PART 1: QUESTION NO.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Malaysia is a country with multiple races, cultures, and religions. Although this
country has its own national language, there are various dialects and languages that are still
on the lips of the people in Malaysia. Multicultural counselling services should go hand in
hand with the roots that exist so deep in this country, as well as the culture. It is based on this
understanding that makes every multicultural session run smoothly. Taking Claudia’s
situation into account, who has to work with clients from a community of different races and
religions, it's clear that multicultural counselling is something that needs to be done.

1.1 What is the counselling process

A counsellor is a trained professional who meets with people over a series of sessions
to help them work through their problems. The different kinds of counselling depend on what
the client needs. Counselling is a talking therapy that lets people talk to trained professionals
about their problems in a calm and safe setting. Counselling could mean different things to
different people. But in general, it is the process of talking about your problems in detail,
either to figure out how to solve them or to find out what you think about them.
It's always a sign of a significant issue when someone seeks therapy, whether it has to
do with their family, emotions, or thoughts. The counselling process is a planned, structured
dialogue between a counsellor and a client. A trained professional helps a person called the
client identify the sources of difficulties or concerns that he or she is experiencing. Together,
they develop ways to deal with and overcome these problems. When counselling is called a
"process," it means that it is a series of steps that lead to a conclusion. Below is the five stage
counselling process.
i. Building a Relationship - When seeking out a counsellor to discuss your concerns,
you should be experiencing any major academic, relationship, or other difficulty. The
first thing your expert does is make you feel at ease in his/her presence. To ensure that
you do not hesitate to discuss the challenges you are encountering, he concentrates
first on establishing a friendly relationship and mutual trust.
ii. Starting an Exploration - The second part, analysis, comes next. At this stage, the
professional will ask you to talk about your problems in detail so they can get to the
heart of the matter. He pays attention to every little thing, from how you talk to how
 you answer questions from his side. Once he looks at the problem, he knows what the
goal is.
iii. Making a Decision - After you've thought carefully about your problems, it's time to
set important goals. In light of the problems you are having, the counsellor comes up
with a goal. That can mean either getting past the problem or making peace with it.
iv. Taking an Action - The counsellor plans an action for you to practice to see the
results. If things seem normal, you are at the final stage! If not, he might design
something different.
v. Ending a Session - You've succeeded if everything seems to be moving in the correct
way and you start to feel at ease. As was said in the previous point, after executing a
plan of action, the outcomes are taken into consideration.

1.2 What is multicultural counselling

Multicultural counselling, according to Corey and Callanan (2010), is any therapeutic
alliance involving therapists and patients from various cultural backgrounds who subscribe to
various worldviews and social reality assumptions. Numerous definitions exist for the term
"culture." According to Axelson (1999), a group of individuals who identify with or connect
to one another based on a shared need, history, or purpose is referred to as a "culture."
Culture is defined by Matsumoto (1996) as the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviours that
belong to a group of people, whereas Ogbu (1990) defines culture as the whole of human
knowledge, whether it be social, physical, or both. Every culture has a unique way of setting
up everyday life. A country's language, for instance, is one of its cultural components; there
may be more than one language spoken there. Malay, English, Mandarin, Tamil, and other
languages are used in Malaysia, for instance. There are, however, certain nations with only
one official language, such as Japan and Korea. Social norms define what is and is not
acceptable conduct in a certain circumstance. It explains what we can, must, cannot, and
should not do. Values and beliefs are presumptions and assessments about things, objectives,
or circumstances that are seen as significant, desirable, or necessary to be attained.

1.3 Counsellor’s Philosophy

Counselling is related to influencing voluntary behaviour change with the client's own
heart. Counsellors provide conditions that facilitate client change. Listening occurs in
counselling, but not all listening is counselling. Counselling is conducted in a confidential
and private setting between the counsellor and the client. As in all relationships, there are
limitations on the client in counselling. Counselling should be based on the needs of the
client, not the counsellor’s own needs or that of the counsellor. The client should progress to
a higher level of self-acceptance and self-understanding. Basically, humans make their own
decisions about what they believe and how they feel about themselves. Counselling is a
warm, trusting interaction and relationship between the counsellor and the client. Counselling
is done by way of mutual agreement between the individuals involved. People who are forced
to receive counselling services will rebel and lack trust in others. Counsellors believe that an
individual should have the maximum opportunity to choose their own life goals and ways to
achieve those goals.

1.4 Counsellor’s Objective

Counselling has two types of purposes: the purpose of the process and the final
purpose. The last purpose concerns the results or effects of counselling services in the long
term. The final purpose is the change or development that the client will experience as a
result of the counselling service. Among the prioritized concepts are self-awareness, self-
enrichment, the fully functioning individual, and self-well-being. Counselling is concerned
with both specific and general changes in an individual in order to make the client feel better.
The main objective of counselling is to inspire the client to evaluate, make, accept, and take
action on the choices or decisions he makes. Goal-setting should be thought of as an action
that is not rigid, static, or fixed, and the client and counsellor should evaluate it together
based on the client's needs.
 The ultimate goal is for the client to take responsibility for himself and his actions so
that he becomes a fully functioning individual, which cannot be achieved in a short time.
Every human being must be viewed in the context of a situation between themselves and the
situation that causes the problem in question. Seen from this point of view, purpose is also a
dynamic process in the journey of life in this world that is full of warnings and uncertainties.
Individual problems related to anxiety, psychology, personal life, and wellness mostly stem
from within the individual themselves because they do not have realistic expectations or
hopes for life. Questions such as "who am I," "where do I come from," "what is the purpose
of my life?" "who made me?" "why am I alive?". and the like should be given due attention
in counselling. In the counselling process, the client learns, but the counsellor does not teach.
The counsellor’s function is to show the way and accompany the client on his journey,
understand himself and his situation, and identify his needs.
2.0 BARRIERS TO MULTICULTURAL COUNSELLING

Counsellors often face a variety of challenges or hurdles while working with clients
from varied cultural backgrounds. These obstacles may result from the counsellor’s lack of
cultural understanding or from the client and counsellor speaking different languages.

2.1 Lack of Counsellor Multicultural Knowledge

The seriousness of a society's cultural crisis cannot be understated. Counsellors face a
dilemma in this circumstance. They must comprehend both the culture of the current
civilization and the presence of a new culture, much as in Malaysia. Multicultural problems
may arise, for instance, when a Malay counsellor works with a Chinese or Indian client.
Counsellors need to be careful with every word they say because Malaysia's unique cultural
diversity is fascinating and needs to be understood well so that counsellors don't offer wrong
interpretations and points of view that could affect the client's cultural environment. In
Malaysia, counsellors must be sensitive to the fact that Islam is the country's official religion
and members of other races are allowed to follow their own faiths. Counsellors must also be
aware of the morals and tenets of a certain religion in order to avoid placing value on their
clients. Emphasizing the idea of unconditional acceptance is quite helpful in this respect.

2.2 Lack of Multicultural Appropriate Counselling Skills

It is possible to tell the difference between fundamental counselling skills such as active
listening, communicating with empathy, and seeming sincere and the specific skills required
for working with a client from a different cultural background. Lack of international
counselling skills puts counsellors at risk of providing treatment that ignores cultural
nuances. Examples of cultural competency-related skill requirements include addressing
racial issues early on in counselling, using a variety of verbal and nonverbal helping
responses, recognizing responses that may be appropriate or inappropriate within a cultural
context, and using resources outside of the counsellor’s own network. These are all examples
of ways to effectively communicate with a client who may have a different way of thinking,
processing information, and communicating. A number of counselling experts believe that
there is no simple technique or strategy that can clearly convey the "how-to" in a counselling
session with a culturally diverse client. One of the most important things in the field of
cultural competence is figuring out which counselling methods and treatments work best with
different ethnic groups.
2.3 Language Barriers
There will be communication issues during multicultural therapy sessions. As a
consequence, a counsellor has to make sure that both his language and his verbal
communication are prepared to help the counselling process. According to Sue, 1989; Sue &
Sue, 1990, understanding the distinction between verbal and nonverbal conduct can help in a
multicultural therapy session. Malaysia, for instance, has a unique national tongue. However,
there are still a number of dialects and languages spoken by the Malaysian populace. As a
result, using standard terminology may help the session go more smoothly. The counsellor
has to be more receptive to learning each dialect and language used by the Malaysian
population as well as the culture in order to conduct the session.
3.0 THE FOUR STEPS OF EFFECTIVE MULTICULTURAL COUNSELLORS

When working with clients that come from a variety of cultural backgrounds, a
professional counsellor might want to consider utilizing the following multicultural therapy
techniques:

3.1 Self-awareness
Self-awareness is crucial in lessening the potential for multicultural counselling issues.
Counsellors should attempt to be sensitive to their own inherent racial or cultural identity and
privilege, ethnocentrism, prejudice, and stereotypes. The counsellor should be constantly
aware of how their own attitudes, racial identity and beliefs impact their perception of the
client.

3.2 Therapeutic approach

A multicultural counsellor must be mindful of cultural stigma regarding mental illness
when describing conditions and recommending therapies. Counsellors must also try to
recognize the potential limitations of evidence-based therapies in effectively addressing the
needs of clients from various diverse cultures. a therapist experienced in multicultural
counselling techniques will always consider the client's attitudes, beliefs, and values when
selecting a therapeutic approach or intervention.

3.3 Communication
Counsellors should try to be cognizant of societal figures of speech and phrases that
trigger ethnic minorities. Culture-specific verbal and nonverbal aspects (i.e. gestures, body
language, personal space, etc.) of communication should be considered during client
interaction. Understanding a client's culture specific communication is crucial to providing
effective counselling.

3.4 Flexibility
Counsellors should be willing to acknowledge the limitations of their own cultural
competency and expertise when dealing with culturally diverse clients. In some cases, they
may be advised to seek cultural-specific guidance when working with a client or refer the
client to a mental health professional.
4.0 CONCLUSION

Assistance to others is what counselling implies. The advised customer ultimately

decides for himself after going through this process. The relationship between the counsellor
and the client serves as the foundation for this process, with the idea being that the client will
change as a result of the interaction. Counsellors have a crucial role in a multi-ethnic nation
like Malaysia. Despite the fact that our nation has a multi-ethnic society, there are not many
research regarding it. Gaining cultural competence and becoming a multicultural counsellor
involves developing the right skill set. The ability to be culturally knowledgeable and use
effective multicultural counselling techniques both fall into the realm of ethical responsibility
for a mental health professional.
In conclusion, there is no one strategy or procedure that can be used by psychologists
or counsellors to perform cross-cultural therapy sessions. They have a variety of options for
how to conduct the meeting and keep it flowing smoothly and creatively. Basically,
multicultural therapy is quite important and pertinent in Malaysia.
REFERENCES

1. Abu, Z., Mahmud, Z., & Amat, S. (2008). Pendekatan kaunseling menangani masalah
kebebasan dalam kalangan pelajar institut pengajian tinggi: dua kajian kes. Jurnal
Pendidikan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Education), 33, 107-123.
2. Li, L. P., Muhamad, A. S., & Peng, C. F. (2011). Peranan Kaunselor dan
perkhidmatan kaunseling kerjaya bagi orang kurang upaya. ATIKAN, 1(2).
3. Cormer, L. S., & Hackney, A. (1987). The professional counsellors process guide to
helping. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
4. Ridley, C. R., Sahu, A., Console, K., Surya, S., Tran, V., Xie, S., & Yin, C. (2021).
The process model of multicultural counseling competence. The Counseling
Psychologist, 49(4), 534-567.
5. Sahu, A., Console, K., Tran, V., Xie, S., Yin, C., Meng, X., & Ridley, C. R. (2021). A
case using the process model of multicultural counseling competence. The Counseling
Psychologist, 49(4), 568-585.
6. Ridley, C. R., Mendoza, D. W., Kanitz, B. E., Angermeier, L., & Zenk, R. (1994).
Cultural sensitivity in multicultural counseling: A perceptual schema model. Journal
of Counseling Psychology, 41(2), 125.
7. Noor, A. N., Amat, S., & Bakar, A. Y. A. (2018). Efikasi Kendiri Kaunseling dan
Kecekapan Kaunseling Pelbagai Budaya dalam Kalangan Guru Bimbingan dan
Kaunseling Sekolah Menengah di Malaysia. Jurnal Psikoedukasi dan Konseling, 2(2),
14-21.
PART 1: QUESTION NO.2

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Behavioral theory is an approach that applies science to the principles of learning and
the resolution of specific behavioral problems. Counselors use behavioral theory as part of
their therapy approach to change and improve patients' behaviors. The history of the
behavioral approach in counseling begins with three components: classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, and cognitive behavior therapy.

1.1 Definition of Behaviorism Counselling Theory

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive behavior therapy are the
three pillars on which the history of the behavioral approach in counseling is founded.

i. Classical conditioning Principle - One of Russia's most renowned scientists, Ivan

Pavlov (1849–1936), made significant contributions to the study of the physiology of
the digestive system. Pavlov believed that all behavior is reflexive. But how does this
conduct vary from what is often referred to as "instinctive" behavior? Sometimes,
instinctive conduct is described as motivated. For example, animals must be hungry,
sexually excited, or have linked hormones prior to exhibiting innate behavior. In the
end, however, Ivan Pavlov believed that all behavior is reflexive, but Nobasis argues
that he could differentiate between a reaction and what is often considered a no
reflexive behavior. Pavlov claimed that all learning, whether gained by animals or
humans, is the result of classical processes, rather than an animal's innate desire to
learn. Meanwhile Watson, also known as John B. Watson, was born in 1878 and died
in 1958. He is one of the most well-known people in the history of psychology.
Watson was raised in a conventional environment, and the mechanism he described
was behavior; in his research, he argued that the mind is the most powerful thing.
Watson views the mind as an universe of hypothesis and a limitless game.
Simultaneously, it is said that the mind has no place in psychology, which must be
founded on objective data, and that the explanation must originate from the central
nervous system.
ii. Operant Conditioning Principle - BF Skinner (1904–1990) was born B.F. As an
influential figure in the area of psychology, Skinner has been a point of reference for
 other scholars. In the early stages of his research, he often looks for links between
behavior and how a person responds to a stimulus. Skinner researched how habitual
cues impact the learning process using a novel approach to the study of the learning
process. He discovered that the occurrence of a stimulus is induced by the frequent
repetition of an action. According to Skinner's theory, "reinforcement" has actions and
consequences that lead to stimulation. So, we may influence behavior in the desired
direction by offering guidance and a methodical framework. Skinner's study
paradigm, which focuses on how to manage student behavior and keep them
motivated, has been very helpful to teachers.
iii. Cognitive Behavior Therapy - Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT for short, is a
method of treatment that involves assisting patients in becoming aware of negative or
counterproductive thinking and behavior patterns. The goal of cognitive behavioral
therapy (CBT) is to assist you in recognizing and investigating the ways in which
your thoughts and feelings might influence the choices you make. As soon as you
become aware of these patterns, you can start working on altering your habits and
coming up with new ways to deal with stressful situations. The present and the
immediate future are the focal points of CBT, whereas the past receives less attention.
Other techniques of psychotherapy may be as as beneficial, or even more so, in
treating some problems and certain individuals. The most important thing to keep in
mind is that there is no universal standard size.

1.2 Counselling Theory Method

The diagnosis method is the initial stage of behavioral change in the culture of an
individual's life to produce a response. It is a practical approach to cultural diagnosis because
it assesses key observable work behaviors. The behavioral approach tells in detail how tasks
are done and how relationships are handled in an organization. Culture diagnosis is based on
a behavioral approach that can be used to evaluate cultural risks and try to make the
organizational changes that are needed to support the new strategy. Cultural diagnosis is
based on a behavioral approach that can be used to find out the cultural risks of trying to use
new strategies to make the necessary changes in an organization. Cultural change is important
when big things change and new plans need to be made to get people to act differently. When
counselors know about a risk, they can decide if they need to make a new plan to deal with
the current culture, if the culture can be changed, or if the strategy needs to be changed.
 People often think that behavioral counseling methods are strange and wrong. Some
things, like phobias, can be understood this way. Many strange behaviors, like alcoholism,
autism, and schizophrenia, seem to be passed down through genes. Behaviorism can explain
how individuals use thought to acquire certain abnormal behaviors. Anorexic individuals
learn through social learning, by observing models and actors, reading about diets, and trying
to imitate the behaviors they see. The assumption has been made that there is some
physiology in humans and that psychology is the same as animal physiology. However,
humans clearly have an element of free will and can make decisions about how to behave.
2.0 BEHAVIOURIAL COUNCELLING STRATEGIES INTERVENTION

Behavior problems can make it hard for children to do well in school and cause
trouble at home. Targeted behavior interventions that are made to fit the needs of each child
can stop these challenging behaviors. Effective behavior intervention plans can cut down on
bad behavior, create a good place to learn, and make family relationships better.
Behavior modification is a methodical method for altering constructive behaviors. It
may be implemented with the use of prompts and shaping. A person who has trouble walking
has been trained to walk using a walking aid. In this study, Azam will be given guidance and
shaped according to the steps from the beginning of the process of controlling behavior
problems. In addition, "Social tale" strategy uses "verbal cues," which fall under the
"response" category. The counselor will explain a term using graphic cards and describe it to
the pupils. This approach is similar to that used in the behavior modification book on
behavior modification (Miltenberg, 2014). The counselor displays a card that depicts a person
biting their own hand in the shape of a prohibition sign. The instructor uses verbal prompts
and short phrases to describe the behavior in detail before modeling it with gestures. The kid
indicates that he has understood what the counselor has said when he nods or makes a happy
facial expression.
Positive psychology is an area of study where people are encouraged to engage in
activities that make them feel good about themselves. Positive reinforcement is a stimulus or
event that causes progress in learning or positive behavior change. It acts as a reward,
encouraging people to repeat the activity again and again. According to Skinner, behavior
refers to the steps used by counselors to perform regular reinforcement. The way
reinforcement is given will have an impact on subsequent behavior. For example, if Azam
gives a positive response or answers correctly, the counselor must give him praise and
support. This reinforcement will make Azam more brave and confident to answer questions
in the future.
Storytelling elements are the latest intervention specially designed for autistic children
towards the development of social interaction. The storytelling element can help Azam apply
the daily routine that has been implemented throughout the day to his social life. Autistic
children's short stories can reveal about social situations, skills, events, and concepts in sign
language that are compatible with their social responses. Acting as a "product," the
storytelling element of an autistic child's story is a short story, where this element has certain
characteristics that are about situations, concepts, or social skills. In a study by Rosly,
Normaliza, and Rahim (2015), these characteristics were found to be true for all autistic
children.
3.0 CONCLUSION

Children like Azam have a very major communication problem. It is difficult for him
to understand what they are trying to convey or the meaning of the words and instructions he
receives. This can have an adverse effect on others who perceive them as impolite and label
them as such. Other problems include not being able to see things from other people's points
of view or understand how one's actions affect others. When individuals show negative
conduct by expressing their unhappiness with others around them, such as via tantrums, it
creates an unfavorable image in the public due to their limited imagination, inability to grasp
abstract ideas, and use of language or words in communication.
In light of this, it's critical to establish a rapport with Azam in order to foster mutual
respect and cooperation, particularly in the context of teaching and learning in the school,
which will also improve family ties.
REFERENCES
1. Geldard, K. & Geldard, D. (2003) Counselling Skills in Everyday Life. Palgrave
publications.
2. Geldard, K. & Geldard, D. (2005) Practical Counselling Skills: An Integrative
Approach. Palgrave Publications.
3. Gibson, R.L. & Mitchell, M. H. (2005). Introduction to Counseling and Guidanc,
Sixth edition. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
MacLeod , J. (2005). An Introduction to Counselling. Sage Publications
4. Nelson - Jones, R. (2009). Introduction to Counselling Skills. Third Edition, Sage
Publications
5. Beck, J. S., & Beck, A. T. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy. New York: Basics and
beyond. Guilford Publication.