5 Laws of Motion

ARISTOTLE’S FALLACY
According to Aristotelian law an external force is required to keep Third law : To every action there is an equal and opposite
a body in motion. However an external force is required to reaction. For example – walking , swimming , a horse pulling a
overcome the frictional forces in case of solids and viscous forces cart etc.
r r
in fluids which are always present in nature. FAB = – FBA
LINEAR MOMENTUM (p) Action and reaction act on different bodies and hence cannot
Linear momentum of a body is the quantity of motion contained balance each other. Action and reaction occur simultaneously.
r r Forces always occur in pairs.
in the body. Momentum p = mv
It is a vector quantity having the same direction as the direction EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
of the velocity. Its SI unit is kg ms–1. A body is said to be in equilibrium when no net force acts on the
body.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION r
i.e., SF = 0
First law : A body continues to be in a state of rest or of uniform
motion, unless it is acted upon by some external force to change Then SFx = 0, SFy = 0 and SFz = 0
its state. Stable equilibrium : If a body is slightly displaced from equilbrium
Newton’s first law gives the qualitative definition of force according position, it has the tendency to regain its original position, it is
to which force is that external cause which tends to change or said to be in stable equilibrium.
actually changes the state of rest or motion of a body.
Newton’s first law of motion is the same as law of inertia given by æ d 2u ö
In this case, P.E. is minimum. ç 2 = +ve ÷
Galileo. ç dr ÷
è ø
Inertia is the inherent property of all bodies because of which
So, the centre of gravity is lowest.
they cannot change their state of rest or of uniform motion unless
Unstable equilibrium : If a body, after being displaced from the
acted upon by an external force.
equilibrium position, moves in the direction of displacement, it is
Second law : The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
said to be in unstable equilibrium.
proportional to the external force applied on it and the change
takes place in the direction of force applied. æ d 2u ö
In this case, P.E. is maximum. ç 2 = -ve ÷
r dpr mdvr r ç dr ÷
i.e., F = = = ma è ø
dt dt So, the centre of gravity is highest.
This is the equation of motion of constant mass system. For Neutral equilibrium : If a body, after being slightly displaced
variable mass system such as rocket propulsion from the equilibrium position has no tendency to come back or to
r d ( mvr ) move in the direction of displacement the equilibrium is known to
F= be neutral.
dt
æ d 2u ö
r m(dvr ) r dm In this case, P.E. is constant ç 2 = constant ÷
And, F = +v ç dr ÷
dt dt è ø
The SI unit of force is newton. (One newton force is that much The centre of gravity remains at constant height.
force which produces an acceleration of 1ms–2 in a body of mass COMMON FORCES IN MECHANICS
1 kg. 1. Weight : It is the force with which the earth attracts a body
The CGS unit of force is dyne. (1N = 105 dyne) and is called force of gravity, For a body of mass m, where
The gravitational unit of force is kg-wt (kg-f) or g-wt (g-f) acceleration due to gravity is g, the weight
1 kg-wt (kg-f) = 9.8 N, 1 g-wt (g-f) = 980dyne W = mg
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100 PHYSICS

2. Tension : The force exerted by the ends of a loaded/stretched

string (or chain) is called tension. The tension has a sense
of pull at its ends. Case 3
q N
Case 1 Case 2 mg sinq mg cos q
2T mg
T
2T
T Massless N = mg cos q
T T pulley q
T T
m1 m2 4. Spring force : If an object is connected by spring and spring
m1g m2g is stretched or compressed by a distance x, then restoring
force on the object F = – kx
Case 3 where k is a spring contact on force constant.
T T a 5. Frictional force : It is a force which opposes relative motion
T' T' T1
T between the surfaces in contact. f = mN
T m
T1 – T = ma This will be discussed in detail in later section.
T
If m = 0, T1 = T 6. Pseudo force : If a body of mass m is placed in a non-inertial
i.e tension is same frame having aceleration ar , then it experiences a Pseudo
The tension in a string remains the same throughout the string if r
force acting in a direction opposite to the direction of a .
(a) string is massless, r r
(b) pulley is massless or pulley is frictionless Fpseudo = – ma
Case 4 : String having mass Negative sign shows that the pseudo force is always directed
in a direction opposite to the direction of the acceleration of
the frame.
y

Let the total mass of the string be M and length be L. Then mass a
Fpseudo
per unit length is
M m x
L
Let x be the distance of the string from the mass m. Then the mass z

æM ö CONSTRAINT MOTION :
of the shaded portion of string is ç ´ x ÷ When the motion of one body is dependent on the other body, the
è L ø
relationship of displacements, velocities and accelerations of
If the string is at rest then the tension T has to balance the wt of
the two bodies are called constraint relationships.
shaded portion of string and weight of mass m.
Case 1 Pulley string system :
æ M ö
\T = çm + x÷ g
è L ø X

Þ as x increases, the tension increases. Thus tension is non- F

uniform in a string having mass.
3. Normal force : It measures how strongly one body presses x Block
the other body in contact. It acts normal to the surface of
contact. Step 1 : Find the distance of the two bodies from fixed points.
Step 2 : The length of the string remain constant. (We use of
mg
Case 1 N = mg this condition)
N Therefore X + (X – x) = constant Þ 2X – x = constant
Case 2 dX dx dX dx
Þ 2 – =0 Þ 2 =
a N – mg = ma dt dt dt dt
m mg Þ N = m(g + a)
é dX
Þ 2Vp = v B êQ = Vp = velocity of pulley
N ë dt
 Laws of Motion 101

dx ù When the observer is in non-inertial reference frame a

= v B = velocity of block ú pseudo force is applied on the body under observation.
dt û
Again differentiating we get, 2ap = aB Free Body Diagram (FBD) :
é dVp dvB ù Free body diagram of a mass is a separate diagram of that mass.
êa p = dt and a B = dt ú All forces acting on the mass are sketched. A FBD is drawn to
ë û
visualise the direct forces acting on a body.
ap = acceleration of pulley, aB = acceleration of block Case 1 : Masses M1 and M2 are tied to a string, which goes over
2 2 a frictionless pulley
Case 2 Here h + x + y = constt. On differentiating w.r.t ‘t’
(a) If M2 > M1 and they move with acceleration a

h
T
1 q 2 a T
F M1
x a
[Negative sign with dy/dt shows that with increase in time, y M1g M2
decreases]
1´ 2x dx dy
- = 0 Þ cos q (v1 – v2) = 0 M2g
2 h 2 + x 2 dt dt FBD of M1, FBD of M2
é x ù T T
êQ cos q = ú
ëê h 2 + x 2 ûú
M1 a M2 a
Case 3 Wedge block system : Thin lines represents the condition
of wedge block at t = 0 and dotted lines at t = t
M1g M2g
c T - M1g = M1a M 2g - T = M 2a
ax where T is the tension in the string. It gives
ay ay M 2 - M1 2M 1 M 2
a= g and T = g
q M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2
B ax Ax A (b) If the pulley begins to move with acceleration f,
Ax
q downwards
Ax = acceleration of wedge towards left uur M - M uur uur ur 2 M M uur uur
a = 2 1 ( g - f ) and 1 2
ax, ay = acceleration of block as shown T = (g - f )
M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2
ay Case 2 : Three masses M1, M2 and M3 are connected with strings
From D ABC , tan q =
ax + Ax as shown in the figure and lie on a frictionless surface. They are
Frame of Reference : pulled with a force F attached to M1.
Reference frames are co-ordinate systems in which an event is T2 T2 T1 T 1
M3 M2 M1 F
described.
There are two types of reference frames The forces on M2 and M3 are as follows
(a) Inertial frame of reference: These are frames of reference
in which Newton’s laws hold good. These frames are at rest M 2 + M3 M3
T1 = F and T2 = F;
with each other or which are moving with uniform speed M1 + M 2 + M 3 M1 + M 2 + M 3
with respect to each other.
All reference frames present on surface of Earth are F
Acceleration of the system is a =
supposed to be inertial frame of reference. M1 + M 2 + M 3
(b) Non – inertial frame of reference: Newton’s law do not
Case 3 : Two blocks of masses M1 and M2 are suspended
hold good in non-inertial reference frame.
All accelerated and rotatory reference frames are non – vertically from a rigid support with the help of strings as shown
inertial frame of reference. Earth is a non-intertial frame. in the figure. The mass M2 is pulled down with a force F.
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102 PHYSICS

T1 y
R=N T x
T1
M1 g M1
T2 M1g cos q
T2 M1g sin q M1g

M2g
M2 FBD of M2

é M M ù g
F T =ê 2 1 ú
ë M1 + M2 û (1+sin q) T a
The tension between the masses M1 and M2 will be
M2g
T2 = F + M2g
Tension between the support and the mass M1 will be (ii) When the mass M 1 moves downwards with
T1 = F + (M1 + M2)g
Case 4 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to a string which acceleration a.
passes over a pulley attached to the edge of a horizontal table. Equation of motion for M1 and M2,
The mass M1 lies on the frictionless surface of the table. M1g sin q – T = M1a ...(1)
T T – M2g = M2a ...(2)
M1 Solving eqns. (1) and (2) we get,
a é M sin q - M 2 ù é M 2 M1 ù g
T a=ê 1 ú g; T = ê ú
ë M1 + M 2 û ë M1 + M 2 û (1 + sin q)
M2 (a) If (M2/M1 = sinq) then the system does not accelerate.
M2 g (b) Changing position of masses, does not affect the
tension. Also, the acceleration of the system remains
Let the tension in the string be T and the acceleration of the unchanged.
system be a. Then
T = M1a ...(1) (c) If M1 = M2 = M (say), then
M2g – T = M2a ...(2) 2 2
Adding eqns. (1) and (2), we get æ q qö æ g ö æ q q ö æ Mg ö
a = ç cos - sin ÷ ç ÷ ; T = ç cos + sin ÷ ç ÷
è 2 2ø è 2 ø è 2 2ø è 2 ø
é M2 ù é M1 M 2 ù
a=ê ú g and T = ê úg Case 6 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a
ë M1 + M 2 û ë M1 + M 2 û
string over a pulley attached to the top of a double inclined
Case 5 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a
string, which passes over a frictionless pulley at the top of the plane of angle of inclination a and b.
inclined plane of inclination q. Let the tension in the string be T. Let M2 move downwards with acceleration a and the tension in
the string be T then

M1 M1 M2

q M2
M1g sinq M1g cosq
M1g a b
M2g
q
FBD of M1 a
T
(i) When the mass M1 moves upwards with acceleration a.
M1
From the FBD of M1 and M2,
T – M1g sin q = M1a ...(1) a
na M1gcosa
M2g – T = M2a ...(2) gsi M1g
Solving eqns. (1) and (2) we get, M 1

é M - M1 sin q ù Equation of motion for M1

a=ê 2 úg T – M1g sin a = M1a
ë M1 + M 2 û or T = M1g sin a + M1a ...(1)
FBD of mass M1
 Laws of Motion 103

FBD of M2 By work-energy theorem loss in P.E. = gain in K.E.

T a
M 1
2
Þ mgh = mv 2 Þ v = 2gh
2
M
M2gcosb b 2 gs
inb Also, from the figure, h = l sin q. \ v = 2gh = 2gl sin q
M2g
Equation of motion for M2 (a) Acceleration down the plane is g sin q.
M2g sinb – T = M2a (b) Its velocity at the bottom of the inclined plane will be
or T = M2g sin b – M2a ...(2) 2 gh = 2 g l sin q
Using eqn. (1) and (2) we get,
(c) Time taken to reach the bottom will be
M1g sin a + M1a = M2g sin b – M2a
1/ 2 1/ 2
Solving we get, æ 2l ö æ 2h ö 1 1 2h
t=ç =ç = =
÷ ç g sin 2 q ÷÷
( M 2 sin b - M1 sin a ) g M 1M 2 g è g sin q ø è ø æ g ö
sin q ç ÷
1/ 2 sin q g
a= and T = [sin b + sin a]
M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2 è 2h ø
Case 7 : A person/monkey climbing a rope (d) If angles of inclination are q1 and q2 for two inclined planes
T ½
t1 æ sin q 2 ö
Keeping the length constant then =ç ÷
a t2 è sin q1 ø
Case 9 : Weight of a man in a lift :
a
(i) When lift is accelerated upward : In this case the man also
Mg r
moves in upward direction with an acceleration a .
(a) A person of mass M climbs up a rope with acceleration a.
The tension in the rope will be M(g+a).
T – Mg = Ma Þ T = M(g + a)
(b) If the person climbs down along the rope with acceleration a a
a, the tension in the rope will be M(g–a).
mg
T N
Then from Newton’ second law
N – mg = ma or N = m(g + a)
a a
or Wapp = m(g + a) = Wo (1 + a / g ) (as W = mg)
Mg Where Wapp is apparent weight of the man in the lift, Wo is
Mg – T = Ma Þ T = M(g – a) the real weight, N is the reaction of lift on the man. It is clear
(c) When the person climbs up or down with uniform speed, that N = Wapp
tension in the string will be Mg. When the lift moves upward and if we measure the weight
Case 8 : A body starting from rest moves along a smooth inclined of the man by any means (such as spring balance) then we
plane of length l, height h and having angle of inclination q. observe more weight (i.e., Wapp) than the real weight (Wo)
Wapp >Wo
(ii) When lift is accelerated downward : In this case from
l Newton’s second law
h FBD of body
q
a
N=R
mg
N
q
mg cosq mg – N = ma
mg sinq
mg or N = m(g – a) = Wo(1– a/g)
(where N=R is normal reaction applied by plane on the body or W'app= Wo(1– a/g) {Q Wo = mg}
of mass m) If we measure the weight of man by spring balance, we
For downward motion, along the inclined plane, observe deficiency because Wapp< Wo.
mg sin q = ma Þ a = g sin q
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104 PHYSICS

(iii)When lift is at rest or moving with constant velocity : From From figure, dl = R d q ;
Newton’s second law N –mg = 0 or N = mg Mass of the element,
In this case spring balance gives the true weight of the man. m m
dm = dl ; or dm = . R d q
Case 10 : Three masses M1, M2 and M3 are placed on a smooth l l
surface in contact with each other as shown in the figure. Force responsible for acceleration, dF = (dm)g sinq ;
A force F pushes them as shown in the figure and the three
masses move with acceleration a, æm ö mgR
dF = ç R d q ÷(g sin q) = sin q d q
è l ø l
M3
M2 Net force on the chain can be obtained by integrating the
M1 above relation between 0 to a, we have
F2
F1 F a
F2 F1 mg R mg R a mg R
F= ò l
sin q dq =
l
(- cos q ) =
0 l
[1 - cos a]
a 0

M1 mg R é lù
Þ F – F1 = m1a ...(i) = ê1 - cos R ú ;
F1 F l ë û
M2
F2 F1 Þ F1 – F2 = m2a ...(ii) F gR æ lö
\ Acceleration, a = = ç 1 - cos ÷ .
M3 m l è Rø
F2 Þ F2 = M3 a ...(iii) Example 2.
A block slides down a smooth inclined plane to the ground
F
Adding eqns. (i), (ii) and (iii) we get, a = when released at the top, in time t second. Another block
M1 + M 2 + M 3 is dropped vertically from the same point, in the absence
of the inclined plane and reaches the ground in t/2 second.
M 3F (M 2 + M 3 )F
Þ F2 = and F1 = Then find the angle of inclination of the plane with the
M1 + M 2 + M 3 M1 + M 2 + M 3 vertical.
Solution :
Keep in Memory If q is the angle which the inclined plane makes with the
vertical direction, then the acceleration of the block sliding
1. When a man jumps with load on his head, the apparent down the plane of length l will be g cosq.
weight of the load and the man is zero.
2. (i) If a person sitting in a train moving with uniform A
velocity throws a coin vertically up, then coin will fall q
back in his hand.
(ii) If the train is uniformly accelerated, the coin will fall l h
behind him.
(iii) If the train is retarded uniformly, then the coin will fall
in front of him.
C B
Example 1.
A chain of length l is placed on a smooth spherical surface 1 2
Using the formula, s = ut + at , we have s = l, u = 0, t = t
of radius R with one of its ends fixed at the top of the 2
sphere. What will be the acceleration a of each element of and a = g cos q.
the chain when its upper end is released? It is assumed
1 1
æ Rö so l = 0 ´ t + g cos q t 2 = (g cos q)t 2 ...(i)
that the length of chain l < ç π ÷ . 2 2
è 2ø Taking vertical downward motion of the block, we get
Solution :
1 1
Let m be the mass of the chain of length l. Consider an h = 0 + g ( t / 2) 2 = gt 2 / 4 ...(ii)
element of length dl of the chain at an angle q with vertical, 2 2
Dividing eqn. (ii) by (i), we get
h 1
= [Q cos q = h / l]
dl l 4 cos q
q dq 1 1
1
or cos q = ; or cos 2 q = ; or cos q =
R 4 cos q 4 2
or q = 60º
 Laws of Motion 105

Example 3. Example 6.
A large mass M and a small mass Two masses each equal to m are lying on X-axis at (–a, 0)
m hang at the two ends of a string and (+ a, 0) respectively as shown in fig. They are connected
that passes through a smooth by a light string. A force F is applied at the origin and along
tube as shown in fig. The mass m the Y-axis. As a result, the masses move towards each other.
moves around a circular path in q What is the acceleration of each mass? Assume the
a horizontal plane. The length of l
instantaneous position of the masses as (– x, 0) and (x, 0)
the string from mass m to the top r m respectively
of the tube is l, and q is the angle
the string makes with the F
vertical. What should be the
frequency (n) of rotation of mass
T
m so that mass
M remains stationary? M
(–a, 0) (a, 0)
Solution : –X X
m O m
Tension in the string T = Mg. Solution :
Centripetal force on the body = mrw2 =mr ( 2p n )2. This is
provided by the component of tension acting horizontally F
i.e. T sinq ( = Mg sinq).
A
1 Mg
\ mr ( 2pn)2 = Mg sinq = Mgr/l. or n= T
2p ml T q
Example 4. B C
A string of negligible mass going over a clamped pulley of O
(–x, 0) (x, 0)
mass m supports a block of mass M as shown in fig. The
force on the pulley by the clamp is given by
From figure F = 2 T cos q or T = F/(2 cos q)
(a) 2 Mg The force responsible for motion of masses on X-axis is T
m sin q
(b) 2 mg F
\ m a = T sin q = ´ sin q
2 cos q
(c) [ (M + m)2 + m2 ] g
F F OB F x
= tan q = ´ = ´
(d) [ (M + m)2 + M2 ] g M
2 2 OA 2 (a - x 2 )
2

Solution : (c) F x
Force on the pulley by the clamp = resultant of so, a = ´
T = (M + m)g and mg acting along horizontal and vertical 2m (a - x 2 )
2

respectively
Example 7.
\ F = [(M + m)g]2 + (mg)2 = [ (M + m)2 + m2 ]g A block of mass M is pulled along horizontal frictionless
surface by a rope of mass m. Force P is applied at one end
Example 5.
The masses of 10 kg and 20 kg respectively are connected of rope. Find the force which the rope exerts on the block.
by a massless spring in fig. A force of 200 newton acts on the Solution :
20 kg mass. At the instant shown, the 10 kg mass has The situation is shown in fig
acceleration 12 m/sec2. What is the acceleration of 20 kg T O
mass? M P
m
20 kg Let a be the common acceleration of the system. Here
10 kg
200 newton T = M a for block
P – T = m a for rope
Solution :
Force on 10 kg mass = 10 × 12 = 120 N P
\ P – M a = m a or P = a (M + m) or a =
The mass of 10 kg will pull the mass of 20 kg in the backward ( M + m)
direction with a force of 120 N. MP
\ Net force on mass 20 kg = 200 – 120 = 80 N \T =
(M + m)
force 80 N
Its acceleration a = = = 4 m / s2
mass 20 kg
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Example 8. where p1, p 2 ...............p n are individual linear momentum of first,

In the system shown below, friction and mass of the pulley second and nth particle respectively.
are negligible. Find the acceleration of m 2 if If this rigid body is isolated i.e., no external force is applied on it,
m1 = 300 g, m2 = 500 g and F = 1.50 N
then Ptotal = constant (from Newton’s second law).
Further we know that internal forces (such as intermolecular forces
etc.) also act inside the body, but these can only change individual
linear momentum of the particles (i.e., p1, p2.........), but their total
momentum Ptotal remains constant.
Solution : Gun Firing a Bullet
When the pulley moves a distance d, m1 will move a distance If a gun of mass M fires a bullet of mass m with velocity v. Then
2d. Hence m1 will have twice as large an acceleration as m 2 from law of conservation of momentum, as initially bullet & gun
has. are at rest position i.e., initial momentum is zero, so final momentum
For mass m1, T1 = m1 (2a) ...(1) (gun + bullet) must also be zero.
For mass m2, F – T2 = m2(a) ...(2) Since on firing, the bullet moves with velocity v b in forward
T2 direction, then from Newton’s third law, the gun moves in backward
Putting T1 = in eqn. (1) gives T2 = 4m1a
2 direction v g . So,
Initial momentum = final momentum
0= mvb + MVg
- mvb
Momentum Momentum \ Vg =
of bullet of gun M
(–ve sign shows that the vel. of gun will have the opposite
Substituting value of T2 in equation (2), direction to that of bullet)
F = 4m1a + m2a = (4m1 + m2)a IMPULSE
According to Newton’s second law the rate of change of
F 1.50 momentum of a particle is equal to the total external force applied
Hence a = = = 0.88 m / s 2
4m1 + m 2 4(0.3) + 0.5 on it (particle) i.e.,

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM dP

= Fext ...(i)
A system is said to be isolated, when no external force acts on it. dt
For such isolated system, the linear momentum ( P = mv ) is tf
or dP = Fext .dt or DP = Pf - Pi = ò Fext .dt ...(ii)
constant i.e., conserved. t i
The linear momentum is defined as
Where Pi is momentum of the particle at initial time ti and when
P = mv .....(1)
where v is the velocity of the body, whose mass is m. The direction we apply some external force Fext its final momentum is Pf at

of P is same as the direction of the velocity of the body. It is a time tf . The quantity Fext × dt on R.H.S in equation (ii) is called the
vector quantity. From Newton’s second law, impulse.
d d We can write equation (ii) as
Fext . = (mv) = P .....(2)
dt dt tf
I=ò Fext .dt = DP ...(iii)
i.e., time rate of change in momentum of the body is equal to total ti
external force applied on the body.
So, the impulse of the force Fext is equal to the change in
d
If Fext . = 0 Þ (P) = 0 or P = constant .....(3) momentum of the particle. It is known as impulse momentum
dt theorem.
This is called law of conservation of momentum.
Now let us consider a rigid body consisting of a large number of Fext.
particles moving with different velocities, then total linear
momentum of the rigid body is equal to the summation of individual
linear momentum of all particles
n
impulse

i.e., å p i = p1 + p 2 + p 3 + ..........p n
Area=

i =1
n
or Ptotal = å pi = p1 + p2 + p3 + .......... + pn t
i =1 ti (a) tf
 Laws of Motion 107

Force vary with time and impulse is area under force versus Example 10.
time curve A hammer of mass M strikes a nail of mass m with velocity
of u m/s and drives it ‘s’ meters in to fixed block of wood.
Fext. Find the average resistance of wood to the penetration of
nail.
Area=Fext.Dt Solution :
Applying the law of conservation of momentum,
Fext.
. æ M ö
Fav m u = (M + m) v0 Þ v 0 = ç ÷u
t èm+Mø
ti (b) tf There acceleration a can be obtained using the formula
r (v2 = u2 + 2as).
Force constant with time i.e., Fext. constant with time (shown Here we have 0 – v02 = 2as or a = v02 /2s
by horizontal line) and it would give same impulse to particle 2 2
æ M ö u
in time Dt = tf – ti as time varying force described. \ a =ç ÷
It is a vector quantity having a magnitude equal to the area under è m + M ø 2s
the force-time curve as shown in fig. (a). In this figure, it is assumed
æ M2 ö u2
that force varies with time and is non-zero in time interval Dt = tf– Resistance = (M + m) a = ç ÷
r ç m + M ÷ 2s
ti. Fig.(b) shows the time averaged force Fext. i.e., it is constant è ø
in time interval Dt, then equation (iii) can be written as Example 11.
A ball of mass 0.5 kg is thrown towards a wall so that it
r t r r
I = Fext. ò f dt = F (t - t ) I = Fext. Dt ...(iv) strikes the wall normally with a speed of 10 ms–1. If the ball
it ext. f i bounces at right angles away from the wall with a speed of
The direction of impulsive vector I is same as the direction of 8ms–1, what impulse does the wall exert on the ball ?
change in momentum. Impulse I has same dimensions as that of Solution :
momentum i.e, [MLT–1] Approaching wall
Rocket propulsion (A case of system of variable mass ) : It is u = –10 ms–1
based on principle of conservation of linear momentum. 10
f
In rocket, the fuel burns and produces gases at high temperature.
These gases are ejected out of the rocket from nozzle at the 8 Leaving wall
backside of rocket and the ejecting gas exerts a forward force on v = +8 ms–1
the rocket which accelerates it.
Taking the direction of the impulse J as positive and using
dM J = mv – mu
Let the gas ejects at a rate r = - and at constant velocity u
dt 1 1
w.r.t. rocket then from the conservation of linear momentum we have J= ´8- (-10) = 9 N-s
2 2
dv ru ru Therefore the wall exerts an impulse of 9 N-s on the ball.
= = where M = M0 - rt and M0 is mass of rocket
dt M M 0 - rt
Example 12.
æ M0 ö Two particles, each of mass m, collide head on when their
with fuel and solving this equation, we get v = u log e çç ÷
÷ speeds are 2u and u. If they stick together on impact, find
è M 0 - rt ø
their combined speed in terms of u.
where v = velocity of rocket w.r.t. ground. Solution :
Example 9. m m
Two skaters A and B approach each other at right angles. Before impact u
Skater A has a mass 30 kg and velocity 1 m/s and skater 2u
B has a mass 20 kg and velocity 2 m/s. They meet and
2m
cling together. Find the final velocity of the couple. After impact v
Solution : Using conservation of linear momentum (in the direction of
Applying principle of conservation of linear momentum, the velocity 2u) we have
p = p12 + p 22 ; ( m1 + m 2 ) v = ( m1 v1 ) 2 + ( m 2 v 2 ) 2 1
(m) (2u) – mu = 2m × V Þ V = u
2
( 30 + 20 ) v = ( 30 ´1)2 + ( 20 ´ 2 )2 = 50 The combined mass will travel at speed u/2.
(Note that the momentum of the second particle before impact
50 is negative because its sense is opposite to that specified
v= =1 m/s
50 as positive.)
 EBD_7751
108 PHYSICS

FRICTION
When a body is in motion on a rough surface, or when an object
moves through water (i.e., viscous medium), then velocity of the
body decreases constantly even if no external force is applied on
the body. This is due to friction.
So “an opposing force which comes into existence, when two
surfaces are in contact with each other and try to move relative
to one another, is called friction”.
Frictional force acts along the common surface between the two
bodies in such a direction so as to oppose the relative movement
of the two bodies.
(a) The force of static friction fs between book and rough
surface is opposite to the applied external force Fext. The
r in contact is opposite to Fext. and given by f s £ ms N
force of static friction fs = Fext .
R=N
fs Book Fext.
(a)
W maximum value of static friction.
r
(b) When Fext . exceeds the certain maximum value of static
friction, the book starts accelerating and during motion
Kinetic frictional force is present.
R=N Body just starts moving
Book
fk Fext.
Fig.(c) (fs )max is equal to mkN. When the book is in motion,
we call the retarding frictional force as the force of kinetic
friction fk.
Since fk< (fs )max , so it is clear that, we require more force to
start motion than to maintain it against friction.
By experiment one can find that (fs )max and f k are
proportional to normal force N acting on the book (by rough
surface) and depends on the roughness of the two surfaces
in contact.
Note :
(i) The force of static friction between any two surfaces
r
and (fs )max = ms N (when the body just moves in the
right direction).
where N = W = weight of book and ms is called
coefficient of static friction, fs is called force of static
friction and (fs )max is called limiting friction or
(ii) The force of kinetic friction is opposite to the direction
of motion and is given by fk = mkN
where mk is coefficient of kinetic friction.
(iii) The value of mk and ms depends on the nature of
surfaces and mk is always less then ms.
Friction on an inclined plane : Now we consider a book on an
inclined plane & it just moves or slips, then by definition

(f s) m
a x
(b) R=N
W
ok
r Bo
(c) A graph Fext . versus | f | shown in figure. It is clear that
q q mg cos q
fs, ,max > fk s in mg=W
mg q
|f|
( f s )max = m s R
(fs)max Now from figure, f s,max = mg sin q and R = mg cosq
Body is Body starts with
=msN at rest acceleration Þ ms= tanq or q = tan–1(ms)
where angle q is called the angle of friction or angle of repose
fk=mk N Some facts about friction :
(1) The force of kinetic friction is less than the force of static
O static kinetic friction and the force of rolling friction is less than force of
region region kinetic friction i.e.,
(c)
Fig.(a) shows a book on a horizontal rough surface. Now if fr < fk < fs or mrolling < mkinetic < mstatic
r hence it is easy to roll the drum in comparison to sliding it.
we apply external force Fext. , on the book, then the book
r (2) Frictional force does not oppose the motion in all cases,
will remain stationary if Fext. is not too large. If we increase infact in some cases the body moves due to it.
r
Fext. then frictional force f also increase up to (fs )max B
(called maximum force of static friction or limiting friction)
r A Fext
and (fs )max = msN. At any instant when Fext. is slightly
greater than (fs )max then the book moves and accelerates to In the figure, book B moves to the right due to friction
the right. between A and B. If book A is totally smooth (i.e., frictionless)
Fig.(b) when the book is in motion, the retarding frictional then book B does not move to the right. This is because of
no force applies on the book B in the right direction.
force become less than, (fs )max
 Laws of Motion 109

Laws of limiting friction :
(i) The force of friction is independent of area of surfaces
in contact and relative velocity between them (if it is
not too high).
(ii) The force of friction depends on the nature of material
of surfaces in contact (i.e., force of adhesion).
m depends upon n ature of the surface. It is
independent of the normal reaction.
(iii) The force of friction is directly proportional to normal
reaction i.e., F µ N or F = mn.
While solving a problem having friction involved, follow
the given methodology
If Fapp < fl
Body does not move and
Fapp = frictional force
Check If Fapp = fl
(a) Fapp Body is on the verge of movement
(b) Limiting if the body is initially at rest
friction (fl) Body moves with constant velocity
Rolling Friction :
The name rolling friction is a misnomer. Rolling friction has nothing
to do with rolling. Rolling friction occurs during rolling as well as
sliding operation.
Cause of rolling friction : When a body is kept on a surface of
another body it causes a depression (an exaggerated view shown
in the figure). When the body moves, it has to overcome the
depression. This is the cause of rolling friction.
Rolling friction will be zero only when both the bodies
incontact are rigid. Rolling friction is very small as compared to
sliding friction. Work done by rolling friction is zero
CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES
If work done on a particle is zero in complete round trip, the
force is said to be conservative. The gravitational force,
electrostatics force, elastic force etc., are conservative forces.
On the other hand if the work done on a body is not zero during
a complete round trip, the force is said to be non-conservative.
The frictional force, viscous force etc. are non-conservative
forces.
Final
position
A f
B
C is m. Find the horizontal force needed to just push the object
i
Initial
position
Figure shows three processes A, B and C by which we can reach
from an initial position to final position. If force is conservative,
then work done is same in all the three processes i.e., independent
of the path followed between initial and final position.
If force is non conservative then work done from i to f is different
in all three paths A,B and C.
Hence it is clear that work done in conservative force depends
only on initial & final position irrespective of the path followed
between initial & final position. In case of non-conservative
forces the work done depends on the path followed between
initial and final position.
We can say also that there is no change in kinetic energy of the
body in complete round trip in case of conservative force. While
in case of non conservative forces, when a body return to its
initial position after completing the round trip, the kinetic energy
of the body may be more or less than the kinetic energy with
which it starts.
Example 13.
Pushing force making an angle q to the horizontal is
applied on a block of weight W placed on a horizontal
table. If the angle of friction is f, then determine the
magnitude of force required to move the body.
Solution :
The various forces acting on the block are shown in fig.
N
f cosq
f q
F
mg F sinq
Here,
f
m = tan f = ; or f = N tanf...(i)
N
The condition for the block just to move is
Fcosq = f = N tanf ...(ii)
and F sinq + W = N ...(iii)
From (ii) and (iii),
F cosq = (W + F sinq ) tan f = W tanf + F sin q tanf ;
or F cos q – F sinq sinf/cosf = W sinf/cosf
or F (cosq cosf – sinq sinf) = W sinf ;
or F cos (q + f) = W sinf or F = W sinf / cos (q + f)
Example 14.
An object of weight W is resting on an inclined plane at an
angle q to the horizontal. The coefficient of static friction
up the plane.
 EBD_7751
110 PHYSICS

Solution : (loss in kinetic energy of the particle) = (gain in potential energy)

The situation is shown in fig. In conservative force system (such as gravity force) the
mechanical energy (i.e., kinetic energy + potential energy) must
be constant.
osq
R Fc Total energy will be constant
q F Now from eqns.(2) and (3), we get
B
inq
Ws q F sinq vB B
f=m R
q W cosq
mg R
W D
TB
D TA
Let F be the horizontal force needed to just push the object R
up the plane. From figure R = W cos q + F sin q
Now f = mR = m [W cos q + F sin q] ...(1) A vA= vC
Further, F cos q = W sin q + f ...(2) A mg
F cos q = W sin q + m [W cos q + F sin q] m m
TA - TB = 2 mg + (VA2 - VB2 ) = 2 mg + (4gR )
F cos q – m F sin q = W sin q + m W cos q R R

W (sin q + m cos q) Þ TA - TB = 6mg ...(5)

\ F= or TA = TB + 6mg ...(6)
(cos q - m sin q)
So it is clear from eqn. (6) that tension in string at lowest point
CASES OF CIRCULAR MOTIONS of vertical circle is greater then the tension at highest point of
Motion in a Vertical Circle : vertical circle by 6mg.
Let us consider a particle of mass m attached to a string of length Condition to complete a vertical circle :
R let the particle be rotated about its centre O.
If we reduce the velocity vA in equation (2), then TA will be reduce
At t = 0 the particle start with velocity u from the point A (lowest
point of vertical circle) and at time t its position is P. Then the and at some critical velocity vc, TB will be zero, then put TB = 0
tension at point P is given by and vB = vC in equation (3) and we obtain
B vC = vB = gR ...(7)
In this condition the necessary centripetal force at point B is
provided by the weight of the particle [see again equation (3)]
then from equation (4), we get
O vP
q T v 2A - gR = 4 gR Þ v A = 5 gR ...(8)
R P
then the tension at the point A will be
q
A u mg cos q m(5gR )
mg sin q mg TA = mg + = 6mg ...(9)
R
mv 2P mv2P Hence if we rotate a particle in a vertical circle and tension in
TP - mg cos q = or TP = mg cos q + ...(1) string at highest point is zero, then the tension at lowest point of
R R
So tension at point A (lowest point of vertical circle) is vertical circle is 6 times of the weight of the particle.
mv 2A
TA - mg = (Q q = 0º) ...(2)
R Some Facts of Vertical Motion :
and tension at point B (highest point of vertical circle) is (i) The body will complete the vertical circle if its velocity at
mv 2B
TB + mg = (Q q =180º) ...(3) lowest point is equal to or greater then 5gR
R
mv 2 (ii) The body will oscillate about the lowest point if its velocity
Where is centripetal force required for the particle to move
r at lowest point is less then 2 gR . This will happen when
in a vertical circle.
Now from law of conservation of energy the velocity at the halfway mark, i.e.
1 1 é 1 ù
mv 2A - mv 2B = 2 mgR v D = 0 êQ mv 2A = mgR ú
2 2 ë 2 û
or, v 2A - v 2B = 4gR ...(4) (iii) The string become slack and fails to describe the circle
when its velocity at lowest point lies between
(change in kinetic energy of particle)
= (change in potential energy of particle) 2gR to 5gR
or
 Laws of Motion 111

Example 15. Negotiating a Curve :

A mass m is revolving in a vertical circle at the end of a Case of cyclist
string of length 20 cm. By how much does the tension of the To safely negotiate a curve of radius r, a cyclist should bend at an
string at the lowest point exceed the tension at the topmost angle q with the vertical.
point? N Ncosq
Solution :
The tension T 1 at the topmost point is given by, q
m v12
T1 = -mg
20 Nsinq
Centrifugal force acting outward while weight acting
downward
m v 22
The tension T2 at the lowest point, T2 = + mg v2
20 Which is given by tan q = . Angle q is also called as angle of
rg
Centrifugal force and weight (both) acting downward
banking.
m v 2 2 - m v12 2 2
T2 - T1 = + 2mg ; v1 = v 2 - 2 g h or
20 mv 2
N sin q = and N cos q = mg
v 2 2 - v12 = 2 g (40 ) = 80 g r
Case of car on a levelled road
80 m g A vehicle can safely negotiate a curve of radius r on a rough level
\ T2 - T1 = + 2mg = 6 mg
20 road when coefficient of sliding friction is related to the velocity
Example 16.
v2
A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string of as m s ³ .
length L = (10/3) m is whirling in a circular path of radius rg
L in a vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum to the minimum Now consider a case when a vehicle is moving in a circle, the
tension in the string is 4 and g = 10 m/s2, then find the speed
mv 2
of the stone at the highest point of the circle. centrifugal force is whereas m is mass of vehicle, r = radius
r
Solution :
of circle and v is its velocity.
P
mv 2
VP r
L fs
O The frictional force is static since wheels are in rolling motion
T because point of contact with the surface is at rest
q
mg cos q mv 2
\ fs = f s £ f max = m s mg
VO q r
Q
mg mv 2 v2
m
£ m s mg or s ³
The tension T in the string is given by r rg
é
Case of banking of road (frictionless)
vQ2 ù é v 2ù
Tmax = m êg + ú and T = m ê- g + P ú A vehicle can safely negotiate a curve of radius r on a smooth
ê L ú min
ë û êë L úû (frictionless) road, when the angle q of banking of the road is

According to the given problem v2

given by tan q = .
rg
g + ( v Q 2 / L) vQ 2
= 4 or vP2
2 g+ = -4 g + 4
- g + ( v P / L) L L N
q
Vertical

2 2
vP + 4 g L v
or g+ = -4 g + 4 P
L L
L = (10/3) m and g = 10 m/s2 (given) q mg
Solving we get vP = 10 m/s. Horizontal
 EBD_7751
112 PHYSICS

When the banked surface is smooth, the force acting will be gravity Now in the case of minimum velocity with which body could move
and normal force only. in a circular motion, the direction of friction will be opposite to
that one in maximum velocity case.
N
fs
mv2
r N

mg mv 2
q r

Balancing forces mg
N cos q = mg ...(1) q
mv 2
N sin q = ...(2) 2 æ m - tan q ö
r and vmin = rg ç ÷
è 1 + m tan q ø
v2
= tan q ...(3) Keep in Memory
rg
Case of banking of road (with friction) 1. Whenever a particle is moving on the circular path then
The maximum velocity with which a vehicle can safely negotiate there must be some external force which will provide the
a curve of radius r on a rough inclined road is given by necessary centripetal acceleration to the particle.
For examples :
rg (m + tan q)
v2 = ; where m is the coefficient of friction of the (i) Motion of satellite around a planet : Here the centripetal
1 - m tan q force is provided by the gravitational force.
rough surface on which the vehicle is moving, and q is the angle
of inclined road with the horizontal.
Suppose a vehicle is moving in a circle of radius r on a rough V
μ
inclined road whose coefficient of friction is and angle of
M GMm mv 2 Satellite
banking is q. i.e. 2
= (m)
r r (M) Planet
N
N

mv 2 mv 2 (ii) Motion of electron around the nucleus : Here the

r r
required centripetal force is provided by the
Coulombian force
fs mg fs mg
q 1 (ze)(e) mv2
i.e. =
Let velocity of object (vehicle) be V. 4pe o r 2 r

mv2
If we apply pseudo force on body, centrifugal force is
r
when v is max. and friction force will be acting down the slope.
mv2 Nucleus
Balancing the force horizontally, = f s cos q + N sin q ...(1) Electron
r r
(Ze) (e)
Balancing the force vertically,
N cos q = f s sin q + mg ...(2)
when v = maximum, f = fmax = fs = mN ...(3)
From eqn. (2), (iii) Motion of a body in horizontal and vertical circle:
N cos q = mN sin q + mg Þ N (cos q - m sin q) = mg Here the centripetal force is provided by the tension.
Horizontal circle
mg
or N =
cos q - m sin q V
2 2
mv mmg cos q + mg sin q mv
From eqns.(1) and (3), = T= (m)
r cos q - m sin q r
T
mv 2 mg (m + tan q) 2 (m + tan q)
Þ = Þ vmax = rg
r 1 - m tan q 1 - m tan q
 Laws of Motion 113

Vertical circle (d) The vertical depth h of P below A is independent of the

length of the string since from eqn. (1) and (4)
mv A 2
At point A, TA = ; h lmg
r VB T = mg Þ T = but T = mlw 2
B l h
V mlg g
mg
Therefore mlw 2 = Þh= 2
TB h w
mv B 2 A
which is independent of l.
At point B, TB + mg =
r T
Example 17.
mg
TC A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of constant
V
mv C 2 C mg C radius r such that its centripetal acceleration ac is varying
And at point C, TC - mg = with time t as ac = k2rt2, where k is a constant. Determine
r
the power delivered to the particle by the forces acting on
CONICAL PENDULUM it.
Consider an inextensible string of length l which is fixed at Solution :
one end, A. At the other end is attached a particle P of mass Here tangential acceleration also exists which requires power.
m describing a circle with constant angular velocity w in a Given that centripetal acceleration
horizontal plane. ac = k2rt2 also, ac = v2/r ;
\ v2/r = k2rt2 or v2 = k2r2t2 or v = k r t ;
A
Tangential acceleration, a = dv = k r
dt
h Tsin Now, force F = ma = m k r ;
P O So, power, P = F v = m k r × k r t = m k2 r2 t.
r 2
P O Example 18.
r
The string of a pendulum is horizontal. The mass of the bob
is m. Now the string is released. What is the tension in the
mg Vertical section Horizontal Plane string in the lowest position?
Solution :
O
As P rotates, the string AP traces out the surface of a cone.
Consequently the system is known as a conical pendulum.
Vertically, T cos q = mg ... (1)
Horizontally, ... (2) T
Tsin q = mrw 2
In triangle AOP, r = l sin q ... (3) v

and h = l cos q ... (4)

mg
Several interesting facts can be deduced from these Let v be the velocity of the bob at the lowest position. In
equations : this position, The P.E. of bob is converted into K.E. Hence,
(a) It is impossible for the string to be horizontal.
1
mgl = m v 2 or v 2 = 2 g l ...(1)
mg 2
This is seen from eqn. (1) in which cos q = cannot be
T If T be the tension in the string, then
zero. Hence q cannot be 90°.
æ m v2 ö
(b) The tension is always greater than mg. T - mg = ç ÷
...(2)
ç l ÷
This also follows from eqn. (1) as cos q < 1 (q is acute but è ø
not zero). Hence, T > mg From eqns. (1) and (2).
(c) The tension can be calculated without knowing the T – m g = 2 m g or T = 3 m g
inclination of the string since, from eqn. (2) and (3)
T sin q = ml sin q w 2 Þ T = mlw 2
 EBD_7751
114 PHYSICS
 Laws of Motion 115

1. A rectangular block is placed on a rough horizontal surface 8. A uniform rope of length L resting on a frictionless horizontal
in two different ways as shown, then surface is pulled at one end by a force F. What is the tension
in the rope at a distance l from the end where the force is
applied.
F
F (a) F (b) F (1 + l/L)
(c) F/2 (d) F (1 – l/L)
(a) (b) 9. A particle of mass m is moving with velocity v1, it is given
(a) friction will be more in case (a) an impulse such that the velocity becomes v2 . Then
(b) friction will be more in case (b) magnitude of impulse is equal to
r r r r
(c) friction will be equal in both the cases (a) m( v2 - v1 ) (b) m( v1 - v 2 )
(d) friction depends on the relations among its dimensions. r r r r
(c) m ´ (v 2 - v1 ) (d) 0.5m(v 2 - v1 )
2. Centripetal force :
(a) can change speed of the body. 10. A constant force F = m2g/2 is applied on the block of mass
(b) is always perpendicular to direction of motion m1 as shown in fig. The string and the pulley are light and
the surface of the table is smooth. The acceleration of m1 is
(c) is constant for uniform circular motion.
(d) all of these m1
3. When a horse pulls a cart, the horse moves down to F
(a) horse on the cart.
(b) cart on the horse.
m2
(c) horse on the earth.
(d) earth on the horse. m2g
(a) towards right
4. The force of action and reaction 2 (m1 + m 2 )
(a) must be of same nature
(b) must be of different nature m 2g
(b) towards left
2 (m1 - m 2 )
(c) may be of different nature
(d) may not have equal magnitude m 2g
(c) towards right
5. A body is moving with uniform velocity, then 2 (m 2 - m1 )
(a) no force must be acting on the body.
(b) exactly two forces must be acting on the body m 2g
(d) towards left
2 (m 2 - m1 )
(c) body is not acted upon by a single force.
(d) the number of forces acting on the body must be even. 11. A mass is hanging on a spring balance which is kept in a lift.
6. The direction of impulse is The lift ascends. The spring balance will show in its readings
(a) same as that of the net force (a) an increase
(b) opposite to that of the net force (b) a decrease
(c) same as that of the final velocity (c) no change
(d) same as that of the initial velocity (d) a change depending on its velocity
7. A monkey is climbing up a rope, then the tension in the rope 12. A cart of mass M has a block of mass m attached to it as
(a) must be equal to the force applied by the monkey on shown in fig. The coefficient of friction between the block
the rope and the cart is m. What is the minimum acceleration of the
(b) must be less than the force applied by the monkey on cart so that the block m does not fall?
the rope. (a) mg
(c) must be greater than the force applied by the monkey (b) g/m M m
on the rope.
(c) m/g
(d) may be equal to, less than or greater the force applied
by the monkey on the rope. (d) M mg/m
 EBD_7751
116 PHYSICS

13. A particle of mass m moving eastward with a speed v collides 20. A particle starts sliding down a frictionless inclined plane.
with another particle of the same mass moving northward If Sn is the distance traveled by it from time t = n – 1 sec to
with the same speed v. The two particles coalesce on
t = n sec, the ratio Sn/Sn+1 is
collision. The new particle of mass 2m will move in the north-
external direction with a velocity : 2n - 1 2n + 1
(a) (b)
(a) v/2 (b) 2v 2n + 1 2n
(c) v / 2 (d) None of these 2n 2n + 1
(c) (d)
14. A spring is compressed between two toy carts of mass m1 2n + 1 2n - 1
and m2. When the toy carts are released, the springs exert 21. A block is kept on a inclined plane of inclination q of length l .
equal and opposite average forces for the same time on The velocity of particle at the bottom of inclined is (the
each toy cart. If v1 and v2 are the velocities of the toy carts coefficient of friction is m )
and there is no friction between the toy carts and the ground,
then : (a) [2gl(m cos q - sin q)]1 / 2 (b) 2gl(sin q - m cos q)
(a) v1/v2 = m1/m2 (b) v1/v2 = m2/m1
(c) 2gl(sin q + m cos q) (d) 2gl(cos q + m sin q)
(c) v1/v2 = –m2/m1 (d) v1/v2 = –m1/m2
22. A bird is in a wire cage which is hanging from a spring
15. Two mass m and 2m are attached with each other by a rope
balance . In the first case, the bird sits in the cage and in the
passing over a frictionless and massless pulley. If the pulley
second case, the bird flies about inside the cage. The reading
is accelerated upwards with an acceleration ‘a’, what is the
in the spring balance is
value of T?
(a) more in the first case
g+a g -a (b) less in first case
(a) (b)
3 3 (c) unchanged
4 m (g + a ) m (g - a ) (d) zero in second case.
(c) (d) 23. In an explosion, a body breaks up into two pieces of unequal
3 3
masses. In this
16. A rider on a horse back falls forward when the horse (a) both parts will have numerically equal momentum
suddenly stops. This is due to (b) lighter part will have more momentum
(a) inertia of horse (c) heavier part will have more momentum
(b) inertia of rider (d) both parts will have equal kinetic energy
(c) large weight of the horse 24. A block of mass m on a rough horizontal surface is acted
(d) losing of the balance upon by two forces as shown in figure. For equilibrium of
17. A ball of mass m is thrown vertically upwards. What is the block the coefficient of friction between block and surface is
rate at which the momentum of the ball changes? F2
q
(a) Zero (b) mg
(c) Infinity (d) Data is not sufficient. F1 m
18. A small block is shot into each of the four tracks as shown
below. Each of the tracks rises to the same height. The
speed with which the block enters the track is the same in all F1 + F2 sin q F1 cos q + F2
(a) (b)
cases. At the highest point of the track, the normal reaction mg + F2 cos q mg - F2 sin q
is maximum in F1 + F2 cos q F1 sin q - F2
(c) mg + F2 sin q
(d)
mg - F2 cos q
25. A plate of mass M is placed on a horizontal of frictionless
(a) (b) surface (see figure), and a body of mass m is placed on this
v v plate. The coefficient of dynamic friction between this body
and the plate is m . If a force 2 m mg is applied to the body
of mass m along the horizontal, the acceleration of the plate
will be
(c) (d) m
v v 2m mg
M
19. A weight W rests on a rough horizontal plane. If the angle
of friction be q , the least force that will move the body mm mm
(a) g (b) g
along the plane will be M (M + m)
(a) W cos q (b) W cot q 2mm
2mm g.
(c) W tan q (d) W sin q (c) g (d)
M (M + m)
 Laws of Motion 117

1. An object of mass 10 kg moves at a constant speed of

10 ms–1. A constant force, that acts for 4 sec on the object, F (N)
gives it a speed of 2 ms–1 in opposite direction. The force
acting on the object is 1
(a) –3 N (b) –30 N 0 x
2 4 6 7 8
(c) 3 N (d) 30 N t (s)
2. A solid sphere of 2 kg is suspended from a horizontal beam
2
by two supporting wires as shown in fig. Tension in each
wire is approximately (g = 10 ms–2)
(a) 30 N 30º 30º (a) zero (b) 4 N-s
(c) 8 Ns (d) None of these
T T
(b) 20 N 9. Fig. shows a uniform rod of length 30 cm having a mass of
3.0 kg. The strings shown in the figure are pulled by constant
(c) 10 N forces of 20 N and 32 N. All the surfaces are smooth and the
strings and pulleys are light. The force exerted by 20 cm part
(d) 5 N mg of the rod on the 10 cm part is
3. A toy gun consists of a spring and a rubber dart of mass 16 10
cm 20 cm
g. When compressed by 4 cm and released, it projects the
dart to a height of 2 m. If compressed by 6 cm, the height
achieved is 20 N 32 N
(a) 3 m (b) 4 m
(c) 4.5 m (d) 6 m (a) 20 N (b) 24 N
4. A player stops a football weighting 0.5 kg which comes (c) 32 N (d) 52 N
flying towards him with a velocity of 10m/s. If the impact 10. A force of 10 N acts on a body of mass 20 kg for 10 seconds.
lasts for 1/50th sec. and the ball bounces back with a velocity Change in its momentum is
of 15 m/s, then the average force involved is (a) 5 kg m/s (b) 100 kg m/s
(a) 250 N (b) 1250 N (c) 200 kg m/s (d) 1000 kg m/s
(c) 500 N (d) 625 N 11. Consider the system shown in fig. The pulley and the string
5. A car travelling at a speed of 30 km/h is brought to a halt in are light and all the surfaces are frictionless. The tension in
the string is (take g = 10 m/s2)
4 m by applying brakes. If the same car is travelling at 60 km/h,
it can be brought to halt with the same braking power in
1 kg
(a) 8 m (b) 16 m
(c) 24 m (d) 32 m 1 kg
6. A body of mass 4 kg moving on a horizontal surface with an (a) 0 N (b) 1 N
initial velocity of 6 ms–1 comes to rest after 3 seconds. If (c) 2 N (d) 5 N
one wants to keep the body moving on the same surface 12. The elevator shown in fig. is descending with an acceleration
with the velocity of 6 ms–1, the force required is of 2 m/s2. The mass of the block A = 0.5 kg. The force exerted
(a) Zero (b) 4 N by the block A on block B is
(c) 8 N (d) 16 N
(a) 2 N
7. A machine gun has a mass 5 kg. It fires 50 gram bullets at the
rate of 30 bullets per minute at a speed of 400 ms–1. What
(b) 4 N 2
force is required to keep the gun in position? 2 m/s
(a) 10 N (b) 5 N (c) 6 N A
(c) 15 N (d) 30 N
8. A force time graph for the motion of a body is shown in Fig. (d) 8 N
Change in linear momentum between 0 and 8s is B
 EBD_7751
118 PHYSICS

13. Two blocks of masses 2 kg and 1 kg are placed on a smooth 20. A ball of mass 0.5 kg moving with a velocity of 2 m/sec
horizontal table in contact with each other. A horizontal force strikes a wall normally and bounces back with the same
of 3 newton is applied on the first so that the block moves speed. If the time of contact between the ball and the wall is
with a constant acceleration. The force between the blocks one millisecond, the average force exerted by the wall on
would be the ball is :
(a) 3 newton (b) 2 newton (a) 2000 newton (b) 1000 newton
(c) 5000 newton (d) 125 newton
(c) 1 newton (d) zero
21. The mass of the lift is 100 kg which is hanging on the string.
14. A 4000 kg lift is accelerating upwards. The tension in the The tension in the string, when the lift is moving with
-2 (g = 9.8 m/sec2)
supporting cable is 48000 N. If g = 10m s then the constant velocity, is
acceleration of the lift is (a) 100 newton (b) 980 newton
-2 -2 (c) 1000 newton (d) None of these
(a) 1 m s (b) 2 m s 22. In the question , the tension in the strings, when the lift is
-2 accelerating up with an acceleration 1 m/sec2, is
(c) 4 m s -2 (d) 6 m s (a) 100 newton (b) 980 newton
15. A rocket has a mass of 100 kg. Ninety percent of this is fuel. It (c) 1080 newton (d) 880 newton
ejects fuel vapors at the rate of 1 kg/sec with a velocity of 500 23. A block of mass 5 kg resting on a horizontal surface is
m/sec relative to the rocket. It is supposed that the rocket is connected by a cord, passing over a light frictionless pulley
outside the gravitational field. The initial upthrust on the to a hanging block of mass 5 kg. The coefficient of kinetic
rocket when it just starts moving upwards is friction between the block and the surface is 0.5. Tension in
(a) zero (b) 500 newton the cord is : (g = 9.8 m/sec2)
A
(c) 1000 newton (d) 2000 newton
16. A 0.1 kg block suspended from a massless string is moved 5 kg

first vertically up with an acceleration of 5 ms -2 and then

moved vertically down with an acceleration of 5 ms -2 . If 5 kg B

T1 and T2 are the respective tensions in the two cases,

(a) 49 N (b) Zero
then (c) 36.75 N (d) 2.45 N
(a) T2 > T1 24. A 40 kg slab rests on frictionless floor as shown in fig. A 10
kg block rests on the top of the slab. The static coefficient
-2 of friction between the block and slab is 0.60 while the kinetic
(b) T1 - T2 = 1 N, if g = 10 ms
friction is 0.40. The 10 kg block is acted upon by a horizontal
(c) T1 - T2 = 1kg f force of 100 N. If g = 9.8 m/s2, the resulting acceleration of
the slab will be:
-2
(d) T1 - T2 = 9.8N, if g = 9.8 ms
17. The coefficient of friction between two surfaces is 0.2. The 100 N
angle of friction is

(a) sin -1 (0.2) (b) cos -1 (0.2)

40 kg
-1 No friction
(c) -1 (d) cot (5)
tan (0.1)
18. A man weighing 80 kg is standing on a trolley weighing 320 (a) 0.98 m/s2 (b) 1.47 m/s2
(c) 1.52 m/s 2 (d) 6.1 m/s2
kg. The trolley is resting on frictionless horizontal rails. If
the man starts walking on the trolley along the rails at a 25. Two blocks are connected over a massless pulley as shown in
speed of one metre per second, then after 4 seconds, his fig. The mass of block A is 10 kg and the coefficient of kinetic
displacement relative to the ground will be : friction is 0.2. Block A slides down the incline at constant speed.
(a) 5 metres (b) 4.8 metres The mass of block B in kg is:
(c) 3.2 metres (d) 3.0 metres
19. Starting from rest, a body slides down a 45º inclined plane in
twice the time it takes to slide down the same distance in the A
absence of friction. The coefficient of friction between the
body and the inclined plane is: 30º B

(a) 0.33 (b) 0.25 (a) 3.5 (b) 3.3

(c) 0.75 (d) 0.80 (c) 3.0 (d) 2.5
 Laws of Motion 119

26. Two trolleys of mass m and 3m are connected by a spring. 33. A trailer of mass 1000 kg is towed by means of a rope
They were compressed and released at once, they move off attached to a car moving at a steady speed along a level
in opposite direction and come to rest after covering a road. The tension in the rope is 400 N. The car starts to
distance S1, S2 respectively. Assuming the coefficient of accelerate steadily. If the tension in the rope is now 1650 N,
friction to be uniform, ratio of distances S1 : S2 is : with what acceleration is the trailer moving ?
(a) 1.75 ms–2 (b) 0.75 ms–2
(a) 1 : 9 (b) 1 : 3 –2
(c) 2.5 ms (d) 1.25 ms–2
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 9 : 1 34. A rocket of mass 5000 kg is to be projected vertically upward.
27. A particle of mass 10 kg is moving in a straight line. If its The gases are exhausted vertically downwards with velocity
displacement, x with time t is given by x = (t3 – 2t – 10) m, 1000 ms–2 with respect to the rocket. What is the minimum
then the force acting on it at the end of 4 seconds is rate of burning the fuel so as to just lift the rocket upwards
(a) 24 N (b) 240 N against gravitational attraction ?
(c) 300 N (d) 1200 N (a) 49 kg s–1 (b) 147 kg s–1
(c) 98 kg s –1 (d) 196 kg s–1
28. When forces F1, F2, F3 are acting on a particle of mass m
35. Blocks A and B of masses 15 kg and 10 kg, respectively, are
such that F2 and F3 are mutually perpendicular, then the connected by a light cable passing over a frictionless pulley
particle remains stationary. If the force F1 is now removed as shown below. Approximately what is the acceleration
then the acceleration of the particle is experienced by the system?
(a) F1/m (b) F2F3/mF1 (a) 2.0 m/s2
(c) (F2 – F3)/m (d) F2/m
(b) 3.3 m/s2
29. One end of massless rope, which passes over a massless
and frictionless pulley P is tied to a hook C while the (c) 4.9 m/s2
other end is free. Maximum tension that the rope can B
(d) 9.8 m/s2 A
bear is 360 N. With what value of maximum safe
36. A 50 kg ice skater, initially at rest, throws a 0.15 kg snowball
acceleration (in ms –2 ) can a man of 60 kg moves
with a speed of 35 m/s. What is the approximate recoil speed
downwards on the rope? [Take g = 10 ms–2]
of the skater?
(a) 0.10 m/s (b) 0.20 m/s
P (c) 0.70 m/s (d) 1.4 m/s
37. Block A is moving with acceleration A along a frictionless
C horizontal surface. When a second block, B is placed on top
of Block A the acceleration of the combined blocks drops to
1/5 the original value. What is the ratio of the mass of A to
(a) 16 (b) 6 the mass of B?
(a) 5 : 1 (b) 1 : 4
(c) 4 (d) 8
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 2 : 1
r
30. A force F = 8î - 6 ĵ - 10k̂ newton produces an acceleration 38. A force F is used to raise a 4-kg mass M from the ground to
a height of 5 m.
of 1 ms–2 in a body. The mass of the body is

(a) 10 kg (b) 10 2 kg

(c) 10 3 kg (d) 200 kg 60°

31. A uniform chain of length 2 m is kept on a table such that a

length of 60 cm hangs freely from the edge of the table. The F
total mass of the chain is 4 kg. What is the work done in M
pulling the entire chain on the table ? What is the work done by the force F? (Note : sin 60° = 0.87;
(a) 12 J (b) 3.6 J cos 60° = 0.50. Ignore friction and the weights of the pulleys)
(c) 7.2 J (d) 1200 J (a) 50 J (b) 100 J
32. A body of mass 1 kg moving with a uniform velocity of (c) 174 J (d) 200 J
39. A 5000 kg rocket is set for vertical firing. The exhaust speed
1 ms -1 . If the value of g is 5 ms -2 , then the force acting on is 800 m/s. To give an initial upward acceleration of 20 m/s2,
the frictionless horizontal surface on which the body is the amount of gas ejected per second to supply the needed
moving is thrust will be (Take g = 10 m/s2)
(a) 5 N (b) 1 N (a) 127.5 kg/s (b) 137.5 kg/s
(c) 155.5 kg/s (d) 187.5 kg/s
(c) 0 N (d) 10N
 EBD_7751
120 PHYSICS

40. A bullet is fired from a gun. The force on the bullet is given 47. A 1 kg block and a 0.5 kg block move together on a horizontal
by F = 600 – 2 × 105 t frictionless surface . Each block exerts a force of 6 N on the
Where, F is in newtons and t in seconds. The force on the other. The block move with a uniform acceleration of
bullet becomes zero as soon as it leaves the barrel. What is a
the average impulse imparted to the bullet? F 1 kg 0.5 kg
(a) 1.8 N-s (b) Zero
(c) 9 N-s (d) 0.9 N-s (a) 3 ms -2 (b) 6 ms -2
41. A rifle man, who together with his rifle has a mass of 100 kg, (c) 9 ms -2 (d) 12 ms -2
stands on a smooth surface and fires 10 shots horizontally. 48. A body of mass 32 kg is suspended by a spring balance
Each bullet has a mass 10 g and a muzzle velocity of 800 ms– from the roof of a vertically operating lift and going
1. The velocity which the rifle man attains after firing 10
downward from rest. At the instant the lift has covered 20 m
shots is and 50 m, the spring balance showed 30 kg and 36 kg
-1 respectively. Then the velocity of the lift is
(a) 8 ms -1 (b) 0.8 ms
(a) decreasing at 20 m, and increasing at 50 m
(c) 0.08 ms -1 (d) – 0.8 ms -1 (b) increasing at 20m and decreasing at 50 m
42. A block of mass 4 kg rests on an inclined plane. The (c) continuously decreasing at a steady rate throughout
inclination to the plane is gradually increased. It is found the journey
that when the inclination is 3 in 5, the block just begins to (d) constantly increasing at constant rate throughout the
slidedown the plane. The coefficient of friction between the journey.
block and the plane is 49. An object at rest in space suddenly explodes into three
parts of same mass. The momentum of the two parts are
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.6
(c) 0.8 (d) 0.75. 2pî and pĵ . The momentum of the third part
43. The minimum velocity (in ms-1) with which a car driver must
(a) will have a magnitude p 3
traverse a flat curve of radius 150 m and coefficient of friction
0.6 to avoid skidding is (b) will have a magnitude p 5
(a) 60 (b) 30
(c) will have a magnitude p
(c) 15 (d) 25 (d) will have a magnitude 2p.
44. A body of mass 2 kg is placed on a horizontal surface 50. A triangular block of mass M with angles 30°, 60°, and 90°
having kinetic friction 0.4 and static friction 0.5. If the force rests with its 30°–90° side on a horizontal table. A cubical
applied on the body is 2.5 N, then the frictional force acting block of mass m rests on the 60°–30° side. The acceleration
on the body will be [g = 10 ms–2] which M must have relative to the table to keep m stationary
(a) 8 N (b) 10 N relative to the triangular block assuming frictionless contact is
(c) 20 N (d) 2.5 N g
(a) g (b)
45. A bag of sand of mass m is suspended by a rope. A bullet of 2
g g
mass m is fired at it with a velocity v and gets embedded (c) (d)
20 3 5
into it. The velocity of the bag finally is 51. A body of mass 1.0 kg is falling with an acceleration of 10 m/
sec2. Its apparent weight will be (g = 10 m/sec2)
v 20v (a) 1.0 kg wt (b) 2.0 kg wt
(a) ´ 21 (b)
20 21 (c) 0.5 kg wt (d) zero
52. In the figure a smooth pulley of negligible weight is
v v suspended by a spring balance. Weight of 1 kg f and
(c) (d)
20 21 5 kg f are attached to the opposite ends of a string passing
46. For the arrangement shown in the Figure the tension in the over the pulley and move with acceleration because of
gravity, During their motion, the spring balance reads a
string is [Given : tan -1 (0.8) = 39° ] weight of

(a) 6 kg f
m = 1 kg
(b) less then 6 kg f
m = 0.8
39° (c) more than 6 kg f

(a) 6 N (b) 6.4 N (d) may be more or less then 6 kg f 1 kg

(c) 0.4 N (d) zero. 5 kg
 Laws of Motion 121

53. A particle moves so that its acceleration is always twice its 60. A horizontal force F is applied on back of mass m placed on
velocity. If its initial velocity is 0.1 ms–1, its velocity after it a rough inclined plane of inclination q . The normal reaction
has gone 0.1 m is N is
(a) 0.3 ms–1 (b) 0.7 ms–1
(c) 1.2 ms –1 (d) 3.6 ms–1
54. An object is resting at the bottom of two strings which are F
inclined at an angle of 120° with each other. Each string can
withstand a tension of 20N. The maximum weight of the
object that can be supported without breaking the string is
(a) 5 N (b) 10 N
(c) 20 N (d) 40 N
55. On a smooth plane surface (figure) two block A and B are (a) mg cos q (b) mg sin q
accelerated up by applying a force 15 N on A. If mass of B is mg cos q - Fcos q
(c) (d) mg cos q + F sin q
twice that of A, the force on B is
61. The coefficient of friction between the rubber tyres and the
(a) 30 N (b) 15 N
road way is 0.25. The maximum speed with which a car can
(c) 10 N (d) 5 N be driven round a curve of radius 20 m without skidding is
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
15 N A B (a) 5 m/s (b) 7 m/s
(c) 10 m/s (d) 14 m/s
62. A bucket tied at the end of a 1.6 m long string is whirled in a
56. A 10 kg stone is suspended with a rope of breaking strength vertical circle with constant speed. What should be the
30 kg-wt. The minimum time in which the stone can be raised minimum speed so that the water from the bucket does not
through a height 10 m starting from rest is (Take spill when the bucket is at the highest position?
g = 10 N / kg) (a) 4 m/sec (b) 6.25 m/sec
(a) 0.5 s (b) 1.0 s (c) 16 m/sec (d) None of the above
63. A cane filled with water is revolved in a vertical circle of
(c) 2/3 s (d) 2 s
radius 4 meter and the water just does not fall down. The
-1 time period of revolution will be
57. A ball of mass 0.4 kg thrown up in air with velocity 30 ms
reaches the highest point in 2.5 second . The air resistance (a) 1 sec (b) 10 sec
encountered by the ball during upward motion is (c) 8 sec (d) 4 sec
(a) 0.88 N (b) 8800N 64. A circular road of radius r in which maximum velocity is v,
(c) 300 dyne (d) 300 N. has angle of banking
58. A player caught a cricket ball of mass 150 g moving at a rate æ v2 ö æ rg ö
of 20 m/s. If the catching process is completed in 0.1s, the (a) tan -1ç ÷ (b) tan -1 çç ÷÷
ç rg ÷ è v2 ø
force of the blow exerted by the ball on the hand of the è ø
player is equal to
ævö æ rg ö
(a) 150 N (b) 3 N (c) tan -1 çç ÷÷ (d) tan -1 ç ÷
(c) 30 N (d) 300 N è rg ø èvø
59. In the system shown in figure, the pulley is smooth and 65. A small sphere is attached to a cord and rotates in a vertical
massless, the string has a total mass 5g, and the two circle about a point O. If the average speed of the sphere is
suspended blocks have masses 25 g and 15 g. The system increased, the cord is most likely to break at the orientation
is released from state l = 0 and is studied upto stage l' = 0 when the mass is at
During the process, the acceleration of block A will be
A
g m
(a) constant at l
9
C D
O
g l l'
(b) constant at
4 A B
(c) increasing by factor of 3 25 g
B (a) bottom point B (b) the point C
(d) increasing by factor of 2 15 g
(c) the point D (d) top point A
 EBD_7751
122 PHYSICS

66. A person with his hand in his pocket is skating on ice at the 71. A ball of mass 400 gm is dropped from a height of 5 m. A boy
rate of 10m/s and describes a circle of radius 50 m. What is on the ground hits the ball vertically upwards with a bat
his inclination to vertical : (g = 10 m/sec2) with an average force of 100 newton so that it attains a
(a) tan–1(½) (b) tan–1 (1/5) vertical height of 20 m. The time for which the ball remains in
contact with the bat is (g = 10 m/s2)
(c) tan–1 (3/5) (d) tan –1(1/10)
(a) 0.12 s (b) 0.08 s
67. When the road is dry and the coefficient of the friction is m,
the maximum speed of a car in a circular path is 10 ms–1. If (c) 0.04 s (d) 12 s
72. Block A of weight 100 kg rests on a block B and is tied with
m
the road becomes wet and m' = , what is the maximum horizontal str ing to the wall at C. Block B is of
2
200 kg. The coefficient of friction between A and B is 0.25
speed permitted?
1
(a) 5 ms–1 (b) 10 ms–1 and that between B and surface is . The horizontal force F
3
(c) 10 2 ms -1 (d) 5 2 ms -1 necessary to move the block B should be (g = 10 m/s2)
68. Two pulley arrangements of figure given are identical. The
mass of the rope is negligible. In fig (a), the mass m is lifted A
by attaching a mass 2m to the other end of the rope. In fig C
(b), m is lifted up by pulling the other end of the rope with a
B F
constant downward force F = 2mg. The acceleration of m in
the two cases are respectively
(a) 1050 N (b) 1450 N
(c) 1050 N (d) 1250 N
73. An open topped rail road car of mass M has an initial velocity
v0 along a straight horizontal frictionless track. It suddenly
starts raising at time t = 0. The rain drops fall vertically with
velocity u and add a mass m kg/sec of water. The velocity of
car after t second will be (assuming that it is not completely
filled with water)
m 2m m F = 2 mg
u mv0
(a) (b) (a) v0 + m (b)
M M + mt

(a) 3g, g (b) g /3, g Mv0 + ut mut

(c) (d) v0 +
M + ut M + ut
(c) g / 3 , 2g (d) g, g / 3
74. A ball mass m falls vertically to the ground from a height h1
69. The linear momentum p of a body moving in one dimension and rebounds to a height h 2. The change in momentum of
varies with time according to the equating P = a + bt2 where the ball of striking the ground is
a and b are positive constants. The net force acting on the
body is (a) m 2g(h1 + h 2 ) (b) n 2g(m1 + m 2 )
(a) proportional to t2
(c) mg(h1 - h 2 ) (d) m( 2gh1 - 2gh 2 )
(b) a constant
(c) proportional to t 75. In the given figure, the pulley is assumed massless and
frictionless. If the friction force on the object of mass m is f,
(d) inversely proportional to t
then its acceleration in terms of the force F will be equal to
70. Three blocks of masses m1, m2 and m3 are connected by
massless strings, as shown, on a frictionless table. They are
pulled with a force T3 = 40 N. If m1 = 10 kg, m2 = 6 kg and m3
= 4kg, the tension T2 will be F
m
T1 T2 T3
M1 M2 M3
æF ö
(a) (F - f ) / m (b) ç -f ÷/m
(a) 20 N (b) 40 N è2 ø
(c) 10 N (d) 32 N (c) F/m (d) None of these
 Laws of Motion 123

76. A smooth block is released at rest on a 45° incline and then 82. A block of mass m is placed on a smooth wedge of
slides a distance ‘d’. The time taken to slide is ‘n’ times as inclination q. The whole system is accelerated horizontally
much to slide on rough incline than on a smooth incline. so that the block does not slip on the wedge. The force
The coefficient of friction is exerted by the wedge on the block (g is acceleration due to
gravity) will be
1 1 (a) mg/cos q (b) mg cos q
(a) m k = 1- (b) m k = 1-
n 2
n2 (c) mg sin q (d) mg
83. The coefficient of static friction, ms, between block A of
1 1 mass 2 kg and the table as shown in the figure is 0.2. What
(c) m s = 1- (d) m s = 1- would be the maximum mass value of block B so that the
n 2
n2 two blocks do not move? The string and the pulley are
assumed to be smooth and massless. (g = 10 m/s2)
77. The upper half of an inclined plane with inclination f is
perfectly smooth while the lower half is rough. A body 2 kg
A
starting from rest at the top will again come to rest at the
bottom if the coefficient of friction for the lower half is given
by B

(a) 2 cos f (b) 2 sin f (a) 0.4 kg (b) 2.0 kg

(c) 4.0 kg (d) 0.2 kg
(c) tan f (d) 2 tan f
84. A body under the action of a force
78. A particle of mass 0.3 kg subject to a force F = – kx with k = r
15 N/m . What will be its initial acceleration if it is released F = 6 ˆi – 8 ˆj+10 k,
ˆ acquires an acceleration of 1 m/s2. The
from a point 20 cm away from the origin ? mass of this body must be
(a) 15 m/s2 (b) 3 m/s2 (a) 10 kg (b) 20 kg
(c) 10 m/s2 (d) 5 m/s2 (c) 10 2 kg (d) 2 10 kg
79. A block is kept on a frictionless inclined surface with angle 85. A conveyor belt is moving at a constant speed of 2m/s. A box
of inclination ‘ a ’ . The incline is given an acceleration ‘a’ to is gently dropped on it. The coefficient of friction between
keep the block stationary. Then a is equal to them is µ = 0.5. The distance that the box will move relative to
belt before coming to rest on it taking g = 10 ms–2, is
(a) 1.2 m (b) 0.6 m
(c) zero (d) 0.4 m
86. A person of mass 60 kg is inside a lift of mass 940 kg and
presses the button on control panel. The lift starts moving
a upwards with an acceleration 1.0 m/s2. If g = 10 ms–2, the
tension in the supporting cable is
(a) 8600 N (b) 9680 N
(a) g cosec a (b) g / tan a (c) 11000 N (d) 1200 N
(c) g tan a (d) g 87. The upper half of an inclined plane of inclination q is
perfectly smooth while lower half is rough. A block
80. Consider a car moving on a straight road with a speed of 100
starting from rest at the top of the plane will again come to
m/s . The distance at which car can be stopped is [µk = 0.5] rest at the bottom, if the coefficient of friction between the
(a) 1000 m (b) 800 m block and lower half of the plane is given by
(c) 400 m (d) 100 m 2
(a) m = (b) m = 2 tan q
81. A round uniform body of radius R, mass M and moment of tan q
inertia I rolls down (without slipping) an inclined plane 1
making an angle q with the horizontal. Then its acceleration (c) m = tan q (d) m =
tan q
is
88. A bridge is in the from of a semi-circle of radius 40m. The
(a) g sin q (b) g sin q greatest speed with which a motor cycle can cross the bridge
1, MR 2 / I 1 ∗ I / MR 2 without leaving the ground at the highest point is
(g = 10 m s–2) (frictional force is negligibly small)
g sin q g sin q
(c) (d) (a) 40 m s–1 (b) 20 m s–1
1 ∗ MR 2 / I 1, I / MR 2 (c) 30 m s–1 (d) 15 m s–1
 EBD_7751
124 PHYSICS

89. An explosion breaks a rock into three parts in a horizontal 95. A heavy uniform chain lies on horizontal table top. If the
plane. Two of them go off at right angles to each other. The coefficient of friction between the chain and the table surface
first part of mass 1 kg moves with a speed of 12 ms–1 and the is 0.25, then the maximum fraction of the length of the chain
second part of mass 2 kg moves with speed 8 ms–1. If the that can hang over one edge of the table is
third part flies off with speed 4 ms–1 then its mass is
(a) 5 kg (b) 7 kg (a) 20% (b) 25%
(c) 17 kg (d) 3 kg (c) 35% (d) 15%
90. Two particles of masses m and M (M > m ) are connected by 96. A body of mass 5 kg explodes at rest into three fragments
a cord that passes over a massless, frictionless pulley. The with masses in the ratio 1 : 1 : 3. The fragments with equal
tension T in the string and the acceleration a of the particles masses fly in mutually perpendicular directions with speeds
is of 21 m/s. The velocity of heaviest fragment in m/s will be
2mM Mm
(a) T= g ;a = g (a) (b) 5 2
(M - m) (M + m) 7 2

2mM æ M-m ö (c) 3 2 (d) 2

(b) T= g; a = ç g
(M + m) è (M + m) ø÷ 97. Two bodies of masses m and 4m are moving with equal
kinetic energies. The ratio of their linear momenta will be
æ m-M ö æ Mm ö
(c) T=ç g;a = ç g (a) 1 : 4 (b) 4 : 1
÷
è (M + m) ø è (M + m) ø÷
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1
æ mM ö æ 2Mm ö
(d) T=ç g;a = ç g
è (M + m) ø÷ è (M + m) ø÷
Directions for Qs. (98 to 100) : Each question contains
STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer
91. A bullet of mass m is fired from a gun of mass M. The
(ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following-
recoiling gun compresses a spring of force constant k by a
distance d. Then the velocity of the bullet is (a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
d (b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
(a) kd M / m (b) km correct explanation for Statement-1
M
d kM (c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
(c) kM (d) d a correct explanation for Statement-1
m m
92. A spring of force constant k is cut into two pieces whose (d) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false
lengths are in the ratio 1 : 2. What is the force constant of 98. Statement -1 : The work done in bringing a body down from
the longer piece ? the top to the base along a frictionless incline plane is the
k 3k same as the work done in bringing it down the vartical side.
(a) (b)
2 2 Statement -2 : The gravitational force on the body along
(c) 2 k (d) 3k the inclined plane is the same as that along the vertical side.
93. A motor cycle is going on an over bridge of 99. Statement -1 : On a rainy day, it is difficult to drive a car or
radius R. The driver maintains a constant speed. As the bus at high speed.
motor cycle is ascending on the overbridge, the normal force
Statement -2 : The value of coefficient of friction is lowered
on it
due to wetting of the surface.
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains the same (d) fluctuates erratically 100. Statement -1 : The two bodies of masses M and m (M > m)
94. A body of mass M hits normally a rigid wall with velocity V are allowed to fall from the same height if the air resistance
and bounces back with the same velocity. The impulse for each be the same then both the bodies will reach the
experienced by the body is earth simultaneously.
(a) MV (b) 1.5 MV Statement -2 : For same air resistance, acceleration of both
(c) 2 MV (d) zero the bodies will be same.
 Laws of Motion 125

Exemplar Questions 8. A body with mass 5 kg is acted upon by a force

r
1. A ball is travelling with uniform translatory motion. This F = (-3iˆ + 4 ˆj ) N . If its initial velocity at t = 0 is
means that v = (6iˆ - 12 ˆj ) ms -1 , the time at which it will just have a
(a) it is at rest velocity along the y-axis is
(b) the path can be a straight line or circular and the ball (a) never (b) 10 s
travels with uniform speed (c) 2 s (d) 15 s
9. A car of mass m starts from rest and acquires a velocity
(c) all parts of the ball have the same velocity (magnitude r
and direction) and the velocity is constant along east, v = viˆ (v > 0) in two seconds. Assuming the
(d) the centre of the ball moves with constant velocity and car moves with uniform acceleration, the force exerted on
the car is
the ball spins about its centre uniformly
mv
2. A metre scale is moving with uniform velocity. This implies (a) eastward and is exerted by the car engine
2
(a) the force acting on the scale is zero, but a torque about
mv
the centre of mass can act on the scale (b) eastward and is due to the friction on the tyres
2
(b) the force acting on the scale is zero and the torque
exerted by the road
acting about centre of mass of the scale is also zero
mv
(c) the total force acting on it need not be zero but the (c) more than eastward exerted due to the engine and
2
torque on it is zero
overcomes the friction of the road
(d) neither the force nor the torque need to be zero mv
3. A cricket ball of mass 150 g has an initial velocity (d) exerted by the engine
2
r r
u = (3iˆ + 4 ˆj )ms -1 and a final velocity v = -(3iˆ + 4 ˆj )ms -1 ,
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
after being hit. The change in momentum (final momentum-
initial momentum) is (in kgms–1) 10. Three blocks with masses m, 2 m and 3 m are connected by
strings as shown in the figure. After an upward force F is
(a) zero -(0.45iˆ + 0.6 ˆj )
(b) applied on block m, the masses move upward at constant
(c) -(0.9 ˆj + 1.2 ˆj ) (d) -5(iˆ + ˆj )iˆ speed v. What is the net force on the block of mass 2m?
4. In the previous problem (3), the magnitude of the momentum (g is the acceleration due to gravity) [2013]
transferred during the hit is (a) 2 mg
(a) zero (b) 0.75 kg-m s–1
(c) 1.5 kg-m s –1 (d) 1.4 kg-m s–1 (b) 3 mg
5. Conservation of momentum in a collision between particles
(c) 6 mg
can be understood from
(a) Conservation of energy (d) zero
(b) Newton's first law only
11. A car is moving in a circular horizontal track of radius 10 m
(c) Newton's second law only with a constant speed of 10 m/s. A bob is suspended from
(d) both Newton's second and third law the roof of the car by a light wire of length 1.0 m. The angle
6. A hockey player is moving northward and suddenly turns made by the wire with the vertical is [NEET Kar. 2013]
westward with the same speed to avoid an opponent. The p
force that acts on the player is (a) 0° (b)
3
(a) frictional force along westward p p
(b) muscle force along southward (c) (d)
6 4
(c) frictional force along sotuh-west 12. A balloon with mass ‘m’ is descending down with an
(d) muscle force along south-west acceleration ‘a’ (where a < g). How much mass should be
7. A body of mass 2 kg travels according to the law removed from it so that it starts moving up with an
acceleration ‘a’? [2014]
x(t ) = pt + qt 2 + rt 3 where, q = 4 ms–2, p = 3 ms–1 and r = 5 2ma 2ma
ms–3. The force acting on the body at t = 2s is (a) g + a (b) g - a
(a) 136 N (b) 134 N
ma ma
(c) 158 N (d) 68 N (c) (d)
g+a g-a
 EBD_7751
126 PHYSICS

13. The force ‘F’ acting on a particle of mass ‘m’ is indicated by 17. Two stones of masses m and 2 m are whirled in horizontal
the force-time graph shown below. The change in momentum r
of the particle over the time interval from zero to 8 s is : circles, the heavier one in radius and the lighter one in
2
[2014] radius r. The tangential speed of lighter stone is n times that
of the value of heavier stone when they experience same
6 centripetal forces. The value of n is : [2015 RS]
3 (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 1 (d) 2
0
F(N)

2 4 6 8 18. A plank with a box on it at one end is gradually raised about

–3 the other end. As the angle of inclination with the horizontal
reaches 30º the box starts to slip and slides 4.0 m down the
t(s) plank in 4.0s. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction
between the box and the plank will be, respectively :
(a) 24 Ns (b) 20 Ns
[2015 RS]
(c) 12 Ns (d) 6 Ns
14. A system consists of three masses m1, m2 and m3 connected
by a string passing over a pulley P. The mass m1 hangs
freely and m2 and m3 are on a rough horizontal table (the
coefficient of friction = m). The pulley is frictionless and of
mg
negligible mass. The downward acceleration of mass m1 is : q
(Assume m1 = m2 = m3 = m) [2014]
g(1 – gm) (a) 0.6 and 0.5 (b) 0.5 and 0.6
(a) m2 m3 (c) 0.4 and 0.3 (d) 0.6 and 0.6
g P
19. What is the minimum velocity with which a body of mass m
2gm
(b) must enter a vertical loop of radius R so that it can complete
3 the loop ? [2016]
g(1 – 2m )
(c) (a) gR (b) 2gR
3 m1
g(1 – 2m )
(d) (c) 3gR (d) 5gR
2
15. Three blocks A, B and C of masses 4 kg, 2 kg and 1 kg 20. One end of string of length l is connected to a particle of
respectively, are in contact on a frictionless surface, as mass 'm' and the other end is connected to a small peg on a
shown. If a force of 14 N is applied on the 4 kg block then smooth horizontal table. If the particle moves in circle with
the contact force between A and B is [2015] speed 'v' the net force on the particle (directed towards
centre) will be (T represents the tension in the string) : [2017]

A B mv2 mv2
C (a) T+ (b) T–
l l
(a) 6 N (b) 8 N
(c) Zero (d) T
(c) 18 N (d) 2 N
21. Two blocks A and B of masses 3 m and m respectively are
16. A block A of mass m1 rests on a horizontal table. A light connected by a massless and inextensible string. The whole
string connected to it passes over a frictionless pulley at system is suspended by a massless spring as shown in
the edge of table and from its other end another block B of figure. The magnitudes of acceleration of A and B
mass m2 is suspended. The coefficient of kinetic friction immediately after the string is cut, are respectively : [2017]
between the block and the table is µk. When the block A is
sliding on the table, the tension in the string is [2015] g
(a) ,g
(m 2 – mk m1 ) g m1m 2 (1 + m k )g 3
(a) (m1 + m 2 ) (b) (m1 + m 2 )
(b) g, g
m1m 2 (1 – m k )g (m 2 + m k m1 )g
(c) (d) g g
(m1 + m 2 ) (m1 + m 2 ) (c) ,
3 3 A 3m

g
(d) g, B m
3
 Laws of Motion 127

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 Let p = momentum after collision. Then,
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) r r r r
p = p1 + p 2 or p = (mv) 2 + (mv) 2
6. (a) 7. (a)
v
8. (d) Let n be the mass per unit length of rope. Therefore, 2 mv ¢ = mv 2 or v¢ = m/sec
2
mass of rope = nL. 14. (c) Applying law of conservation of linear momentum
Acceleration in the rope due to force F will be m1 v v m
a = F/nL. m1v1 + m2v2 = 0, = - 2 or 1 = - 2
Mass of rope of length (L – l) will be n (L – l). m2 v1 v2 m1
Therefore, tension in the rope of length (L – l), is equal 15. (c) The equations of motion are
to pulling force on it 2 mg – T = 2ma
= n (L – l) a = n (L – l) × F/nL = F (1 – l/L) T– mg = ma Þ T = 4ma & a = g/3 so T = 4mg/3
r r If pulley is accelerated upwards with an accleration a,
9. (a) Impulse = change in momentum = m v 2 - m v1
then tension in string is
10. (a) Let a be the acceleration of mass m 2 in the downward
4m
direction. Then T= (g + a )
T – m2 (g/2) = m1 a ....(i) 3
and m2 g – T = m2 a ....(ii) 16. (b) Inertia is resistance to change.
17. (b) The time rate of change of momentum is force.
Adding eqs. (1) and (2), we get
(m1 + m2) a = m2g – m2 (g/2) = m2 g/2 mv ' 2
18. (a) At the highest point of the track, N + mg =
m2 g r
\a=
2 (m 1 + m 2 )
11. (a) Let acceleration of lift = a and
mg
let reaction at spring balance = R
N
R where r is the radius of curvature at that point and v¢ is
the speed of the block at that point.
mv ' 2
Now N = - mg
r
N will be maximum when r is minimum (v¢ is the same
mg for all cases). Of the given tracks, (a) has the smallest
radius of curvature at the highest point.
Applying Newton’s law
19. (c) f = mW
R – mg = ma Þ R = m(g + a )
thus net weight increases, f = W tan q [\ m = tan q ]
So reading of spring balance increases. a
20. (a) Sn = (2n - 1)
12. (b) See fig. 2
mN a
S n +1 = ( 2n + 1)
2
ma N Sn 2n - 1
=
Sn +1 2n + 1
mg
21. (b) From the F.B.D.
If a = acceleration of the cart, then N = ma N = mg cos q
\ mN = mg or m ma = mg or a = g/m F = ma = mg sin q – mN
13. (c) p1 = mv northwards, p2 = mv eastwards
Þ a = g (sin q - m cos q)
N
v N mN
m
W E
v mg sin q m g cos q
xmg
m q
S
 EBD_7751
128 PHYSICS

Now using, v 2 - u 2 = 2as 5. (b) As, (1/2)m v2 = Fs

or, v 2 = 2 ´ g (sin q - m cos q) l 1 1
So m (30 ) 2 = F ´ 4 and m (60 ) 2 = F ´ s
( l = length of incline) 2 2
or, v = 2gl (sin q - m cos q) \ s/4 = (60)2 / (30)2 = 4 or s = 4 × 4 = 16 m.
22. (a) Based on Newton’s third law of motion.
23. (a) If m1, m2 are masses and u1, u2 are velocity then by 6. (c) Acceleration, a = v - u = 0 - 6 = -2 ms -2
t 3
conservation of momentum m 1 u1 + m 2 u2 = 0 or
| m1u1 | = | m2 u 2 | Force = m×a = 4×2 = 8 N
24. (a) Here, on resolving force F2 and applying the concept change in momentum
of equilibrium 7. (a) Force required =
time taken
F2cos q (50 ´ 10-3 ´ 30) ´ 400 - (5 ´ 0)
F2sin q = = 10 N
60
F1 m 8. (a) Change in momentum = Force × time = Area which the
force-time curve encloses with time axis.
f N 9. (b) 10cm 20cm
mg 20N(F1) F F 32N(F2)
l1 l2
N = mg + F2 cos q , and f = µN L
\ f = m[mg + F2 cos q] … (i) It is clear F2 > F1, so rod moves in right direction with
an acceleration a, whereas a is given by
Also f = F1 + F2 sin q … (ii)
From (i) and (ii) (F2–F1)= mL×a................(i)
where m is mass of rod per unit length.
m[mg + F2 cos q] = F1 + F2 sin q
Now consider the motion of length l1 from first end,
F1 + F2 sin q then
Þ m=
mg + F2 cos q F– F1 = ml1a..................(ii)
25. (a) The frictional force acting on M is µmg Dividing eq (ii) by (i), we get
mmg F - F1 l
\ Acceleration =
M = 1 or F = (F - F ) ´ l1 + F
F2 - F1 L 2 1
L
1

EXERCISE - 2
here l1 = 10 cm., L = 30 cm., F1 = 20 N, F2 = 32N
1. (b) Here u = 10 ms–1, v = –2 ms–1,
so F = 24 N
t = 4 s, a = ?
10. (b) Change in momentum = F × t
Using a = v - u = - 2 - 10 = - 3 m / s 2 = 10 × 10 = 100 Ns or 100 kg. m/s
t 4
\ Force, F = ma = 10×(–3) = –30 N 11. (d) See fig.
2. (b) 2 T cos 60º = mg T
or T = mg = 2×10 = 20 N. T
3. (c) If k is the spring factor, then P.E. of the spring 1 kg
T
compressed by distance x æç = kx 2 ö÷ will equal to gain
1
1 kg
è 2 ø
1 From figure, 1 g – T = 1 a ...(i)
2
in P.E. of the dart ( = mgh) i.e. kx = mgh and T = 1 a ....(ii)
2
1 From eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
\ k ( 4 ) 2 = 16 ´ g ´ 200 ....(i)
2 1g – 1a = 1a or 2a = g
1
and k (6) 2 = 16 ´ g ´ h ...(ii) \ a = (g/2) = (10/2) = 5 m/s2
2
On solving, (i) and (ii), we get h = 450 cm = 4.5 m. So, T = ma = 1 × 5 = 5 N
4. (d) Here m = 0.5 kg ; u = – 10 m/s ; 12. (b) R = mg – ma = 0.5 × 10 – 0.5 × 2 = 5 – 1 = 4 N
t = 1/50 s ; v = + 15 ms–1
13. (c) See fig. Let F be the force between the blocks and a their
Force = m (v– u)/t = 0.5 (10 + 15) × 50 = 625 N
common acceleration. Then for 2 kg block,
 Laws of Motion 129

N
3N 2 kg
1 kg
F F A a
T
3–F=2a ...(1) 5 kg
for 1 kg block, F = 1 × a = a ....(2) mN
a
\ 3 – F = 2 F or 3 F = 3 or F = 1 newton T
14. (b) T = m (g + a )
5 kg 5 kg B
48000 = 4000(10 + a )
-2
Þ a = 2 ms
Dm for block B, 5g – T = 5a
15. (b) Initial thrust on the rocket = v rel
Dt Þ T = 36.75N, a = 2.45 m/sec2
= 500 × 1 = 500 N 24. (a) Force on the slab (m = 40 kg) = reaction of frictional
force on the upper block
Dm
where = rate of ejection of fuel.
Dt 100 N
10 kg
16. (b) T1 = m(g + a ) = 0.1(10 + 5) = 1.5N m k × 10 × g
T2 = m(g - a ) = 0.1(10 - 5) = 0.5N 40 kg

Þ T1 - T2 = (1.5 - 0.5) N = 1N \ 40a = mk × 10 × g or a = 0.98 m/sec2

-1
25. (b) Considering the equilibrium of B
17. (d) Angle of friction = tan µ –mBg + T = mBa
18. (c) Displacement of the man on the trolley = 1 × 4 = 4m Since the block A slides down with constant speed.
Now applying conservation of linear momentum a = 0.
Therefore T = mBg
1
80 × 1 + 400 v = 0 or v = - m/sec. Considering the equilibrium of A, we get
5 10a = 10g sin 30º – T – mN
The distance travelled by the trolley where N = 10g cos 30°
= – 0.2 × 4 = –0.8 m. a
N
(In opposite direction to the man.) T
Thus, the relative displacement of the man with the
A mN T a
ground = (4 – 0.8) = 3.2 m. 0º
si n3
19. (c) In presence of friction a = (g sinq – mg cos q)
10g B
\ Time taken to slide down the plane 10g cos30º
mBg
2s 2s 10g
t1 = =
a g (sin q - m cos q )
10
\ 10 a = g - T - m ´ 10 g cos 30 º
2
2s
In absence of friction t 2 = but a = 0, T = mBg
g sin q
Given : t 1 = 2 t 2 0 .2 3
0 = 5g - m B g - × 10 ×g
2
2s 2s´ 4 Þ mB = 3.268 » 3.3 kg
\ t12 = 4t 22 or =
g (sin q - m cos q) g sin q
v1
sin q = 4 sinq – 4m cos q 26. (d) mv1 + 3mv2 = 0 or = -3
v2
3 3
m= tan q = = 0.75 (since q = 45°) 1
4 4 Now mv 12 = F. S1 = m. mg . S1
2
mv - (- mv ) 2mv 2 ´ 0.5 ´ 2
20. (a) F= = = = 2 × 103 N 1
(3m ) v 22 = F. S 2 = m. 3 mg . S 2
t t 10 -3 2
21. (b) T = m (g + a) = 100 (9.8 + 0) = 980 N
22. (c) T = m(g+a) = 100(9.8+1) = 1080N S1 v12 9
or = =
23. (c) For block A, T – mN = 5a and N = 5g S2 v 22 1
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27. (b) m = 10 kg, x = (t3 – 2t – 10) m The total mass that must be set in motion is
2 15 kg + 10 kg = 25kg
dx d x
= n = 3t 2 - 2 = a = 6t Since Ftotal = m total a , a = Ftotal / mtotal
dt dt 2
= 49 N / 25 kg @ 2 m/s2
At the end of 4 seconds, a = 6 × 4 = 24 m/s2
36. (a) Momentum is always conserved. Since the skater and
F = ma = 10 × 24 = 240 N
snowball are initially at rest, the initial momentum is
28. (a) F3 zero. Therefore, the final momentum after the toss must
also be zero.
Pskater + Psnowball = 0
F2
or m skater v skater + m snowball v snowball = 0
m
F1 v skater = -m snowball vsnowball / m skater

The formula for force is given by F1 = ma = -(0.15kg)(35m / s) =

- 0.10m / s
F (50kg)
Acceleration of the particle a = 1 ,
m The negative sign indicates that the momenta of the
because F1 is equal to the vector sum of F2 & F3. skater and the snowball are in opposite directions.
29. (c) 37. (b) Apply Newton’s second law
FA = FAB, therefore :
P mA aA = (mA + mB)aAB and aAB = aA / 5
Therefore : mA aA = (mA + mB)aA/5 which reduces to
C T 4 mA = mB or 1 : 4
38. (d) Work is the product of force and distance. The easiest
a way to calculate the work in this pulley problem is to
mg
multiply the net force or the weight mg by the distance
mg - T = ma it is raised: 4 kg x 10 m/s2 x 5 m = 200 J.
39. (d) Given : Mass of rocket (m) = 5000 Kg
60 ´ 10 - 360 Exhaust speed (v) = 800 m/s
=a
60 Acceleration of rocket (a) = 20 m/s2
a = 4 ms - 2 Gravitational acceleration (g) = 10 m/s2
We know that upward force
82 + (-6)2 + (-10)2 F = m (g + a) = 5000 (10 +20)
30. (b) m= = 10 2kg
1 = 5000 × 30 = 150000 N.
We also know that amount of gas ejected
4
31. (b) Mass of over hanging chain m’ = ´ (0.6) kg
2 æ dm ö F 150000
ç ÷= = = 187.5 kg / s
Let at the surface PE = 0 è dt ø v 800
C.M. of hanging part = 0.3 m below the table
4 40. (d) Given F = 600 – 2 ´ 105 t
U i = - m ¢gx = - ´ 0.6 ´ 10 ´ 0.30 The force is zero at time t, given by
2
DU = m 'gx = 3.6J = Work done in putting the entire 0 = 600 – 2 ´ 105 t
chain on the table 600
Þ t= = 3 ´ 10 – 3 seconds
32. (a) Weight of body = m g = 5 N 2 ´ 105
33. (d) Here, the force of friction is 400N.
t 3´10 –3
Fnet = (1650 - 400) = 1250N \ Impulse = ò Fdt = ò (600 – 2 ´ 105 t) dt
0 0
1250
\ a= = 1.25ms - 2 3´10 –3
1000 é 2 ´ 105 t 2 ù
= ê 600t – ú
dm mg 5000 ´ 9.8 = 49 kg s -1 êë 2 úû
34. (a) = = 0
dt vr 1000
35. (a) Two external forces, FA and FB, act on the system and = 600 ´ 3 ´ 10 –3 – 105 (3 ´10 –3 ) 2
move in opposite direction. Let’s arbitrarily assume that
the downward direction is positive and that FA provides = 1.8 – 0.9 = 0.9Ns
downward motion while FB provides upward motion. 41. (b) According to law of conservation of momentum,
FA = (+15 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 147 N 10
and FB = (–10 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = – 98 N 100v = - ´ 10 ´ 800
1000
Ftotal = FA + FB = 147 N + (–98 N) = 49 N ie, v = 0.8 ms–1.
 Laws of Motion 131

3 52. (b) Reading of spring balance

42. (d) sin q =
5 4m1m 2 4 ´ 5 ´ 1 10
2T = = = kgf
5 m1 + m 2 6 3
3
53. (a) a = 2v (given)
q
4 dv
3 3 Þ v = 2v
\ tan q = Þ m = tan q = = 0.75 ds
4 4
or dv = 2ds
43. (b) The condition to avoid skidding, v = mrg v

ò dv = 2[s]0
0.1
= 0.6 ´ 150 ´ 10 = 30 m/s. = 0.2
44. (d) Limiting friction = 0.5 ´ 2 ´10 = 10N 0.1
The applied force is less than force of friction, therefore v - 0.1 = 0.2
the force of friction is equal to the applied force. Þ v = 0.3ms -1
45. (d) Applying law of conservation of momentum 54. (c) If W is the maximum weight, then
Momentum of bullet = Momentum of sand-bullet W = 2T cos 60°
system or W = T = 20N
m æ mö 21 15 5
v = çm + ÷V = mV 55. (c) The acceleration of both the blocks = =
20 è 20 ø 20 3x x
46. (d) Here tan q = 0.8 5
\ Force on B = ´ 2x = 10 N
where q is angle of repose x
56. (b) The maximum acceleration that can be given is a
q = tan -1 (0.8) = 39°
\ 30g = 10g + 10a
The given angle of inclination is equal to the angle of
repose. So the 1 kg block has no tendency to move. Þ a = 2g = 20ms -2
\ mg sin q = force of friction 1 2
We know that s = ut + at
Þ T=0 2
47. (d) For 0.5 kg block, 6 = 0.5 a
2s 2 ´ 10
48. (b) While moving down, when the lift is accelerating the \t= = =1s
weight will be less and when the lift is decelerating the a 20
weight will be more. 57. (a) Let the air resistance be F. Then
mg + F = ma Þ F = m[a - g]
49. (b) Total momentum = 2p î + pˆj
Magnitude of total momentum 30
Here a = = 12ms - 2
2. 5
= ( 2 p) 2 + p 2 = 5p 2 = 5p
m( v - u ) 0.15(0 - 20)
This must be equal to the momentum of the third part. 58. (c) F= = = 30 N
t 0. 1
59. (c) Considering the two masses and the rope a system,
°
30 then
50. (c) cos
ma Initial net force = [25 - (15 + 5)] g = 5g
30° 60°
° Final net force = éë( 25 + 5 ) - 15 ùû g = 15 g
30 ma (pseudo force)
sin
mg Þ (acceleration)final = 3 (acceleration)initial
M a 60. (d)
30° 90°
q
os
Fc
ma cos 30° = mg sin 30° N q
F
g
\a= F sin q
3 q
sin mg cos q
51. (d) Apparent weight when mass is falling down is given mg mg
by W ' = m(g - a)
\ W ' = 1´ (10 - 10) = 0 From figure N = mg cos q + F sin q
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61. (b) m mg = m v 2 / r or v = m g r

or v = ( 0 .25 ´ 9 . 8 ´ 20 ) = 7 m / s
62. (a) Since water does not fall down, therefore the velocity
of revolution should be just sufficient to provide a
T T a
centripetal acceleration at the top of vertical circle. So,
v = (g r ) = {10 ´ (1.6)} = (16) = 4 m/sec.

63. (d) The speed at the highest point must be v ³ rg mg 2mg

Now v = rw = r (2p / T ) (a)

T – mg = ma … (1)
æ ö
\ r ( 2 p / T ) > rg or T < 2pr < 2p çç r ÷÷ and 2mg – T = 2ma … (2)
rg ègø
Adding (1) and (2), we get
\ T = 2p æç 4 ö÷ = 4 sec mg = 3ma
è 9.8 ø
g
64. (a) From figure, \a=
3
mv2 For fig (b),
N sin q = ....... (i)
r
N cos q = mg ...... (ii)
Dividing, we get
v2 v2
tan q = or q = tan -1
rg rg a¢ T¢ T¢ a¢
65. (a) In the case of a body describing a vertical circle,
A
F = 2mg
mg
(b)
O D
C
q T T '- mg = ma ' … (3)
and 2mg - T ' = 0 … (4)
q Mg cos q
B Solving (3) and (4)
Mg sin q Mg a'= g
mn 2 mn 2 g
T - mg cos q = T = mg cos q + \ a= and a ' = g
l l 3
Tension is maximum when cos q = +1 and velocity is
maximum 69. (c) Linear momentum, P = a + bt 2
Both conditions are satisfied at q = 0º (i.e. at lowest dP
point B) = 2bt (on differentiation)
dt
66. (b) Since surface (ice) is frictionless, so the centripetal
force required for skating will be provided by inclination dP
\ Rate of change of momentum, µt
of boy with the vertical and that angle is given as dt

v2 dP
tan θ = By 2nd law of motion, µF
where v is speed of skating & r is radius dt
rg
\ Fµ t
of circle in which he moves. 70. (d) For equilibrium of all 3 masses,
67. (d) v max = mgr T3 = (m1 + m2 + m3)a or

68. (b) Let a and a' be the accelerations in both cases T3

a=
respectively. Then for fig (a), m1 + m 2 + m3
 Laws of Motion 133

For equilibrium of m1 & m2 74. (d) Let v1 = velocity when height of free fall is h 1
v2 = velocity when height of free rise is h2
T2 = (m1 + m 2 ).a
\ v12 = u 2 + 2gh1 for free fall
(m1 + m 2 )T3
or, T2 = or
m1 + m 2 + m3 For free rise after impact on ground
Given m1 = 10 kg, m2 = 6 kg, m3 = 4 kg, T3 = 40 N 0 = v22 - 2gh 2 or v 22 = 2gh 2
(10 + 6).40 Initial momentum = mv1
\ T2 = = 32N Final momentum = mv2
10 + 6 + 4
\ Change in momentum = m(v1 – v2)
71. (a) Velocity of ball after dropping it from a height of
5m = m( 2gh 2 - gh 2 )
75. (b) T = tension is the string
\ Applied force F = 2T
10 m/sec 20 m/sec T = F/2 … (i)

(using v2 = u2 + 2gh) T
v2 = 0 + 2 × 10 × 5 Þ v = 10 m/s
T T F
Velocity gained by ball by force exerted by bat f m
0 = u2 – 2gh
u2 = 2 × 10 × 20 or u = 20 m/s For block of mass m, force of friction due to surface f.
For sliding the block
Change in momentum = m(u + v) T – f = force on the block = mass × acceleration
= 0.4 (20 + 10) = 12 kg m/s
T -f
DP DP or acceleration of block = . Put T from (i)
F= or Dt = m
Dt F
F
-f
Dt =
12
= 0.12 sec \ Acceleration = 2
100 m
72. (d) F1 = Force of friction between B and A g sin q - mg cos q
76. (b)
= m1m1g d q
n
= 0.25 × 100 × g = 25 g newton g si d
F2 = Force of friction between (A + B) and surface 45° 45°
smooth rough
= m2 m 2 g = m2 (mass of A and B) g
When surface is When surface is
1 300 smooth rough
= (100 + 200)g = g = 100g newton
3 3 1 1 2
d= (g sin q)t 12 , d = (g sin q - mg cos q) t 2
\ F = F1 + F2 2 2
= 25 g + 100 g = 25g = 125 × 10 N 2d 2d
t1 = , t2 =
\ F = 1250 N g sin q g sin q - mg cos q
73. (b) The rain drops falling vertically with velocity u do not
According to question, t 2 = nt1
affect the momentum along the horizontal track. A
vector has no component in a perpendicular direction 2d 2d
Rain drops add to the mass of the car n =
g sin q g sin q - mg cos q
Mass added in t sec = (mt) kg
Momentum is conserved along horizontal track. m , applicable here, is coefficient of kinetic friction as
Initial mass of car = M the block moves over the inclined plane.
Initial velocity of car = v0 1 æ 1 ö
Final velocity of (car + water) = v n= ççQ cos 45° = sin 45° = ÷÷
1- mk è 2ø
Mass of (car + water) after time t = (M + mt)
\ final momentum = initial momentum 1 1
n2 = or 1 - mk =
(M + mt)v = Mv0 1- mk n2

Mv 0 1
\ v= or m k = 1-
(M + mt) n2
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77. (d) Acceleration of block while sliding down upper half = r

84. (c) F = 6 ˆi – 8 ˆj+10 k,
ˆ

( )
g sin f ;
| F |= 36 + 64 + 100 = 10 2 N Q F = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2
retardation of block while sliding down lower half = –
(g sin f - mg cos f) a = 1 ms–2
Q F = ma
For the block to come to rest at the bottom, acceleration
in I half = retardation in II half. 10 2
\ m= = 10 2 kg
g sin f = -(g sin f - mg cos f) 1
85. (d) Frictional force on the box f = mmg
Þ m = 2 tan f \ Acceleration in the box
Alternative method : According to work-energy a = mg = 5 ms–2
theorem, W = DK = 0 v2 = u2 + 2as
(Since initial and final speeds are zero) Þ 0 = 22 + 2 × (5) s
\ Work done by friction + Work done by gravity 2
=0 Þ s=– w.r.t. belt
5
Þ distance = 0.4 m
l
i.e., -(µ mg cos f) + mgl sin f = 0
2 86. (c) a=1
µ
or cos f = sin f or µ = 2 tan f
2
78. (c) Mass (m) = 0.3 kg Þ F = m.a = – 15 x m = 1000 kg
15 -150
a=– x= x = - 50 x
0.3 3
a = – 50 × 0.2 = 10 m / s 2 Total mass = (60 + 940) kg = 1000 kg
Let T be the tension in the supporting cable, then
79. (c) From free body diagram,
T – 1000g = 1000 × 1
ma
g cos Þ T = 1000 × 11 = 11000 N
N 87. (b)
a a
a a
mg cosa
+ ma sina mg mg sin a S/2 h
oot S/2 sin q
For block to remain stationary, Sm
q
mg sin a = ma cos a Þ a = g tan a S/2
h
oug S/2 sin q
q R
80. (a) v 2 - u 2 = 2as or 02 - u 2 = 2(-mk g) s
1 For upper half of inclined plane
- 100 2 = 2 ´ - ´10 ´ s v2 = u2 + 2a S/2 = 2 (g sin q) S/2 = gS sin q
2
s = 1000 m For lower half of inclined plane
81. (b) This is a standard formula and should be memorized. 0 = u2 + 2 g (sin q – m cos q) S/2
Þ – gS sin q = gS ( sinq – m cos q)
g sin q Þ 2 sin q = m cos q
a=
I 2 sin q
1+ Þ m= = 2 tan q
MR 2 cos q
82. (a) N = m a sin q + mg cos q ......(1)
88. (b) v = gr = 10 ´ 40 = 20 m s -1
also m g sin q = m a cos q ......(2)
from (2) a = g tan q 89. (a)
m y
2 ac
sin q os
\ N = mg + mg cos q , q 2 kg m2
cos q N
ma 8 m/sec
Presultant
mg q
or N = cos q
mg m 12 m/sec
cos q o sq g
ma
c mg sin m1
83. (a) mBg = ms mAg {Q mAg = ms mAg} q c x
/se
Þ mB = ms mA 4m 1 kg
or mB = 0.2 × 2 = 0.4 kg 3
m
 Laws of Motion 135

94. (c) Impulse experienced by the body

Presultant = 122 + 162
= change in momentum = MV – (–MV) = 2MV.
= 144 + 256 = 20 95. (a) The force of friction on the chain lying on the table
m3v3 = 20 (momentum of third part) should be equal to the weight of the hanging chain.
20 Let
or, m3 = = 5 kg r = mass per unit length of the chain
4
90. (b) Mg – T = Ma µ = coefficient of friction
T – mg = ma l = length of the total chain
x = length of hanging chain
On solving, we get Now, µ(l – x) rg = xrg or µ(l – x) = x
or µl = (µ + 1)x or x = µl/(µ + 1)
(M - m)g
a= T T 0.25l 0.25l
M+m m \ x= = = 0.2l
M (0.25 + 1) 1.25
2Mmg mg
and T = mg x
M+m = 0.2 = 20%
l
91. (c) Let velocity of bullet be v. If velocity of gun is V, then
mv + MV = 0
96. (a) Masses of the pieces are 1, 1, 3 kg. Hence
mv (1 ´ 21)2 + (1 ´ 21)2 = (3 ´ V ) 2
Þ V= -
M That is, V = 7 2 m/s
As spring compresses by d, so
1 2 1 K1 p2 m 2
kd = MV 2 97. (c) = 1 ´ 22 [Q p = mv Þ K = p ]
2 2 K 2 m1 p2 2m
2
1 2 1 æ mv ö p1 M1 1 1
or kd = M ç ÷
2 2 è Mø Hence, p = M2
= =
4 2
2
d
Þ v= kM 98. (d) Work done in moving an object against gravitational
m force depends only on the initial and final position of
92. (b) Here, l2 = 2l1 the object, not upon the path taken. But gravitational
1 force on the body along the inclined plane is not same
As for a spring, force constant k µ as that along the vertical and it varies with angle of
l
inclination.
1 1 1 99. (b) On a rainy day, the roads are wet. Wetting of roads
\ k1 µ l , k 2 µ l , k µ l + l lowers the coefficient of friction between the types
1 2 1 2
and the road. Therefore, grip on a road of car reduces
k1 l1 + l2 k2 l1 + l2 and thus chances of skidding increases.
= and = 100. (a) The force acting on the body of mass M are its weight
k l1 k l2
Mg acting vertically downward and air resistance F
é l2 ù é l1 ù acting vertically upward.
or k1 = k ê1 + ú and k2 = k ê1 + ú
ë l1 û ë l2 û F
\ Acceration of the body , a = g -
\ k1 = k [1 + 2] = 3k [using (i)] M
Now M > m, therefore, the body with larger mass will
3
k2 = k êé1 + úù = k [using (i)]
1
have great acceleration and it will reach the ground
ë 2û 2 first.
mV 2 EXERCISE - 3
93. (a) R = mg cos q –
r Exemplar Questions
R 1. (c) In a uniform translatory motion if all the parts of the
V
car body moves with (same velocity in same straight line,
q mg cos q so the velocity is constant.
mg q v
A v
O Over bridge v
When q decreases, cosq increases i.e. R increases The situation is shown in (figure) where a body A is in
unfirom translatory motion.
 EBD_7751
136 PHYSICS

2. (b) According to question we have to apply Newton's r r r

So, F12 = - F21 (Q Fext = 0)
second law of motion, in terms of force and change in
momentum. Total force on the system will be zero.
r r
dp12 dp
We know that F =
dp = - 21 or dpr12 = -dpr 21
dt dt dt
r r
As given that the meter scale is moving with uniform Þ (dp12 + dp21 = 0)
velocity, hence So prove the law of conservation of momentum and
Force (F) = m × 0 = 0 verifies the option (d).
No change in its velocity i.e., acceleration of it zero by 6. (c) Consider the adjacent diagram.
Newton's second law.
Hence, net or resultant force must act on body is zero. N
r r r so,
t = r ´ F,
As all part of the scale is moving with uniform velocity
P2
and total force is zero, hence, torque will also be zero. B A
3. (c) As given that,
P1
Mass of the ball = 150 g = 0.15 kg
( P2– P1) O
r B
u = (3iˆ + 4 ˆj ) m/s W E
r
v = -(3iˆ + 4 ˆj ) m/s
(Dp) Change in momentum S
= Final momentum – Initial momentum The force on player is due to rate of change of
r r momentum. The direction of force acting on player will
= mv - mu
r r be the same as the direction of change in momentum.
= m(v - u ) = (0.15)[ -(3iˆ + 4 ˆj ) - (3iˆ + 4 ˆj )] Let OA = P1 i.e., Initial momentum of player northward
AB = P2 i.e., Final momentum of player towards west.
= (0.15)[-6iˆ - 8 ˆj ] Clearly, OB = OA + OB
Change in momentum
= -[0.15 ´ 6iˆ + 0.15 ´ 8 ˆj] = P2 – P1
= AB – OA = AB + (–OA)
= -[0.9iˆ + 1.20 ˆj ]
= Clearly resultant AR will be along south-west.
Dp = -[0.9iˆ + 1.2 ˆj ] So, it will be also the direction of force on player.
7. (a) As given that, mass = 2 kg
Hence verifies option (c). p = 3 m/s, q = 4 m/s2, r = 5 m/s3
4. (c) From previous solution As given equation is
Dp = -(0.9iˆ + 1.2 ˆj) = -0.9iˆ - 1.2 ˆj x(t ) = pt + qt 2 + rt 3
2
Magnitude of | Dp |= (-0.9) + (-1.2)
2 ds (t )
v= = p + 2qt + 3rt 2
dt
= 0.81 + 1.44
dv d 2 x (t )
= 2.25 = 1.5 kg-m s–1 a= = = 0 + 2q + 6rt
Verifies the option (c). dt dt 2
5. (d) By Newton's second law : é d 2 x (t ) ù
r ê 2 ú
= 2q + 12r
dp ë dt û ( t = 2)
Fext =
dt
r = 2q + 12r
As Fext in law of conservation of momentum is zero.
= 2 × 4 + 12 × 5
If Fext = 0, dp = 0 Þ p = constant = 8 + 60 = 68 m/s2
Hence, momentum of a system will remain conserve if r
Force acting on body ( F ) = ma
external force on the system is zero.
In case of collision between particle equal and opposite = 2 × 68 = 136 N.
forces will act on individual particle by Newton's third 8. (b) As given that mass = m = 5 kg
r
law. Acting force = F = (-3iˆ + 4 ˆj ) N
 Laws of Motion 137
r Fnet on block of mass 2 m
Initial velocity at t = 0, u = (6iˆ - 12 ˆj ) m/s
r = T – T' – 2 mg = 0
F æ 3iˆ 4 ˆj ö
Retardation, aˆ = = ç - + ÷ m/s 2 ALTERNATE :
m è 5 5 ø
Q v = constant
As the final velocity along Y-component only. So its x-
component must be zero. so, a = 0, Hence, Fnet = ma = 0
11. (d) Given; speed = 10 m/s; radius r = 10 m
From v x = u x + ax t , for X-component only,,
Angle made by the wire with the vertical
-3iˆ
0 = 6iˆ + t v2 102
5 tan q = = =1
rg 10 ´ 10
3iˆ p
(t ) = 6iˆ
5 Þ q = 45° =
4
5´ 6 12. (a) Let upthrust of air be Fa then
t= = 10 s
3 For downward motion of balloon
t = 10 sec. Hence verifies the option (b). Fa = mg – ma
9. (b) As given that mass of the car = m mg – Fa = ma
As car starts from rest, u = 0
r For upward motion
Velocity acquired along east (v ) = viˆ Fa – (m – Dm)g = (m – Dm)a
Time (t) = 2 s.
We know that, v = u + at 2ma
Therefore Dm =
g+a
Þ viˆ = 0 + a ´ 2
13. (c) Change in momentum,
r v
Þ a = iˆ
2 Dp = ò Fdt
(Force, by engine is internal force)
= Area of F-t graph
r r mv ˆ
F = ma = i = ar of D – ar of + ar of
2
1
mv = ´ 2 ´ 6 - 3 ´ 2 + 4 ´ 3 = 12 N-s
Hence, force acting on the car is towards east due 2
2
14. (c) Acceleration
mv ˆ
to force of friction is i which moves the car in Net force in the direction of motion
2 =
eastward direction. Hence, force by engine is internal Total mass of system
force.
m1g - m(m 2 + m3 )g g
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions = = (1 - 2m )
m1 + m 2 + m3 3
(Q m1 = m2 = m3 = m given)
F T T' F
m v
15. (a) Acceleration of system a = net
mg M total
mg m 2m 3m 14 14 2
2m = = = 2m/s
10. (d) T T' T" 4 + 2 +1 7
2mg
mg 2mg 3mg
3m 14N A B C
4kg 2kg 1kg
6 mg
From figure The contact force between A and B
F = 6 mg, = (mB + mC) × a = (2 + 1) × 2 = 6N
As speed is constant, acceleration a = 0 16. (b) For the motion of both the blocks
\ 6 mg = 6ma = 0, F = 6 mg m1a = T – mkm1g
\ T = 5 mg , T¢ = 3 mg m2g – T = m2a
T² = 0
 EBD_7751
138 PHYSICS
a 20. (d) Net force on particle in uniform circular motion is cen-
T
mk m1g m1
æ mv2 ö
mk tripetal force çç l ÷÷ which is provided by tension in
è ø
string so the net force will be equal to tension i.e., T.
m 2g – m k m1g m2
a= a
m1 + m 2

æ m 2 g – m k m1g ö m2g
m2g – T = (m2) ç m + m ÷
è 1 2 ø 21. (a) m
solving we get tension in the string
m1m 2 g (1 + m k ) g
T=
m1 + m 2 mg
17. (d) According to question, two stones experience same
Before cutting the string
centripetal force
kx = T + 3 mg ...(i)
i.e. FC1 = FC2 T = mg ...(ii)
Þ kx = 4mg
mv12 2mv 22 After cutting the string T = 0
or, = or, V12 = 4V22
r (r / 2)
4mg - 3mg
So, V1 = 2V2 i.e., n = 2 aA =
3m
18. (a) Coefficient of static friction,
1 4mg
ms = tan 30° = = 0.577 @ 0.6
3
1 2
S = ut + at
2
1 1
4= a(4)2 Þ a = = 0.5
2 2
[Q s = 4m and t = 4s given]
a = gsinq – mk(g) cosq
0.9 g
Þ mk = = 0.5 aA =
3 3
19. (d) To complete the loop a body must enter a vertical loop
mg
of radius R with the minimum velocity v = 5gR . and a B = =g
m