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1.1cell concept
TOPIC 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Mokariya Sanjay
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Cells are the basic, fundamental unit of life. So, if we were to break apart an organism to
the cellular level, the smallest independent component that we would find would be the
cell.

Explore the cell notes to know what a cell is, cell definition, cell structure, types, and
functions of cells. Document 10 pages

The cell.docx
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Cells
Pranav Shinde

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Cells are the fundamental unit of life. They range in size from 0.0001 mm to nearly 150
mm across.

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Cell Defini tion

“A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s
processes.”

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Cell
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CELLS_Biology
KYLENE ABELLANA
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Cells are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living beings. A cell can
replicate itself independently. Hence, they are known as the building blocks of life .

Each cell contains a fluid called the cytoplasm, which is enclosed by a membrane. Also Document 6 pages
present in the cytoplasm are several biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.
Cell Definition
Moreover, cellular structures called cell organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.
Woobin Real
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What is a Cell?

A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from their basic
structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was
the first Biologist who discovered cells.

All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell (unicellular), or
many cells (multicellular). Mycoplasmas are the smallest known cells. Cells are the
building blocks of all living beings. They provide structure to the body and convert the
nutrients taken from the food into energy.

Cells are complex and their components perform various functions in an organism. They
are of different shapes and sizes, pretty much like the bricks of the buildings. Our body is
made up of cells of different shapes and sizes.

Cells are the lowest level of organization in every life form. From organism to organism,
the count of cells may vary. Humans have more number of cells compared to that
of bacteria.

Cells comprise several cell organelles that perform specialized functions to carry out life
processes. Every organelle has a specific structure. The hereditary material of the
organisms is also present in the cells.

Discovery of Cells

Discovery of cells is one of the remarkable advancements in the field of science. It helps
us know that all the organisms are made up of cells, and these cells help in carrying out
various life processes. The structure and functions of cells helped us to understand life in
a better way.

Who discovered cells?

Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665. Robert Hooke observed a piece of bottle cork
under a compound microscope and noticed minuscule structures that reminded him of
small rooms. Consequently, he named these “rooms” as cells. However, his compound
microscope had limited magnification, and hence, he could not see any details in the
structure. Owing to this limitation, Hooke concluded that these were non-living entities. Document 6 pages

Later Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed cells under another compound microscope with Cell Structue and Functions
higher magnification. This time, he had noted that the cells exhibited some form of Drexel Dalaygon
movement (motility). As a result, Leeuwenhoek concluded that these microscopic entities No ratings yet
were “alive.” Eventually, after a host of other observations, these entities were named as
animalcules.

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Module-1-2-Additional-
Material
Eli Joshua Evangelista
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In 1883, Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist, provided the very first insights into the cell
structure. He was able to describe the nucleus present in the cells of orchids.
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Characteristics of Cells
????
APS Updates
Following are the various essential characteristics of cells:
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• Cells provide structure and support to the body of an organism.
• The cell interior is organized into different individual organelles surrounded by a
separate membrane.
• The nucleus (major organelle) holds genetic information necessary for
reproduction and cell growth.
• Every cell has one nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria, a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly responsible for the
energy transactions vital for the survival of the cell.
• Lysosomes digest unwanted materials in the cell.
• The endoplasmic reticulum plays a significant role in the internal organization of
the cell by synthesizing selective molecules and processing, directing, and sorting
them to their appropriate locations.

DIFFERENCES OF PLANTS AND ANIMAL CELLS

Types of Cells

Cells are like factories with different laborers and departments that work towards a
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common objective. Various types of cells perform different functions. Based on cellular
Earth-Life-Science-Module-5
structure, there are two types of cells:
Rosalyn Pagatpatan Barola
• Prokaryotes
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• Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Cells

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Inte Sci Grade 9 . Week 2

Anasatcia Mcpherson 9c F
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1. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Instead, some prokaryotes such as bacteria

have a region within the cell where the genetic material is freely suspended. This
region is called the nucleoid.
2. They all are single-celled microorganisms. Examples include archaea, bacteria,
and cyanobacteria.
3. The cell size ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 µm in diameter.
4. The hereditary material can either be DNA or RNA.
5. Prokaryotes generally reproduce by binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction.
They are also known to use conjugation – which is often seen as the prokaryotic
equivalent to sexual reproduction (however, it is NOT sexual reproduction).

Eukaryotic Cells

1. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by a true nucleus.

2. The size of the cells ranges between 10 –100 µm in diameter.
3. This broad category involves plants, fungi, protozoans, and animals.
4. The plasma membrane is responsible for monitoring the transport of nutrients and
electrolytes in and out of the cells. It is also responsible for cell-to-cell
communication.
5. They reproduce sexually as well as asexually.
6. There are some contrasting features between plant and animal cells. For eg.,
the plant cell contains chloroplast, central vacuoles, and other plastids, whereas
the animal cells do not.

Cell Structure
The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions
essential to carry out life’s processes. These components include- cell wall, cell
membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Read on to explore more Document 11 pages
insights on cell structure and function.
Basic Concept about CELL
Cell Membrane jack ome
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• The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of
substances in and out of the cells. It separates the cell from the external
environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.
• The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles,
such as the cytoplasm and nucleus, are enclosed. It is also referred to as the
plasma membrane.
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• By structure, it is a porous membrane (with pores) which permits the movement of
selective substances in and out of the cell. Besides this, the cell membrane also The Cell - Zoology
protects the cellular component from damage and leakage.
Ethel May Granil
• It forms the wall-like structure between two cells as well as between the cell and
its surroundings. No ratings yet
• Plants are immobile, so their cell structures are well-adapted to protect them from
external factors. The cell wall helps to reinforce this function.

Cell Wall

• The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up Document 19 pages
of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Cell Structures and Their
The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane
Functions SLA
•

and other cellular components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant
cells. Maricar Baria
It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane.
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•

• It provides shape and support to the cells and protects them from mechanical
shocks and injuries.

Cytoplasm

• The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell
membrane.
• Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.
• The cell organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria,
and ribosomes, are suspended in this cytoplasm.

Nucleus

• The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA.
• It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide, and die.
• The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from
the rest of the cell.
• The nucleus protects the DNA and is an integral component of a plant’s cell
structure.

Cell Organelles

Cells are composed of various cell organelles that perform certain specific functions to
carry out life’s processes. The different cell organelles, along with its principal functions,
are as follows:

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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Cells Assignment
Muqadas
Nucleolus No ratings yet

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular
activities and cellular reproduction.

Nuclear membrane
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The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus
cell theory
and other cell organelles. justine caintoy
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Chromosomes

Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Each human
cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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Endoplasmic reticulum
***Parts of the Cell and Its
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the Function
cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, the synthesis of lipids, Ernest De Mesa Mendoza
steroids and proteins.
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Golgi Bodies

Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of
materials within the cell.

Ribosome

Ribosomes are the protein synthesizers of the cell.

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Mitochondria Cells_tissues
Nisha Chauhan
The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it No ratings yet
produces ATP – the cell’s energy currency.

Lysosomes

Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and help in
Document 14 pages
cell renewal. Therefore, they are known as the cell’s suicide bags.
Structure of Cells
Chloroplast Timothy Jones
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Chloroplasts are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment called
chlorophyll.

Vacuoles
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Vacuoles store food, water, and other waste materials in the cell.
What is a Cell
jose de jesus sanchez
Cell Theory No ratings yet
Cell Theory was proposed by the German scientists, Theodor Schwann, Matthias
Schleiden, and Rudolf Vircho w. The cell theory states that:

• All living species on Earth are composed of cells.

• A cell is the basic unit of life.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
A modern version of the cell theory was eventually formulated, and it contains the
following postulates:

• Energy flows within the cells.

• Genetic information is passed on from one cell to the other.
• The chemical composition of all the cells is the same.

Functions of Cell

A cell performs major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism.
Important functions of cells are as follows:

Provides Support and Structure

All the organisms are made up of cells. They form the structural basis of all the organisms.
The cell wall and the cell membrane are the main components that function to provide
support and structure to the organism. For eg., the skin is made up of a large number of
cells. Xylem present in vascular plants is made of cells that provide structural support to
the plants.

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Facili tate Growth Mitosis
Structure of Cells
In the process of mitosis, the parent cell divides into the daughter cells. Thus, the cells
Timothy Jones
multiply and facilitate the growth of an organism.
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Al lows Transp ort of Substances

Various nutrients are imported by the cells to carry out various chemical processes going
on inside the cells. The waste produced by the chemical processes is eliminated from the
cells by active and passive transport. Small molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, Document 8 pages
and ethanol diffuse across the cell membrane along the concentration gradient. This is
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known as passive transport. The larger molecules diffuse across the cell membrane
through active transport where the cells require a lot of energy to transport the
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substances. No ratings yet

Energy Production

Cells require energy to carry out various chemical processes. This energy is produced by
the cells through a process called photosynthesis in plants and respiration in animals.
Document 44 pages

Ai ds in Reproduc ti on Chapter 3
Altaf Hussain Khan
A cell aids in reproduction through the processes called mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is
termed as asexual reproduction where the parent cell divides to form daughter cells. No ratings yet
Meiosis causes the daughter cells to be genetically different from the parent cells.

Thus, we can understand why cells are known as life's structural and functional units. This
is because they provide structure to the organisms and perform several functions
necessary for carrying out life’s processes.

Fluid Mosaic Model Fluid

The fluid mosaic model was proposed by S.J. Singer and Garth L. Nicolson. This model
explains animal cells' plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components such as
phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. These components give a fluid
character to the membranes.

Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic head pointing outside and a hydrophobic tail forming
the inside of the bilayer.

Cholesterol and proteins are embedded in the bilayer which gives the membrane a
mosaic look. Each component has a specific function to perform.

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CBSE Class 8 Science

Fluid Mosaic Model
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipa1vmQ7H_4 Chapter 8 Cell Structure a…
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Components of Plasma Membrane No ratings yet

Components Location

Phospholipid The main fabric of the plasma membrane

Cholesterol Between phospholipids and phospholipid bilayers

Integral proteins Embedded within phospholipid layers

Peripheral proteins The inner or outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer

Carbohydrates Attached to proteins on outside membrane layers

Phospholipids

Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
These are attached to a glycerol molecule by a covalent bond.

Cholesterol

It helps the plasma membrane to retain the fluidity. It is present between the phospholipids
and prevents the compaction of hydrophilic tails at low temperatures and their expansion
at high temperatures.

Proteins

The plasma membrane has three types of proteins:

• Integral Proteins: These proteins form channels to allow the movement of large
molecules and ions across the hydrophobic layer of the membrane.

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Cell Structure and

Function.output
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• Peripheral Proteins: These are found embedded in a single leaflet of the Document 18 pages
membrane. They carry signals from one segment of the membrane and relay it to
THE CELL
another.
• Glycoproteins: They stabilize the membrane and are responsible for intercellular Aleia Trixie
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Factors Affecting Fluidity of Plasma Membrane
The fluidity of the cell membrane is influenced by three factors:

Temperature
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Phospholipids are found close together when it is cold. When it’s hot, they move apart.
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Cholesterol
Md Aurangjeb
The cholesterol molecules are randomly distributed along the phospholipid bilayer and
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hold it preventing it from separating too far, or compacting too tightly.

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Aci ds

Fatty acids make up the phospholipid tails. Saturated fatty acid chains have a single bond
between the carbon atoms whereas, unsaturated fatty acid chains have double bonds
between the carbon atoms.

Double bonds make it harder for the chain to pack tightly by creating kinks. These kinks
increase the fluidity of the membrane.

Restri ctio n to Fluidi ty of Plasma Membrane

The fluidity of the plasma membrane is restricted due to:

Lipid Rafts

These are the lipid domains found on the external leaflet of the plasma membrane.
Cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol are the building blocks
of lipid rafts.

Protein Compl exes

Proteins and glycoproteins are diffused within the plasma membrane. These help in the
transport of ions and metabolites, cell signaling, adhesion, and migration.

Key Points on t he Fluid Mosaic Model

• The plasma membrane comprises amphiphilic, phospholipid molecules.

• The second important component of the plasma membrane is integral proteins that
are integrated completely into the membrane.
• Carbohydrates are found on the external surface of the membrane where they are
bound to proteins or lipids.

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