CHAPTER 3- Graphs, Charts and tables -
Describing your Data. class limit of each and is representative of
Definition some terms
➔ Raw Data - Is the data collected in original
form.
➔ Range - The difference between the highest
value and the lowest value in a distribution.
➔ Frequency Distribution - The organzation
of data in a tubular form, using mutually
exclusive classes showing the number of
observation in each.
➔ Class limit - (or apparent limit) IS the
highest and lowest values describing a
class.
➔ Class Boundaries - (or real limits) is the
upper value of a class for group frequency
distribution whose values has additional
decimal place more than the class limit and
ends with the digit 5.
➔ Interval - (or width) is the distance between
the class lower boundary and the class
upper boundary and it is denoted by the
symbol i.
➔ Frequency - (f) is the number of values in a
specific class of a frequency distribution.
➔ Relative Frequency - (rf) Is the value
obtained when the frequencies in each
class of the frequency distribution is divided
by the total number of values.
➔ Percentage - Is obtained by multiplying the
relative frequency by 100%
➔ Cumulative Frequency - (cf) is the sum of
the frequency accumulated up to the upper
boundary of a class in a frequency
distribution.
➔ Midpoint - is the point halfway between the
the data within the class.
Categorical Frequency Distribution
The categorical frequency distribution is used to
organize nominal-level or ordinal-level type of data.
Some examples where we can apply this
distribution are GENDER, BUSINESS TYPE,
POLITICAL AFFLIATION AND OTHERS.
Determining Class Interval
Generally the number of classes for a frequency
distribution table varies from 5-20 depending
primarily on the number of observations in the data
set. It is preferably to have more classes as the
size of a data set increases. The decision about the
number of classes depends on the method used by
the researcher.
CHAPTER 4 - NUMERICAL SUMMARY
MEASURES
➔ Arithmetic mean or average - The
arithmetic mean may be defined as the sum
of the individual observed value divided by
the total number of observations. It is a
computed average and its magnitude is
influenced by every value
➔ Unweight or simple arithmetic mean -
takes into consideration each of the item
value without regard to their relative
importance.
➔ Weighted arithmetic mean - takes into
consideration the proper weight of each
item according to their relative importance.
➔ Median - is the midpoint of the distributions.
Half of the value in the distribution fall below
the median and the other half above it. For
distributions having an even number of
arrayed observed values, the median is the
average of the two middlemost value
➔ Mode - The mode denoted by x of a given
set f oungrouped data is the value that
occurs most frequently. The mode is not a
unique measure since two or more values
may occur more frequently in a given
distribution

➔ Midrange - The midrange is the average of

the lowest and highest value in data set.
This can be computed using formula 3-12

➔ Midhinge - The midhinge is the mean ot the

first and third quartiles in the data set. Its
used to overcome potential problems
introduced by extreme values (or outlier) in
the data set.