Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

"
Ch 21 Respiration
21.1 Significance of respiration (Book 3, p. 21-2)

A What is respiration? (Book 3, p. 21-2)

n Through respiration, (1) _______________

chemical energy stored in food is released to support the
activities of organisms.
n Overall equation of respiration:

enzymes
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

n Burning glucose in air is represented by the same equation but without the presence of
enzymes.
Burning Respiration

glucose + oxygen glucose + oxygen

energy
energy level
energy level

transferred to
energy lost ATP in some
as heat of the steps;
energy is also
lost as heat

carbon dioxide + water carbon dioxide + water

time time

Site of Outside cells (In the presence of Inside living cells

occurrence fuel, O2, high temp)

Catalysed by No Yes, each reaction is catalysed by a

enzymes? specific (2) _______________
enzyme

Release of (3) _______________

Uncontrolled (4) _______________
Controlled
energy (Controlled / Uncontrolled) release (Controlled / Uncontrolled) release in a
in one go, i.e. there is only a single stepwise manner, i.e. involving many
reaction (fast) reactions (released gradually)

Formation of All energy (stored in glucose) is 55% of energy is lost as heat; 45% is
ATP lost as (5) _______________
heat stored in form of (6) _______________
ATP

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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

Roles of ATP in cellular metabolism

n During respiration, some of the energy released is used to form (7) _______________
ATP by
combining a phosphate (P) with ADP. This process is called (8) _______________.
phosphorylation
n ATP can be readily broken down into ADP and phosphate with the release of a
(9) _______________
small (small / large) amount of energy. The ADP and phosphate released can
be (10) _______________
reused to form more ATP during respiration.

(higher energy state)

ATP

energy from
breakdown of energy supplied
glucose in to the cell
respiration

ADP + P
(lower energy state)

‡ Formation and breakdown of ATP

n Cells require energy from ATP for three main types of activities:

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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

B Relationship between respiration and photosynthesis and their roles

in the ecosystem (Book 3, p. 21-4)

oxygen
glucose

energy

photosynthesis
Through respiration,
organisms break
Photosynthetic organisms respiration down organic food
convert light energy to to release the stored
carbon dioxide
chemical energy stored in water energy as ATP.
organic food.

‡ Photosynthesis and respiration allow a cycling of materials and flow of energy in an ecosystem

1 Cycling of molecules (CO2, H2O, O2, C6H12O6...)

n During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water from the surroundings are converted to
organic compounds. Some of the carbon dioxide and water in the surroundings are formed
from (16) _______________.
respiration
n During respiration, the organic compounds (e.g. glucose) formed in photosynthesis are
broken down to carbon dioxide and water, which are substrates for photosynthesis.

2 Flow of energy
n During photosynthesis, light energy is changed to (17) _______________
chemical energy stored in
organic food. The energy is transferred to consumers through feeding along food chains.
n Through respiration, organisms break down organic food and release the energy as
(18) _______________
ATP and heat. (Not recycling as heat is lost to the surroundings)
n In both photosynthesis and respiration, ATP acts as the (19) _______________
energy carrier.

in photosynthesis

ATP ATP

light energy energy stored energy that

captured by in organic drives cellular
chlorophyll compounds metabolism

ADP + P ADP + P

in respiration
‡ Relationship between photosynthesis and respiration

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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

21.2 Site of respiration (Book 3, p. 21-7)

n The first stage of respiration occurs in the (1) _______________

cytoplasm of a cell. The cytoplasm
contains various enzymes that catalyse the reaction. The remaining steps occur in the
(2) _______________.
mitochondria

A Structure of the mitochondrion (Book 3, p. 21-7)

(3) _______________
outer (6) _______________
mitochondrial
membrane
_______________
matrix
(線粒體基質)
(4) _______________
inner (contains enzymes)
membrane (packed with
enzymes)

(5) _______________
crista (folding)
(嵴)

‡ Structure of a mitochondrion

n Adaptive features of the mitochondrion for respiration:

Structure Adaptive feature for respiration

(7) _______________
Double n The inner membrane is highly folded to form
(Single / Double) (8) _______________.
cristae
membrane n The cristae are packed with (9) _______________
enzymes involved in the
reactions of respiration.

Mitochondrial n It fills the space enclosed by the inner membrane.

matrix n It contains enzymes involved in the reactions of respiration.
n It provides a (10) _______________
fluid medium for reactions to take
place.

B Cells with lots of mitochondria (Book 3, p. 21-8)

n Mitochondria are particular abundant in (11) _______________

active (active / inactive) cells, such
as liver cells, muscle cells, synaptic knobs of neurones and (12) _______________
epithelial cells of
intestinal villi.

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 Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

21.3 Aerobic respiration (Book 3, p. 21-10)

n Respiration that requires oxygen is called (1) _______________

aerobic (aerobic / anaerobic)
respiration (需氧呼吸). It occurs in three main stages: (2) _______________
glycolysis (糖酵解),

(3) _______________
krebs _______________
cycle (克雷伯氏循環) and (4) _______________
oxidative
_______________ (氧化磷酸化).
phosphorylation Electron transport chain (ETC) + ATP synthase

A Glycolysis (Book 3, p. 21-10)

n Glycolysis occurs in the (5) _______________.

cytoplasm It is catalysed by enzymes in the
(6) _______________.
cytoplasm It (7) _______________________
does not require (requires / does not require) oxygen.
The process involves two steps:

2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP

glucose 2 triose phosphate 2 pyruvate

(6-C) (3-C) (3-C)
ose - sugar 2 NAD 2 NADH

glucose undergoes
phosphorylation with
ATP and form
glucose-phosphate
Œ Breakdown of  Oxidation of
glucose to triose triose phosphate
phosphate to pyruvate
energy investment stage:
Net production of 2 ATP
2 ATP is used for energy

ΠBreakdown of glucose to triose phosphate

n Glucose is first activated by (8) _______________.
ATP (9) _______________
Two molecules of ATP
are used. The activated glucose molecule is then broken down into two molecules of
(10) _______________
triose _______________.
phosphate
NADH --> NAD+ + 2e- + H+
 Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate = loses electrons
n Each of the two triose phosphate molecules loses hydrogen, i.e. become (11) _____________
oxidized
(oxidized / reduced), to form a 3-C compound called (12) _______________
pyruvate (丙酮酸鹽).
electron
n The hydrogen is accepted by a carrier molecule called (13) _______________
NAD (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide 菸酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸). NAD is (14) _______________
reduced (oxidized /
reduced) to form NADH. (15) _______________
Two molecules of ATP are formed when one
molecule of triose phosphate is oxidized to pyruvate.
n In other words, the oxidation of the two triose phosphate molecules to pyruvate gives
(16) _______________
two molecules of NADH and (17) _______________
net two molecules of ATP.
(four - two)

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 Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

Bridging between glycolysis and Krebs cycle

n The (18) _______________
pyruvate formed in glycolysis then enters the (19) _______________
mitochondrion
where reactions of the Krebs cycle occur. It undergoes a conversion process catalysed by
enzymes in the (20) _______________
mitochondrial _______________:
matrix
NAD NADH

pyruvate acetyl-CoA
(3-C) (2-C)

CO2 coenzyme A

Ø During the conversion, a (21) _______________

carbon atom is removed from pyruvate and
released as (22) _______________
carbon _______________.
dioxide [decarboxylation]
Ø The remaining 2-C compound loses (23) _______________
electron which is accepted by NAD
to form (24) _______________.
NADH
Ø The 2-C compound then combines with a carrier molecule, coenzyme A, to form
(25) _______________ _______________
acetyl coenzyme A ____ (acetyl-CoA 乙酰輔酶 A). It carries the
acetyl group into the Krebs cycle.

B Krebs cycle (Book 3, p. 21-12)

n Krebs cycle occurs in the (26) _______________

mitochondrial _______________.
matrix It involves two main
stages catalysed by specific (27) _______________
enzyme in the mitochondrial matrix.

acetyl-CoA (2-C) (converted from one of the

two molecules of pyruvate
formed in glycolysis)

When there is no oxygen, there will be

no regeneration of NAD+ from ETC. coenzyme A
Therefore, no regeneration of 4-carbon
compounds. Krebs cycle stops. ΠCombination of
acetyl-CoA with
4-C compound
Regeneration of 4C compound:
From 6C to 4C compound to
allow krebs cycle to continue
4-C compound Krebs cycle 6-C compound

 Regeneration of
4-C compound
FADH2
FAD
2 CO2

ATP ADP + P 3 NAD

3 NADH
‡ An overview of the Krebs cycle

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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

ΠCombination of acetyl-CoA with 4-C compound

n Acetyl-CoA (2-C) combines with a 4-C compound already present in the mitochondrial
matrix. The 2-C (28) _______________
acetyl _______________
group is donated to the 4-C compound
to form a (29) _______________
6-C compound. Coenzyme A is released.

CoA

acetyl-CoA (2-C) + 4-C compound 6-C compound

n In this way, coenzyme A is (30) _______________

regenerated continually.

 Regeneration of 4-C compound

n The 6-C compound is (31) _______________
oxidized (oxidized / reduced) step by step to regenerate
the original 4-C compound. Each of the reactions is catalysed by a different
(32) _______________.
enzyme

2 CO2 3 NAD 3 NADH

6-C compound 4-C compound

ADP + P ATP FAD FADH

n The 6-C compound loses two carbon atoms which are released as
(33) _______________
carbon dioxide_______________.
n The 6-C compound also loses (34) _______________
hydrogen atoms, which are accepted by two
kinds of carrier molecules:
Æ three molecules of (35) _______________
NAD are reduced to NADH;
Æ one molecule of (36) _______________
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide
黃素腺嘌呤二核苷酸) is reduced to FADH.

n The energy released from the conversion is used to make one molecule of ATP.

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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

C Oxidative phosphorylation (Book 3, p. 21-14)

n The final stage of aerobic respiration occurs on the (37) _______________

inner (outer / inner)
membrane of the mitochondrion. It is called oxidative phosphorylation because the energy
for forming ATP by (38) _______________
phosphorylation comes from (39) _______________
oxidation of NADH
and FADH.

ΠNADH

NAD
ATP
+ 2 e– electron
H+

release ATP through

el

a series of redox
ec
t

reactions
ro
n
t ra


ns
po
rt
ch
ai
n

2 e–
1
2 H+ O2
Ž 2

H2O

‡ Oxidation of NADH and formation of water

ΠNADH loses (40) _______________

hydrogen atom and is (41) _______________
oxidized (oxidized / reduced) to
NAD. The hydrogen atoms split into (42) _______________
hydrogen ions and (43) _______________.
electrons
NAD is regenerated. It can accept (44) _______________
hydrogen in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
again.

 The electrons take part in a series of (45) _______________

redox reactions along an electron
transport chain which consists of electron carriers embedded in the (46) _______________
inner
(outer / inner) membrane of mitochondria. The energy released is used to make
(47) _______________.
ATP

Ž The hydrogen ions and electrons are eventually transferred to the final electron acceptor,
(48) _______________,
oxygen to form (49) _______________.
water

n The oxidation of FADH to (50) _______________

FAD undergoes similar processes, except that
the electrons from FADH enter the electron transport chain in a later step. One
(51) _______________
less (more / less) ATP is formed per molecule of FADH.

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Summary of aerobic respiration:
Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

D Overview of aerobic respiration (Book 3, p. 21-15)

cytoplasm
Glycolysis
glucose
2 ATP 2 NADH

2 pyruvate

mitochondrial matrix 2 NADH

2 CO2
2 acetyl-CoA

6 NADH
Krebs cycle
2 ATP

4 CO2
2 FADH

34 ATP Oxidative phosphorylation H2O

inner membrane O2
of mitochondria

‡ Summary of aerobic respiration

n Chemical equation of aerobic respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

Six oxygen molecules are required to break down one glucose molecule completely. Six
carbon dioxide and six water molecules are produced in the process.
n Oxygen is only used in (52) _______________
oxidative _______________. It acts as the final
phosphorylation
(53) _______________
electron acceptor and results in formation of (54) _______________.
water

electron transport chain. Oxidative phosphorylation stops. NAD and FAD cannot be
regenerated. As a result, the (55) _______________
Krebs _______________ can no longer operate
cycle
and only (56) _______________
glycolysis can continue. The number of ATP formed will be greatly
(57) _______________.
reduced

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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

E Comparison of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis (Book 3, p. 21-19)

Aerobic respiration Photosynthesis

Site of n All living cells (cytoplasm and n (58) _______________-

Chloroplast
occurrence
mitochondria) containing cells

Type of n (59) _______________;

Catabolism breaks n (60) _______________;
Anabolism builds up
metabolism
down organic food by oxidation organic food by reduction to
to release energy store energy

Energy n (61) _______________

Chemical energy is n (62) _______________
Light energy is
transformation
converted to ATP and heat converted to chemical energy

n Both involve an activation step

and products formed

n Activation of n Activation of
Activation process

(63) _______________
glucose by (65) _______________
chlorophyll by light
phosphorylation using ATP absorption
n The activated glucose is broken n (66) _______________
Electrons are
down in (64) _______________
glycolysis excited to a high energy level
for forming ATP and NADH
Reactions involved in energy transformation

Krebs cycle Calvin cycle

n Carbon dioxide is removed n Carbon dioxide is fixed into the
Cyclic process and
products formed

from pyruvate cycle by a 5-C compound

n NADH, (67) _______________
FADH
and ATP are formed
n 4-C compound is regenerated
n NADPH and ATP are used to
form triose phosphate
n ATP is also used to regenerate
the 5-C compound

n Both involve (68) _______________ _______________

electron transport
n Energy released in the transport of electrons is used to form ATP
Electron transport and

n Electrons in NADH and FADH n Electrons from chlorophyll are

formation of ATP

are finally accepted by oxygen finally accepted by NADP to

n ATP is formed by oxidative
phosphorylation
n ATP is also formed in glycolysis
and Krebs cycle by
(69) _______________
phosphorylation
form (70) _______________
NADPH
n ATP is formed by
(71) _______________
photophosphorylation

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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

F Investigation of aerobic respiration in organisms (Book 3, p. 21-20)

n We can study the (72) _______________

oxygen consumption by organisms, or detect the
production of (73) _______________
carbon _______________ and (74) _______________
dioxide heat by
organisms to demonstrate that organisms carry out aerobic respiration.
Ø To study the oxygen consumption by organisms, we can use (75) _______________
potassium
_______________
hydroxide solution to absorb the carbon dioxide produced by an organism in a
closed system.
Ø To study the carbon dioxide production by organisms, we can use (76) hydrogencarbonate
_______________
_______________
indicator or (77) _______________
lime _______________
water (石灰水) for detection.

Practical 21.1 Investigation of oxygen consumption in a grasshopper

(Book 3, p. 21-20; Practical Workbook for SBA 3 • 4, p. 21-1)

Practical 21.2 Investigation of carbon dioxide production in germinating seeds

(Book 3, p. 21-21; Practical Workbook for SBA 3 • 4, p. 21-4)

Practical 21.3 Investigation of carbon dioxide production in a living mouse

(Book 3, p. 21-22; Practical Workbook for SBA 3 • 4, p. 21-7)

Practical 21.4 Investigation of heat production in germinating seeds

(Book 3, p. 21-23; Practical Workbook for SBA 3 • 4, p. 21-11)

Practical 21.5 Investigation of heat production in a living mouse

(Book 3, p. 21-24; Practical Workbook for SBA 3 • 4, p. 21-14)

n The rate of carbon dioxide production or the rate of oxygen consumption by organisms can
be measured to study the rate of (78) _______________
respiration in organisms.

Practical 21.6 Investigation of the rate of respiration in a living mouse by measuring the rate of carbon
dioxide production
(Book 3, p. 21-25; Practical Workbook for SBA 3 • 4, p. 21-17)

Practical 21.7 Investigation of the rate of respiration in germinating seeds by measuring the rate of oxygen
consumption
(Book 3, p. 21-26; Practical Workbook for SBA 3 • 4, p. 21-21)

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Supplementary notes

22.4
 To demonstrate organisms carrying out respiration, we can study 1) oxygen consumption
by organisms, or 2) detect the production of carbon dioxide and 3) heat by organisms

1) Investigation of oxygen consumption in a grasshopper

 Potassium hydroxide solution: absorb the originally present carbon dioxide in the flask
and carbon dioxide produced by an organism in a closed system
 Organisms consume oxygen in aerobic respiration reduction in air pressure inside
the flask < atmospheric pressure  water level rises in delivery tube

2) Investigation of carbon dioxide production in germinating seeds

 The respiration rate increases rapidly during seed germination to break down the food
stored in seeds.
 Hydrogencarbonate indicator: detect carbon dioxide produced / concentration
CO2 level compared to Lower Similar Higher
atmospheric level ~ 0.04 %
Colour Purple Red Yellow
 Test tube A: yellow (germinating seeds give out CO2), Test tube B: red (control)
 boiling seeds (control): and no respiration
 sterilized: prevent microorganisms present on the surface from affecting the result.

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Supplementary notes

3) Investigation of carbon dioxide production in living mouse

Change the experiment to

grasshoppers? germinating
seeds?

 Airtight bell jar. Turn on the suction pump for 30 minutes.

 Potassium hydroxide solution in flask A (clear): absorb all CO2 in incoming air
 Lime water in flask B (clear): confirm the air entering the bell jar contains no CO2
 Lime water in flask C (milky): CO2 is present in the air leaving the bell jar, it is
produced by the living mouse

4) Investigation of heat production in germinating seeds

 Break down food storage by respiration during seed germination release heat
 Vacuum flasks: trap any heat produced by seeds. Inverting the flasks to 1) minimize
heat loss as warm air rises (less dense). 2) Allow CO2 escape as CO2 is denser than air,
building up of CO2 inhibits respiration
 Record the initial and the changes in temperature
 Flask A (increases in temp), Flask B (no change) : germinating seeds release heat

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Supplementary notes

5) Investigation of heat production in living mouse

 Differential air thermometer: U-shaped capillary tube connected to a closed test tube
at each end. Temperature increases in test tubes the air expandsmovement of liquid
 Cotton wool: insulator to prevent heat loss
 Open the clips connected to both tubesWait until the liquid levels in both arms of the
capillary tube become the same, record  Close the clipsWait and record the level
 Coloured liquid level in arm B falls  and that in arm A rises. This shows that
the mouse releases heat which warms up the air in tube B. The air expands and pushes
the liquid level in arm B downwards.

6) Investigation of rate of respiration in living mouse by measuring the rate of carbon

dioxide production

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Supplementary notes

 Sodium hydroxide solution absorb CO2  in mass

 Evaporation of water form potassium hydroxide by suction pump in mass
 Experimental: Measure the mass of flask C before turning on the suction pump
(M1a)Measure the mass again with the suction pump on for 30 minutes (M1b)
 Control: prepare set-up with same amount of solution and drying agent, but without
the living mouse in bell jar (Initial mass: M2a)Mass after suction pump on (M2b)
 Rate of respiration (g CO2 h-1) = [(M1b- M1a) – (M2b- M2a)] / time

7) Investigation of rate of respiration in germinating seeds by measuring the rate of

oxygen consumption

 Similar to experiment (5), make sure the liquid level in both arms of capillary tube is
the same. Connect the syringe to tube B and close the clip connected to tube A.
 After one-minute, move the plunger until the levels of coloured liquid in each arm
are the sameRecord the readings on syringe (volume of oxygen consumed by seeds)
 Liquid level in arm B rises, arm A falls, as respiring seeds take in O2 and release
CO2 which is absorbed by soda lime Reduction in pressure in tube B
 Rate of respiration (volume of O2 consumed per minute or hour)
 Water bath: prevent temperature changes of the surroundings from affecting the results

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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

21.4 Anaerobic respiration (Book 3, p. 21-29)

n Anaerobic respiration (缺氧呼吸) does not require (1) _______________.

oxygen The reactions
occur in the (2) _______________
cytoplasm only.
n Like aerobic respiration, it starts with (3) _______________
glycolysis in which glucose is oxidized to
pyruvate. Without oxygen, (4) _______________
pyruvate cannot proceed to the Krebs cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation. Instead, it follows different pathways and different products are
formed.

A Formation of ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast (Book 3, p. 21-29)

n Yeast (a unicellular fungus) can respire anaerobically and produce (5) _______________
ethanol
(乙醇) (an alcohol) and (6) _______________ _______________ when oxygen supply is
carbon dioxide
insufficient. This process is called (7) _______________
alcoholic _______________ (酒精發酵).
fermentation

1 Process of alcoholic fermentation

n The pyruvate formed from glycolysis is reduced to ethanol. (8) _______________
Carbon
_______________
dioxide is released and (9) _______________
NAD is regenerated to pick up hydrogen in
glycolysis again.

2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD

glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C) 2 ethanol (2-C)

2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP 2 CO2

glycolysis

n Overall equation of alcoholic fermentation:

glucose energy (2 ATP) + (10) _______________

ethanol + carbon dioxide

2 Comparison of ATP production between aerobic respiration and alcoholic

fermentation
n During alcoholic fermentation, glucose is partially broken down to form ethanol and carbon
dioxide.
n Alcoholic fermentation of one glucose molecule produces only (11) _______________
two
molecules of ATP through glycolysis. A large amount of (12) _______________
chemical energy is still
trapped inside the ethanol formed. Therefore, much (13) _______________
less (more / less)
energy is released from anaerobic respiration.
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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

B Formation of lactic acid in skeletal muscles (Book 3, p. 21-31)

n Skeletal muscle cells normally obtain energy through aerobic respiration. However, they also
carry out anaerobic respiration when there is an insufficient supply of
(14) _______________.
oxygen This happens during strenuous exercise.

‡ Examples of strenuous exercise: sprinting (left) and weightlifting (right)

n When a skeletal muscle cell respires anaerobically, glucose is broken down into
(15) _______________
lactic _______________ (乳酸) with the release of a small amount of
acid
energy. This process is called (16) _______________
lactic _______________
acid fermentation_______________
(乳酸發酵).

1 Process of lactic acid fermentation

n Glucose is first oxidized to (17) _______________
pyruvate in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen,
pyruvate accepts (18) _______________
hydrogen from NADH and is reduced to
(19) _______________
lactic acid _______________.
n In this way, (20) _______________
NAD is regenerated and can be used in glycolysis again. The
lactic acid is released into the (21) _______________.
blood

2 NAD 2 NADH 2 NADH 2 NAD

glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C) 2 lactic acid (3-C)

2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP

glycolysis

n Overall equation of lactic acid fermentation:

glucose energy (2 ATP) + lactic acid

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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

2 Significance of lactic acid fermentation in skeletal muscles

n Lactic acid fermentation comprises relatively (22) _______________
simple (complex / simple)
reactions. It produces only (23) _______________
two molecules of ATP through glycolysis.
n During strenuous exercise, skeletal muscles also carry out lactic acid fermentation to
convert pyruvate to lactic acid, in addition to aerobic respiration.
n This provides (24) _______________
additional energy in a very short time, so that muscles can
contract more powerfully and at a higher rate.

3 Removal of the lactic acid produced

n After doing strenuous exercise, we keep breathing fast and deeply for a period of time in
order to take in extra (25) _______________.
oxygen
n With more oxygen, more (26) _______________
NAD is regenerated in the electron transport
chain. Then the (27) _______________
lactic acid _______________ can be oxidized by NAD to
(28) _______________,
pyruvate which can be converted to (29) _______________
acetyl-coA for entering the
Krebs cycle. This additional amount of oxygen required to remove all the lactic acid is called
the (30) _______________
oxygen debt_______________ (氧債).
rate of oxygen uptake

oxygen debt

time
rest exercise recovery rest

‡ Changes in the rate of oxygen uptake during and after exercise

C Industrial applications of anaerobic respiration (Book 3, p. 21-34)

1 Application of alcoholic fermentation in yeast

i) Beer and wine brewing
Beer brewing Wine brewing

n Yeast is used to break down the sugar in n Yeast on the skin of

(31) _______________
barley (大麥) under (32) _______________
grapes breaks down the
anaerobic conditions to produce ethanol. sugar in grape juice to produce ethanol.

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Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

ii) Bread-making
n Yeast is used to break down the sugars in the (33) _______________
dough (麫糰).

(34) _______________ _______________ formed by alcoholic fermentation in yeast helps

Carbon dioxide
raise the dough. During baking, an increase in temperature causes the carbon dioxide trapped
in the dough to expand. This gives the bread a (35) _______________
spongy texture.
dough after
raising

dough before
raising
‡ Bread dough before and after raising by adding yeast

iii) Production of biofuel

n Alcoholic fermentation can be used to produce biofuel (生物燃料) from
(36) _______________,
crops such as sugar cane and maize. The ethanol produced is extracted as a
fuel to power vehicles.

Practical 21.8 Design an investigation of alcoholic fermentation in yeast

(Book 3, p. 21-35; Practical Workbook for SBA 3 • 4, p. 21-25)

2 Application of lactic acid fermentation

Yoghurt- and cheese-making Pickling vegetables

n Lactose in milk is broken down into n (38) _______________

lactic acid by anaerobic bacteria in the
absence of oxygen.
n The lactic acid helps (37) ____________
coagulate
the milk proteins, and gives yoghurt and
cheese their distinct flavours.
Sugars in fresh
vegetables are broken down by anaerobic
bacteria to produce lactic acid.
n The low pH of lactic acid inhibits the
growth of mircoorganisms that cause
food spoilage.

Drawing two or more curves in a graph (Book 3, p. 21-39)

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2020

(Third Edition) - 15 -
Lesson worksheet Book 3, Ch 21

21.5 Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration

(Book 3, p. 21-40)

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Similarities n Release energy from the (1) _______________

oxidative breakdown of organic
substances
n Transfer energy to the energy carrier (2) _______________,
ATP and some energy
is lost as (3) _______________
heat
n Consist of a number of reactions controlled by (4) _______________
enzymes

Differences n Occurs in cytoplasm and n Occurs only in

(5) _______________
mitochondria (6) _______________
cytoplasm

n Oxygen is (7) _______________

required n Oxygen is (8) _______________
not required
(required / not required) (required / not required)

n Organic substances are completely n Organic substances are partially

broken down into carbon dioxide broken down to form
and (9) _______________
water (10) _______________
lactic acid or
(11) _______________
ethanol and
carbon dioxide

n A (12) _______________
larger n A much (13) _______________
smaller
(smaller / larger) amount of energy (smaller / larger) amount of energy
is released is released
(38 ATP per glucose) (2 ATP per glucose)

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology ã Oxford University Press 2020

(Third Edition) - 16 -
Supplementary notes

Exercise

1. The diagram below shows some stages of aerobic respiration.

glucose
At which stage(s) is carbon dioxide released?
stage P
A. R only
B. P and R only pyruvate
C. P and Q only
stage Q
D. Q and R only

2. Which of the following statements about pyruvate is / are stage R

correct?
(1) It contains less energy than glucose per molecule.
(2) It is produced in the mitochondria.
(3) It is converted into lactic acid when oxygen is absent.
A. (3) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

3. Which of the following is / are produced by both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
in humans?
(1) ATP
(2) water
(3) carbon dioxide
A. (1) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

4. In a set-up, some living yeast cells were added to glucose solution that had been boiled and
cooled. The graph below shows the changes in the amounts of three substances in the set-up.

3
Amount

2
1

Time

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Supplementary notes

What do curves 1, 2 and 3 represent, respectively?

1 2 3
A. yeast glucose ethanol
B. glucose yeast ethanol
C. ethanol yeast glucose
D. glucose ethanol yeast

5. Which of the following comparisons between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation is correct?
Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation
A. uses alcohol as the substrate uses lactic acid as the substrate
B. more energy is released less energy is released
C. produces carbon dioxide does not produced carbon dioxide
D. occurs in yeast only occurs in animal only

6. Which of the following comparisons between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis is

correct?
Aerobic respiration Photosynthesis
A. anabolic process catabolic process
B. all stages occur in mitochondria all stages occur in chloroplasts
C. electron transport chain involved electron transport chain not involved
D. forms water in the final stage uses water in the first stage

7. Below are the steps in bread-making.

(1) Mix flour, sugar, water and yeast to form a dough.
(2) Leave the dough undisturbed at 30 °C for 1 hour.
(3) Bake the dough in an oven at 230 °C for 30 minutes.
(a) Name the process carried out by yeast that can make the dough rise in step (2). Explain
why the process can make the dough rise. (3 marks)

(b) The dough will not rise any further after it has been put in the oven for 10 minutes.
Suggest a reason to explain why. (1 mark)

(c) (i) Name another product produced by the yeast during bread-making. (1 mark)

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Supplementary notes

(ii) What happens to this product when the dough is baked? (1 mark)

(Total: 6 marks)
8. The diagram below shows an experimental set-up used to measure the rate of respiration of
some geminating seeds.
glass tube X glass tube Y

sodium hydroxide sodium hydroxide

solution solution

germinating seeds boiled seeds

(washed with (washed with
disinfectant) disinfectant)
moist cotton coloured moist cotton
wool liquid wool

(a) Two hours after the start of the experiment, the liquid level in glass tube X rose for 1 cm
and the liquid level in glass tube Y dropped for 1 cm.
(i) Explain the changes in the liquid levels. (4 marks)

(ii) Given that the cross-sectional area of the glass tubes is 0.5 cm2, calculate the rate of
respiration of the germinating seeds. (1 mark)

(b) The rise in the liquid level in glass tube X gradually slowed down. Explain why.
(2 marks)

(c) Explain why the germinating seeds and the boiled seeds should be washed with
disinfectant before the experiment. (1 mark)

(Total: 8 marks)

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Supplementary notes

ANS

1. D
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. D

7. (a) (i) To remove carbon dioxide from the air (1)

(ii) To show that the air entering the bell jar is free of carbon dioxide (1)
(b) The bell jar should be covered with a piece of black cloth in order to exclude light. (1)
Otherwise, the potted plant will undergo photosynthesis and absorb carbon dioxide. (1)
The pot should be wrapped in a polythene bag (1)
to prevent the respiration of soil microorganisms from affecting the result. (1)
(c) The lime water in flask C would turn milky. (1)
This shows that that potted plant releases carbon dioxide. (1)
(Total: 8 marks)

8. (a) (i) Germinating seeds consumed oxygen during respiration and released carbon dioxide.
(1)
The carbon dioxide produced was absorbed by the sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
The air pressure in the flask containing the germinating seeds became lower than the
atmospheric pressure. (1)
As a result, the coloured liquid in glass tube X was drawn upwards.
The liquid level in glass tube Y dropped because of the weight of the liquid. (1)
(ii) (1 + 1)  0.5 / 2 = 0.5 cm3/hour (1)
(b) As oxygen in the flask became used up, germinating seeds switched to anaerobic
respiration. (1)
Less and less (No more) carbon dioxide was produced. (1)
(c) This is to kill any microorganisms on the surface of the seeds. Otherwise, microorganisms
may carry out respiration and affect the results. (1)
(Total: 8 marks)

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