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XII Physics
Unit 1: Electrostatics
Electric Charge:
Charge of a material body is that property due to which it interacts with other charges. There
are two kinds of charges -positive and negative.
S.I. unit’Coulomb (C)
Properties of charge:
Charge is a scalar quantity b. Charge is quantised
c. Charge is conserved d. Charge is independent of frame of reference.
Methods of charging:
a. Friction b. Induction c. Conduction

Coulomb's Law:
Force between two charges F =
4T En2
r2 p

19>x 109 Nm?

where, 4Tt Eo
1
If medium is present then F =.4Tt Eo E, r2

NOTE: The Law is applicable only for static and point charges. Moving charges may result in
magnetic interaction. And if chargesare spread on bodies then induction may change the charge
distribution.
Electric Field or Electric Intensity or Electric Field Strength:
Electric field intensity is defined as force on unit test charge.
Unovate
r3

SIunit: Newton/Coulomb (N/C)

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Electric Field Due To Charge Distribution:

a. Due to Point Charge: b. Due to linear change distribution:

r2
AC/m

- E,
+E,

E,= (sin a + sin B)

4T Eo r

E,= 4n Eo r (cos B- cos a)

c. Due to infinite line charge

2C/m
E

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2 Eo r

d. Due to infinite plane sheet of

charge:
a/2e
E

a C/m'

2 Eo

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C. Due to infinite charged

conducting plate:
ole,

C/m'
Ep =n
f. Due to hollow non-conducting sphere:

a. For point inside the sphere (r<R):

EA =0

Ka/R'.
b. For point on the surface (r =R):
R
Eg kQ
R2

c. For point outside the sphere:

kO
Ec
Electric Field Lines:

RSOLare tion
Fixed point charge
near infinite metal
plate

Electric field lines have the following properties:

a. Imaginary curves
b. Never intersect each other
c. Never form closed loops
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d Start from (+ve) charge and ends on (-ve) charge

e. If there is no electric field then there will no field lines

f. Number of electric field lines per unit area normal to the area at a point
represents magnitude of electric field intensity. Crowded lines represent strong
field while distant lines weak field
g. Number of lines originating from or terminating on a charge is proportional to
magnitude of charge
h. Field lines start or end normally at the surface of aconductor

i. Tangent to the lines of force at a point in an electric field gives direction of

intensity of electric field.

Electric Flux:
¢=f .d¨
(a) Scalar quantity
(b)SI unit :- Nm²IC or V-m
i. For uniform electric field A= EA cos ucation
where, =Angle between E and area vector (A)
IHDOVate
ii. For non-uniform field =E.JA
Gauss's Law:
For a closed surface, total flux =E.dA 9n
Eo

where qin = net charge enclosed by the closed surface.

1. Flux through Gaussian surface is independent of its shape.
surface.
ii. Flux depends only on charges present inside the closed
inside it.
iii. Flux through a closed surface is independent of position of charges
charges present (inside as well
iv. Electric field intensity at the Gaussian surface is due to all
as outside).

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Electrostatic Potential EnergY:

Itis the amount of energy required to bring any charge from co to any particular point without
any charge in K.E.
Interaction energy of a system of two charged particles

U=e Assuming potential energy at co to be zero]

Electric Potential:
It is the work done against the field to take a unit positive charge from infinity (reference point)
to the given point P without gaining any kinetic energy.

V,= (Weo- plexty

Electric potential is a scalar quantity
SIunit:- Volt (V) or J/C
i. In presence of dielectrie medium, potential decreases and becomestimes of itsfree space
value.

Potential Difference:
The potential difference between two points A & B is work done by external agent against
electric field in taking aunit positive charge from Bto Akeeping kinetic energy constant:
VA- V¡ = WBAJext
Relation between electric field & electric potential;
E=-V=- gradV = dr
i--k;V=-fË. dr
Direction of E is from high potential to low potential.
b. IfV= constant over aregion, then E =0(in that region)

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Equipotential Surface:
The locus of all points having same potential is called
Equipotential surfaces can never cross each other.
b. Equipotential surfaces are always perpendicular to the direction of electric field.
C. No work is done in moving a charge from one point to other over an equipotential surface.

Electric Dipole:
A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance is called electric
dipole: -0 +q

Dipole Moment :- p= qd
Direction of dipole moment is from negative to positive charge.

Dipole Placed In Uniform Electric Field:

Torque T=pxE
b. Net force = 0
C. Work done in rotation of dipole from , to 8, angle in external electric field
W=pE(cos 0, -cos 0,)
d. Electrostatic potential energy =-p.E=- pE cos

e. In non-uniform electric field, force on electric dipole F=-p.

ion
Electric Field Due to Dipole:
Atan axial point:
-2kp
r3

b. On the equatorial line:

r3

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Electric Potential Due to Dipole:

a. Atan axialpoint:
V=kp
r2

b. At equatorial point:
V=0

c. At ageneral point:
kp cos 0
V=
r2

Conductors And Its Properties:

a. Conductors are always equipotential surfaces.
b. Charge always reside on the outer surface of a conductor.
C. Electric field is always perpendicular to conducting surface.
d. Electric field lines never exist within conducting materials.
e. When a conductor is grounded, its potential becomes zero.

Concept of Capacitance:
potential is directly
When a conductor is charged then its potential rises. The increase in
proportionalto the charge given to the conductor.
Q« V’Q=CV
d ucation
The constant C is known as the capacity of the conductor.2te
C= - A T² = M-1 L-2 T A²
Capacitance is a scalar quantity with dimension W M1L2T-2

Unit:- farad, coulomb/volt

Parallel Plate Capacitor:

C=2= SrEo A
V d
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If one of the plates of parallel plate capacitor slides relatively then C decrease
(As overlapping area decreases).
If both the plates of parallel plate capacitor are touched each other resultant
charge and potential became zero.
Electric field between the plates of a capacitor is shown in figure. Non
uniformity of electric field at the boundaries of the plates is negligible if the
distance between the plates is very smallas compared to the length of the plates.

Edge effect
=Uniform in the centre
Ë= Non -Uniform at the edges

The Capacitance OfA Spherical Conductor:

potential rises.
When a charge Q is given to a isolated spherical conductor then its
R v c 4nsRUcation
4tE0E,R
If conductor is placed in a medium then Cmedium =4TeR

Combination Of Capacitor:
Capacitor in Series:
alternative path(s) to flow.
In this arrangement of capacitors the charge has no
C,V,
The charges on each capacitor areequal i.e. Q= CV, =C,V, =
AB is shared by the
ii. The total potential difference across
+0 -Q +O -Q

capacitors the inverse ratio of the capacitance V, V, V, ->

V=V, + V, + Vg
combination, then
If Cç is the net capacitance of the series

Cs C1

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Capacitors in Parallel:
In such arrangement of capacitors the charge has an alternative path(s) to flow.
i. The potentialdifference across each capacitor is same and equal the total potential
applied.
i.e. V =V,=V, =V, V= 1 B
C1 C3

ii. The total charge Q is shared by each capacitor in the direct ratio of the
capacitances. Q =Q1+Q2 +Q3 V

If Cp is the net capacitance for the parallel combination of capacitors:

CpV= C{V +CzV+C&V ’ Cp=C+ Cz +C3
Fot a given voltage to store maximum energy capacitors should be connected in parallel.
IfN identical capacitors each having breakdown yoltage V are joined in
i. Series then the break down voltage of the combination is equal to NV.
i. Parallel then the breakdown voltage of the combination is equal to V.
Two capacitors are connected in series with a battery. Now battery is removed
and loose wires connected together then final charge on each capacitor is zero.
IfN identical capacitors are connected then Cgeries Cparallel =NC
In DC capacitor's offers infinite resistance in steady state, so there will be no current flows
through capacitor branch.
Energy Stored In ACharged Conductor/Capacitor:
Let C is capacitance of a conductor. On being connected to a battery. It charges to a potential
V from zero potential. If q is charge on the conductor at that time then q= CV. Let battery
supplies small amount of charge dq to the conductor at constant potential V. Then small amount
of work done by the battery against the force exerted by existing charge is

dW =Vdq -dq ’ W= =
dg w = 2C
as potential
where Q is the final charge acquired by the conductor. This work done is stored
energy, so

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&U--cv² =}Qv C=o

As the potential of the Earth is assumed to be zero, capacity of earth or a conductor
connected to earth willbe infinite C = == 0
0
1
Actual capacity of the Earth C = 4ne,R x 64 x 105 = 711 uF
9x 109

Work done by battery W, (charge given by battery) x (emf) =QV but

Energy stored in conductor=QV. So 50% energy supplied by the battery is lost in form
of heat.
Redistribution Of Charges And Loss Of Energv:
flows from a
When two charged conductors are connected by a conducting wire then charge
when the
conductor at higher potential to that at lower potential. This flow of charge stops
potential of two conductors became equal.
respectively and
Let the amounts of charges after the conductors are connected are Q' and Q2'
potential is V then

c.+
re E: C
V

a,
C.
nifov a te,
(After oonnectlon)
(Before connection)

Common Potential:
According to law of Conservation of charge Qbefore connection after connection
’G,V, + CzV, =CV+ CzV
-S1Vit2V2
Common Potential after connection V C+ Cz

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Efect Of Dielectric:
The insulators in which microscopic local displacement of charges takes place in
presence of electric field are known as dielectrics.
Dielectric are non conductors upto certain value of field depending on its nature. If the
field exceeds this limiting value called dielectric strength they lose their insulating
property and begin to conduct.
Dielectricstrength is defined as the maximum value of electric field that a dielectric can
tolerate without breakdown. Unit is volt/metre. Dimensions M'L'T'A-!.

Polar Dielectrics:
coincide
In absence of external field the centres of positive and negative charge do not
due to asymmetric shape of molecules.
Each molecule has permanent dipole moment.
volume of polar
The dipole are randomly oriented so average dipole moment per unit
dielectric in absence of external field is nearly zero.
direction of field.
In presence of external field dipoles tends to align in
Ex. Water, Alcohol, CO%, HCI, NH,

Non Polar Dielectrics:

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negative charge coincides in these
In absence of external field the centre of positive and
OVe
atoms or molecules because they are symmetric.
The dipole moment is zero in normal state.
dipole moment.
In presence of external field they acquire induced
Ex. Nitrogen, Oxygen, Benzene, Methane

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Polarisation:
The alignment of dipole moments of permanent or induced dipoles in the direction applied
electric' field is called polarisation.

If Capacitor is partially filled with dielectric:

V= E(d-t) + Et 4oanneenet
Eo
Eo =E = Dielectric constant
V=Eod-t+
Eo
-V=d- t + l d -t+
En

EoA EoA
’C=. ..i)
V
d-t(1-) d-t(1-)
If Medium is fully present between the space:
med
:t=d

Now from equation () Cmedium d

thickness (t <d)
If capacitor is partially filled by a conducting slab of
*E, = oo for conductor
E
EgA
C=
-9are Edude E-0