Communication 1631

fc 60
19. (c) MUF = = = 175 MHz
Assertion and Reason cos  cos 70 

20. (b)
1 b 2 d 3 a 4 a 5 e
6 c 7 a 8 c 9 a 10 a 21. (d)

11 e 12 b 22. (d) A very small part of light energy is lost from an optical
fibre due to absorption or due to light leaving the fibre
as a result of scattering of light sideways by impurities
in the glass fibre.

23. (a) d = 2 hR  d  h1 / 2

24. (d) Surgery needs sharply focused beam of light and laser
can be sharply focused.
Communication
25. (d) Laser beams are perfectly parallel. So that they are very
narrow and can travel a long distance without
1. (a) By using fc  9( N max )1 / 2  fc  2 MHz
spreading. This is the feature of laser while they are
2. (d) Carrier frequency > audio frequency monochromatic and coherent these are characteristics
3. (c) only.

4. (a) A maximum frequency deviation of 75 kHz is permitted 26. (b) The formula for modulating index is given by
for commercial FM broadcast stations in the 88 to 108  Frequency variatio n 10  10 3
MHz VHF band. mf = = = =5
 m Modulating frequency 2  10 3
1 1
5. (b) v. f . = = = 0 .62 24 8
k 2 .6 27. (d) Here, Vmax = = 12 mV and Vmin = = 2 mV
2 2
6. (c) Carrier + signal → modulation.
Vmax − Vmin 12 − 4 8 1
7. (c) Now, m = = = = = 0 .5 = 50 %
Vmax + Vmin 12 + 4 16 2
n1 − n2 0 .88 n
8. (d) Here =  2 = 0 .9912 28. (a) Here, fc = 1 . 5 MHz = 1500 kHz , fm == 10 kHz
n1 100 n1
 Low side band frequency
−1  n2 
 Critical angle  c = sin   = sin −1 (0 .9912 ) = 84 24 ' = fc − fm = 1500 kHz − 10 kHz = 1490 kHz

 n1 
9. (c) Upper side band frequency

10. (c) = fc + fm = 1500 kHz + 10 kHz = 1510 kHz

11. (a) 29. (d) When ma > 1 then carrier is said to be over modulated.
12. (d) Radio waves can be transmitted from one place to 30. (b) It mix weak signals with carrier signals.
another as grand wave or sky wave or space wave
31. (b)
propagation.
32. (a) Frequency modulation requires much wider channel (7
Pulse power 10 12 W
13. (b) The energy flux  = = − 4 = 10 16 to 15 times) as compared to AM.
Area 10 cm 2
33. (c)
1 1
14. (c)  = = = 1592 kHz
2 LC 2  3 . 14 10  10 − 6  1  10 − 9  m2 
34. (b) Pt = Pc  1 + a  ; Here ma = 1

 2 
15. (b)
16. (a) VHF (Very High Frequency) band having frequency  (1)2 
 1800 = Pc  1 +   Pc = 1200 W

range 30 MHz to 300 MHz is typically used for TV and 2
 
radar transmission.
35. (c)
17. (c)
36. (a)
18. (d)
37. (c)
 1632 Communication
38. (c) An antenna is a metallic structure used to radiate or
 80 .5 N  80 .5  (400  10 6 )
receive EM waves. 1. (b) neff = n0 1 −   =1 1− 1
  (55  10 6 )2
2

39. (a)
sin i
40. (b) Pulse code modulation is a digital system. Also neff =  sin r = sin i  r = i = 45 
sin r
41. (b)
1
42. (c) In telecommunication, microwaves are used. 2. (b) For demodulation  RC
fc
Frequency deviation 50
43. (a) Carrier swing = = = 7 .143 1 1
Modulating frequency 7 = = 10 −5 s
fc 100  10 3
44. (c) Optical fibres are not subjected to electromagnetic
interference from outside. RC = 10 3  10  10 −12 s = 10–8 s

45. (c) In optical fibre, light travels inside it, due to total 1
We see that here is not less than RC as required by
internal reflection. fc
46. (d) the above condition. Hence, this is not good.

47. (d) Few advantages of optical fibres are that the number of c
3. (a) Optical source frequency f =
signals carried by optical fibres is much more than that 
carried by the Cu wire or radio waves. Optical fibres are = 3  108/(800  10–9) = 3.8  1014 Hz
practically free from electromagnetic interference and
Bandwidth of channel (1% of above) = 3.8  1012 Hz
problem of cross talks whereas ordinary cables and
microwave links suffer a lot from it. Number of channels =(Total bandwidth of channel)/
(Bandwidth needed per channel)
48. (b) The process of changing the frequency of a carrier
wave (modulated wave) in accordance with the audio (a) Number of channels for audio signal
frequency signal (modulating wave) is known as = (3 . 8  10 12 ) /(8  10 3 ) ~ 4.8  108
frequency modulation (FM).
hc
49. (d) Following are the problems which are faced while 4. (b) Limiting value of h is Eg, such that h  = = Eg

transmitting audio signals directly.
(i) These signals are relatively of short range. hc 6 .63  10 −34 J - s  3  10 8 ms −1
or  = =
(ii) If every body started transmitting these low
Eg 0 .73  1 . 6  10 −19 J
frequency signals directly, mutual interference will = 1703 nm
render all of them ineffective.
(iii) Size of antenna required for their efficient  m2   (0 .4 )2 
5. (b) Pt = Pc 1 +  = 9 1 + 
radiation would be larger i.e. about 75 km.  2   2 
50. (d) Remote sensing is the technique to collect information
 0 . 16 
about an object in respect of its size, colour, nature, = 9 1 + ( m = 40% = 0.4)
 2 
location, temperature etc. without physically touching
it. There are some areas or location which are = 9 (1.08) = 9.72 kW
inaccessible. So to explore these areas or locations, a 2
I  m2
technique known as remote sensing is used. Remote 6. (d) We know that  t  =1+

sensing is done through a satellite.  Ic  2

51. (a) The critical frequency of a sky wave for reflection from Here, It = 8 . 96 A and Ic = 8 A
a layer of atmosphere is given by fc = 9( N max )1 / 2 2
 8 .96 
2
m2 m
  =1+ or 1 .254 = 1 +
 10  10 = 9( N max )
6 1/2
 8  2 2
2
 10  10 6  m2
 N max =   ~– 1 .2  10 12 m − 3

or = 0 .254 or m 2 = 0 . 508
 9  2
or m = 0.71 = 71%
52. (b) Core of acceptance angle  = sin −1 n12 − n22
Pt m2  2 
7. (d) =1+ or Pc = Pt  2
Pc 2 2 +m 
Critical Thinking Questions
 Communication 1633
 2  Above critical frequency, an electromagnetic wave
 Pc = 1500    m = 100% = 1 penetratates the ionosphere and is not reflected by it.
2 +1
= 1000 W 3. (a) Microwave communication is preferred over optical
communication because microwaves provide large
 2   2  number of channels and wider band width compared to
8. (c) Pc = Pt  2
= 900  2 + 1  = 600 W
2 +m    optical signals as information carrying capacity is
directly proportional to band width. So, wider the band
m2 1
Now, PLSB =  Pc =  600 = 150 W width, greater the information carrying capacity.
4 4
4. (a) Having the range of wavelength from 30 km to 30 cm
9. (b) CS = 2   f or f = CS/2
are known as short wave. These waves are used for
200 radio transmission and for general communication
 f = = 100 kHz
2 purpose to a longer distance from ionosphere.
f 100 Ionosphere is the outermost region of atmosphere
Now m f = = = 10 extending from height of 80 km to 400 km
fm 10
approximately, above the surface of earth. Therefore,
 2250 both the assertion and reason are true and reason is
10. (b) m f = = = 4 .5
fm 500 the correct explanation of assertion.
 New deviation = 2(m f fm ) = 2  4 . 5  6 = 54 kHz . 5. (e) The electrical conductivity of earth's atmosphere
increases with height so assertion is false.
Em 15
11. (c) m a = =  100 = 25 % When high energy particles enters in earth's
Ec 60
atmosphere. They ionises the gases present in
12. (a) If n is the number of bits per sample, then number of atmosphere. Also as we go up, the air thins out
quantisation level = 2n gradually and air pressure decreases.
Since the number of quantisation level is 16
6. (c) The electromagnetic waves of shorter wavelength do
 2n = 16  n = 4 not suffer much diffraction from the obstacles of earth's
 bit rate = sampling rate  no. of bits per sample atmosphere so they can travel long distance.
= 8000  4 = 32,000 bits/sec. Also, shorter the wavelength, shorter is the velocity of
m 
2
(0 .5) 2 wave propagation.
13. (c) Psb = Pc  a  = Pc = 0 .0625 Pc
 2  4 7. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion. (For more detail, refer
 m2   2  theory).
Also P = Pc  1 + a  = Pc  1 + (0 .5)  = 1 .125 Pc
2   2 
    8. (c) As the distance increases, TV signals becomes weaker.
(1 .125 Pc − 0 .0625 Pc ) So assertion is true. The power transmitted from TV
 % saving =  100 = 94 .4 %. transmitter is inversely proportional to the square of
1 .125 Pc
the distance of the receiver. That's why reason is false.
14. (a) When signal amplitude is equal to the carrier
amplitude, the amplitude of carrier wave varies 9. (a) Microwaves have got good directional properties. Due
between 2A and zero. to it, the microwaves can be directed as beam signals in
a particular direction, much better than radio waves,
A because microwaves do not bend around the corners of
A A
+ any obstacle coming in their way.
10. (a) The remote sensing is done through a satellite. A
remote sensing satellite files in a polar orbit at an
Amplitude charge of carrier 2A − A altitude of 918 km, around the earth, in such away that
ma = =  100 = 100 % it passes over a given location on the earth at the same
Amplitude of normal carrier A
local time.

Assertion and Reason 11. (e) The electronic reproduction of a document at a

distance plane is known as FAX modulation and
1. (b) In optical communication, diode laser is used to demodulation is done by modem.
generate analog signals or digital pulses for 12. (b) A dish antenna is a directional antenna because it can
transmission or digital pulses for transmission trough transmit or sec.
optical fibres. The advantage of diode lasers are their
small size and low power input.
2. (d) TV signals (frequency greater than 30 MHz) cannot be
propagated through sky wave propagation.