9/20/22
Cellular Functions…A Review
Bioenergetics Review
Stored Energy
§ Energy is stored in the body as:
§ Carbohydrate (blood, liver, muscles)
§ Fat (blood, muscle, adipose tissue)
§ Protein (muscle tissue)
§ ATP
§ PCr (or CP)
How do we access this
energy?
Bioenergetics/Cellular
Respiration
— Bioenergetics/Cellular Respiration
¡ Why do you need cellular respiration?
÷ The nutrients are not in the correct format to be
utilized as energy
÷ Goal: The conversion of nutrients to energy in the form
of adenosine triphospate (ATP)
How much energy is stored?
Carbohydrate
§ Blood Glucose = 120 kcals (30 g)
§ Liver Glycogen= 400 kcals (100g)
§ Muscle Glycogen= 1400kcals (375g)
Consider how quickly this can be used at a rate of
3 g/min or 180 g/hour (energy expenditure of
running 7.5 mph)
§ Fat:
§ IMTG= 3000kcals
§ Adipose tissue= 80,000 kcals (assuming 10% body
fat)
Biological Energy Systems
— Three basic energy systems exist in muscle cells to
replenish ATP:
¡ The phosphagen system
¡ Glycolysis
¡ The oxidative system
¡ WE USE FOOD (Glucose, free fatty acids, and amino
acids to power these Energy Systems)
1
 9/20/22

“OIL RIG” Cellular Respiration

— Chemistry: Oxidation is — Chemistry: Reduction is

“losing” (OIL) electrons
— Biology: “losing”
hydrogen (H) atoms
— More specifically: using that energy to form
“gaining” (RIG) electrons
adenosine triphosphate à ATP…
— Biology: “gaining”
hydrogen (H) atoms
glucose
cellular respiration
C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + energy

Used to produce ~38 ATP

Nerve impulses Muscle contraction

Growth

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Stage 1: Glycolysis

First step: convert glucose to

pyruvate…literally “sugar splitting”
Broken down into two
molecules of pyruvate

High energy molecule used to generate ATP

Help
Put
Phosphate
Anywhere
To
Get
Pretty
Powerful
Energy
Potential
KIK AID K MEK

Electron Transport Mitochondria

Chain

2
 9/20/22

Stage 2: Beginning The TCA Cycle

High energy molecules used to
Second step: forming Acetyl CoA from pyruvate generate ATP

TCA Cycle

From glucose Metabolite for TCA

Stage 3 ETC

Lactate Formation

• During strenuous, high intensity activity…

• H temporarily binds to pyruvate to form lactate
LACTATE • Does lactate accumulate?
FORMATION • What happens once activity slows?

3
 9/20/22

What do I expect you to know

Gluconeogenesis
• Creation of new glucose
• Important precursor for pathways:
• Lactate and pyruvate (Cori Cycle)
• Glucogenic Amino Acids, TGs and Glycerol
• Steps 1, 3 and 10 of glycolysis need to be reversed
and that requires a lot of energy
• New enzymes are needed
at this point??
• What is the purpose of cellular respiration? Why is it important?
• What is the purpose of glycolysis? When do we use it and why is
it important?
• What is the purpose of lactate? Generally what does it do?
• What is the main purpose of the Kreb’s cycle?
• What is the main purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?
• What is gluconeogenesis and why do we need it?
• Be able to identify and have a general understanding of the key
purpose NOT the specifics!

3 Energy Systems 3 Energy Systems

System Speed of Amount of Duration of
Action ATP Activity
• Creatine Phosphate Replenished
Creatine Very Fast Very Small Very Short
• Anaerobic Glycolysis Phosphate (< 5-10 secs)
Anaerobic Fast Small Short
• Oxidative Phosphorylation Glycolysis (1-2 mins)
Oxidative Very Slow Large Very Long
Phosphorylation (> 24 hr)

4
 9/20/22

Which system is predominant?

• A baseball player hits a double and sprints from home
plate to second base
• A soccer midfielder runs back and forth alternately
playing offense and defense as possession of the ball
changes
• A triathlete completes the Ironman

• A track athlete runs a 1,500-meter race

• An Olympic swimmer swims in a 200-meter freestyle race

Fed State Postabsorptive State

Meal to 3-4 hrs post meal 3-4 hrs post meal to 12-18 hrs post
Location Function Location Function
Liver 1. Glucose used Liver 1. Glycogen broken down to provide glucose
2. Glucose Stored as glycogen 2. Make glucose from lactate and alanine (from muscle) and
3. Glucose converted to FA glycerol (from adipose tissue)
4. AA metabolized
5. FA stored in adipose tissue Muscle 1. Glucose used for energy
Muscle Glucose used for energy or stored as glycogen 2. Some glycogen storage continues
3. Lactate and alanine released to liver to make glucose
4. FA uptake for energy
Adipose Fatty acids are stored as TGs
Tissue Adipose 1. TGs broken down to give FAs to muscle and liver
Tissue 2. Glycerol sent to liver to make glucose
CNS Glucose from food used to provide energy
CNS Glucose comes predominantly from liver glycogen

5
 9/20/22

Fasting Starvation
18 hrs to 48 hrs post meal > 48hrs post meal
Location Function Location Function
Liver 1. Liver glycogen is depleted Liver 1. Liver continues to manufacture glucose (glycerol) to prevent
2. Glucose made from lactate and AA provide by muscle further muscle AA breakdown
3. RBCs also provide lactate 2. FA broken down to produce ketones

Muscle Muscle protein degraded to give AA to liver + lactate Muscle Depends predominantly on FA and ketones for energy

Adipose 1. TGs broken down to give FAs to muscle and liver Adipose 1. TG are broken down to FA for muscle and liver
Tissue 2. Glycerol sent to liver to make glucose Tissue 2. Glycerol used for glucose

CNS Glucose provided by the liver from lactate and AA CNS Depends primarily on ketones produced by liver