respective probabilities (empirical) that he will fall asleep in these lectures
are Maths ( 0  1 ), Economics ( 0  3 ), Computers ( 0  3 ). If the student is discovered
asleep in a lecture find the probability that it is a Maths lecture.

15. . On average I drive to work 3 days a week, take the bus one day a week and ride my
bicycle one day a week. If I drive there is a probability of 0  2 that I will be late. If
I take the bus the probability is 0  15 and if I ride it is 0  05 .
(a) What is the probability I will be late tomorrow?
(b) I was late for work this morning. What is the probability that I drove?

16. About 1 in 1000 people have a particular disease. There is a test to detect it but the
test is not always accurate. Studies show that 95% of people who do have the
disease will get a positive test result [that is, the test shows they have the disease] and
99% of people who do not have the disease will get a negative test result. My test
gave a positive result. What is the probability I have the disease?
EXERCISE 9-4 ANSWERS

3 5 2 2 3 1
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
8 8 5 3 5 3
2 3
2. (a) 0  6 (b) 0  7 (c) 0  1 (d) (e)
3 7
1 2 1 1
3. (a) (b) (c) 0 (d) (e)
13 13 4 13
4 (a) 0  1 (b) 0  7 (c) 0  83 (d) 08 Dependent
4 2 3
5. (a) P ( X )  P(Y )  P( X  Y ) (b) , (c)
5 3 10
2 1 2 2
6. (a) (b) (c) 7.
5 2 9 3
8. 0  34
1 13 3 1
9. (a) (b) (c) (d)
6 18 8 2
5
10.  0  172
29
11. (a) 0  648 (b) 0  52 (c) 0  84
3 6
12. (b) (c)
4 7
4
14.
19
15. (a) 0  16 (b) 0  75 16. 0  0868
 EXERCISE 9-5A

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION, EXPECTED VALUES AND VARIANCE

1. A fair coin is tossed three times. If X is the random variable denoting the number
of heads occurring, construct the probability distribution of the random variable X.

2. A fair die is rolled 2 times. The rolling of a six is regarded as a success. Let X be
the random variable denoting the number of successes in the two rolls of the die.
Using a probability tree diagram, or otherwise, construct the probability distribution of
the random variable X.

3. Two cards are chosen simultaneously from a normal pack of 52 cards. If X denotes
the number of hearts occurring in the sample of two cards, find the probability
distribution of the random variable X.

4. Consider the random variable X with probability distribution given in the top two
rows of the following table.

x 3 0 2 4 Total
p 0 1 02 05 02 ---
xp
x   ---
2

x   p
2

x2 ---
x2 p

(a) Complete the 3rd row of the table and hence calculate  , the mean of the
distribution.
Complete the rest of the table and hence calculate Var ( X )    x    p .
2
(b)
(c) Show that the variance calculated using Var ( X )  E ( X 2 )   2 gives the same
result as in part (b).

5. State, giving reasons, whether or not the following distributions are valid
probability distributions of the random variable X:
(a)
x 2 4 6 8
P( X  x ) 02 03 04 02
(b)
x 3 5 6 9
P( X  x )  02 05 06 0 1
(c)
x 2 2 4 5
P( X  x ) 03 04 02 0 1

For the valid probability distribution(s) find E ( X ) and Var(X)

6. The following table shows the distribution of the number of days sick leave taken
by 200 workers during a month.

Days 0 1 2 3
Number of
100 60 30 10
Workers

Let X denote the number of days sick leave taken by a randomly selected worker.
Construct the probability distribution of the random variable X and find E ( X )
and Var(X) .

7. Complete the following probability distributions.

(a) x 0 100 500 1 000
P( X  x ) 0  9991 0  0003 0  0001

25
(b) For this distribution, E ( X )  .
8
x 1 1 3
1 1 1 3
P( X  x)
8 4 4 8

8. A bag contains 6 red balls and 4 white balls. Two balls are chosen at random,
without replacement. Let X denote the number of white balls in the sample of two.
Find the probability distribution of the random variable X, the expected value and the
variance of X.

9. Find the expected value and variance of the random variable X if the probability
distribution of X is given by
x  100  50 100
18 2 18
P( X  x )
38 38 38

EXERCISE 9-5A ANSWERS

1. x 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 1
P( X  x )
8 8 8 8

2. x 0 1 2
25 10 1
P( X  x )
36 36 36

3. x 0 1 2
19 13 1
P( X  x )
34 34 17

4. (a) 1  5 (b) 3  85

5. (a) no (b) no (c) 1  5 , 6  25 6. 0  75 , 0  7875

7. (a) 0  0005 (b) 6
8. x 0 1 2
1 8 2
P( X  x )
3 15 15
4 32
E( X )  , Var ( X ) 
5 75
9.  2  63 , 9598  34
 EXERCISE 9-5B
APPLICATIONS OF EXPECTED VALUE AND VARIANCE

1. In a family with 2 children, assuming a boy is equally likely as a girl at birth, what is
the expected number of boys?

2. Suppose that at birth having a girl is not as likely as having a boy. The probabilities
for the number of boys in a 3 child family are approximated empirically from past
records and are given in the table below. Find x and hence calculate the expected
number of boys in a 3 child family.

Number of boys probability

0 0  12
1 0  36
2 0  38
3 x

3. The table below gives the probability that X units of a company’s product are
demanded weekly. Determine the expected weekly demand.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X=x) 0  05 0  20 0  40 0  24 0  10 0  01

4. A fast food chain estimates that if it opens a restaurant in a shopping centre then the
probability that the restaurant will be successful is 0  65 . A successful restaurant
earns an annual profit of $75 000; one that is not loses $20 000. What is the
expected annual gain to the chain if it opens a restaurant in a shopping centre?

5. A student scores 56% in English and 60% in Maths. In each case the class average
was 50% but the standard deviation was 4% for English and 10% for Maths. Has
the student performed better in English or Maths relative to the rest of the class?

6. A fair coin is flipped. If a head turns up you win $1 and if a tail turns up you lose
$1  50 . Calculate the expected value of the game. Is it a fair game?

7. Two coins are flipped. You win $2 if either 2 heads or 2 tails turn up. You lose
$3 if a head and a tail turn up. Construct a payoff table and hence find the expected
value of the game. Is it a fair game?

8. A single die is rolled once. Your net winnings are $35 if a 1 or a 2 turns up and
your net losses are $10 if a 3, 4 or 5 turns up. What is your net loss if a 6 turns
up if the game is to be fair?

9. Henry scored 78% in a Maths test in which the class mean and standard deviation
were 80% and 5% respectively. In a second maths test the class mean and standard
deviation were 75% and 8% respectively. Henry was absent for this test. Calculate
a fair estimated mark for Henry on the second test based on his performance in the
first test.
10. A box of 10 light globes contains 3 defective globes. A random sample of 2 is
selected without replacement and tested. Let X be the random variable whose value
is the number of defective bulbs in the sample.
(a) Find the probability distribution of X.
(b) Find E ( X ) and Var ( X ) .

The same experiment is repeated from the beginning but this time the random sample
is done with replacement.

(c) By finding E ( X ) and Var ( X ) , show that the mean stays the same but that
the sample is less consistent.

11. Consider the following game. You are to toss 3 fair coins. If 3 heads or 3 tails
turn up your friend pays you $10. If either 1 or 2 heads turn up you must pay your
friend $6. What are your expected winnings or losses per game?

12. A landscaper earns $200 per day when working and loses $30 per day when not
4
working. If the probability of working on any one day is find the landscaper’s
7
expected daily earnings.

13. An oil company is considering drilling in two sites. It estimates that Site A will give a
net profit of $30 million if oil is found and the probability of this happening is 0  2 .
If oil is not found there will be a loss of $3 million. At site B the net profit would be
$70 million if oil is found (probability 0  1 ) and there would be a loss of $4 million if
oil is not found. Determine which site the company should choose to achieve the best
expected return.
 EXERCISE 9-5B ANSWERS

1. 1
2. x  0  14 E ( X )  1  54
3. 2  17 units
4. $41 750
5. English z  1  5 Math z  1 , student performed better in English
6.  25 cents, not a fair game as E ( X )  0
7.  50 cents, not a fair game.
8. Net loss $40
9. 72%
10. (a) x 0 1 2
14 14 2
P( X  x )
30 30 30
(b) E ( X )  0  6 , Var ( X )  0.373
(c) E ( X )  0  6 , Var ( X )  0.42
11. $2 loss
12. $101  43
13. site A
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