BIPIN TRIPATHI KUMAON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DWARAHAT

SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT ON TRAINING AT

PWD, RAMNAGAR
RECONTRUCTION OF ROAD AT
SAINI FARM, NAYA GAON

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

THE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ARADHANA JALAL
CIVIL ENGINEERING 220180107004
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to place on record, my grateful thanks to MRS. RENU SINHA, HEAD
OF DEPARTMENT, CIVIL ENGINEERING for her encouragement.
I hereby acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude for the valuable guidance,
encouragement and suggestions given by my faculty in charge MR. NEERAJ
KUMAR, ASSOCIATE TRAINING AND PLACEMENT OFFICER who has been a
constant source of inspiration throughout this report.
Also I would like to thank to MR.HARI NANDAN MISHRA, ASSISTANT ENGINEER,
PWD RAMNAGAR, for giving me this opportunity for a valuable training, guiding
me throughout the training and helpful in the completion of this report work.
I record my sincere thank to my parents for the support and motivation.
Last but not the least, I thank all my friends, who have helped me in many ways
towards successful completion of this report.

ARADHANA JALAL
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT: AN OVERVIEW 4

2 INTRODUCTION 4

3 ROAD 5

4 ROAD PAVEMENT SRTUCTURE 5

5 WHAT IS ROAD OR PAVEMENT? 6

6 TYPES OF PAVEMENTS 6

7 TYPES OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS 7

8 MINERALS USED 8

9 CEMENT 9

10 SAND 10

11 AGGREGATE 10

12 PROPORTIONING 12

13 PROCEDURE TO CONSTRUCT PAVEMENT 12

14 PREPARATION OF THE SUB-GRADE OR BASE COURSE 13

15 MIXING AND TRANSPORTATION OF CONCRETE 13

16 PLACING OF CONCRETE 14

17 NORMS FOR RURAL ROADS 15

18 PROCESS OF RECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD 16

19 WATER BOND MACADAM (WBM) 18

20 ROAD CONTRUCTION WORK SAFETY TIPS 27

21 CONCLUSION 28
ROAD :

A road is a thoroughfare for the conveyance of traffic that mostly has an improved surface for use by vehicles
(motorized and non-motorized) and pedestrians. Unlike streets, whose primary function is to serve as public
spaces, the main function of roads is transportation.
There are many types of roads, including parkways, avenues, controlled-access highways (freeways,
motorways, and expressways), tollways, interstates, highways, thoroughfares, and local roads.
The primary features of roads
include lanes, sidewalks (pavement), roadways (carriageways), medians, shoulders, verges, bike paths (cycle
paths), and shared-use paths.
Modern roads can be classified by type or function. The basic type is the conventional undivided
two-way road. Beyond this are divided roads, expressways (divided roads with most side access
controlled and some minor at-grade intersections), and freeways (expressways with side access
fully controlled and no at-grade intersections). An access-controlled road with direct user charges
is known as a tollway. In the United Kingdom freeways and expressways are referred to as
motorways.

Functional road types are local streets, which serve only adjacent properties and do not carry
through traffic; collector, distributor, and feeder roads, which carry only through traffic from their
own area; arterial roads, which carry through traffic from adjacent areas and are the major roads
within a region or population centre; and highways, which are the major roads between regions or
population centres.

Road pavement structure

The road pavement structure layers are as follows.

 Subgrade or road bed

 Sub base course
 Base Course
 Surface coarse or wearing course
Road pavement – Subgrade
The subgrade is the compacted natural soil below the pavement layers and it is the finished
or compacted surface on which the pavement rests. They are also known as the formation
and serve as the foundation of pavement layers.
Depending on the nature of the terrain the sub-grade can be an embankment or a cutting or
it will be in line with the natural ground level. The load-bearing strength of the sub-grade
structure is determined by the California bearing ratio test(CBR).
The material used for subgrade shall be locally available, strong, and cheap.

Functions of subbase coarse

 The sub-base layer enhances the bearing capacity of the subgrade and improves the load
distribution capacity of the base course and wearing course.
 The sub-base course prevents the entry of finely graded sub-grade soil to the base course layer.
 They prevent the capillary rise of water and enable free drainage of water entering the pavement.
The sub-base material must be free draining for this application with suitable systems must be
included in the pavement design for collecting and removing any accumulated water from the
sub-base.
 This layer provides insulation to sub-grades against frost
 The sub-base course is used for raising the heights of pavements to be in line with the natural
water table.
 The Sub-base course provides a perfect hard stratum for remaining construction activities.
Base course
The base course is a layer or layers of specified or select material of designed thickness
placed on a subbase or subgrade (if a subbase is not used) to provide a uniform and stable
support for binder and surface courses.
The base course is the most important layer of a road structure which transfers the stresses
developed due to traffic impacts through the wearing course. The base course layer provides
the required foundation stiffness and structural strength.
Good quality crushed aggregates in line with technical specifications have to be used. If the
crushed aggregate does no meet the required criteria it can be stabilised with Portland
cement, lime, or asphalt. In the case of high-quality pavements, the crushed aggregates are
treated with asphalt or Portland cement.

The function of base course

 To act as the foundation of the road pavement and to transfer the traffic load safely to the sub-
base and subgrade.
 To withstand high shearing stresses due to the impact of traffic.
 To prevent the undesirable entry of subgrade soil in the pavement when the base course is
constructed directly over the subgrade.
Surface course or wearing course
The surface course is multiple layers of pavement structure where the
top layer is directly exposed to traffic. The surface course is also called
the wearing course. For flexible pavements, the bituminous surface is
the wearing course whereas in rigid pavement the concrete surface
act as the base course cum wearing course. The wearing course
reduces the percolation of water and provides an anti-skid and
abrasion-resistant riding surface.

Function of Surface or Wearing Course

The Function of surface or wearing course are as follows:

 To provide a smooth and uniform rigid surface.

 To resist the abrasive forces of traffic.
 To prevent dust nuisance.
 To act as a structural part of the pavement.
 NORMS FOR RURAL ROADS

For pre mixing -

For seal coat:

1. Grit method

2. Core sand method

 PROCESS OF RECONSTRUCTION OF ROAD

RECONSTRUCTION SITE:
1. First of all, the reconstruction site is cleaned.

2. After that, the top layer on which the mattress is made is filled with the
help of core sand and water.
Grid used: 22.5-53 mm

Thickness of Top coat: 7.5 cm

Width : 3 m
Length : 500 m

3. This mixture of core sand and water is poured over this intercoat where
there are depressions to seal off the rock below.
4. After all this, rolling is done over it so that the surface can be
maintained.
 5. After this we will be doing EDGING
EDGING :- To prevent the pavement moving or crumbling at the edges. For
block or brick paving, establishing the edge courses (also known as edge bands
or soldier courses) before laying the main paving, will help to guide screeding
levels. This is done parallel to the length of road maintaining the gap of 3cm
between each brick.
6. Here our WBM (Water Bound Macadam) is completed.

What is Water Bound Macadam?

The road whose wearing course consists of clean crushed aggregates, mechanically
interlocked by rolling and bound together with filler material and water and laid on a
well-compacted base course, is called water bound macadam road. The strength of a
water bound macadam course is due to the mechanical interlocking of the
aggregate particles and the cohesion between the aggregate particles due to the
cementitious film of soil moisture binder. The water bound macadam roads are in
use in our country both as a finished pavement surface for minor roads and as a
good base course for superior pavements carrying heavy traffic.

WATER BOND MACADAM COMPLETED

7. After this we will do rolling over the surface and leave the site open for 9 to
10 days for drying.

8. Up next, after drying we will spread the tarcoal bit by bit over the surface of
road, so that the subsequent layer gets compacted properly. This layer is
known as TACKCOAT .
9. Then we will work forward For PRE MIXING.
Pre mixing is a layer consist of Bitumen and Grit with the thickness of 2 cm.

The two types of grit used in pre mixing per 100 m² are:
•11.2 mm grit. •13.2 mm grit
We will mix bitumen and grit and then place this layer above the WBM.

PRE-MIXING LAYER
10. After pre mixing we will do rolling all over the surface, for the surface
maintenance.
11. Once we are done with pre mixing we will step forward with seal coat.
Sealcoat: Sealcoating, or pavement sealing, is the process of applying a
protective coating to the pavements to provide a layer of protection from the
elements: water, oils, and U.V. damage.
There are two methods for seal coating, that are as follows:-
a) Grit method :
The 6.7 mm grit is mixed with 98 kg tarcoal with the help of 42 kg fuel per 100
m², and applied all over the surface of the road.
b) Core sand method :
The core sand at 0.6 m³ mixed with 68 kg bitumen with the help of 56 kg fuel
per 100 m², and applied all over the surface of the road.
12. After the seal coat, we will be doing rolling all over the surface, for the
surface maintenance.
ssLeaving the site for 9-10 days for drying completely.

Road Construction Work Safety Tips

Follow these 7 safety tips to ensure the safety of your crews.
1. Plan & Prepare
2. Correct Traffic Control
3. Begin Each Workday With a Safety Meeting
4. Wear the Proper Safety Equipment
5. Efficiently Divided Work Zones
6. Routine On-Site Safety Checks
7. Stay Hydrated
 CONCLUSION

■ This training was beneficial to me.

■ I have a lot of experience about road types, and it’s characteristics as well
as village road construction.
■ I have knowledge about village road conditions.
■ I have knowledge about road construction material like bitumen, grit or
aggregates etc.
■ This will be useful to me in my future learning.