Ch 9 2nd half [Salman]

Q1. Define seed? Give its importance?

A.
Seed
• Technically a seed may be deigned as a fertilized
ovule. An ovule is an integumented indehiscent
megasporangium.
Importance
• The seed offers maximum degree of protection to a
developing embryo under the unfavorable terrestrial
environment.
• The development and evolution of seed habit was a
great success and a giant leap which ultimately
enabled Plants to colonize land permanently.

Q2. What is ovule?

A.
• An ovule is an integumented indehiscent
megasporangium.
• It forms megaspores which develop into female
gametophyte.
• Ovule is developed into seed after fertilization in seed
plants.

Q3. What are integuments?

A..
• Integuments are specialized protective coverings around
megasporangium which vary in number.
 • Some branch like structures of sporophyte surrounding
the megasporangium fused to form protective envelope
or integument.
• The integuments of the ovule form testa and tegmen
(seed coat).

Q4. What is evolution of heterospory?/ any one step of

evolution of seed?
A.
• Primitive vascular land plants produced one kind of spores,
a condition called homospory.
• All groups of land plants up to pteridophytes are
homosporous.
• During the early phase of evolution some plant
groups started producing two diferent types of spores,
the smaller ones called microspores and the larger
ones known as megaspores.
• The microspores produced inside microsporangia
germinate to form male gametophyte or the
microgametophyte, whereas the megaspores
germinated to form female gametophyte or
megagametophyte.

Q5. How ovule is formed?/Any one step of evolution of seed?

A.
• Some branch like structures of sporophyte surrounding
the megasporangium fused around to megasporangium
to form protective envelope or integument.
 • The megasporangium tightly locked by integuments
becomes totally indehiscent.
• This important change led to the evolution and
formation of the ovule, which is nothing but an
integumented indehiscent megasporangium.
• In this way more protection is accorded to the egg-
containing apparatus in terrestrial environment.

Q6. Write 4 features of gymnosperms?

A.
• Gymnosperms are one of the successful groups of
seed plants of worldwide distribution .
• They constitute about one-third of the world’s forests.
• The gymnosperms are heterosporous plants which
produce seeds but no fruits.
• They have independent, dominant sporophyte but less
conspicuous, dependent gametophyte.
• E.g. pine, cycas, etc

Q7. What are important genera of gymnosperm?

A.
• The important genera are
• Cycas (sago-palm),
• Pinus (Pine),
• Taxus (Yew),
• Picea (Hemlock)
• Cedrus (deodar)
• Ginkgo.
Q8. Why gymnosperm are naked seeded?
A.
• The megasporophylls bearing ovules are not folded and
joined at the margins to form an ovary.
• For this reason the seeds lie naked on the mega
sporophylls..

Q9. What are essential and non-essential parts of flowers?

A.
• The sepals and petals are non- essential or non-
reproductive parts.
• Stamens and carpels are the essential or reproductive
parts of the flower.

Q10. What are roles of sepals and petals?

A
• The sepals and the petals protect the stamens and
the carpels.
• They also attract insects for pollination. When the
pollination is over, the sepals usually and the petals
always fall off..

Q11. How female gametophyte in angiosperm is formed?

A.
• Certain changes occur in the ovule leading to the
formation of female spore (megaspore).
• The megaspore develops into female gametophyte.
• This consists of seven cells only.
 • One of these cells is the egg or oosphere.

Q12. What is double fertilization? Give its significance?

A.
Double fertilization
• Double fertilization is a special process found in
Angiosperms.
• In this two male gametes fuses with two female cells
simultaneously.
• A male gamete (n) fuses with egg (n) to form a
diploid zygote (2n) which develops later into an
embryo.
• Second male gamete (n) fuses with another female
cell called fusion nucleus (2n) resulting into a triploid
(3n) endosperm cell, which develops into food storing
endosperm tissue.
Significance
• It is an important evolutionary advancement in which food
storage in fertilized ovule is made only on fertilization i.e.
formation of zygote.
• This actually helps the plant to economize its food
resources.

Q13. Give features of spermatophytes?

A.
• These are seed plants.
• These include gymnosperm and angiosperm.
• These have independent sporophyte and reduced
gametophyte.
 • These form cones and flowers.
• These are heterosporous.
• These dent need water for fertilization.
• These are tracheophytes.
• These are dominant plants of today..

Q14. Plants of Rosaceae?

A.
Common names Bot.names
Pear Pyrus pastia
Rose Rosa indica
Apple Malus
Strawberry Fragaria
Peach
Almond
Apricot
Crataegus

Q15. Plants of Solanaceae

A
Common names Bot.names
Potato Solanum
tuberosum
Tobacco Nicotiana
tabacum
Tomato Lycopersicum
esculentum
Red pepper Capsicum
frutescens
Black pepper C. annum
Ground cherry Physalis
Petunia
Cestrum

Q16. Plants of Fabaceae/Papilionaceae?

A
Common names Bot.names
Sweet pea Lathyrus
odoratus
Peanut Arachis hypogea
Chick pea Cicer arietinum
Shisham Delbergia sisso
Alfalfa Medicago sativa
Vicia
Melilotus
Trifolium
Butea
monosperma
Indigofera
tinctoria
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Clitoria ternatea
Abrus
precatorious
Lupinus
Q17. Plants of caesalpiniaceae.
A

Common names Bot. Names

Tamarindus indica
Amaltas Cassia fistula
Kachnar Bauhinia variegata
Parkinsonia
Haematoxylon
Cynometera cauliflora

Q18. Plants of Mimosaceae

A

Common names Bot. Names

Acacia nilotica
Albizzia lebbek
Touch me not Mimosa pudica
Prosopis glandulosa
P. Cineraria
Xylia
A.senegal
A.catechu
A.melanoxylon

Q19. Plants of Graminae/Poaceae

A.
Common names Bot.names
Wheat Triticum vulgare
Corn Zea mays
Oats Avena sativa
Rice Oryza sativa
Bamboo Bambusa
Sugar cane Saccharam officinarum

Barley Hordeum vulgare

Rye Secale cereale
Penisetum typhoideum

Sorghum vulgare
Agrostis
Poa
Festuca
Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus

Saccharaum munja

Q20. What are Spikelets and floret?

A
• Spikelets consisting of bracts, arranged along a slender
axis (called rachilla) , the two lower bracts (called
glumes) which are empty; the succeeding lemmas
 enclosing a flower and opposed by a hyaline scale
called palea.
• The Whole (lemma, palea, and lower) termed as
floret; the glumes or lemmas often bearing one or
more stiff bristles (called awns);
• This basic pattern of spikelet structure is consistent
throughout the family Poaceae.

Q21. What is caryopsis/grain?

A.
• Caryopsis a dry, indehiscent fruit in which fruit wall
(pericarp) is completed, fused with seed coat.

Q22. What is senna?

A.
• Cassia senna and C. obovate are cultivated for the
leaves which yield the drug Senna, which is the base for a
laxative.

Q23. Fruits of different families?

A.

Family Fruit
Fabaceae Usually a legume or pod.
Caesalpiniaceae Legume
Mimosaceae A legume dehiscent or indehiscent.
Poaceae Caryopsis/grain

Q24. How corolla/petals of Fabaceae are?

A
• Petals 5, usually clawed, dissimilar;
• the upper posterior petal is large and conspicuous
and is called standard or vexillum.
• 2-lateral ones free called wings.
• 2 anterior inner most that fuse to form a boat-
shaped structure called the keel or carina.

Q25. No. Of Genera and species?

A

Family Genera/specie Pakistan

Rosaceae 100/2000 29/213

Solanaceae 90/2000 14/52

Fabaceae 400/9000 82/587
Caesalpiniaceae 152/2300 16/60
Mimosaceae 56/2800 11/49
Poaceae 600/10000 158/492

Q26. What are the uses of Bambusa?

A
• Bambusa (Bamboo) are used as building material for the
thatching huts, making boats, carts, pipes etc. and the split
stem are woven into mats, baskets, fans, hats, course
umbrella.
• Leaves are also given to horses as a cure of cough and
cold etc.