Westmead International School

College of Engineering

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARDUINO-UNO

BASE WEATHER STATION

A Project Study
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Engineering
Westmead International School
Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Basic Electrical Engineering

EGUIA, KIM LEOMAR A.

ESCARTIN, CUTIE D.
EVANGELISTA, JAN TRISTAN C.
FLORES, KENT CHARLES P..
LUMANGLAS, KEITH CHRISTIAN B.
VERGARA, ALLANA MICAELLA B.

SEPTEMBER 2023
 Westmead International School
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to those people who
help in conducting this research. This research would not have been possible
without the guidance of several individuals.
First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty for his showers
of blessings throughout our research work. The researchers wishes to convey their
profound gratitude, for providing them with the intelligence, tenacity and guidance
to complete the research project.
To their school, Westmead International School and their College of
Engineering Department, for letting them to complete their education and for
fostering their minds, which were important in their ability to conduct this successful
research.
To Engr. Nathaniel Guinto, for giving advices, for valuable recommendations,
and constructive criticism, devotion and skill in improving the study’s quality and his
persistent supervision and enlightening guidance with helped in completing this
research project.
To their parents for serving as inspiration, for giving unconditional support and
guidance.
To their co-researcher, who helped and supported one another in conducting
the research project.

-EGUIA
-ESCARTIN
-EVANGELISTA
-FLORES
-GREGORIO
-LUMANGLAS
-VERGARA
 Westmead International School
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………... iii
ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………….. IV
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………. V

CHAPTER I: PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 The Project………………………………………………………………..
1.2 Objectives…………………………………………………………………
1.3 The Client…………………………………………………………………
1.4 Project Scope and Delimitations……………………………………….
1.5 Project Development…………………………………………………….

CHAPTER II: DESIGN INPUTS

2.1 Literature Review…………………………………………………………
2.2 Conceptual Literature……………………………………………………
2.3 Related Literature………………………………………………………..
2.4 Synthesis…………………………………………………………………..
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ABSTRACT
The state of the atmosphere, whether it is hot or cold, wet or dry, quiet or

stormy, clear or foggy, is known as the weather. The troposphere, which lies slightly

below the stratosphere, is where the majority of atmospheric occurrences take

place. In general, weather refers to the daily temperature. Climate is a term for the

average atmospheric conditions over longer time periods, whereas weather refers

to precipitation activity and temperature.

It is challenging to manually monitor the weather conditions. The current

project involves creating an automated weather monitoring system. Air is what

controls the weather. These pressure and temperature variations can happen due

to the angle of the sun at any specific location. This method allows us to

automatically gather data on humidity and temperature. The details are kept in a

database, and we can provide the results in a visual manner based on recent and

historical data in the system. The goal of this paper is to develop a method for

forecasting the weather that is error-free.

The automatic control of temperature system is a crucial component found in

practically all modern technology and smart houses. An Arduino Uno-based

microcontroller system is used to create the automatic temperature management

system. Due to its growing popularity, Arduino Uno has a wide range of applications.

The hardware used to communicate with the computer is a temperature sensor

(Lm35 and Arduino Uno), which controls the temperature in the room. Temperature

is displayed on an LCD screen using the hardware A1 pin plus an analog pin that

uses pulse width modulation (PWM).

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CHAPTER I: PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 The Project

Weather is a daily characteristic, but climate is the average of atmospheric

conditions over a longer time span. Even small alterations could have a significant

impact on the system because weather varies depending to a location's latitude and

longitude. The development of industries and human activity over the past few

years has had an enormous effect on the weather. Weather forecasting is essential

because it helps us be aware of and prepared for impending disasters.

The Design presented is an Arduino Uno-based weather station using a

temperature and humidity sensor which will track the exact temperature humidity

status of the surrounding area. The device uses Arduino Uno microcontroller which

will read the inputs encoded in it and execute it to outputs, An LCD to show the

temperature and humidity gathered by the sensors, which we are all connected

through a breadboard using jumper wires. It will be powered by a rechargeable 9

volts battery.

The device can be placed indoors and outdoors, it will automatically read the

surroundings temperature and humidity wherever it was placed as soon as it turns

on. Being a miniature weather station, it will be housed inside a container where the

device can stay dry to avoid short circuits.

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

 Westmead International School
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1.2 Objectives
The general objective of this project is to design an Arduino Uno-based

weather station using a temperature and humidity sensor which aims to:

1. To create a device that can measure the accurate temperature and

humidity levels of a certain area.

2. To create a compact, uncomplicated weather station with open hardware.

3. To combine the skills and knowledge of computer and electronics

engineering students.

1.3 The Client

The intended client of this initiative is the Agricultural Farmers. Temperature

sensors are utilized for a wide range of practical applications. In essence, these

sensors provide data to a system that can be used to measure the temperature of

a particular space or animals either roughly or precisely. In fact, they're also used

throughout our own homes and offices, within the transport we travel in and even

in devices we use every day.

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

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1.4 Scopes and Delimitations

A design for a weather monitoring system is shown in this project. For

monitoring and analyzing various environmental parameters like temperature,

humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, wind direction, air quality, light

intensity, amount of rainfall, and location coordinates, it stores data collected at

some predetermined sampling intervals with date and time stamps for later retrieval

and real-time notifications.

It is made up of an Arduino UNO (microprocessor), which serves as a gateway

for data and information collection using various probes.

The research will be conducted in Westmead International School, Alangilan,

Batangas City with students as the primary respondents. Additionally, this study will

not examine the gadget's possible applications for use by others or cover

information that is outside the intended capabilities of our equipment.

This project focuses solely on monitoring and analyzing parameters such as

temperature and humidity, without incorporating any additional sensor types such

as light sensor, proximity sensor, motion sensor, pressure sensor, force and load

and sound and audio sensor etc. Furthermore, the project exclusively utilizes the

Arduino-Uno micro-controller and does not involve the use of any other micro-

controllers.

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

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1.5 Project Development

Today, there are many high-end devices available for 24 hour weather

monitoring. However, these systems are in place for monitoring the weather in real

time for an entire city or state, on a very big scale. It is difficult to implement such a

system in a limited area. They are not intended for it, and maintaining such systems

for a tiny region has a large maintenance cost.

To assess weather and environmental parameters including temperature and

humidity, our proposed system uses two sensors. The Arduino micro-controller

processes the values read from the sensors and stores them in a text file that can

then be processed to derive analysis. For convenient viewing, the readings are also

shown on an on-board LCD. All these readings can be evaluated to determine the

local weather conditions and to note the weather pattern. These recorded

parameters are crucial and differ depending on the location. All of these

specifications are entered into the database, and these values are crucial and are

continuously logged.

The weather monitoring systems components have been carefully and

thoughtfully designed to ensure that the sensors utilized are compatible with the

Arduino micro-controller and provide the most accurate readings.

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

 Westmead International School
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter discusses the various literature that the proponents used to

provide more information about the study, specifically the systems content and its

development. It also includes the related studies that helped the proponents

conceptualize and formulate the study.

2.1 Literature Review

Understanding fundamental ideas that will be used to build the project is

essential to the design process. Additionally, in order to have a thorough

understanding of the process from creating the plans to building the design in actual

view, prior research from previous studies must also be looked upon and taken into

account for better result of the study.

Describe a weather station as a facility which is located either on land or sea

and consists of instruments, machines and equipment used to measure

atmospheric conditions thereby providing information for weather forecasts study of

weather and climate. America metrological society stated climate is the term for the

averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods, 2008. Day to day

temperature is referred to, as well as activity of the precipitation. (Verbelen and

Yannick, 2016).

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

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In developed countries, various satellites are orbiting in the space just to

monitor the climatic conditions; but it is notable that such devices are very robust,

expensive, and are associated with high-end technologies. So, there is a need for

a system that can monitor the weather parameters precisely and also cost-efficient

and real-time operational so that it can be installed at any place like small industries,

institutions or home. (Akhilesh, Tejas, Chinmay, Kolwalkar and Mahalaxmi, 2015).

Home weather stations were popular in the early 1900s, usually include a

small number of specialized analog tools. The amount of moisture in the air is

measured by humidity gauges. While barometers and rain gauges aid in forecasting

current and upcoming rainfall. Observations made manually and measured

automatically at least once every day and are taken a minimum of once every hour.

There must be information of the atmosphere's current state before weather may

be predicted. There is a need to create a means of measuring the different elements

of weather. (Yates, 1947).

Studied, developed and created a device, a low-cost Arduino-based weather

station. The existing instruments which are used for measuring weather elements

are costly. This device collects weather elements and transmits them to digital data

with the aid of a simple digital device. The data gathered over a period of time can

be used to predict the atmospheric condition of a place. (Arduino design, 2008).

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

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Designed a low-cost weather station which was used to measure four weather

elements namely temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity and wind

speed using their respective sensors. The logged data was used to view the logged

data using a MATLAB based graphical user interface (GUI) and some setup

operations were performed on the system. The results obtained were compared

with the results obtained from a separate weather monitoring instruments and

showed a high correlation. Standard meters were also used to check the readings

from the weather station and the results were consistent with the ones obtained

from the device. (Olatomiwa and Adikwu, 2012).

His setup contains the height measuring device and a measuring or controlling

instrument. In this work, he proposed an Arduino UNO with Raspberry Pi data

processing unit. Along with this setup, a Cube satellite is included here to supply

the data of weather condition when no network coverage is available. The simplicity

of construction, portability, cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and system dependability

are all benefits of this approach. However, there are some disadvantages like not

used in long-distance while powerful transceiver sections are not present, and the

gas balloon is also hauling, and parts could be broken in the rain or during practice.

(Lal Bihari Barik, 2019).

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

 Westmead International School
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Developed a localized weather monitoring system to measure temperature,

pressure, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. The accuracy predicted by these

weather stations is not too high to predict the actual weather condition for a

particular area. There is an error difference of around 10%. (Kedia, 2016).

Proposed a weather monitoring device using Arduino Mega 2560

microcontroller and some modern proper sensors with a real time data logger and

LCD. The device was used to measure temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric

pressure, light intensity, dew point temperature, and altitude. The results obtained

from the device were in good consistence with the results obtained from other

sources. (Ukhurebor, 2017).

Sharan, 2014, developed a prototype weather station which was used to

measure the air temperature, relative humidity, dew point, wind speed, and rainfall

remotely. The recorded weather data was transmitted wirelessly to a Personal

Computer (PC) for logging and display by means of a graphical user interface. The

results show that the difference between the measured data with similar weather

measurement devices is also quite consistent. (Sharan, 2014).

Developed a microcontroller based wireless humidity monitor. The accuracy

of the developed system was tested using a digital standard humidity meter and

shows a very good accuracy with a mean error of approximately 2% which is mainly

as a result of the hysteresis effects of the sensor. (Islam, 2018).

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

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Created a weather station base on Arduino but also used ESP8266 Wi-Fi

module which is able to send the data directly through the internet by using Wi-Fi

which immediately plots the graph of given data in real time. Such device able to

upload data to the cloud. These systems used the Thing Speak platform at which

data can be observed from anywhere in the world through Internet. The manual

Display and automatic real time data display device also designed by using an

ESP8266 Wi-Fi module with DHT11 and also, the data have been displayed using

LCD. (Rajesh Shrestha, 2021).

Created Arduino-based weather station that saves its data in a database.

They stated that most of the research papers and studies in this field do not give

priorities to data storage and data acquisition-based microcontroller sensor outputs.

In their paper, the resultant data obtained by the system can be stored and charted

synchronously with monitoring weather station system at the same time. (Sarmad

Nozad Mahmood and Forat Falih Hasan, 2017).

Developed a microcontroller based remote weather monitoring system to

measure temperature, relative humidity and light intensity. The major advantage of

this method is that it does not need a computer or internet service to monitor the

locations remotely thus making it cost effective. (Dada, 2018).

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

 Westmead International School
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Created Bluetooth Based Weather Station, they designed and implemented a

weather station that uses sensors (DHT11) for measuring the temperature and

humidity of a particular area. Moreover, it makes use of a Bluetooth module (HC-

05) so as to transmit the data obtained through the sensors to the Android

Application (SENA BTERM) that enables the data in the form of relative temperature

and humidity to be seen on the mobile phone of the user thus resulting into an easy

portable weather station that complies with the demand of user-friendly interface

and ease of accessibility. (Akhilesh, Tejas, Chinmay, Kolwalkar and Mahalaxmi,

2015).

The fact that Arduinos and comparable sensors are typically not approved for

outdoor use where they can be exposed to moisture is a crucial factor for an

Arduino-based weather station. Any micro-controller board must be shielded from

moisture, including condensation and direct precipitation. The former condition is

easily handled by keeping electronics in an enclosure shielded from precipitation,

but moisture condensation is not as easy to avoid and may be unavoidable under

some weather conditions. Relative humidity sensors, in particular, are often not

intended for extended use under conditions of 100% relative humidity and may fail

or lose calibration if exposed to high RH values over long periods of time. (David R.

Brooks, 2017).

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

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Arduino is a physical computing tool with an open-source electronics platform

based on user-friendly hardware and software for creating different projects and

applications (Zaini et al., 2020). Mohammed El-Abd, 2017, demonstrated that

Arduino could be a very promising educational platform in embedded engineering.

It can be utilized to cover many of the core units under the embedded systems

knowledge area in computer engineering. Moreover, it can be used to overcome a

number of challenges facing embedded education nowadays.

There are a number of Arduino boards available on the market, which have

been constructed to meet the demands of different users and environments. For

example, at the entry-level, the Arduino Uno board may be crafted with an Atmega

328 processor, 6 Analogue pins, 14 Digital pins, 1 USB port, and 32 KB Flash

memory. For higher ends projects, the Arduino Mega 2560 with greater connectivity

pins and memory is greatly prized by university students. The portability of Arduino-

based circuits is due to its 5V power supply, which can be readily provided by dry

cells. Additionally, ‘shields’ are available to cater for specific uses and make circuit

board manipulation effortless. For example, a Wi-Fi shield could enable the user to

grant internet connectivity to the Arduino board and allow live data acquisition.

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

 Westmead International School
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2.2 Conceptual Literature

This section presents some concepts about the project study that are useful

in the planning stages for the proposed topic. This will help the readers

conceptualize the technology that the proponents used.

Over time, our fascination with the weather and our efforts to observe its

changing patterns have persisted. We not only make weather predictions but also

act upon these forecasts. Nowadays, we can connect modern instruments to

computers, which helps minimize human errors and automates the task of recording

weather data. The objective of the SMS-based Weather Report Information System

project is to use a GSM modem to provide weather information alerts via SMS,

covering aspects like temperature, atmospheric humidity, and solar light intensity.

Accurate local weather measurements hold great significance for various

professions, ranging from horticulturists to firefighters. This system offers

continuous monitoring for a diverse set of applications. For instance, it can be

applied in greenhouses to efficiently manage climate control and create optimal

growing conditions. In the realm of solar power, it plays a role in verifying the

performance of photovoltaic (PV) array systems by tracking solar radiation, DC

Power output, and other relevant parameters.

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

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Utilizing GSM technology for greenhouse environment monitoring and control

represents a cutting-edge agricultural methodology. Within the greenhouse setting,

this project serves the purpose of overseeing and regulating multiple factors,

including humidity, temperature, lighting, and soil moisture levels. To manage these

variables effectively, relays and DC motors are employed. This implementation

stands as an enhanced iteration of greenhouse monitoring and control systems. It

incorporates analog sensor interfacing with an ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)

and integrates GSM communication with the greenhouse, elevating it to a high-tech

farming initiative

A baby incubator system employing GSM technology, with SMS notifications

as its core feature, finds its primary application within hospital settings. This project

is equipped with both a temperature sensor and a humidity sensor, and it operates

by sending SMS alerts to a designated user, typically a doctor or caregiver

responsible for the baby, whenever the temperature or humidity surpasses

predefined threshold levels. When the temperature exceeds the specified threshold,

the system activates a relay, which in turn powers a 12-volt DC fan to regulate the

temperature. Meanwhile, when the humidity surpasses its predetermined threshold,

the microcontroller generates firing angle pulses to control a Triac, which is

connected to a heater, allowing for effective humidity control.

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

 Westmead International School
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When the temperature exceeds the specified threshold, the system activates

a relay, which in turn powers a 12-volt DC fan to regulate the temperature.

Meanwhile, when the humidity surpasses its predetermined threshold, the

microcontroller generates firing angle pulses to control a Triac, which is connected

to a heater, allowing for effective humidity control.

In the contemporary world, national security is significantly influenced by the

dynamics of warfare with adversaries. The pillars of national security primarily

encompass the armed forces, including the army, navy, and air force. Among these

components, the army soldiers assume a crucial and pivotal role. The safety and

well-being of these soldiers are paramount concerns.

When a soldier ventures into enemy territory, it becomes imperative for the

army base station to possess real-time information regarding the soldier's location

and health status. In our project, the "Soldier Tracking System utilizing GPS and

GSM," we have conceived a solution that not only tracks the soldier's movements

but also provides continuous updates on their health status during combat

operations

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

 Westmead International School
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This innovative system empowers military personnel to formulate and adapt their

war strategies effectively. Through the location data transmitted by the GPS modem, the

base station gains a comprehensive understanding of the soldier's precise position,

facilitating informed decision-making in the battlefield.

Within our GSM-based Digital Weather Station, we have incorporated four sensors,

which encompass temperature, light, humidity, and soil moisture. These sensors actively

collect data, and the information from all four sensors is transmitted to the user through

SMS via a GSM modem. Additionally, these data values are concurrently presented on an

LCD display. To ensure timely updates, SMS messages are dispatched at specified intervals.

It's worth noting that the 8051 microcontroller, by its inherent design, cannot

directly interface with analog sensors. Therefore, we have established an interface

between these four sensors and the 8051 microcontroller through an Analog-to-Digital

Converter (ADC). The ADC performs the crucial task of converting the analog sensor

readings into their corresponding digital values, which are subsequently relayed to the

microcontroller. The microcontroller then takes charge of presenting these converted

values on the LCD screen for easy access and interpretation.

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

 Westmead International School
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2.3 Related Literature

This section features studies, techniques, and devices that are related to our

field of study and serves as reliable references for our paper.

A single-board microcontroller called Arduino is designed to facilitate the use

of interactive items or places that are easier to access. It is a physical computing

platform that is open-source and in development environment for creating board

software. Using Arduino, you can create interactive objects, lights, motors, and

other physical devices using inputs from various switches or sensors outputs.

Compared to other systems, Arduino has some benefits for educational and

recreational purposes.

The LabVIEW Interface for Arduino (LIFA) allows users to control sensors and

acquire data through an Arduino microcontroller using the graphical programming

environment LabVIEW. Arduino microcontroller acts as an I/O engine that

interfaces with LabVIEW VIs through a serial connection. This helps to move

information from Arduino pins to LabVIEW without adjusting the communication,

synchronization. Using the common Open, Read/Write, Close convention in

LabVIEW, we can access the digital, analog, pulse-width-modulated, I2C, and SPI

signals of the Arduino microcontroller

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The science of predicting the atmospheric conditions at a specific location

based on numerous meteorological variables is known as weather forecasting.

Several wireless technologies, including Bluetooth, RF, Zigbee, GSM, and IoT, are

used for weather monitoring and reporting. An efficient environmental monitoring

system for tracking and analyzing weather conditions is provided using IoT

technology. The system uses the appropriate sensors to monitor a variety of climatic

factors, including rain, pressure, temperature, humidity, and the presence of

different gases. Solar panels have been added to this system as a power source.

An overview of IOT wireless communication technology utilized in weather

forecasting is given in this study. The device uses solar electricity, which is a very

effective source of energy. (IEEE, 2022)

The object of this research is to build a weather station that able to make a decision

about playing in the right weather condıtıons. The weather station is designed to

collect data from the environment. There are four sensors used to collect the

required data. These sensors are temperature and humidity sensor, Light sensor,

Rain detection sensor and dc motor as a wind sensor. The weather station contains

two part. The first part placed outdoor for collecting data and sending them with

nrf24l01 transceiver module as a sender. The second part placed indoor to

receiving data from the outdoor station using the nrf24l01 transceiver module as a

receiver.

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

 Westmead International School
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The electronic circuit of the indoor station designed using Arduino Uno. The

electronic circuit of the indoor station designed using Arduino Nano. Each station

provided with a Lipo battery with 350 mAh capacity and 7.4 volts. The nrf24l01

module has the ability to transmitting data with 100 meters. The decision tree

algorithm used to make the decision with famous dataset knowing as play golf

dataset. The indoor station has an LCD screen to display the weather conditions

and after that showing the decision by printing yes or no. (Salım, Laith Mohammed,

2019).

One of the electronic technology that has been developed in this research is

to use Solar Cell as a source of heating energy and a fan to control the temperature

of the drying chamber. In this study developed using the Arduino Uno

Microcontroller as the center of the data controller, adjust the display on the LCD,

translate the analog from the LM35 temperature sensor, and the LDR sensor to

control the room temperature so that the temperature remains stable. The

temperature of the room where the temperature is controlled from 6 oC-Sθ oC as a

temperature temperature condition to produce white copra with good quality, then

the input received from the temperature sensor will be processed by the Arduino

Uno microcontroller then activates the heater at night and activates the fan during

the day to suck hot air if the oven temperature is more than 8θ oC. (IEEE, 2018).

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

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2.4 Synthesis

As new technologies and contemporary items become more prevalent over

time, we considered creating a temperature sensor that could be used to track the

temperature using simply an Arduino-Uno.

A weather station is a building, on land or at sea, equipped with tools for

measuring atmospheric conditions, providing data for forecasts, and researching

weather patterns. Temperature and humidity precipitation totals are among the

measures made. A group of devices and sensors used to measure atmospheric

and ground conditions is known as a weather station. Environmental factors like

temperature and relative humidity frequently measured. Moisture content,

temperature, and bulk electrical conductivity of the soil are among its conditions.

The Arduino- Uno is used to measure the temperature in the sensor's

immediate surroundings. A temperature sensor is a device that measures

temperature. Its output is an analog signal that is proportional to the Celsius

temperature scale. This can be solid matter temperature. There are various types

of temperature sensors available, and each uses a distinct technology and concept

to monitor the temperature.

Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station

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Design and Development of Arduino-Uno Base Weather Station Using LM35

Temperature Sensor