www.

avi
tal
school
s.com

AVI
TALCOLLEGE
47,
BOLAJIBANWOSTREET,
AGUDA,
SURULERE,
LAGOS.

SCHEMEOFWORK&LESSONNOTES
ON
CI
VICEDUCATI
ON
JUNI
ORSECONDARYSCHOOL2

SECONDTERM
2022/
2023ACADEMI
CSESSI
ON

PREPAREDBY
OLADI
PO,
SHOLAEZEKI
EL
WEEKS TOPI
CS SUB-
TOPI
CS
1 Rev
isi
onofLastt
erm’
swor
k Rev
isi
onofLastt
erm’
swor
k
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com

2 Ther
uleofl
aw Meani
ng,Benef
itsoft
her
ule ofl
aw
andar
bit
rar
yrul
e

3 Puni
shabl
eof
fences Meaning, Exampl
es of punishabl
e
of
fencesandthei
rpuni
shment
s

4 Prot
ecti
on ofHuman r
ight
s and Meani
ngofhumanri
ght
s,Examplesof
ther
uleofl
aw humanri
ght
s,Wayshumanr i
ght
scan
bepr
otect
ed
5 Groups thatassi
stin prot
ect
ing Tradeuni
ons,
Student
suni
ons
humanrightsofci
ti
zens.
CLO,DHR

6 Consumerr
ight
sandr
esponsi
bil
it
y Univ
ersal r ight
s of consumer
,
Responsi
bil
it
yofconsumer

7 Democr
acy Meani
ng,
Feat
ures,
Benef
it
s
8 Democr
ati
cinst
it
uti
ons Meani
ngwi
thexampl
es,
Funct
ions
I
mpor
tance

9 Pi
ll
arsofdemocr
acy Meani
ng,
Exampl
es

10-
12 Rev
isi
onandExami
nat
ion Rev
isi
onandExami
nat
ion
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
LESSONNOTEFORWEEKONE(
1)
TOPI
C: REVI
SIONOFLASTTERM’
SWORK
BEHAVI
OURALOBJECTI
VES:Att
heendoft
hisl
esson,
student
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:
i
. St
atet
hemeani
ngofi
ntegr
it
y

i
i. Ment
iont
heat
tri
but
esofi
ntegr
it
y.

CONTENT
MEANI
NGOFI
NTEGRI
TY
Accordi
ngtotheEncar
taDi
cti
onar
y, t
hewor dint
egri
tymeansthequal
it
yofpossessing
andsteadf
astl
yadheri
ngt
ohighmor alpr
inci
plesorprof
essi
onalst
andards.Thati
st he
abi
li
tytost
icktohi
ghmoralpr
inci
plesineverysi
tuat
ion.
ATTRI
BUTESOFI
NTEGRI
TY
Thesear
e:
1. Pr
obi
ty
2. Cont
ent
ment
3. Tr
uthf
ulness
4. Fai
r-
play
5. Non-
compr
omi
seofpr
inci
ples.

Probi
ty:
Probi
tymeansabsol
utemoral
soundness.Amanorwomanofi
ntegr
it
yhas
soundmoralchar
act
ert
hatcannotbefaul
ted.

Contentment
:Thisi
st hef
eel
ingofbei
ngsat
isf
iedwi
thone’
spresentpossessi
on.
I
ntegri
tymakesapersontobecontent
ed.Amanofint
egri
tyi
seversati
sfi
edwithwhat
hecanhonestl
yacquir
e.

Trut
hfulness:Thisi
stheactoftel
l
ingthetr
uthal
ways.Amanofi
ntegr
it
ytel
l
sthet
rut
h
andstandsbyi tandal
waysreadytosuff
erfort
hetr
uth.
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
Fai
r-Pl
ay:Thisist
hehabitofputt
ingoneselfi
notherpeopl
e’
sshoeswhendeali
ngor
rel
ati
ngwiththem.Apersonofintegr
it
ylikesfai
r-
playandf
oll
owsthegol
denrul
eof“do
untoother
s,asyouwantothersdountoyou”

Non-Compr omi
seofPri
ncipl
e:Menofi
ntegr
it
yhar
dlycompromi
set
heattr
ibut
esof
i
ntegri
tysuchashonest
y,cont
ent
mentandsoon.Thatist
heyal
waysst
icktothose
qual
it
ies.

PEOPLEOFI
NTEGRI
TYI
NNI
GERI
A.
Ni
ger
iahassomanymenandwomenofi
ntegr
it
yamongwhom ar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:
1. Dr.TaiSolarin
2. ChiefEmekaAny aoku
3. Dr.Akiol
aAguda
4. Prof.DoraAkuny il
i
5. Prof.Oli
koy eRansomeKut
i
6. ChiefGani Fawehinmi
7. AdamsOshi omol e
8. Prof.WoleSoy inka
9. Gen.Mur i
talaRamatMohammedet
c

CLASSWORK
1. Whi
choft
hesei
snotanat
tri
but
eofi
ntegr
it
y?
A.Pr
obi
ty B.Cont
ent
ment C.Wi
ckedness D.Fai
r-
play
2. Thef
eel
i
ngofbei
ngsat
isf
iedwi
thone’
spr
esentpossessi
oni
scal
l
ed_
___
___
_.
A.account
abi
l
ity B.honest
y C.cont
ent
ment D.f
air
-pl
ay
3. Amanorwomanofi
ntegr
it
yisal
way
s__
___
.
A.neat B.t
rut
hful C.f
luent D.r
ich
4. Absol
utemor
alsoundnessi
scal
l
ed_
___
__.
A.pr
inci
ple B.pr
obi
ty C.f
air
-pl
ay D.educat
ion
5. Thehabi
tofput
ti
ngone-
sel
finot
herpeopl
e’
sshoeswhenwer
elat
ewi
thot
her
s
i
scall
ed___
__.
A.honest
y B.Cl
ever
ness C.t
rut
hful
ness
D.f
air
-pl
ay
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com

ASSI
GNMENT
1. Def
inei
ntegr
it
y.
2. Li
stt
heat
tri
but
esofi
ntegr
it
yandf
ourper
sonsofi
ntegr
it
yinNi
ger
ia.

LESSONNOTEFORWEEKTWO(
2)

TOPI
C: THERULEOFLAW
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
BEHAVI
ORALOBJECTI
VES:Att
heendoft
hisl
esson,
student
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:

 expl
aint
hemeani
ngofr
uleofl
aw

 out
li
net
hepr
inci
plesofr
uleofl
aw

 st
atet
hebenef
it
soft
her
uleofl
awov
erar
bit
rar
yrul
e

CONTENT

Meani
ngofRul
eofLaw

Lawi
sthesetofr
ulesandr
egul
ati
onsbywhi
chasoci
etyi
sgov
ernedt
omai
ntai
npeace
andor
der
li
ness.Rul
eofl
awmeanst
hesupr
emacyofl
awov
ert
heci
ti
zensi
nacount
ry.
Theequal
i
tyofev
eryci
ti
zenbef
oret
hel
awandt
hepr
esenceofi
ndi
vi
dual
right
s.

A.
V.Di
ceypr
opoundedt
hedoct
ri
net
hatl
eader
sshoul
dabi
debyt
her
uleofl
aw and
gov
ernt
hepeopl
eaccor
dingt
othepr
ovi
sionoft
heconst
it
uti
onoft
hecount
ry.

Pr
inci
ples/
Feat
uresofRul
eofLaw

Ther
uleofl
awhast
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
inci
ples

1.Pr
inci
pleofEqual
it
yBef
oret
heLaw:Ther
eisnoci
ti
zent
hati
sabov
ethel
aw.
Thel
aw shoul
dappl
ytoal
lwi
thr
espectf
orper
sonandwi
thoutr
espectf
or
per
son.Hence,
all
cit
izensshoul
dbeequal
bef
oret
hel
aw.

2.ThePr
inci
pleofSupr
emacyoft
heLaw:Thi
smeanst
hatnobodyi
sabov
ethel
aw.
Thel
awi
ssupr
emeandabov
eev
ery
one.

3.Pr
inci
pleofFai
rHear
ing:Peopl
ear
rest
edf
oranof
fenceshoul
dbegi
venf
air
hear
ingt
hroughl
egalpr
ocessi
nthecour
tbef
orebei
ngcondemnedofsent
enced
t
ojai
l
.

4.Ri
ghtofAppeal
:When an i
ndi
vi
duali
s notsat
isf
ied wi
thal
owercour
t’
s
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
j
udgement
,hecanappeal
inahi
ghercour
t.

5.Fundament
alHuman Ri
ght
s:The r
ight
s ofi
ndi
vi
dual
s ent
renched i
nthe
const
it
uti
onshoul
dbeenf
orcedandguar
ant
eed.

Benef
it
soft
heRul
eofLawov
erAr
bit
rar
yRul
e

1.I
tpr
otect
sci
ti
zensagai
nstar
bit
rar
yrul
e:Rul
eofl
awensur
est
hatci
ti
zenshav
e
accesst
oseekr
e-dr
essi
ncour
twhent
heyf
eel
cheat
edort
hei
rri
ght
sisi
nfr
inged
upon.

2.Guar
ant
eesf
undament
alhumanr
ight
s:I
tmakesev
eryci
ti
zenenj
oyf
undament
al
humanr
ight
sasst
atedi
ntheconst
it
uti
on.

3.Ensur
es f
reedom: Jour
nal
i
sthav
efr
eedom (
though notwi
thoutl
i
mit
s)t
o
expr
essv
iewsaboutgov
ernmentpol
i
ciesandhow t
heyaf
fectt
hepeopl
e.Thi
s
f
reedom l
eav
esj
our
nal
i
stunpuni
shedf
orpoi
nti
ngoutar
easwher
egov
ernmenti
s
notper
for
ming.

4.Pr
eventunl
awf
uldet
ent
ion:No per
son shoul
d bedet
ained bey
ond 24hour
s
bef
oret
ri
ali
ncour
t.I
ndi
vi
dual
scansuegov
ernmentandi
tsagent
sforunl
awf
ul
ar
restordet
ent
ion.

5.Al
lowsf
orequal
it
yofal
lci
ti
zens:Undert
her
uleofl
aw,t
her
eisnosacr
edcow.
Thel
awappl
i
est
oal
landal
lci
ti
zensar
eequal
bef
oret
hel
aw.

6.Gi
ver
ooms f
orappeal
:When j
udgementgi
ven by a l
owercour
tis not
sat
isf
act
ory
,rul
eofl
awgi
vesr
oom f
orappeal
toahi
ghercour
t.

CLASSWORK

 Whati
srul
eofl
aw?

 Li
standexpl
ainanyt
hreepr
inci
plesofr
uleofl
aw.

 Out
li
net
hreebenef
it
sofr
uleofl
awov
erar
bit
rar
yrul
e.

ASSI
GNMENT
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
 Descr
ibepuni
shabl
eof
fences.

LESSONNOTEFORWEEKTHREE(
3)

TOPI
C: PUNI
SHABLEOFFENCES

BEHAVI
ORALOBJECTI
VES:Att
heendoft
hisl
esson,
student
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:

 def
inepuni
shabl
eof
fences

 ment
iont
hecl
assesofpuni
shabl
eof
fences

 l
i
stexampl
esofpuni
shabl
eof
fences

CONTENT

Puni
shabl
eOf
fences

Puni
shabl
eof
fencesar
ethosecr
imespeopl
ecommi
tthatat
tract
spuni
shment
.Peopl
e
commi
tlot
s ofof
fences i
nthei
ract
ivi
ti
es orr
elat
ionshi
ps wi
th ot
her
sthatar
e
puni
shabl
ebyl
aw.

Cl
assesofOf
fences

Ther
ear
etwocl
assesofof
fences

 Cr
imi
nalOf
fences:Ther
ear
esev
ereof
fenceswi
thsev
erepenal
ti
es.Though
ci
ti
zens mustbe t
ri
ed i
n cour
tand f
ound gui
l
tyofsuch of
fences bef
ore
puni
shmenti
smet
edoutwi
thr
espectt
othepr
ovi
sionofl
aw.Cr
imi
nalof
fences
i
ncl
udecr
imesl
i
kebr
iber
y,dr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ng,cor
rupt
ionandhumant
raf
fi
cki
ng.
Cr
imi
nal
off
encesmayat
tractj
ail
ter
m anddeat
hpenal
ti
es.

 Ci
vi
lOf
fences:Theyar
elesscr
it
icalof
fencesy
ett
heyat
tractpenal
ti
es.They
i
ncl
udepr
ost
it
uti
on,l
i
bel
,sl
ander
,sani
tat
ion of
fencesand so on.Theyar
e
puni
shabl
ebyi
mpr
essi
ngf
ineandshor
tdet
ent
ionsent
ences.
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
CLASSWORK

 Whatar
epuni
shabl
eof
fences?

 Li
stt
hecl
assesofof
fences.

 Expl
aint
het
wocl
assesofof
fenceswi
thexampl
es.

ASSI
GNMENT

Howcanhumanr
ight
sbepr
otect
ed?
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com

LESSONNOTEFORWEEKFOUR(
4)

TOPI
C: PROTECTI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTSANDTHERULEOFLAW

BEHAVI
ORALOBJECTI
VES:Att
heendoft
hisl
esson,
student
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:

 def
inehumanr
ight
s

 ment
iont
hebasi
chumanr
ight
s

 st
ateway
sindi
vi
dual
scanpr
otecthumanr
ight
sandt
her
uleofl
aw

CONTENT

Humanr
ight
sar
ebasi
cri
ght
sthatev
eryhumanbei
ngshoul
dbeent
it
ledt
o.Al
lthese
r
ight
sar
eenshr
inedi
ntheconst
it
uti
onofacount
ryandar
eexpect
edt
obepr
otect
edby
t
hegov
ernmentofacount
ry.

Someoft
hebasi
chumanr
ight
sar
easf
oll
ows:

1.Ri
ghtt
oli
fe

2.Ri
ghtt
ofr
eedom ofspeech

3.Ri
ghtt
ofai
rhear
ing

4.Ri
ghtt
ofr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on

5.Ri
ghtt
oownpr
oper
ty

6.Ri
ghtt
ofr
eedom ofmov
ement
.

Theser
ight
sar
evi
talt
owar
dst
hemai
ntenanceofl
awandor
der
.Howev
er,t
heyar
eto
bepr
otect
edf
rom ev
eryf
orm ofoppr
essi
onorassaul
t.
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
Way
sofPr
otect
ingHumanRi
ght
s:Rol
esofI
ndi
vi
dual
s

Way
sbywhi
chi
ndi
vi
dual
spr
otectt
her
ight
soft
heci
ti
zens

 Repr
esent
ingt
heaf
fect
edper
soni
ncour
t:Thi
sisusual
l
ydonebyhumanr
ight
s
act
ivi
stsnot
abl
ythel
atel
egal
icon,
Chi
efGani
Fawehi
nmi
.

 Wr
it
ingi
npr
intmedi
a:Humanr
ight
sabusesar
eof
tenexposedt
hroughext
ensi
ve
wr
it
ingi
nnewspaper
sandmagazi
nes.

 Speci
alpr
ogr
ammesonel
ect
roni
cmedi
a:Someel
ect
roni
cmedi
ashow some
pr
ogr
ammeswhi
chhel
pindi
vi
dual
stogetexposedt
ocasesofhumanr
ight
s
abusesatwor
k,nei
ghbour
hoodandt
hecommuni
tyatl
arge.

Ot
hermeansofpr
otect
inghumanr
ight
sandt
her
uleofl
awar
e:

 Pr
otestmar
ches:Thi
sisanot
herwayofshowi
ngdi
spl
easur
eov
erpar
ti
cul
ar
si
tuat
ions.Thi
sisdonet
hroughpeacef
uldemonst
rat
ionsandusi
ngpl
acar
dst
o
showt
hatt
heyar
enothappy
.

 Medi
acov
erage:Themassmedi
ali
ket
her
adi
o,t
elev
isi
on,newspaper
s,pr
ess
conf
erence,
hav
ebeenusedt
ofi
ghthumanr
ight
s’abuses.Jour
nal
i
stshav
eal
so
usedt
hepent
ofi
ghtmi
l
itar
yoppr
essi
on.

CLASSWORK

 Whatar
ehumanr
ight
s?

 Ment
iont
hreehumanr
ight
s

 St
atet
hreeway
shumanr
ight
sar
epr
otect
edbyi
ndi
vi
dual
s.

ASSI
GNMENT

Rol
esofgr
oupi
nthepr
otect
ionofhumanr
ight
s.
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com

LESSONNOTEFORWEEKFI
VE(
5)

TOPI
C: GROUPSTHATASSI
STI
NPROTECTI
NGHUMANRI
GHTS

BEHAVI
ORALOBJECTI
VES:Att
heendoft
hisl
esson,
student
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:

 def
inehumanr
ight
s

 st
ategr
oupst
hatpr
otecthumanr
ight
sandt
her
uleofl
aw.

CONTENT

Humanr
ight
sar
ebasi
cri
ght
sthatev
eryhumanbei
ngshoul
dbeent
it
ledt
o.Al
lthese
r
ight
sar
eenshr
inedi
ntheconst
it
uti
onofacount
ryandar
eexpect
edt
obepr
otect
edby
t
hegov
ernmentofacount
ry.

Way
sofPr
otect
ingHumanRi
ght
s:Rol
esofGr
oups

Ther
ear
eor
gani
zedbodi
est
hatassi
sti
npr
otect
ingt
hehumanr
ight
sandt
her
uleof
l
awi
nNi
ger
ia.Theyar
easf
oll
ows:

 Tr
adeUni
ons:Gr
oupsl
i
keNi
ger
iaUni
onofTeacher
s(NUT)
,Ni
ger
iaMedi
cal
Associ
ati
on(
NMA)
,Ni
ger
iaBarAssoci
ati
on(
NBA)
,for
mthemaj
orst
akehol
der
s
i
nthi
suni
on.Theypur
suecommonai
msandobj
ect
ivesf
ort
hebenef
itoft
hei
r
member
s.Theyar
eundert
heumbr
ell
aoft
heNi
ger
iaLabourcongr
ess.

 St
udent
s’Uni
on:Theyar
eal
soatt
hef
oref
rontoft
hef
ightagai
nstpol
i
ciest
hat
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
af
fectt
heNi
ger
ianst
udent
s.Pol
i
ciesl
i
kei
ncr
easei
npumppr
iceofpet
rol
eum,
school
fees,
aresomeoft
het
hingst
heyusual
l
yfi
ghtagai
nst
.

 Ci
vi
c Li
ber
ty Or
gani
zat
ion (
CLO)
:Iti
s t
he f
oremost i
ndi
genous r
ight
s’
or
gani
zat
ion i
n Ni
ger
ia.I
tis a non-
prof
it
,non-
gov
ernment
alhuman r
ight
s
i
nit
iat
ive.

CLASSWORK

 Whati
sthef
ull
meani
ngofNUT?

 Theumbr
ell
anamef
ort
radeuni
onsi
s__
___
.

 St
atet
hreegr
oupst
hatpr
otecthumanr
ight
s

ASSI
GNMENT

Whoi
saconsumer
?
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com

LESSONNOTEFORWEEKSI
X(6)

TOPI
C: CONSUMERRI
GHTSANDRESPONI
BILI
TIES

BEHAVI
ORALOBJECTI
VES:Att
heendoft
hisl
esson,
student
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:

 def
ineconsumer

 st
atet
her
ight
sofconsumer
s

 expl
ainconsumerpr
otect
ion

 st
ater
easonsf
orconsumerpr
otect
ion

 out
li
neconsumerr
esponsi
bil
i
ties

CONTENT

Aconsumeri
saper
sont
hatbuy
sandusesacommodi
typr
oducedbyanot
herper
son.
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
econsumer
sri
ght
s:

1.Saf
ety
:Theconsumerhast
her
ightt
osaf
etywhi
l
eenj
oyi
ngapr
oduct
.The
pr
oductmustbehy
gieni
cal
l
ypacked.

2. Sat
isf
act
ionofbasi
cneeds:Ther
emustbesat
isf
act
ionont
hepar
toft
he
consumerwhi
l
eusi
ngapr
oduct
.
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
3.Redr
ess:Theconsumerhast
her
ightt
oseekr
edr
essi
fhef
eel
scheat
edbyt
he
pr
oducer
.

4.Repr
esent
ati
ont
obehear
d:Consumer
shav
egr
oupst
hatr
epr
esentt
hem soas
t
olodgecompl
aint
sormaket
hei
robser
vat
ionsknown.

5.I
nfor
mat
ion:Theconsumerhast
her
ightt
ogetadequat
einf
ormat
ionnecessar
y
f
order
ivi
ngmaxi
mum sat
isf
act
ionf
rom t
hepr
oducthebought
.

ConsumerPr
otect
ion

Consumerpr
otect
ioni
sthev
ari
ousway
sandmet
hodst
hatgov
ernmentandt
hepr
ivat
e
or
gani
zat
ionsensur
ethatconsumer
sar
enotcheat
edorexpl
oit
edbyt
hepr
oducer
sor
mi
ddl
emen and t
hatt
heyder
ivesat
isf
act
ionf
rom t
heconsumpt
ion ofgoodsand
ser
vicest
heypayf
or.Theconsumermustbeawar
eoft
heLat
inexpr
essi
on”
cav
eat
empt
or”
,whi
chmeans“
buy
ersbewar
e”.

Reasonsf
orConsumerPr
otect
ion

 Regul
arsuppl
yofgoods

 Consumerassoci
ati
on

 Toensur
emaxi
mum sat
isf
act
ion

 I
nadequat
einst
ruct
ionsordi
rect
ions

 Mi
sleadi
ngorf
alseadv
ert
isement

Agenci
esResponsi
blef
orConsumerPr
otect
ion

1.ConsumerAssoci
ati
on

2.St
andar
dOr
gani
sat
ionofNi
ger
ia(
SON)

3.Mi
nist
ryofTr
adeandI
ndust
ry

4.Pr
iceCont
rol
Boar
d

5.Manuf
act
urer
sAssoci
ati
on(
M.A)
.
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
ConsumerResponsi
bil
it
ies

1.Thi
nk i
ndependent
ly:The consumershoul
d notbe car
ri
ed away by t
he
adv
ert
isementont
hepr
oduct
.Heshoul
dknowt
hequant
it
yofwhathewant
sto
pur
chase.

2.Bewar
e:Theconsumershoul
dcheckt
hepr
oduct
shewant
stobuyt
hor
oughl
yo
knowi
fiti
sor
igi
nal
andatt
her
ightpl
ace.

3.Demand and keep pr

oofoft
ransact
ions:Document
sli
ke r
ecei
pts,i
nvoi
ce
war
rant
y,paysl
i
par
epr
oof
sthatt
ransact
ionst
ookpl
acebet
weent
hesel
l
erand
t
heconsumer
.Thesedocument
sshoul
dbekeptf
orf
utur
epur
poses.

4.Respectt
heenv
ironment
:Theconsumermustmakesur
ethatt
heenv
ironmenti
s
notl
i
tter
edwi
thwast
esoft
hepr
oduct
shehasused.

CLASSWORK

 Li
stf
ouruni
ver
sal
right
sofaconsumer

 Ment
iont
hreer
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofaconsumer

 Whoi
saconsumer
?

 “
cav
eatempt
or”means….

ASSI
GNMENT

Whatdoy
ouunder
standbydemocr
acy
?
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com

LESSONNOTEFORWEEKSEVEN(
7)
TOPI
C: DEMOCRACY
BEHAVI
OURALOBJECTI
VES:Att
heendoft
hisl
esson,
student
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:
i
. Expl
aindemocr
acy
i
i. I
dent
if
ythef
eat
uresofdemocr
acy
i
ii
. Ev
aluat
ethebenef
it
sofdemocr
acy

CONTENT
Meani
ngofDemocr
acy

Democr acyisasy stem ofgovernmenti nwhi

challthepeopl
eofacount r
ycanv ot
eto
electt
heirrepresent ati
ves.Democracycanalsobedef i
nedasthegovernmentinhands
ofthemaj ori
ty.Thi stypeofgov er
nmenti sel
ectedbythepeopl
eandr ul
esaccordi
ngto
theconstit
ution.Itisasy stem ofgovernmentinwhichtheul
ti
matepoliti
cal
authori
tyi
s
vestedinthepeopl e.DemocracystartedinGreecewherequal
if
iedadultgat
her
ed
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
toget
hertodi
scussissuesaffect
ingthei
rCommuni ti
es.Lat
er,
democr acywas
devel
opedorbuil
tuponbyt he53Amer i
cans.Exampl
esofcountrythatoper
ate
democracyar
eNi ger
ia,Br
it
ain,Unit
edStatesofAmericaandFrance.

Feat
uresofDemocr
acy

1.Regul
arandper
iodi
cel
ect
ions.

2Ther
ear
eatl
eastt
wopol
i
tical
par
ti
esandt
hei
rideal
swhi
cht
heci
ti
zenchoosef
rom.

3.Avail
abi
li
tyofwri
tt
enandunwri
tt
enconst
it
uti
ont
ogui
det
heact
ionsoft
he
governmentandthegov
erned.

4.Ther
eshoul
dbef
reeandf
airel
ect
iondev
oidofr
iggi
ng

5.Al
lqual
i
fiedadul
thav
ether
ightt
ovot
eandbev
otedf
or.

6.Separ
ati
onofpower
.Ther
eissepar
ati
onofpowersi
.e,
thefunct
ionsoft
het
hree
armsofgover
nmentar
enotperf
ormedbyonearm oft
hegovernment.

7.Thereshouldbefr
eepress.Themassmedi
aoft
hecount
ryshoul
dbef
reet
owr
it
e
andreportevent
sinthecountr
y.

8Cer
tai
nfundament
alhumanr
ight
smustbeenj
oyedbyt
heci
ti
zenst
hatwi
l
lenabl
e
t
hem l
iv
eacivil
i
zedl
if
e.

9.Thegover
nmentshoul
drespectt
her
uleofl
awandt
hef
undament
alhumanr
ight
sof
ci
ti
zens.

10.Exi
stenceofor
gani
zedopposi
ti
ont
othegov
ernment

11.Maj
ori
tyr
ulesi
nthecount
ry

12.Ther
emustbeani
ndependentj
udi
ciar
y.

Benef
it
sofDemocr
acy

1.I
tgi
vest
heel
ect
orat
est
heoppor
tuni
tyt
oel
ectl
eader
soft
hei
rchoi
ce.

2.I
tgi
vesl
egi
ti
macyt
otheel
ect
edgov
ernment

3.I
tpromotesstabi
li
tyi
nt hecount
ryi.
e.anunpopulargov
ernmentcanber
emov
ed
peacef
ull
yfrom of
fi
cethroughtheprocessofvot
ing.
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
4.Ther
eisequal
ityandf
reedom ofal
lper
sonsandsaf
etyofpossessi
onswher
e
democracyoper
ates

5.Thosei
ngov
ernmentr
uleaccor
dingt
othepr
ovi
sionoft
heconst
it
uti
on.

Cl
asswor
k

1.def
inedemocr
acy

2.l
i
stf
ourf
eat
uresofdemocr
acy

Assi
gnment

1.Whatar
edemocr
acyi
nst
it
uti
ons?

LESSONNOTEFORWEEKEI
GHT(
8)
TOPI
C: DEMOCRATI
CINSTI
TUTI
ONS
BEHAVI
OURALOBJECTI
VES:Att
heendoft
hisl
esson,
student
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:
i
. Descr
ibedemocr
ati
cinst
it
uti
on.
i
i
. I
dent
if
ydemocr
ati
cinst
it
uti
onsi
nNi
ger
iaandt
hei
rrol
es.
i
i
i. Hi
ghl
i
ghtt
hei
mpor
tanceofdemocr
ati
cinst
it
uti
onsi
ndemocr
acy
.

CONTENT
Democr
ati
cInst
it
uti
ons

Democracyissustainedbyt hedemocrati
cinsti
tuti
onsputi
nplacebythestateasi
t
hel
psthestatetorealizei
tsobject
ives.Suchinsti
tut
ionsmayi
ncludeel
ectoral
commission,pol
i
ticalpart
ies,pr
essuregroups,etc.

Democr
ati
cinst
it
uti
onsandt
hei
rfunct
ions
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
I
ndependentNat
ionalEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
on(
INEC)
:

INECisthebodywhichhast heresponsi
bil
it
ytoor
ganizeandconductelecti
onsi
nthe
countr
y.Thecommi ssionwasest abli
shedbyDecreeNo17of1998, nowanactoft he
Nati
onalAssembly.Itisalsoli
stedinsecti
on153ofthe1999consti
tuti
onasoneoft he
four
teen(14)Feder
al Executi
vebodies.Iti
smadeupofachairmanandt wel
venati
onal
Commi ssi
oners.

Thebodyisexpect
edtoregi
steral
lel
i
gibl
evotersandpoli
ti
cal
par
tiesbef
orethe
conductofanyel
ect
ion.I
NEChasitsHeadquart
ersinAbuj
aandstateHeadquar
ter
sin
thecapi
tal
softhe36stat
esin

Niger
iaincl
udingtheFederal
Capi
talTerr
it
ory.Ther
ear
eal
soI
NECof
fi
cesi
neachoft
he
774localgovernmentareasi
ntheincountr
y.

Funct
ionsofI
ndependentNat
ionalEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
on

1.Organi
ses, undert
akesandsuper
visesal
lel
ecti
onstotheoff
icesoft
hepr esidentand
vi
cepresident,governor
sanddeput
ygov er
nors;membershi
pofthesenate,
t heHouse
ofRepresentati
vesandHouseofAssembl yofeachoft
hestateofthefeder
at i
on.

2.Regi
sterpol
i
tical
par
ti
esinaccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionoft
heconst
it
uti
onandact
oftheNati
onalAssembl
y.

3.Moni
tort
heor
gani
zat
ionandoper
ati
onoft
hepol
i
tical
par
ti
esi
ncl
udi
ngt
hei
rfi
nances.

4.Ar
rangef
ortheannual
examinat
ionandaudit
ingofthef
undsandaccountsof
pol
it
ical
par
ti
esandpubli
shareportonsuchexaminat
ionandf
orpubl
icinf
ormati
on.

5.Monit
orspol
it
ical
campai
gnsandpr
ovi
der
ulesandr
egul
ati
onwhi
chgov
ernst
he
pol
it
ical
part
ies

6.Pr
ovisi
onofall
elect
oralmater
ial
sthatwil
lbeusedintheconductofel
ect
ionssuch
asbal
lotpaper
s,i
nk,el
ector
alboxesandelect
oralcent
res.

7.Educatet
heel
ect
orat
esbef
oret
heconductofel
ect
ionaboutpar
tyl
ogosandonhow
tovote.

8.Di
vi
dingt
hecount
ryi
ntosomeel
ect
oral
dist
ri
ctsknownasconst
it
uenci
es.

9.Del
egat
espowert
oal
lresi
dentel
ect
oral
commi
ssi
oner
s.

10.Car
ri
esoutot
herf
unct
ionsasmaybeconf
err
eduponi
tbyanactoft
heNat
ional
Assembly
.
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com

b.Pol
it
icalPar
ti
es

Apolit
icalpar tyisanor gani zationthatseekst oattai
nandmai ntai
npolit
icalpower
wit
hinast ate, usual
lybypar tici
patinginelectoralcampaignsandel ecti
ons.Theyhav e
pol
iti
calprogr ammesandf ormul atepoli
cieswithwhi chtheycanv asforvotes.They
for
m gov ernmentaf terwi nni ngelecti
ons.Itistobenot edt hatiti
stheelectoral
commi ssionofacount ryt hatdet ermineswhi chpol i
ti
cal
associ ati
onsthatqual i
fyas
pol
iti
calpar t
ies.Polit
icalassoci ati
onsthereforemet amorphosei ntopoli
ti
cal part
ies
aft
erunder goingal otofspeci f
iedprocesses.Thef oremostai m ofanypolit
icalpart
yis
todefeatotherpar ti
esi nor dert ogetintopower .

Funct
ionsofPol
it
icalPar
ti
es

1.Pol
iti
calpar
ti
esr
ecr
uitpeopl
eforel
ect
iveposi
ti
ons.e.
gPr
esi
dent
,Gov
ernor
s,
Legi
slat
orsandsoon.

2.Theyeducat
evot
ersorel
ect
orat
est
hrought
hei
rpr
ogr
ammes,
campai
gnandr
all
i
es.

3.Theyser
veasl
i
nkbet
weent
hepeopl
eandt
hegov
ernment
.

4.Theyprov
idet
hepl
atf
ormf
orpeopl
etopar
ti
cipat
eingov
ernmentdi
rect
lyand
i
ndir
ectl
y.

5.Theypromotenati
onaluni
tybecausepol
i
tical
par
ti
esar
emadeupofpeopl
efr
om
di
ffer
entethni
cgroups.

6.Theyencouragetheelect
orat
estobemoreint
erestedi
nthegov
ernmentt
hrough
theircl
ari
fi
cat
ionofissuesandprov
isi
onofr
elev
antinfor
mati
ononcandi
dat
esf or
electi
onand

7.Theyar
eagent
sofsocialcurr
entevent
sinsoci
ety
.changethr
oughv
ari
ous
progr
ammesli
kefreeeducati
on,fr
eeheal
thprogr
ammes, et
c.

8.Theypr
ovi
det
rai
ninggr
oundf
ory
oungpol
i
tici
ans.

c.Pr
essur
eGr
oups

Pressur
egr
oupmaybedefinedasanorgani
zedsociali
nter
estgroupf or
medwi ththe
mainaimsofpur
sui
ngit
sinter
estandi
nfl
uencinggover
nmentpol i
ciestothebenefit
sof
i
tsmembersbutdonotatt
empttocont
rolgovernmentmachiner
ydi rect
lybycontest
ing
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
electi
ons.Itcanalsobedef
inedasacol
lect
ionofindi
vidual
swhoholdasimil
arsetof
values,andbeli
efwhichmaybebasedonethnici
ty,r
eli
gion,
pol
it
ical
phi
losophyor
commongoal .Examplesofpressur
egr
oupsinNigeriaare:

TheNi
ger
ianUni
onofTeacher
s(NUT)
,

TheNi
ger
ianUni
onofJour
nal
i
sts(
NUJ)
,

TheNi
ger
ianBarAssoci
ati
on(
NBA)
,

TheNi
ger
ianMedi
cal
Associ
ati
on(
NMA)
,

TheNat
ional
Associ
ati
onofNi
ger
ianSt
udent
s(NANS)
,

TheManuf
act
urer
sAssoci
ati
onofNi
ger
ia(
MAN)
,et
c.

Funct
ionsofPr
essur
eGr
oups

1.Pr
essur
egr
oupsactast
hewat
chdogt
hatcheckt
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
hegov
ernment
.

2.Pressur
egroupsf
ightf
ort
hei
nter
estoft
hei
rmember
ssot
hatgov
ernmentwi
l
lmeet
thei
rneeds.

3.Theyof
ferusef
ulsuggest
ionandadv
iset
othegov
ernmentatal
ll
evel
s

4.Pr
essuregr
oupsli
kechamberofCommer
ce,mini
ng,agri
cul
tur
eandindust
ry
cont
ri
buteimmensel
ytotheeconomi
cgr
owthanddevelopmentoft
henati
on.

5.Theypr
omotesomegener
alwel
far
eser
vices.Somepr
essur
egr
oupsof
ferf
ree
serv
icest
othepeopl
e.

6.Pressur
egr
oupsinfl
uencethegov
ernmentt
obef
ocusedandt
obeont
hei
rtoes
thr
oughconst
ruct
ivecri
ti
cism.

7.Theyactasi
mpor
tantl
i
nkbet
weengov
ernmentandt
hepeopl
e.

8.Theyhel
ptoeducat
ethei
rmember
songov
ernmentpol
i
ciesandpr
ogr
ammes.

9.Theyser
veaspl
atf
ormt
hroughwhi
chpeopl
ecanexpr
esst
hei
rpubl
i
copi
nion.

10.Theyalsohel
ptoincr
easethest
andardofl
i
vingoft
hei
rmember
sthr
oughf
ight
ing
fori
ncreaseint
hei
rsalar
iesandwages.

d.Ar
msofGov
ernmentandt
hei
rrol
esi
nent
renchi
ngdemocr
acy
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
Ther
ear
ethr
eemaj
orar
msoror
gansofgov
ernment
.

Thesearetheexecuti
ve,
thelegi
slat
ureandthej
udi
ciar
y.Eachoft
hesear
msper
for
m
di
ffer
entfunct
ionsinent
renchi
ngdemocr acy
.

TheExecut
ive

Theexecutivei
sthearm ofgovernmentresponsibl
efortheimpl
ementation,execut
ion
orenforcementofl
aws,poli
ciesanddirect
ivesmadeandgi venbythelegisl
ati
vearm of
government.Theexecut
ivearm ofgovernmentfundselect
ionandensurespoliti
cal
part
iesarewellf
unded.

TheLegi
slat
ure

Thelegi
slatur
eisthearm ofgovernmentthatisassi
gnedt hefunct
ionoflawmaking.
Thelegi
slatur
eistherepr
esentati
vebodyoft hepeopl
eandmember sar
eelect
edin
general
electi
on.I
tisanimportantarm ofgovernmentthatlegi
slat
esint
oelect
orall
aws
thatgui
detheconductofdemocr acy.

TheJudi
ciar
y

Thejudici
aryi
sthethi
rdarm ofgov
ernmentresponsibl
eforint
erpr
etati
onand
appl
icati
onoflawswhent heyar
eviol
ated.I
tisofcommonl yknownast hewat
chdogof
thecommonman' .Judici
aryal
soacceptsandli
stenstoall
elector
alcasesi
nthe
countr
y.

I
mpor
tanceofdemocr
ati
cinst
it
uti
onsi
ndemocr
acy

1.I
tcr
eat
eschannel
sforpar
ti
cipat
ioni
ndemocr
ati
cpr
ocess.
2.I
tpr
event
sconcent
rat
ionofpowerbyensur
ingchecksandbal
ances.
3.I
tpr
ovi
descont
inui
tyandst
abi
l
ityt
odemocr
ati
cfunct
ioni
ng.
4.I
tbr
ingsaboutef
fi
cientdi
schar
geofdemocr
ati
cpr
ocesses.
5.I
tsaf
eguar
dst
her
ight
sofci
ti
zens.
6.I
tmai
ntai
nst
rusti
nthef
unct
ioni
ngoft
hest
ate.
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
CLASSWORK
1.St
atef
ourf
unct
ionsofI
NEC.
2.Hi
ghl
i
ghtf
ourr
olesofpr
essur
egr
oupsi
nNi
ger
ia.

ASSI
GNMENT
1.Expl
aint
hepi
l
lar
sofdemocr
acy
?

LESSONNOTEFORWEEKNI
NE(
9)
TOPI
C: PI
LLARSOFDEMOCRACY
BEHAVI
OURALOBJECTI
VES:Att
heendoft
hisl
esson,
student
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:
i
v. Expl
ainpi
l
lar
sofdemocr
acy
v
. St
atet
hepi
l
lar
sofdemocr
acy
.

CONTENT
PI
LLARSOFDEMOCRACY

Pil
l
arsofDemocr acyaret
hoseidealsorpar
ameter
sthatthegov
ernmentneedtoputi
n
pl
acef orthesurv
ival
ofdemocracy.Theyar
ethehumanandnon-humanfactor
sthat
contr
ibutetothesmooth-r
unni
ngofdemocr at
icpr
ocessesinagiv
endemocrati
c
soci
ety.Thoseparameter
sincl
ude:

1.Peopl
e.

Thepeoplear
ethebedrockofdemocracy.Theyconst
it
utet
hevot
ersal
soknownas
el
ectorat
eswhovoteforthei
rpol
it
ical
leader
s.Thisi
swhyiti
soft
ensai
dthatpol
i
tical
soverei
gnbel
ongtotheelect
orat
e.
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
2:Rul
eofl
aw

Therul
eoflawwhichisal
socal
l
edsupremacyofl
awabovealli
ndi
vi
dual
s,groupsand
st
ateoff
ici
alsmakesdemocr
acytst
and,asi
twil
lensur
ethatal
ll
awsareobeyed.

3.Tr
anspar
entEl
ect
oralpr
ocess

Af
reeandf
airel
ect
oral
syst
em wi
l
llayasol
i
dfoundat
ionf
or-democr
acy
.

4.Maj
ori
tyr
ule

Thi
sisafor
m ofrepr
esent
ati
vedemocr
acywher
epeopl
eact
ual
l
ypar
ti
cipat
eint
he
el
ecti
onoft
hei
rleader
s.

5.Const
it
uti
on

Aconst
it
uti
onwil
lensur
ethatdemocr
acyissust
ainedandmai
ntai
nedsi
ncei
twi
l
lgui
de
t
heacti
onsofgover
nmentandthegover
ned.

6.Sov
erei
gnt
yoft
hepeopl
e

Soverei
gnt
yis"t
heexcl
usiveri
ghttohavecontr
olov
eranareaofgovernance,peopl
e
andoronesel
f.Asover
eignisthesupr
emel awmakingaut
hori
ty.Thi
swillhel
pto
sustai
ndemocracy
.Othersi
nclude:

7.Guar
ant
eeofbasi
chumanr
ight
s

8.Gov
ernmentbaseduponconsentoft
hegov
erned

9Mi
nor
it
yri
ght
s

10.Duepr
ocessofl
aw

11.Soci
al,
economi
candpol
it
icalpl
ural
ism

12.Val
uesoft
oler
ance,
pragmat
ism co-
oper
ati
onandCompr
omi
se

13.Ani
ndependentj
udi
ciar
y
 www.
avi
tal
school
s.com
CLASSWORK
1.Li
standexpl
ainf
ivepi
l
lar
sofdemocr
acyi
ndemocr
ati
cpr
ocess.
ASSI
GNMENT
1. wr
it
eshor
tnot
eont
hef
oll
owi
ng:
(
a)I
ndependentj
udi
ciar
y(b)duepr
ocessofl
aw(
c)mi
nor
it
yri
ght
s
(
d)checksandbal
ances(
e)humanr
ight
s