Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture I
Lecture I
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᎄፅᎼᑢቨ
ᢝ ᑩᎻኤᑢቨ
ᣥᘭ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
: ᣢᎳ ᏋፅᎻኤᑢቨ
ጕᓗዟᓗᑢᓀዟቲዲᑢቨ
ᒃᎤᒙᑻᏳᓗ። Ᏻᓗ፭ᑢቨቺቲᑿ። ᓀᘭᒐᓗᒐቲᏽᑢቨᑛቲᜓ፣ᕕቨ
ᑛᓆቨጤኤᑩᑢ ᑰᗫᖔᑿᑰᓹቨጤᗷ ᡧ ᢕ ቺቲᣄᑩᑢᡫ
ቺቲᗷቲኤኤᜧᕕቨᓆᣠᓆᕓቨ
ᢝ ᡫ ቺቨᣂᑿᑻᓆ
ᓆቦ ᓀᗫᖔᒐቲእᑢቨᏳᓗ፭ᑢቨ" ቺቲᣄᑢቨ ᡫ
ᓀᑿᒯቲ፭ᑿᑢቨቺቲᣄᑢቨ
"ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᓀᎉጳᓗ
ᓀᘭᒐᓗᒐቲᏽᑢቨᑛቲᜓ፣ᕕቨ
ቺቲᣄᑩ ᡫ ᑢ
ᡫ
ቺቲᣄᑢቨቺቨ ᡧᢕ
ᣂᑿᑻᓆ
ᓀᑿᒯቲ፭ᑿᑢቨ
4
ᒿᓅቲᏸጤᎉቦᓆᏩᗫᣃᓀᎏᏸ ᡫ
ᡫ
" ᓭጳቲᑿእᙬ።ቨᎫᓆᣄᑻᔹቲ፮ᙏቧᒻፅᐯᏕ "
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᡧ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᡫ ᑛቲᑻፗቦጳ
ᓀᘭᒙዟ ᅳᅽᅲᅲᅲᅽᅲᅲᅲᎫᓆᣄᑿᑢቨ
ᓀᑿᒯቲ፭ᑻ ᓀᐛᣃᡫ ᒢᑻቲ᎐ᓀᐛᣃᡫ ᓀᘌጕፅᏕᒻተ፮ ᑻ
ᑛቲᑿᎳᕓቨቺቲᑿᎤᒙᑻᑛቲᜓ፣ቦ/Ꭻቨᓗᒐቦ
Mona
Timo 4%
Saly 4%
5%
Adel
6% Kimo
24%
Kimo
10% Shreif
Shreif
51%
52%
Farida
24%
Farida
20%
Shreif
100%
ᓀᑿᒯቲ፭ᑿᑢቨቺቲᣄᑢቨ
ᑰᎏᏕᓀᘭᒐቲᜓᑻቧ ᓀᗫጳቨፅᑿኤ።ቨ
ᒢᎳᓀᘭᑩᑿᑢቨ ቲ፮ ᑢቨ
ᒻጳቨጕᕔቨ
ᡫ ቺቨᣂᑿᑻ
Ꮓᅱᅱ ᅱᗫጴᓗ ᓀᘭᑢᓗᔊ፭ᑻ
ᡧᢕ
ፅቲዳᑿᑩᑢ ᒻጕᓆጤዲᑻ
ᑰᏽᒐᓀᑢᓗᒳ።
ᓀᘭᑩᑿᑢቨ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᡧ ᢕ
ᣌᎻᘌ ኸᏸቨፅᑻ
ᓀᑿᒯቲ፭ᑿᑢቨᓀᐛᣄᑢቨᏋቨ
ᒃᒯቲ፭ᑿᑢቨ ቺቲᗷቲ፭ዲᑢቨ
ᢝ ᢔ
ᣐጳቲዳᑢቨ
ᒃᒳᒙᚏቺቲᏸᕙᎻᑢቨᓆ
ᔹቨጕቦኸᏸቨፅᓾнጳቲኤዳᘌ ᔹቨጕቦᒃᘭᏽᘌ
ᡫ
፸ᑩዱᑻ
ፅ ቦ
ᒢᗫᖁᓾጤᑿᑢቨ
ᒻጳቨጕᕔቨ ᡧ ᢕ
ᣌᎻᘌ ᡧ ᢕ ᓾጥᘭᏟᒙኤᑢቨ
ᣌ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ቺቲᣄᑢቲᗷ
ᡧ ᡫ
ᓀᘭᑩᑿᑢቨᏳᓗᏽዠ ጳቨፅᏽᑢቨቲዳቨᣚᓀᐛ
ᢝ ጳቲ፮ᑿᑢቨ ᓀᐛᣄᑢቨᔹቨጕቦᓀᘘᏸቨ
ፅᑻ
ᡫ ᒃᒯቲ፭ᑿᑢቨ Ᏻᓗᏽዠ
ᓀᑿᒯቲ፭ᑿᑢቨ
ᡧ ቺቲᑻᓗᑩᎻᑿᑢቨᣢᎳᎫᕙᕕቨ
ዎቲᗖጳᕓቨᒢᑻኸᛳᎏᒐ ᓀᑻቲᎻᑢቨቺቲᘭᎻᑿዱᑢቨᣚኹᗫᖔᎏኤᑢቨ
ᢝ
ᡧ
ᓀᑢቲዠᣚᓀᎏዠ
ᢝ ᒻጳቨጕᕔቨ፸ᑩዱᑻᔹቲ᎐Ꮃቦᓀᘘ።ቲዲᑻ
ᒻጳቨጕᕔቨ፸ᑩዱᑻᔹቲ᎐Ꮃቦጳቲᘭኤዡቨ
ᓀᘭᏟᎏኤᑢቨ
ᑰᗫᖔᑿᑰᓹቨጤᗷ
ቺቲᣄᑢቨᡫ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᣞᒙᎄፅᏸ
ᢝ
ᓀᗫᓆቲ፭ᙬᑻᓀᗫጳᓆጕቺቲᎻᏕጕᣢᎳ
ᢝ ጕቨጤ። ͻ ቺቨᓗᒙ። ᅷᒻጤᑿᑢ
ጕ ቨጤ።ᓆᓀᗫᓆቲ፭ᙬᑻᓀᗫጳᓆጕጤᓹቨᓗᏕᏃᏕጕ ͻ
ᡧ ቺቨᓗᒙ። ᅷቺቨጤᒙ።
ᒻጤᑿᑢቨᓀᘌቲᒳᒐᣚጤᒙ፭ᑢቨᑰᎉቦ
ᢝ
Ᏻᓗ፭ᑢቨᑛᕙዡᒢᑻᒻጤᘌጤዟᒃᒳ።ቦጳቨጤᎉቧ ͻ
ᑛቲᑿᑢቨፗቦጳᒻጕቲᗫጴ
ᢝ
ᣠᓆᕕቨ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᣘᓗᒐ ᡧ
ᅳᅲᅲᅲᎄፅᏸ ᢝ ᡨ ᣌᢕ ᓀᒐጳቲᏽᑻ
ᒷᘭᒙዟ ᎄቨᣂᏸᕕቲᗷ ᑰᗫᖔᑿኤᑢቨ
300 300
10% ͻ 10% ͻ 10% ͻ
ᣠᓆᕕቨᓀᎻᏕጤᑢቨ
ᢝ ͻ 10% ͻ
ᓀᘭᒐቲእᑢቨᓀᎻᏕጤᑢቨ ͻ
ᓀእᑢቲእᑢቨᓀᎻᏕጤᑢቨ ͻ 10% ͻ
ᓀᎻᗷቨፅᑢቨᓀᎻᏕጤᑢቨ ͻ
ᓀ፭ᑻቲዳᑢቨᓀᎻᏕጤᑢቨ ͻ ᣞᒙኣᑢቨᎄፅᏽᑢቨ
ᢝ
ᅴᅲᅲнᅳᅲᅲ ᅴᅲᅲнᅳᅲᅲ ᅴᅲᅲнᅳᅲᅲ
VS
˺˹˹˹Ωϧγ
ϪϳϧΟ 100 100
10% ͻ
10% ͻ 10% ͻ ᓀ፭ᑻቲዳᑢቨᓀᎻᏕጤᑢቨ ͻ
ᢝ
ᣠᓆᕕቨᓀᎻᏕጤᑢቨ ͻ 10% ͻ
ᓀᘭᒐቲእᑢቨᓀᎻᏕጤᑢቨ ͻ
ᓀእᑢቲእᑢቨᓀᎻᏕጤᑢቨ ͻ 10% ͻ
ᓀᎻᗷቨፅᑢቨᓀᎻᏕጤᑢቨ ͻ Ꮔᑩᘘᑿᑢቨᑰᎉቨ ͻ (ቺቨጤᒙ፭ᑢቨ)ᒢᓾጤᑢቨቺቨᓆጕቦ
100 100 1100
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᡧ
ᣠቲᑻᐂዠ
ᢝ ᣚፅᎻᑻᐂዠ
ᢝ
ᡫ
(ᓀᐛᣄᑢቨᣢᎳᓀᗫᖔᑢᓆቦᓆᣠቲᑻᑷቨ ᡧᡨ )
ᣂᑢቨ ᡫ
(ᓀᐛᣄᑢቨᔹቨጕቦᓀᎻᗷቲኤᑻ)
ᢝ
(ᒻጤᓹቲᏕ)ቲᒳᔏᑩᎳᐂᏟኤᑻᓀᘘ፭ᙏ ቺቲᑻᓗᑩᎻᑿᑢቨᣢᎳᎫᕙᕕቨ
(ᓀዲᑩᎏᑿᑢቨቹቲዲᎉቦጤዠተ)
ᡨ
Ꮔᑩᘘᑿᑢቨᑰᎉቦጕቨጕᣂ።ቨ ᡧ
ቺቨጤᒙ፭ᑢቨᓀᑩᑿዠᓀᎳቲᑿዟᣚᒿጕᓗዟᓆ
ᢝ
ᡧ ᡧ
ᡨ ᣚᒃᒯቲ፭ᑿᑢቨᒢᎳᓀᗫᖔᑢᓆቦ ᡫ
ᓀᐛᣄᑢቨᏃᑻᎄᓆቲᏟኤᑩᑢ
ᓀᘭᏟᎏኤᑢቨᓀᑢቲዠᣚᒷᑢቨᓗᑻቦጕቨጕ
ᢝ ᣂ።ቨ ᢝ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᓀᑿᒯቲ፭ᑻ ᓀᐛᣃᡫ ᡫ ᡫ
ᓀᐛᣄᡫ ᑢቨᑛቲᑻፗቦጳᒻጕቲᗫጴᒿᓅቲᣃᓆᏩᗫ
ᣃጳፅᏽᘌ •
ቹቲኤኤᜧᕙᑢቲᒳዠፅᓆᒻጤᘌጤዟᒃᒳ።ቦጳቨጤᎉឝ ᑛቲᑻፗቦጳ ᒻጕቲᗫጴ
ᡧ ᡫ ዎᖁᐂᗫᖁᒢᎳ
New
33%
Shreif ᑰᗫᖔᑿᣚᒇᓗᑿᒯቲ፭ᛒጕጤዟᔹቲ
ᢝ ᣃቹጥዱᑢ
34%
.ቹᓗᑩᎣᑿᑢቨᏃ።ᓗኤᑢቨ
ᒻጤᘌጤዟ ᒃᒳ።ቦ
ᓀᘭᑩᑻᓀᘘ፭ᙏᎄቲᏟዳᒐቨᑃᑢᒢᎳጃኤᒙᚏ።ᓆ •
ᒻጤᎳቲᏸᏃᔏ።ᓗ "
Mona
ᡫ
ᐇᕙᑻᑛᓗዡጕᏃᑻᅩᓀᐛᣄᑢቲᗷᒷᓹᕙᑻጴᓆᏩᗫ ᣃᡫ ᑰᗫᖔᑿኤᑢᓀᘭᑩᑿᑢቨ
3%Timo
ᡧ
3%Saly
3% Adel
Farida .ዎᖁᎣᑢቨᑛᕙዡᒢᑻጕጤዟ " ቲ፮ ᑢቨ ᣚᏃ።ᓗኤᑢቨ
ᢝ
13%
4% Kimo
7%
.ᣠᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ፭ᑢቨ
ᢝ ᐂᗫᖁᒢᎳᑃᑢᒃኤᓾᏋᓗ።ᓆ •
Ᏻᓗ፭ᑢቨቺቲᑿ።
ᣠᓆᕓቨ
ᢝ
ቺቲᗷቲኤኤᜧᕕቨᓆ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᡫ ᠍
ᓀᐛᣃ፸ᛳ።ተᎄፅᎼᗷᣠᓆᕓቨᒻፅᑿᑩᑢᒻጤᘌጤዟᓀᘭᑢቲᑻቲᏸቨጳᓆቦᒷᘭᏕጳጤᎏᓭጥᑢቨᏳᓗ፭ᑢቨᓗᒯ
ᡫ
.ᓀᑿᓹቲᏸᓀᐛᣃᑛቲᑻፗቦ ጳᒻጕቲᗫጴᓆቦᅩᒻጤᘌጤዟ
ጕጤዲᑻፅᎻ፭ᚽጥᘭᏟᒙኤᑢቨ
᠍ ፸ᛳ።ተኤᑩᑢᏃᔏኣᑢቨᓀᑩᘭᎏዠ ᡫ ᡫ Ᏻቨᓗ።ᕓቨᏩᗫᖁᎻ
ቲᏽᘘ፭ᑻ ᓀᐛᣄᑢቨᒢᑻᔹቨᣄᑢቨᒃኤᓾ
ቺቲᎻ።ᓗኤᑢቨᑰᗫᖔᑿኤᑢᓆቦ
ቲᒳቨᒻጳጤᎏᑿᑢቨ Ᏻᓗ።ᓆቦᓀᘭᑢᓆᕓቨ
ᡫ
ᓀᐛᣄᑢቲᗷ
(ቹቲኤኤᜧᕕቨፅᎻ።) ጳቨጤᎉᕔቨ
(Primary Market)
ᎃቲዳᑢቨቹቲኤኤᜧᕕቨ ᑷቲᎻᑢቨቹቲኤኤᜧᕕቨ ቹቲኤኤᜧᕕቨፅᎻ።ጕጤዲኤᓾ
ሑ
ᓀᑿᘭᏽᑢቨᓀ።ቨጳጕᣢᎳᔹቲᒙ
ᒢᑻᒻጕጤዲᑻᓀᎳᓗᑿዱᑿᑢ) ጕጤዲᑻᣂᎴጳᓗᒳᑿዱᑢ
ᢕ᠍ ) ᓀᑿᘭᏽᑢቨᓆቦᓀᑢጕቲᎻᑢቨ
(ᒢᗫᖁᑿእᙬ፭ᑿᑢቨ (ቲᏟᑩ።
ᓀᘭᑿ።ᕔቨ
ᓀዟቲዲᑢቨ
Ᏻᓗ።ጕᓗዟᓗᑢ
ᑛᓆቨጤኤᑩᑢᒃᎤᒙᑻ
ᓀᎉጳᓗᓆቦ ᓀᗫᖔᒐቲእᑢቨᏳᓗ፭ᑢቨ"
"ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨ
ᡫ
ᒃᒳኤᐛᣃዎᖁᒷᓹቲᏸጤᎉቦᓆᏩᗫᣃᡫ ጳቨፅ ᏸ
ᓀᎉጳᓗኣᑢቲᗷ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᡧ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᡧ
ᅰᣠᓆᕕቨᏳᓗ፭ᑢቨ
ᢝ ᣚቹቲኤኤᜧᕕቨጤᎻᗷቨቲᑻ
ᢝ
ᡧ ᢕ
ውጳቲዳኤᑢቨᣌᑿᒯቲ፭ᑿᑢቨጤዠቦጳፅᏸᓆቦ
ᡫ
!!ᓀᑿᒯቲ፭ᑿᑢቨᓀᐛᣄᑢቨᒢᑻ
ᒢᗫᖁ ᑿእᙬ፭ᑿᑢቨጤዠቦጳፅᏸቨቧ
ጤ ᘌጤዟᒃᒯቲ፭ᑿᑛᓗዡጤᑢቨ
ᡫ
!!ᓀᐛᣄᑢቲᗷ ᣠቧᓀዟቲዲᑢቨ
ᒃᒳ፭ᑢቨᑛᓆቨጤ
ΝϭέΧ ϝϭΧΩ ቹቲኤኤᜧᕕቨ ጤᎻᗷ
ᒃᘌጤᏸ ᒃᒯቲ፭ᑻውጳቲዳ
Ᏻᓗᏽዠᒇቲᑿᎊ ጤᘌጤዟᒃᒯቲ፭ᑻᑛᓗዡጕ
ᡧ ᢕ
ጤᎻᗖᓆᔹቲᒙነቦᣌᏕፅᎣᑢቨ ውᓆፅዳᑢቨᓆᑛᓗዡጤᑢቨᓀᑢᓗᒳ።
ᒃᒳ፭ᑩᑢፅዠᣂᎻ፭ᘻ
ᢕ ᓀᗫᖔ፭ᙬᑢቨᒇቲᑿᎊᓆ
ጥᘭᏟᒙኤᑢቨ
(ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᓀᎉጳᓗͿ͘͘ᑛᓆቨጤኤᑩᑢᏳᓗ።ጕᓗዟᓆᣠቧᓀዟቲዲᑢቨቺተ፮ᙏቲᒙᒯ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
:ᓀᑻቲᎻᑢቨ ᣦቲᏽᑿᑢቲᗷ
ᢝ ᡨ
ᒢᗫᣂ፮ᑿᑢቨᓆ ᡧ ᢕ
ᣌᎻᓹቲᘘᑢቨ ᡧ ᢕ ᒃᒳ።ᕓቨ ᑛᓆቨጤ ቦጤᗷ •
ᣌ
ᡧ ᢕ ᓀᘭᏸጳᓗᑢቨᓆ ᓀᘌጤᏽᒙᑢቨ Ᏻᓗᏽዲᑢቨ ᑛጕቲᘘᓆ ቺᕙᑻቲᎻኤᑢቨ ᓀᑻᕙ፭ᑢ ቺቲᒐቲᑿᎊ ᓆ ቦ ጕ ጤዲᑻ ᑷቲᎤᒐ ᐇቲᒙᒯ ᒢᐯ ᒃᑢ
ᣌ
ᡨ
.ፅዡᕒቨ ᏋፅᎣᑢቨ ᒢᑻ ኸᎏᒙᑢቨ ᓆ ቦ Ꭻቨጤዳᑩᑢ ቲᑿᒯጤዠቦ ᎄፅᎻ ᒢᑻ ᓭᣂ፮ᑿᑢቨᓆ Ꮓᓹቲᘘᑢቨ
ᒻተ፮ᙏጅᅱᅱ ᅱᗫጳቲ
ቺቲᎉጳᓗኣᑢቨ
:(ᓀᎉጳᓗ) ᓀᑿᑩ ᑰᎉቦ •
ᢝ ᡨ ᓀᘭᐯᘭዱᑩᘘᑢቨ (Van der Bürsen) ᒢᎉጳᓗ ጳ ጕ ᒇቲᏕ ᓀᑩᓹቲᎳ ᒃ።ቨ ᣠቧ "ᓀᎉጳᓗ" ᓀᑿᑩ ᑰᎉቦ ጕ ᓗᎻᘌ
ኹᒐቲ ᣎᑢቨ
ᒃᑢቲᎻᑢቲᗷ
᠍ ᡧ
ᔹቲᏽኤᑢᕕ ቲᒐቲᜓᑻ
(Brugge - ውᓆፅ) ᓀᒙᓾጤᑿᗷ ᓀᑩᓹቲᎻᑢቨ ᒷᑩᑿ ᓭጥᑢቨ ᏳጤᒙᏟᑢቨ ᒇቲᓆ ᅩᐇᓗᒙኣᑢቨ ᑛቲዱᑻ ᣚ
ᢝ ᑰᑿᎻ
ᡨ ᣚ ᡧ ᡧ
ᡫ ፸ᑻቲዳᑢቨ ᒇፅᏽᑢቨ ᒻᣂᏕ
.ᣄᎳ ᢝ ᣌᔏᑩዲᑿᑢቨ
ᢕ ጳ ቲዱኤᑢቨ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
:ᅳᅵᒇፅᏽᑢቨቺቲᘌቨጤᗷ -ቲ፭ᛳᒙᔏᏻ •
ᡧ ᡧ
.ᓀᘭᗖᓆጳᓆቦᒇጤᑻᒻጤᎳᑃᑢᣚᒃᒳኤᎻᘘᒃነᓀᘭᑻᓗᐯዲᑢቨᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨ
ᢝ ጳᓆᕓቨᑛᓆቨጤᣚቲ፭ᛳᒙᔏᏻᓀᒙᓾጤᑻጳቲዱቦጤᗷ
ᢝ
:ᅳᅸᒇፅᏽᑢቨቺቲᘌቨጤᗷ -ቲᜓᘭዱᑩᗷ •
:(ᒃᒳ።ቦᕙᗷᓀᎉጳᓗᑛᓆቦ) ᒻተ፮ᙏጅᅱᅱ ᅱᗫጳቲ
ᡧ
ᓀᗫጳቲዱኤᑢቨᒇᓗᓾጤᑢቨᑛᓆቨጤᣚᔹቲᎣ።ᓗᑢቨᓆጳቲዱኤᑢቨቦጤᗷ
ᢝ ቺቲᎉጳᓗኣᑢቨ
ᡧ
ᣚᑰᑻቲᎻኤᓀᎉጳᓗᑛᓆቦኹᒐቲᜓᏕᅩᓀᘭᑻᓗᐯዲᑢቨᓆᓀᘭᎏዳ፮ᑢቨ
ᢝ ᒃᑢቲᎻᑢቲᗷ
.ጤᎻᗷፅᒳᎠጤᏸᑛᓆቨጤኤᑩᑢᑰᗷቲᏽᑢቨᒃᒳ፭ᑢቨᑷᓗᒳᏟᑻᒢᐯᘌᒃᑢᓆቺቨጤᒙ፭ᑢቨ
ᡫ ᣃᡫ •
(ᑷ ᅳᅸᅲᅴ)ᓀᘭᏸᣄᑢቨጤᒙᒳᑢቨᓀᐛ
ᡧ ᡫ ᡨ ᡫ
.ᑷቲᎻᑢቨᑛᓆቨጤኤᑩᑢᓀᑩᗷቲᏸᒃᑢቲᎻᑢቨᣚᓀᑿᒯቲ፭ᑻᓀᗫጳቲዱᓀᐛ
ᢝ ᣃᑛᓆተᏃ።ቨᓆᏳቲᎣᒐᣢᎳቲᒳᏋᣂᎻᑻᓀᐛ
ᣃᑛᓆቦ
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᒻተ፮ᙏጅᅱᅱ ᅱᗫጳቲ
ᅳᅺᅲᅺ;ቲᘭᑢቲᎣᘌቧ) ᒇᕙᘭᑻᓀᎉጳᓗ ᅳᅺᅲᅳ ᒇጤᒙᑢᓀᎉጳᓗ
ቺቲᎉጳᓗኣᑢቨ
ᒃᑢቲᎻᑢቲᗷ
ጅᅱᅱ ᅱᗫጳቲ
ᓀᎉጳᓗኣᑢቨ
ᓀᗫᣆᑿᑢቨ
(ᅳᅻᅲᅵᅩ ᅳᅺᅺᅵ)
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨᏳቨጳᓆᕓቨᏳᓗ።ᒢᎳᓀᑻጤᏽᑻ
ᡧ
ᒻᣅቲዲᑻ
(ᅳ)
ᒻጤᘭᏽᑻᓀᐛᣃᡫ
ᒃᅱᒳᅱ ᅱ።ᕓቨ
ᓀᒐቨፆዡቺቨጤᒙ።
ቺቨጤᒙ፭ᑢቨ
66 245
ᒇቲᜓ።ቧቺቨጤᒙ። ᣓᛳᓹፅᑢቨᏳᓗ፭ᑢቲᗷ
ᢝ Ᏻቨጳᓆᕓቨ
19 215
ᓀᘭᑢቲᑿᑢቨ
ᐂᗫጳᓗቺቨጤᒙ።
ᡫ
ቺቲᣄᑢቨᏳᓗ፭ᚽ ᒻጤᘭᏽᑿᑢቨ
36 30 ᒻᣂᎼᎏᑢቨ
ᢕ
ᓀᎣ።ᓗኤᑿᑢቨᓆ ᓀᎉጳᓗኣᑢቲᗷ
ᓀᗫᣆᑿᑢቨ
Ᏻᓆጤᒙᎉᐂᓹቲነᓆ ᐂᓾጕቲᒙᎉᐂᓹቲነᓆ
ᓭጳቲᏽᎻᑢቨጳቲᑿእᙬ።ᕕቨ 1 1 ᡫ
ቺቨᣃᓖᑿᑢቨ
ETFsᓀᑢᓆቨጤኤᑿᑢቨ
᠍
ቨፅᅱ ᅱᐯ፣