Design and Fabrication of Heat Pressing Machine For Paper Production Using Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass

Technological University of the Philippines-Taguig
Km. 14 East Service Road, Western Bicutan, Taguig City
Mechanical and Allied Department
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Project Study
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HEAT PRESSING MACHINE

FOR PAPER PRODUCTION USING WATER HYACINTH AND
COGON GRASS
Submitted by:
ABLOG, JOHN JEFERSON R.

AREGLADO, EMMANUEL M.
CADELIÑA, JOHN RUVEL P.
CANDIDO, MARIELLA D.
DAYRIT, JOHN CRISTOPHER C.
JAMISOLA, ANDREW JAMES L.
BSME-SEP 4A
Submitted to:
DR. JUNE RAYMOND MARIANO
Subject Adviser
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-TAGUIG
APPROVAL SHEET
This Project Study entitled, “Design and Fabrication of Heat Pressing Machine for Paper
Production Using Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass”, prepared and submitted by John Jeferson R.
Ablog, Emmanuel M. Areglado, John Ruvel P. Cadeliña, Mariella D. Candido, John Cristopher C.
Dayrit, and Andrew James L. Jamisola in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, has been examined and hereby recommended for
approval and acceptance.
Engr. Nemalyn P. Decapia June Raymond L. Mariano, Ph.D.

Project Adviser Subject Adviser
Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
in Mechanical Engineering by the panel of oral examinees.
Engr. Louie J. Canta Engr. Jefferson C. Rufo

Faculty, Mech. & Allied Dept. Faculty, Mech. & Allied Dept.
Engr. Abegail Joy C. España Engr. Rendel M. Deligos

Faculty, Mech. & Allied Dept. Faculty, Mech. & Allied Dept.
Prof. Teodoro M. Nimuan

Faculty, Mech. & Allied Dept.
Accepted, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
in Mechanical Engineering.
Rexmelle F. Decapia Jr., Ph.D. Engr. Triztan S. Dela Cruz

Department Head, Mech. & Allied Dept. Section Head, Mech. & Allied Dept.
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Heat Pressing Machine for Paper Production Using Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass
COMFORME
Dear Sir/Ma’am,
As senior Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering student of Technological
University of the Philippines – Taguig Campus, we are required to submit and make an oral
presentation of our Project Study entitled “Design and Fabrication of Heat Pressing Machine for
Paper Production Using Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass”, in partial fulfilment of the
requirements of our course. We would like to ask for your assistance as our technical adviser to
help and guide us in the preparation for our project study. Your knowledge, skills, and education
will be of tremendous assistance in meeting academic criteria. Please sign below to acknowledge
this request as well.
Signed by:
Engr. Nemalyn P. Decapia June Raymond L. Mariano, Ph.D.

Project Adviser Subject Adviser
Confirmed by:
Rexmelle F. Decapia Jr., Ph.D. Engr. Triztan S. Dela Cruz

Department Head, Mech. & Allied Dept. Section Head, Mech. & Allied Dept.
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Proponents:
John Jeferson R. Ablog Emmanuel M. Areglado

Student, BSME-SEP 4A Student, BSME-SEP 4A
John Ruvel P. Cadeliña Mariella D. Candido

John Cristopher C. Dayrit Andrew James L. Jamisola

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GRAMMARIAN CERTIFICATE
LANGUAGE EDITING CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the undersigned has reviewed and went through all the pages of
the Project Study entitled DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HEAT PRESSING
MACHINE FOR PAPER PRODUCTION USING WATER HYACINTH AND
COGON GRASS by JOHN JEFERSON R. ABLOG, EMMANUEL M.
AREGLADO, JOHN RUVEL P. CADELIÑA, MARIELLA D. CANDIDO,
JOHN CRISTOPHER C. DAYRIT and ANDREW JAMES L. JAMISOLA,
signed with the set of structural rules that govern the composition of sentences and
phrases, and words in the English language.
Signed this 13th day of June in the year of our Lord, 2023 at Santa Clara Santa Maria
Bulacan.
Signed:
ANGELICA E. JUSTINIANO, LPT

Transcriber, Philippine Survey and Research Center
College Instructor I (Part-time), Bulacan State university Sarmiento Campus
College Instructor I (Part-time), Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Research Adviser, Coast Guard Education, Training and Doctrine Command
Co-Researcher (Research Title: Development of Educational Podcast Learning Resources for
Honing Listening Skills)
Translator, Kung Hindi Man Production (KHM Production)
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Bachelor of Secondary Education major in English, 2016, Polytechnic University of the
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this thesis has been marked a significant accomplishment in the
proponents’ academic journey. Throughout the entire process, they have been truly fortunate to
receive unwavering support, invaluable guidance, and constant encouragement from a diverse
group of individuals who have played an indispensable role in the successful realization of this
endeavor.
Above all, the proponents wish to express heartfelt gratitude to the Divine Creator for the
blessings, guidance, and strength bestowed upon them throughout the journey of completing this
thesis.
The proponents extend sincere appreciation to Engr. Nemalyn P. Decapia, whose expertise,
mentorship, and constructive feedback have been instrumental in shaping the direction and quality
of this thesis. To our panel committees, Engr. Rexmelle Decapia Jr., Engr. Jefferson Rufo, Engr.
Abegail Joy España, and Engr. Louie Canta for their valuable insights, critical evaluation, and
thoughtful recommendations. Their expertise and diverse perspectives have significantly enriched
the research and contributed to its overall excellence.
The proponents would like to acknowledge the participants of the study: Engr. Atlas Cerbo,
for sharing his knowledge in pulp, paper making and product specifications; Engr. William Suarez
Acevedo and Sir Mark Anthony Cariño, for their contributions and insights on pneumatics; Engr.
Cliff De Ocampo, for his time and effort on guidance for electrical wirings and components; and
Engr. Tristan De la Cruz, for providing the permission to use school equipment and facilities for
the machine testing and operations – their willingness to participate and share their experiences
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and perspectives has greatly enriched the depth and relevance of the research findings; and to the
Areglado and Dayrit family, for the provisions of their homes to stay at.
Furthermore, the proponents are deeply grateful for the unwavering support,
encouragement, understanding, and financial support of their family, friends, and loved ones
throughout this challenging academic endeavor which leads greatly upon the completion of this
project.
They would like to extend deep gratitude to all individuals mentioned above, as well as
any others who have directly or indirectly contributed to the successful completion of this thesis.
Their support, guidance, and encouragement have been invaluable, and are sincerely grateful for
their contributions.
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DEDICATION
To our families,
For their unwavering support, understanding, and patience throughout the duration of this group
thesis. Your encouragement and belief in our abilities have been invaluable. This work is
dedicated to you, as a token of our deep gratitude for your unwavering presence and love.
To our supervisors,
For their guidance, expertise, and continuous support throughout this research journey. Your
mentorship and insightful feedback have played a crucial role in shaping our ideas and
strengthening our work. We are grateful for the opportunities you have provided and the
knowledge you have imparted to us.
To our fellow classmates and friends,
For their collaboration, motivation, and camaraderie. Your presence and shared experiences have
made this thesis journey more fulfilling and enjoyable. We appreciate the late-night study
sessions, the brainstorming sessions, and the support we have provided to one another.
To the participants of our study,
For their willingness to be part of our research and for sharing their valuable insights and
perspectives. Without their participation, this study would not have been possible. We express
our heartfelt gratitude for their time and contributions.

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To the university administration and staff,
For providing us with the necessary resources, facilities, and support systems that have enabled
us to conduct this research. We appreciate the opportunities for growth and the conducive
academic environment that our university has provided.
To our significant partners,
Alecsandra Marjorie, Divine Grace, Jalex Joyce, Jessica, Joyce Mae, and Shawn Carlo,
For their unwavering support, patience, and understanding throughout this journey. Your love
and encouragement have been our rock, and we are grateful for your presence in our lives.
Finally, to anyone else who has supported us during this journey,
Your contributions, whether big or small, have had a significant impact on the success of this
group thesis. Please accept our sincere appreciation for your support and encouragement.
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ABSTRACT
A heat pressing machine is a machine that aids in the drying process of formed wet sheets
for paper production.
The machine used an 800 W portable air compressor with a 1440 RPM rotating speed, 125
L/min exhaust volume, and pressure of 0.8 MPa. The air compressor is connected to a double-
acting pneumatic cylinder, which allows the heating plate to move downward and press the formed
sheets. The study aims to reduce paper drying time by combining pressing load with heating during
the papermaking drying process. Furthermore, the proponents carried out various tests with a
temperature range of 50°C to 170°C and a fixed pressing load of 300 kgm to obtain the appropriate
temperature, dwell time, and moisture removed.
The experiment shows that 170°C is the most efficient temperature setting for drying wet
paper, resulting in 2-4 minutes of drying time with 84.31% to 92.77% moisture removed based on
10 sample sheets, achieving the study's goal of reducing paper moisture content and drying time.
The formed sheets were pressed with a heating plate, which applied heat and a pressing load,
resulting in moisture removal in the paper. The paper is now ready for finishing and further
processing after this process.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND ITS BACKGROUND ................................................ 22
1.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 22
1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY............................................................................. 24
1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................... 26
1.3.1. General Objective ................................................................................................ 26
1.3.2. Specific Objectives .............................................................................................. 26
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................. 26
1.5. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION .................................................................................. 28
1.5.1. Scope ................................................................................................................... 28
1.5.2. Delimitations ....................................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES ......................... 29
2.1. Overview of Paper Production and Consumption in the Philippines ........................... 29
2.2. Non-wood Fibers as Alternative Raw Materials for Papermaking .............................. 29
2.3. Overview of Cogon Grass and Water Hyacinth Availability in the Philippines .......... 30
2.4. Cogon Grass as Raw Material for Paper Making ......................................................... 31
2.5. Water Hyacinth as Raw Material for Paper Making .................................................... 32
2.6. Characteristics Considered in Paper Making ............................................................... 33
2.7. Chemical Analysis of Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass ............................................ 33
2.8. Comparison of Wood, Water Hyacinth, and Cogon Grass as Raw Material: .............. 35
2.9. Development of 80 GSM Paper from Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass .................... 36
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2.10. Papermaking Processes ................................................................................................ 38
2.10.1. Manual/Handmade Papermaking .................................................................... 38
2.10.2. Conventional Papermaking.............................................................................. 40
2.11. Manual Drying of Paper ............................................................................................... 42
2.12. Pressing and Drying Machines for Handmade Paper ................................................... 43
2.13. Heat transfer ................................................................................................................. 56
2.14. Materials for Heat Pressing Machine ........................................................................... 57
2.14.1. Thermal Insulation ........................................................................................... 57
2.14.2. Heating Element .............................................................................................. 59
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................... 61
3.1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................. 61
3.1.1. Research Paradigm .............................................................................................. 62
3.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................... 63
3.2.1. Problem Identification ......................................................................................... 63
3.2.2. Problem Solution ................................................................................................. 63
3.3. ENGINEERING CONCEPT ........................................................................................ 64
3.3.1. Compression ........................................................................................................ 64
3.3.2. Heat transfer ........................................................................................................ 65
3.3.3. Evaporation ......................................................................................................... 65
3.4. DATA GATHERING................................................................................................... 66
3.4.1. Experiment .......................................................................................................... 66
3.5. HEAT PRESSING MACHINE DIAGRAMS ............................................................. 73

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3.5.1. Electrical Diagram............................................................................................... 74
3.5.2. Pneumatic and Control Diagram ......................................................................... 75
3.5.3. Ladder Diagram................................................................................................... 76
3.6. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ............................................................................................ 77
3.6.1. Roof Plate (ASTM A36 – MS Plate)................................................................... 80
3.6.2. Framing Assembly (ASTM A36 – 2” x 2” x 3mm Steel Tubulars) .................... 81
3.6.3. Clamp Plate (ASTM A36 – MS Plate) ................................................................ 82
3.6.4. Heating Plate (Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6) ......................................................... 83
3.6.5. Pressing Plate (Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6) ........................................................ 84
3.6.6. Base Plate (ASTM A36 – MS Plate) ................................................................... 85
3.6.7. Linear Guide Bearing Adaptor (ASTM A36 – 2”x2”x3mm Angle Bar) ............ 86
3.7. THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS ........................................................................... 87
3.7.1. Components......................................................................................................... 87
3.7.2. Stress Obtained by the Pressing Plates (Aluminum Plates) ................................ 95
3.7.3. Pneumatic System Calculations ........................................................................ 101
3.7.4. Heat Transfer on Heating Plate ......................................................................... 108
3.8. TESTING AND EVALUATION ............................................................................... 119
3.8.1. Machine Testing ................................................................................................ 119
3.8.2. Evaluation.......................................................................................................... 121
3.9. GANTT CHART ........................................................................................................ 125
3.10. FABRICATION PHASE ........................................................................................... 126
3.10.1. Selection of Materials .................................................................................... 126

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3.10.2. Fabrication Process Flow Diagram................................................................ 140
3.11. POST-FABRICATION PHASE ................................................................................ 141
3.11.1. Bills of Materials ........................................................................................... 141
3.11.2. Main Parts of Heat Pressing Machine ........................................................... 144
3.11.3. Machine Operation Procedures ..................................................................... 147
3.11.4. Safety Operations of the Machine ................................................................. 154
3.11.5. Maintenance of the Machine ......................................................................... 155
3.11.6. Experiment with Machine ............................................................................. 158
3.12. DEFINITION OF TERMS ......................................................................................... 166
3.13. LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................. 168
CHAPTER IV TESTING, PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF
THE RESULT ........................................................................................................................... 169
4.1. Initial Inspection of the Machine................................................................................ 169
4.2. Experimentation Results............................................................................................. 174
4.3. Pressing and Drying Using Various Pressing Load ................................................... 192
4.4. Testing of Paper Load Capacity ................................................................................. 194
4.5. Economic Analysis ..................................................................................................... 196
CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION ..................... 202
5.1. Summary of Findings ................................................................................................. 202
5.2. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 204
5.3. Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 205
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 206
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APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................... 216
APPENDIX A. RECEIPTS .................................................................................................. 217
APPENDIX B. DOCUMENTATION / PHOTOGRAPHS .................................................. 225
APPENDIX C. LIST OF ALL EXPENSES ......................................................................... 232
CURRICULUM VITAE........................................................................................................... 237
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Element Compositions of E. crassipes [49] ................................................................... 34
Table 2. Physicochemical Characterization of E. crassipes [49] ................................................. 35
Table 3. Comparison of chemical composition of Cogon grass by published non-wood [49] .... 35
Table 4. Chemical comparison of Wood, Cogon grass, And water hyacinth .............................. 36
Table 5. Types of pulping ............................................................................................................ 41
Table 6. Steps Involved in Pulp and Paper Manufacturing .......................................................... 41
Table 7. Water Hyacinth Pulping ................................................................................................. 70
Table 8. Water Hyacinth Bleaching ............................................................................................. 70
Table 9. Cogon Grass Pulping ..................................................................................................... 71
Table 10. Cogon Grass Bleaching ................................................................................................ 71
Table 11. Stock Preparation ......................................................................................................... 72
Table 12. The Heat Pressing Machine Components .................................................................... 78
Table 13. The Heat Pressing Machine Control Panel .................................................................. 79
Table 14. Summary of Computations ........................................................................................ 117
Table 15. Data Gathering for Parameters ................................................................................... 122

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Table 16. Material Selection ...................................................................................................... 126
Table 17. List and Price of Materials ......................................................................................... 141
Table 18. Maintenance Schedule ............................................................................................... 157
Table 19. Preparation for cooking raw materials ....................................................................... 159
Table 20. Bleach Needed for Raw Materials ............................................................................. 160
Table 21. Temperature per sample paper ................................................................................... 161
Table 22. Inspection Data Sheet ................................................................................................. 169
Table 23. Using 50°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting ....................................................... 175
Table 24. Using 75°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting ....................................................... 177
Table 25. Using 100°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting ..................................................... 178
Table 29. Moisture Removal Data Sheet ................................................................................... 187
Table 30. Ranges of Dwell Time and Moisture Removal Percentage at Different Final Press
Temperature Settings ........................................................................................................... 190
Table 31. Using 100kgm Pressing Load ..................................................................................... 192
Table 32. Using 200kgm Pressing Load ..................................................................................... 193
Table 33. Dwell Time and Moisture Removal Comparison Using Different Pressing Load .... 194
Table 34. Paperbag Load Capacity ............................................................................................ 195
Table 35. Cost of Machine ......................................................................................................... 197
Table 36. Cost of Tools/Equipment ........................................................................................... 197

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Table 37. Total Machine and Equipment Expenses ................................................................... 197
Table 38. Weekly Expenses of Raw Materials .......................................................................... 197
Table 39. Daily Electric Consumption ....................................................................................... 198
Table 40. Daily Water Consumption.......................................................................................... 198
Table 41. Daily Labor Cost ........................................................................................................ 198
Table 42. Total Daily Expenses ................................................................................................. 198
Table 43. Given for ROI with 30% Margin of Profit ................................................................. 199
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Process flow of papermaking ....................................................................................... 37
Figure 2. Laboratory result of paper samples [19] ....................................................................... 38
Figure 3. Drying board in Uekubo factory ................................................................................... 42
Figure 4. Drying board in Wuchuan Gelao county ...................................................................... 43
Figure 5. Screw-type pressing machine ....................................................................................... 45
Figure 6. Steel Plate ..................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 7. Threaded rods with supporting plate ............................................................................ 45
Figure 8. Rods .............................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 9. Hydraulic Pressing Machine with Heating Coil ........................................................... 47
Figure 10. Hydraulic machine for papermaking .......................................................................... 48
Figure 11. loft drying process ...................................................................................................... 48
Figure 12. Actual Hydro-Pneumatic Press machine .................................................................... 48
Figure 13. Hydraulic Press Machine ............................................................................................ 49

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Figure 14. Existing Hydraulic Press ............................................................................................ 50
Figure 15. Modified Design of Hydraulic Press .......................................................................... 50
Figure 16. Heat Press Machine for paper plate production.......................................................... 51
Figure 17. Schematic Diagram of the Press Machine and Actual Pneumatic Press Machine ..... 53
Figure 18. Schematic Diagram of Steel Belt Cylindrical Press Machine .................................... 54
Figure 19. Conventional Two Tier Dryer Configuration ............................................................. 56
Figure 20. Applied compression in a solid material. ................................................................... 64
Figure 21. Process flow of papermaking ..................................................................................... 66
Figure 22. Experimentation (Handmade Papermaking Process) ................................................. 69
Figure 23. Flow Chart for Pressing and Drying of Paper Using the Heat Pressing Machine ...... 73
Figure 24. Wiring Diagram .......................................................................................................... 74
Figure 25. Pneumatic and Control Diagram ................................................................................ 75
Figure 26. Pressing Control Ladder Diagram .............................................................................. 76
Figure 27. Heater Ladder Diagram .............................................................................................. 76
Figure 28. Isometric View ........................................................................................................... 77
Figure 29. Exploded View ........................................................................................................... 78
Figure 30. Control Panel .............................................................................................................. 79
Figure 31. Roof Plate ................................................................................................................... 80
Figure 32. Framing Assembly...................................................................................................... 81
Figure 33. Clamp Plate................................................................................................................. 82
Figure 34. Heating plate ............................................................................................................... 83
Figure 35. Pressing Plate .............................................................................................................. 84

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Figure 36. Base Plate ................................................................................................................... 85
Figure 37. Linear Guide Bearing Adaptor ................................................................................... 86
Figure 38. Gantt Chart ............................................................................................................... 125
Figure 39. Flow of fabrication process ...................................................................................... 140
Figure 40. Air Compressor Tank ............................................................................................... 144
Figure 41. Solenoid Valve ......................................................................................................... 144
Figure 42. Heating Plate............................................................................................................. 145
Figure 43. Pneumatic Cylinder .................................................................................................. 145
Figure 44. Cylinder Speed Controller ........................................................................................ 146
Figure 45. FRL Unit ................................................................................................................... 146
Figure 46. Plugging into the Electric Supply ............................................................................. 147
Figure 47. Turning On the Air Compressor ............................................................................... 147
Figure 48. Discharging Compressed Air.................................................................................... 147
Figure 49. Power Connection from Circuit Breaker .................................................................. 148
Figure 50. Main Switch and Machine On Pilot Light ................................................................ 148
Figure 51. Time Setting for Initial Pressing ............................................................................... 148
Figure 52. Pushing the Plate Down Button ................................................................................ 149
Figure 53. Heater Switch and Heater Pilot Light On ................................................................. 149
Figure 54. Temperature Setting ................................................................................................. 150
Figure 55. Setting Time for Final Pressing ................................................................................ 150
Figure 56. Activation of Emergency Button .............................................................................. 151
Figure 57. Deactivation of Emergency Button .......................................................................... 151

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Figure 58. Turning off the Heating Source ................................................................................ 152
Figure 59. Turning Off the Machine .......................................................................................... 152
Figure 60. Cutting Off the Power Supply from Circuit Breaker ................................................ 152
Figure 61. Turning Off the Air Compressor .............................................................................. 153
Figure 62. Plugging Out from Electric Supply .......................................................................... 153
Figure 63. Draining of Compressed Air..................................................................................... 153
Figure 64. Turning Off the Discharge Valve ............................................................................. 154
Figure 65. Weighing of raw materials and size reduction ......................................................... 162
Figure 66. Cooking of raw materials for pulping....................................................................... 162
Figure 67. Rinsing of pulp after cooking ................................................................................... 163
Figure 68. Beating of pulp ......................................................................................................... 163
Figure 69. Preparation of materials for bleaching...................................................................... 163
Figure 70. Bleaching of pulps .................................................................................................... 164
Figure 71. Mixing of pulps and binding material ...................................................................... 164
Figure 72. Sheet forming and couching ..................................................................................... 164
Figure 73. Tapping of sieving screen to remove the wet sheet .................................................. 165
Figure 74. Initial pressing of wet sheet ...................................................................................... 165
Figure 75. Final pressing with heat of wet sheet........................................................................ 165
Figure 76. Paperbag Load Capacity Testing .............................................................................. 166
Figure 77. Dwell Time at 50°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting ........................................ 176
Figure 78. Moisture Removal Percentage at 50°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting .......... 176
Figure 79. Dwell Time at 75°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting ........................................ 177
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Figure 80. Moisture Removal Percentage at 75°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting ........... 178
Figure 81. Dwell Time at 100°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting ...................................... 179
Figure 82. Moisture Removal Percentage at 100°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting ......... 180
Figure 89. Final Press Duration and Moisture Removed at Different Temperature Settings .... 191
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1. INTRODUCTION
Paper has always been a part of human society; it has been used to preserve sacred
knowledge held by scholars in the past, to share knowledge through the creation of newspapers,
periodicals, and magazines, for communication purposes, and to prevent the spread of disease with
hygienic disposable goods [1]. These paper consumptions are associated with the fact that in 2021,
the world already utilized a total of 408 million tons of paper and paperboards, and is projected to
reach the usage to 476 million tons by the year 2032 [2].
Massive demand for paper contributes to global deforestation since the generation of virgin
pulp for paper production begins by cutting down trees. In fact, over 4 billion trees, or 35% of
global trees are utilized to manufacture paper products annually [3]. Thus, the use of non-wood
pulp as raw materials is now being considered in papermaking because of the high production rate
per year with low production and material cost [4].
In the Philippines, the pulp and paper industry has become a key to earn profits since the
growing annual demand is at 2.5% per year. The total paper demand is projected to rise at an
average of 0.3 million tons per year. In terms of non-wood fiber production, the Philippine paper
industry seeks to enhance the local pulp production from non-wood fibers from agricultural
remains and crops. In fact, the country has several papermaking processing plants that maximize
the production of paper and paperboard at 1.3 million tons per year [5].
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Paper nowadays has significant differences as compared to traditionally produced, but
some fundamental processes were retained. The selection of raw materials is an important part as
it mainly affects other phases of the papermaking process. In pulping, chemical compositions of
the raw material are extracted [6][7]. Pulp undergoes a molding stage for sheet formation followed
by pressing and drying. Lastly, finishing processes such as sizing and polishing may be done for
the desired specific appearance and use of the final product [8].
There are different ways of pressing and drying in papermaking. Pressing process follows
after sheet forming and couching, which includes pressure to remove extra moisture and to reduce
the time in the drying process [9]. The handmade paper making process mostly uses manual screw
press to squeeze and reduce its bulkiness to make it more compact [10]. After these pressing
processes, sun drying is the most common way for drying handmade papers, however achieving
lower moisture content on a dry basis consumes longer time compared to dryer machines, in which
longer open sun drying deteriorates the quality of paper [11].
The stated manual processes for pressing and drying handmade papers might be effective,
however, the time consumption and efficiency of moisture removal are at a disadvantage compared
to mechanized processes. Since the pressing and drying are processes of dewatering for moisture
removal to obtain the ideal dryness of a good quality paper [12], this study introduces a heat-
pressing machine which aids the pressing and drying processes of handmade papers made from a
combination of 75% cogon grass and 25% water hyacinth, with cassava starch as a binding agent.
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1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Papermaking is a manual skill that has been conducted for over 2000 years using a variety
of methods. The development of hand papermaking and its cultural relevance are discussed in this
article. The structure and chemical makeup of the fibers have influenced the evolution of paper.
Practically every facet of contemporary papermaking technology has its roots in earlier methods
[13].
Since 1902, water hyacinth has been regarded as an invasive aquatic plant throughout Asia.
The water hyacinth has both sexual and asexual reproductive systems, which produce seeds
through flowers and budding through vegetative systems, respectively [14]. Water hyacinth may
be used to make paper, and paper made from the root and petiole has a greater strength. It also
exhibits better strength in the dry petiole [15]. Meanwhile, the cogon grass is one of the tropical/the
most cosmopolitan grass species in the world's subtropical areas and may be found on every
continent apart from Antarctica. In more than 73 nations, it is regarded as a weedy pest [16].
Imperata cylindrica or cogon grass is a good alternative fiber that might be utilized in paper
making. It is used as a renewable resource to make cellulosic pulp, having a high pulp yield and
tensile strength which is appropriate for paper making [17]. Cogon grass may be found in a variety
of environments, including young plantations, degraded forests, grasslands, and arable land in
tropical and subtropical climates. It grows in practically every sort of environment, from the driest
flatwoods to the edges of permanent pools of water [18].
Recent study theories of Arnaldo et al. of 2021, claim that water hyacinth can enhance the
characteristics of paper when combined with high cellulose cogon grass as a raw material for
creating paper [19].

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On the other hand, by imparting a pressure pulse to the sandwich of paper and felt as it
travels through the press 'nip,' water is forced out of the paper web and into the felt in a typical
press section of a paper machine [20]. Pressing and drying are processes of moisture removal to
obtain the ideal dryness of a good quality paper [12]. In fact, paper still contains 5%-8% moisture
content after drying, in which moisture removal is obtained at least 92% [13]. The pressing process
follows sheet forming and couching, which includes pressure to remove extra moisture and to
reduce the time in the drying process [9]. The handmade paper making process mostly uses manual
screw press to squeeze and reduce its bulkiness to make it more compact [10]. Some studies
indicated that even after being pressed overnight, pressed paper still contains 60% to 80% of water
by mass [13][21].
By pressing, water is expelled, but open-air drying is necessary for the sheets to completely
dry. With the aid of some heavy objects, mostly stones, pressing was accomplished. They were
maintained above the stack of papers. Stones were gradually replaced with hydraulic press
machines [22].
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1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.3.1. General Objective
This study aims to design a heat-pressing machine that can be used for pressing and drying
paper made from water hyacinth and cogon grass.
1.3.2. Specific Objectives
1. To design and fabricate a heat pressing machine.
2. To use water hyacinth and cogon grass for paper production.
3. To apply the pressing and drying process using the machine.
4. To conduct various testing using the machine for obtaining the temperature and dwell
time.
5. To determine the percentage of moisture removed from the handmade paper.
1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will focus on designing and fabricating a pressing machine including the
integration of a drying process using a heating coil inside the machine for handmade paper utilizing
cogon grass and water hyacinth as material for paper production. This machine will help to
decrease the dwell time for removal of moisture in handmade papermaking than the conventional
pressing and drying.
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● Students
This study can be an inspiration for the student to modify or make new innovations
throughout the machine. This study should help the student to inspire them in their selected
engineering program or courses.
● Environment
This study utilizes the raw material that is a non-wood fiber which is a good alternative to
wood fibers used in industrial paper making process and these two plants are also an invasive
plants which can cause significant effect in bodies of water for water hyacinth and uncontrollable
growth for the cogon grass. Environmental issues like covering whole bodies of water, and
reducing the level of oxygen for the fishes, can clog dams and can be a great habitat for mosquitoes
which can cause diseases for the water hyacinth. Through the competition the cogon grass can
damage agricultural crops and can surpass the growth of the crops which causes delays in harvest.
The environmental issues involved in these two non-wood fibers will be decreased due to their
usage as alternative raw materials for paper-making.
● Community
This study will be a great opportunity for communities that have plenty of raw materials
that can be used for paper-making. This opportunity would help them to create a small paper
making plant as additional income for their family or community.
● Future researchers
This study will serve as a reference or guide for future researchers who will conduct a
related study in the future. Researchers will be able to know that they can integrate the pressing
and drying process in papermaking using non-wood fiber.

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1.5. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
1.5.1. Scope
1. Design and fabrication of a heat pressing machine.
2. The study will use a combination of 75% cogon grass and 25% water hyacinth, with
cassava starch as a binding agent, as the main raw materials.
3. The fabricated machine will only focus on pressing and drying of paper.
4. The machine will significantly reduce the time of drying to aid manual sun drying.
5. The dimension of the paper to be pressed is approximately equal to a letter-size paper.
1.5.2. Delimitations
1. Utilization of other alternative raw materials for paper making.
2. Pre-processes of handmade paper-making that includes raw material selection to sheet
forming.
3. The paper produced will be utilized as kraft paper.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
This chapter discusses related literature and studies from various sources which will aid in
the development of the machine that is about to fabricate.
This chapter will focus primarily on the potential of water hyacinth and cogon grass as
alternative raw materials for paper-making that can be used as kraft paper and the application of
heat press machines on the pressing and drying processes of handmade paper. Reviewing relevant
information prior to heat press machines will focus on fundamental machine knowledge, its
mechanism for pressing and drying, and material selection.
2.1. Overview of Paper Production and Consumption in the Philippines
● In a report of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), “Monthly Integrated Survey of
Selected Industries: January 2020”, the annual value of production index in January 2020
for paper and paper products declined to -17.3 percent. According to the report, this was
due to the drop in the annual volume of production index for wood and wood products in
January 2020, which indicated a negative rate of 42.6 percent. In spite of a decline in output
value, the utilization rate for paper and paper products remained high in January 2020, at
83.9 percent [23].
2.2. Non-wood Fibers as Alternative Raw Materials for Papermaking
● A study of W. Sridach, “The Environmentally Benign Pulping Process of Non-Wood
Fibers”, indicated that the increasing paper consumption has increased the need for
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economical raw materials. It also raised the demand for non-wood pulp, such as pulp from
annual plants and agricultural residues, as papermaking raw material due to environmental
concerns. It is seen as well-suited to meet the growing demand for paper and paper products
derived from non-wood fibers due to the quantity and renewability of annual plants and
agricultural waste. In addition, the most essential physical attributes of non-wood raw
materials, such as high hemicellulose content, high fine content with low bulk density, and
short fiber length, support their potential as papermaking raw materials [24,25,26].
2.3. Overview of Cogon Grass and Water Hyacinth Availability in the Philippines
● A study in Cebu city entitled, "In Situ Digestibility of Cogon Grass (Imperata cylindrica
L.) in Various Forms and Harvesting Intervals in Rumen-Fistulated Brahman Cattle" stated
that in the Philippines, cogon grass covered large areas and grows all around the country
with high availability all year round. In fact, this is commonly used as raw material for
traditional roofing in the country [27]. Cogon grass tends to spread more than the other
species and it covers 20% of the country which makes it easily accessible [28].
● The report of Sunstar, "Pena: Handmade paper from cogon grass" stated that cogon grass
quickly takes over any plot of land with its hard stalks and saw-toothed leaves. It is a
tenacious or stubborn grass that is difficult to eradicate. The prosperity and limitless supply
of this material resulted in a cheaper papermaking process compared to using abaca pulp
[29]. This grass type was very adaptable to the environment, it is observed in subtropical
areas like the Valley Golf and Country Club in Manila where it adapts to a sustainable
tropical climate [30].

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● According to the report of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),
"DENR tapping fisherfolk to address water hyacinth pollution", many cities from Metro
Manila and nearby provinces have faced widespread infestation of water hyacinth (locally
known as water lily) where occurs in bodies of water and causes environmental problems
and issues. Moreover, the Napindan channel has recently been infested by water hyacinth
due to the water that flows from Laguna Lake to Pasig River [31].
2.4. Cogon Grass as Raw Material for Paper Making
● In a study of M. H. Zainulabidin et. al., "Potential of Cogon Grass (Imperata Cylindrica)
as an Alternative Fiber in Paper-based Industry'', Imperata Cylindrica or cogon grass is
considered to have a good potential as an alternative fiber for papermaking. Cogon grass
is characterized to have a lower amount of lignin and a significant amount of holocellulose
which is suitable for paper production. Plant resources with a cellulose concentration of 34
percent or higher were regarded as good candidates for pulp and paper manufacturing [32].
Also, its fiber exhibits a good felting rate or a strong relationship between the fiber length
and strength properties of the resultant pulp and paper product [33, 34]. The strength
properties of the sheet produced from cogon grass were also quite high due to the hydrogen
bond between cellulose and hemicellulose fiber [35]. The fiber appears to have advantages
in its uniformity, straightness, and tactful with a smooth surface. The sheet exhibits a high
tensile strength index (45.1 Nm/g), burst index (3.90 kPa. m2/g), and tear index (2.17
mNm2/g) which further supports its application as alternative raw material for the paper
industry [17].
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● In a study of R. Jumaidin, "Effect of Cogon Grass Fiber on the Thermal, Mechanical, and
Biodegradation Properties of Thermoplastic Cassava Starch Biocomposite", the integration
of cogon grass fiber induced the tensile strength from 1.9 to 5 MPa and tensile modulus
from 128.8 to 317.2 MPa of the thermoplastic cassava starch while reduced the elongation
from 20% to 2.9%. Good adhesion and good compatibility between the fiber and matrix
attribute the enhancement in the tensile strength and modulus of the composites [36] while
the usage of short fiber caused the reduction of elongation [37]. Moreover, the advantages
of utilizing natural fibers, such as cogon grass, include its accessibility, affordability, high
strength yet lightweight, renewability, and biodegradability [38, 39, 40]. Cogon grass was
utilized in paper production, weaving, and thatching into bags and mats, and conventional
medicine [41, 42].
2.5. Water Hyacinth as Raw Material for Paper Making
● Lignin and cellulose are resources that water hyacinth can employ for various purposes.
Paper could be made from this plant as a lignocellulosic fiber, while paper made from the
root and petiole showed greater strength [15].
● According to X. Chen and N. Lata et al., water hyacinth goods were a superior substitute
for various other commercial products like plastics and paper due to their strength and
characteristics [43, 44].
● In the study of N. Islam "Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.) as an
alternative raw material for the production of bio-compost and handmade paper" The 10%
alkali charge and WH pulp quality were adequate for handmade grade paper. The
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brightness, tear index, and tensile index of the paper made from bleached pulp were
respectively 37.2%, 6.79 m×Nm2/g, and 49.2 N m/g [45].
2.6. Characteristics Considered in Paper Making
● In a study of E. A. El-Sayed, “Pulping and Papermaking of Non-Wood Fibers”, the
significance of chemical composition of raw materials were indicated. A lower lignin
content improves the strength of the fiber and makes the fiber more difficult to break, which
will produce better paper quality. Non-wood materials with a higher cellulose percentage
have a stronger fiber content, which in turn affects the quality of the pulp and paper
generated. In addition, good quality paper tends to be generated from pulp that has lower
ash content. High ash content could affect the pulping process due to the recovery of
cooking liquor [22, 46, 47].
● The study of Z. Liu and H. Wang, “Pulp and Papermaking of Non-Wood Fibers”, non-
wood plant fibers have a wider range of typical dimensions than wood fibers. These pulps
have a minor coarseness as a result of the short fibers of most non-wood plants, which
provide excellent formation and sufficient strength. These fiber dimensions show the pulps'
potential for use in pulp and paper manufacturing [48].
2.7. Chemical Analysis of Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass
● In the study of H. Gebrehiwot, A. Dekebo, M. Endale, "Chemical Composition,
Pharmacological Activities, and Biofuel Production of Eichhornia crassipes (Water
Hyacinth): A Review.", water hyacinth is made up of a variety of essential nutrients,

33 | Page
silicon, potassium, and aluminum being particularly abundant in the roots while calcium,
potassium, and chlorine are abundant in the stems and leaves. The examined samples did
not contain any heavy metals, and this plant is appealing for usage as a source of inorganic
materials due to its high concentration of compost. Alkali solution affects the
lignocellulosic materials' inherent durability because it produces low molecular weight
carbohydrates, primarily hemicellulose and damaged cellulose [49].
Table 1. Element Compositions of E. crassipes [49]

No. Element (mg/gdw) Plant part
Roots Stem Leaves
1 Sodium 0.67 ± 0.06 4.43 ± 0.02 1.51 ± 0.33
2 Magnesium 0.46 ± 0.05 5.33 ± 0.02 3.76 ± 0.59
3 Aluminum 8.84 ± 0.53 0.82 ± 0.07 0.03 ± 0.01
4 Silicon 62.80 ± 0.06 8.06 ± 0.30 2.21 ± 0.03
5 Phosphorus 1.81 ± 0.01 5.12 ± 0.06 8.61 ± 0.04
6 Sulfur 1.07 ± 0.09 2.44 ± 0.03 2.76 ± 0.02
7 Chlorine 0.71 ± 0.01 19.43 ± 0.33 17.44 ± 0.12
8 Potassium 10.92 ± 0.03 38.36 ± 0.03 47.29 ± 0.30
9 Calcium 5.30 ± 0.00 15.05 ± 0.05 16.11 ± 0.08
10 Manganese 1.96 ± 0.03. 0.70 ±0.06 0.28 ± 0.02
11 Iron 5.45 ± 0.07 0.26 ± 0.01 Not detected
● In the study of H. Gebrehiwot, A. Dekebo, M. Endale, "Chemical Composition,
Pharmacological Activities, and Biofuel Production of Eichhornia crassipes (Water
Hyacinth): A Review", water hyacinth physicochemical examination revealed that E.
crassipes stem sections had the greatest extractive values (58%) overall. While the root,
stem, and leaf sections of the plant, respectively, showed the highest alkali solubility values
(54, 52, and 51%) [49].

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Table 2. Physicochemical Characterization of E. crassipes [49]

No. Parameter Plant part
Roots Stem Leaves
1 pH 4.6 ± 0.01 4.7 ± 0.04 4.7 ± 0.14
2 Ash (wt %) 26.0 ± 1.22 26.8 ± 0.39 19.9 ± 0.25
3 Alkali solubility (wt %) 54.4 ± 0.21 52.4 ±0.34 51.8 ± 0.27
4 Total extractives (wt %) 35.9 ± 0.82 58.0 ± 0.78 47.5 ± 0.12
5 Holocellulose (wt %) 23.7 ± 0.45 11.4 ± 0.50 17.1 ± 0.06
6 Cellulose (wt %) 16.0 ± 0.77 8.4 ± 0.21 8.7 ± 0.76
7 Hemicellulose (wt %) 7.7 3.0 8.4
● The study of Zarib, et al. Effect of Acid Treatment on Extraction of Silica from Cogon
Grass by Using C₆H₈O₇ and HCl Acid, identified that one of the agricultural wastes that
are widely distributed is cogon grass. A cogon grass has acceptable holo-cellulose and
cellulose solubility of 64.9% and 37.1%, respectively, and has only a small amount of
lignin (5.67%) and ash (8.24%) [50].
Table 3. Comparison of the chemical composition of Cogon grass by published non-wood

[49]
Property Species
(%w/w e.d) L. cylindrica [51] C,tataria [52] Switch grass [53] Palmyra grass [24]
Holocellulose 64.9 70.5 N.A. 68.5
Cellulose 37.1 40.1 41.2 37.0
Lignin 5.67 24.5 23.9 18.5
Ash 8.24 7.83 4.83 0/64
2.8. Comparison of Wood, Water Hyacinth, and Cogon Grass as Raw Material:
● Paper manufactured from water hyacinth and dried flowers will be less expensive to
produce than paper made from wood. The pace of water hyacinth reproduction and the
ability to disperse in lakes may both be slowed down by utilizing this method of paper
35 | Page
manufacture. The use of pulp wood paper alternately is also a great way to protect the
environment, reducing global warming and deforestation [54].
Table 4. Chemical comparison of Wood, Cogon grass, And water hyacinth

Non wood Wood
Chemical composition
(%) I. Cylindrica E. Crassipes Pine Pinaster
Eucalyptus Globulus [55]
[52] [49] [55]
Cellulose 37.13% 20% 53% 55.9%
Hemicellulose 27.13% 48% 27.5% 14.1%
Lignin 5.67% 3.5% 19.9% 26.2%
Ash 8.24% 29.5% 0.6% 0.5%
2.9. Development of 80 GSM Paper from Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass
• In the study of N. Arnaldo, J. Basas, S. Camba, J. Espinosa, F. Magbuhos,
"Development of 80 GSM Paper from Water Hyacinth and Project Study Adviser:
Cogon Grass", researchers used an experimental approach to produce a usable paper
from non-wood materials such as Water hyacinth and Cogon grass. Ratio and
proportion as well as other chemical additives are essential in the experiment to obtain
the desired properties of paper. Furthermore, Methods and processes are adopted from
the handmade paper-making method from DOST - Forest Product Research and
Development Institute (figure 1) [19].
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Figure 1. Process flow of papermaking
● The results of the experiment concluded that test sample T2, which is a combination of
75% Cogon grass and 25% Water hyacinth with cornstarch, can produce good paper quality
with 81.92 gsm as per the results in various tests and experiments conducted. Researchers
concluded that T2 shows the closest grammage on their study’s target grammage, which is
80 gsm. On the other hand, the produced paper is not as good in terms of texture, however,
the texture may vary on ton pressing and the type of surface used during the process of
paper making [19].
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Figure 2. Laboratory result of paper samples [19]
2.10. Papermaking Processes
2.10.1. Manual/Handmade Papermaking
• Handmade paper-making uses plant fibers and textile cellulosic raw materials for
producing handmade paper and can be easily up-cycled or recycled as a functional
decorative product. In comparison to conventional paper making, handmade paper
making has more tensile, burst, and tearing strength. On the other hand, the production
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is slow compared to conventional paper making while having a non-uniform production
[8].
• The literature entitled "Pena: Handmade paper from cogon grass" discussed the process
involved in handmade paper making using cogon grass. The process starts with the
cutting of cogon grass into small pieces and then boiling it with a caustic soda solution.
The paper fibers from the grass are obtained and washed to remove the chemicals. The
fibers and water are combined, then poured thinly and uniformly into a screen used to
produce paper. The produced sheet is dried to remove the water on the paper.
Manufacturers including Salay Handmade Products Industries, Inc. and Lina’s Cogon
Craft produce handmade from cogon in Nueva Ecija province [29].
● According to the literature entitled "Here’s How to Make Handmade Paper from
Recycled Materials" discussed the process of handmade papermaking. The collection
of materials and supplies used in the papermaking process is one of the important steps.
The process starts with the cutting of scrap paper to reduce to the desired dimension,
followed by pulping of the material through cooking and blending. Next step is sheet
formation using a silk screen to get the pulp in the container. Shaking the silk screen
aids more uniform thickness of the paper sheet. After the water removal, the wet sheet
will be subjected to couching by removing the sheet from the mold and placing it on a
flat and absorbent surface like wool blankets and pellon. For pressing, there are two
options; first is placing another absorbent material on the top of the paper sheet then
pressing it with a sponge, and second is by board pressing in which another felt will be
placed on top of the wet sheet before a wood board then pressing it through standing
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on the top of it. For drying, the sheet went through different drying methods; surface
drying through placing the sheet under non-porous surface material like wood boards
and then letting it to be dried for 1-3 days, exchange drying by placing flat and
absorbent material on top with heavy material or equipment on top of absorbent
material and letting it dry, no restrain drying by air dry, and hanging it with pellon
pressed for 1-2 days. The pellon will hold the paper while being pressed to avoid
wrinkly features of the paper [56].
2.10.2. Conventional Papermaking
• The conventional paper making has a faster rate of production compared to handmade
paper making and does not have a patchy and rough surface texture for its uniform
production. Due to bulk production, conventional paper making has an edge in the
market of supply and demand [8].
• The study of P. Bajpai, "Brief Description of the Pulp and Papermaking Process"
discussed the industrial or conventional process in papermaking. The steps of
papermaking process are a two-step process that starts from the pulping process to
produce pulp from raw materials, then the conversion of pulp to paper. The detailed
process for papermaking includes the preparation, collection, and handling of raw
materials, followed by the pulping process, which can be done mechanically or
chemically depending on the type of materials (refer to table 5). Next, washing and
screening of the produced pulp, chemical recovery, bleaching to obtain the desired
whiteness of paper, then stock preparation and papermaking. In the paper industry,
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drying and pressing of paper is done by a machine to increase the dewatering or
moisture removal of the paper sheets [57]. Table 6 shows the process and steps involved
in paper making.
Table 5. Types of pulping

Pulp grades Raw material used
Mechanical pulps
Stone groundwood Mainly softwoods
Refiner mechanical (RMP) Mainly softwoods
Thermomechanical (TMP) Mainly softwoods
Chemi-mechanical (CTMP) Mainly softwoods
Chemical pulps
Sulfite pulp Softwoods and hardwoods
Kraft sulfate pulp Softwoods and hardwoods
Semichemical pulp
Cold-caustic process Softwoods and hardwoods
Neutral sulfite process Hardwoods
Dissolving pulp Softwoods and hardwoods
Table 6. Steps Involved in Pulp and Paper Manufacturing

Pulping, to separate and clean the fibers
Beating and refining the fibers
Diluting to form a thin fiber slurry
Suspended in solution
Forming a web of fibers on a thin screen
Pressing the web to increase the density of the material
Drying to remove the remaining moisture
Finishing, to provide a suitable surface for the intended end use
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2.11. Manual Drying of Paper
• In a study of M. Seki, "Database of Traditional Paper Making Centers in East Asian
Regions" discusses how paper is traditionally made, especially how paper is dried. In the
Uekubo factory, the pulp is first shaped into a screen and placed in an inclined position to
allow the excess water to drain out. The paper sheet is then immediately transferred to the
drying board (figure 3) and left to dry in the sun. Likewise, in the Nishida factory, sheet
drying is done by combining two wet or moist sheets of paper, squeezing them to remove
excess water, and then transferring it to a wooden surface to dry in the sun or using a
triangular piece of stainless steel [58]. Additionally, traditional manual drying in Wuchuan
Gelao county is done by sticking wet paper sheets on the wall to dry (figure 4), with each
sheet being spaced apart by roughly 0.5 cm. While it typically takes one to two days or
longer on cloudy days, the paper can dry in half an hour on sunny days [59].
Figure 3. Drying board in Uekubo factory
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Figure 4. Drying board in Wuchuan Gelao county
● In the literature entitled, "Drying Techniques" it stated that the method of drying will
significantly affect the characteristics and features of the produced paper. Wet sheets are
placed on the molded screen for mold and air drying, after which the sheets are directly
dried in the sun. The drawbacks of manual paper drying include the need to consider
numerous factors including the environment or climate, available space, and the look of
the finished paper sheets. Climate will significantly affect the time of the drying process,
while the space and availability of mold equipment will affect the quantity of the produced
paper sheets [60].
2.12. Pressing and Drying Machines for Handmade Paper
In the papermaking process, pressing and drying consume more time than other
processes. Handmade paper-making businesses or industries use these two processes
separately which makes the process time-consuming. The old way of pressing paper is putting
a heavy object like stones to press the paper for a certain period of time while the drying
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process uses sun drying and loft drying which also consumes more time to dry the paper [13].
Here are some machines that are used as a pressing and drying process in papermaking and
machines that utilize the pressing principles of either hydraulic, pneumatic, hydro-pneumatic
and screw-type press machines.
• In the study of Ghosh, “Fundamentals of Paper Drying – Theory and Application from
Industrial Perspective”, the researcher stated that the dryer section for the drying process
is the most expensive part of the machine. The water removal cost comprised of forming
section (10%), pressing section (12%), and dryer section (78%) amounting to almost 40%
of the total machine cost. Depending on the pressing capacity or design of the pressing
machine and the grade of the paper, the pressing section uses mechanical compression to
reduce the water content of the paper to between 33% and 55% solid content. The pressing
and drying processes account for around 90% of the cost of drying the paper, and the most
energy consuming part is drying [57]. Therefore, in the process of water removal in
papermaking, the pressing process is less expensive and less energy consuming than the
drying process [12].
● In the study of Sathish et. al. entitled “A Study on Making of Compact Manual Paper
Recycling Plant for Domestic Purpose”, the researchers use a screw-type pressing machine
(Figure 5) to squeeze the handmade paper to remove the excess water from the sheet-
forming and to reduce its bulkiness in which the paper become more compact and improves
its physical properties. The design was simple and easy, the researchers used two mild steel
plates with a dimension of 460mm x 460mm x 10mm for the main surface of the pressing
44 | Page
(Figure 6). Two rods with a nut and washer are used to connect it to the base plate (Figure
7) and the supporting plate with a threaded rod with handle (Figure 8).
Figure 5. Screw-type pressing machine Figure 6. Steel Plate
Figure 7. Threaded rods with supporting plate Figure 8. Rods
The study focuses on the handmade papermaking process utilizing wastepaper from
a non-wood raw material which is an environmentally friendly process. Final product varies
in thickness due to the amount of pulp in the tank where the first formed sheet gets more
pulp than the other formed sheet. Using 1 kg of wastepaper they produce 2.5 kg of pulp
and from 1kg of pulp can produce 0.6kg recycled paper (40 A3 size paper or 80 A4 size
paper) in 2 hours [9]. This study will aid the handmade papermaking processes using non-
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wood raw materials such as wastepaper and fibrous agricultural waste and the different
mechanical machines used in the paper making process.
● In the study of Mukherjee & Keshri entitled “Present Status and Development of Algal
Pulp for Hand-Made Paper Making Technology: A Review”, researchers review the
different algal used as raw material and the process of papermaking. Researchers also
discussed the different papers made in algal. A simple hand-operated Hydraulic press
(figure 9) designed for pressing hand-made paper sheets from algae are used as a machine
in the pressing and drying process. The upper plate part has a heating coil which is
controlled by the digital temperature indicator cum controller which ranges the temperature
of 50ºC to 170ºC, while the lower plate part is a stainless-steel plate. This lower plate does
not have a heating coil to ensure insulation as the formed paper is placed in it. The drainage
chamber is used to collect water removed while the pressing happens. The hydraulic jack
is used to apply pressure to the formed paper up to 5 tons and this machine can press 50
sheets of paper at a time [61]. In our study, a pneumatic mechanism will be used to press
the handmade formed paper. The upper and lower plate will have heating elements to dry
the pressed paper faster than having only one heating plate, a temperature controller with
a thermocouple will be used to control and preset the temperature needed to dry the heat
press the handmade paper. The study will also have a water drainage system to ensure that
water will only flow and discharge on that part of the machine.
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Figure 9. Hydraulic Pressing Machine with Heating Coil
● In the study entitled “An Investigation into Archival Handmade Papers for the South
African Art Market”, the researcher investigated the different papermaking processes
including industrial papermaking, mold made, and manual papermaking using natural
fibers. This study investigated the different processes of papermaking from different
studies and compares every process of papermaking. Machines used in this study are
hydraulic jack machines (figure 10) to press the paper with different capacities in tons.
While in the drying process the traditional sun drying and loft are used (figure 11) [62].
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Figure 10. Hydraulic machine for papermaking Figure 11. loft drying process
● In the study Sonawane et. al. entitled “Design, Analysis and Manufacturing of Hydro-
pneumatic Press Machine”, the pressing machine is used for pressing sleeve bearing into
the circular casting part. Hydro-pneumatic pressing is a combination of hydraulic and
pneumatic systems utilizing oil and air with higher outlet pressure and lower inlet pressure
than hydraulic press. The hydro-pneumatic press can give up to 700 bar of pressure into a
material. Also, in this study, researchers include Finite element analysis of the machine,
circuit diagram, and calculations [63]. The use of a pressing machine can aid the pressing
process of this study and the analysis of the machine, circuit diagram and some calculations
can be utilized.
Figure 12. Actual Hydro-Pneumatic Press machine
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● In the study “Improvement in the Texture of Handmade Paper – A Review”, a hydraulic
press (figure 13) in the handmade paper industry is used on paper to remove water in it. It
is also used to texture the handmade paper. Before pressing, the wet sheet from sheet
formation remains on the wire mesh, in which the stack of paper sheets in a wire mesh will
be separated by wet cotton cloth layer by layer to avoid tearing. This stack is then placed
into the movable jaw of the press machine. Pressure is applied on the stack of paper ranging
from 0.5 tons to 2 tons. After the papers are pressed, they should be carefully removed as
it still in semi-dry conditions since they contain water and can get easily damaged. The
machine was able to press handmade paper with a ream weight from 2.13 to 6.69 lb. The
study did not provide specific pressing time; however, it will still help by providing a range
of load used for pressing handmade paper made from alternative raw materials [64].
Figure 13. Hydraulic Press Machine
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● The study “Design, Development and Analysis of A 20 Ton Hydraulic Press”, aims to
reduce the manufacturing cost of the press, in which researchers performed a structural
analysis of the machine's geometric model using the analyzing software ANSYS.
Researchers modified the structure of the hydraulic press (Figure 14) especially on the
frame and columns. After the design and analysis of the new hydraulic press (Figure 15),
the total weight was reduced by up to 50% and cost reduced up to 53.48%, while the
maximum shear stress and total deformation changed from 166.15 MPa to 298.14 MPa and
1.9mm to 2.064mm, respectively. It is observed in the study that the maximum deformation
on the existing machine is located in the lower region of the frame while the modified
design is located in the pressing region. Induced stress in the new hydraulic press is within
the limit. The study will aid on selecting a cost-effective design for our heat pressing
machine by determining the critical region influenced by applied load [65].
Figure 15. Modified Design of Hydraulic

Figure 14. Existing Hydraulic Press
Press
50 | Page
● In the study of Mustapa et. al. “The Effects of Heat and Compression on Moisture Content
and Water Absorption of PALF/Sugarcane Bagasse Composition in Disposable Plate
Production”, researchers investigated the effects of heat and compression on moisture
content and water absorption in the production of disposable plates made from Pineapple
Leaf Fiber (PALF) sugarcane bagasse. The raw materials for the study are Pineapple Leaf
Fiber (PALF) and Sugarcane Bagasse. Preparation involves the collection of materials,
cutting, washing and air-drying, chemical treatment and cook induction, blending, and
molding and drying, consecutively, to produce disposable paper plates. After blending of
material with different compositions; N8T2 and N2T8, a heat press machine (figure 16)
was used for molding and drying to produce a 24 mm disposable plate, shown in Figure 7.
The production of disposable plates involves a constant pressure of 0.024 MPa for 10
minutes with different compressing temperatures of 50°C, 100°C, and 150°C.
Figure 16. Heat Press Machine for paper plate production
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This study concluded that a high concentration of pineapple fiber in making
disposable paper becomes more water resistant than containing high sugar bagasse, which
is more suitable for strength and lightweight in the manufacturing of disposable plates. To
achieve the result, researchers utilize heat pressing with a temperature of 150 °C and a
constant pressure of 0.024 MPa for 10 minutes. Similar to the current study, this study
utilizes alternative raw materials for the production of disposable plates and the mechanism
of the heat press machine is similar to the developing study. Also, the current study can
also perform different parameters within a range in order to obtain the optimal result [66].
● In this study “Design and Fabrication of Pneumatic Press Machine”, the researcher
designed and fabricated a pneumatic press machine for bearings (figures 17). The hand
lever-operated valve has two outputs: pressure below the piston is more than the pressure
above the piston which will move the piston rod from BDC to TDC. This force acting is
passed on to the press which also moves downwards. The press is guided by a press guide
who is fixed such that the press is clearly guided to the die. The materials are in between
the press and die. As the press comes down, the materials are sheared to the required profile
and one input. The pressure can range up to 10 bar or 1 MPa. This study will aid in
understanding the working mechanism of presses that use a pneumatic system as the
current study will utilize a pneumatic system for heat pressing. This study also provided a
range of pressure that a pneumatic system can provide which will be a critical factor if this
system can be used for the heat pressing machine [67].
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Figure 17. Schematic Diagram of the Press Machine and Actual Pneumatic Press Machine
• In the study of Joelsson entitled, “The influence of pulp type and hot‐pressing conditions
on paper strength development" Hot pressing is introduced in this study as the pressing
method of Norway spruce pulp for paper making. Handmade sheets were initially produced
in Rapid Köthen (RK) sheet former with initial dryness of 50-63% prior hot-pressing. Two
hot-pressing devices are used in the study, cylinder press providing a maximum
temperature of 200°C and steel belt press at 300°C maximum. Qualities of the end product,
which is a kraft paper, showed a potential increase in strength because of the parameters,
such as the pressure and temperature, fitted for paper development. Dry strength of lignin‐
rich paper is enhanced by improved fiber‐fiber contact that can be improved by
compression at high temperature, but exceeding pressure and temperature may cause
delamination of the paper pulp. The short and hard press nip at high pressure and the long
after hold at low pressure allows control of delamination, “spring‐back effect” and drying.
Additionally, protective blotting papers were used before hot pressing to further avoid
53 | Page
delamination. The maximum dry tensile strength obtained for high-yield pulp (HYP) based
paper was about 70 kNm/kg at 200°C pressing temperature. This is an increase up to 150%
compared with pressing at 20°C. The result from this study clearly indicates a potential for
increasing paper strength as a function of temperature above 200°C. This experiment can
serve as the basis for the parameters needed for the pressing and drying process, such as
temperature and pressure, to obtain good paper qualities [68].
Figure 18. Schematic Diagram of Steel Belt Cylindrical Press Machine
● In the study “Fundamentals of Paper Drying – Theory and Application from Industrial
Perspective”, the researcher discusses the drying process of papermaking industries. Each
group of cylinders in a multi-cylinder dryer section has its own drive and felting system.
The two-tier system is single-felted over an individual dryer group where the web passes
through the dryer section with alternating sheet surfaces coming into contact with the
successive heated cylinder surfaces (figure 19). The majority of paper machines have 5-7
independently driven cylinder groups. The sheet's exposed other side is in contact with the
cylinder's outside surface. In this stage, evaporation is minimal and to the air. The felt that
54 | Page
exerts pressure on the web covers the sheet's outer surface while it continues to be in
contact with the cylinder's surface. Because of the fabric lining the sheet surface, mass
transfer is constrained but heat transfer is boosted. During this extended phase, the sheet
temperature rises and the majority of the heat transfer takes place. The sheet, which is still
in contact with the cylinder, pulls away from the cloth. Evaporation happens from the
sheet's newly exposed surface away from the cylinder. The web conditions in the dryer
section, including temperature, moisture content, and state of stresses, have a significant
impact on paper products. The fiber contracts throughout the drying process as a result of
evaporative dewatering, stressing the web. The strength attributes of the web can be
improved by managing the stress in the dryer portion. There are two crucial quality
indicators, the paper curl and cockle which can be affected by the drying process in the
paper machine dryer section. Both curl and cockle are undesirable from a functional
standpoint in paper. The change in fiber orientation throughout a paper's thickness is the
primary cause of curl. Stress and dryness are two other elements that significantly impact
curl. If dried unevenly, a sheet with a completely homogenous structure across its thickness
will curl [12].
55 | Page
Figure 19. Conventional Two Tier Dryer Configuration
2.13. Heat transfer
● Heat transfer mechanisms such as convection, conduction, and radiation are the three basic
thermal transportation methods. Convection happens when the energy is carried with the
movement of air, vapor or fluid. Conduction occurs when the energy is spread through a
solid material or stationary fluid, this mechanism transfers heat from higher energy into
lower energy fluids. The radiation occurs when heat is transferred into a material through
electromagnetic waves which is also called thermal heat radiation [69, 70]. Factors like
material thickness, thermal properties (Thermal conductivity and specific heat) are
influencing the heat transfer in a given material. Solid conduction also varies in different
materials which make the physical properties of a material significant for this method [71,
72].
• In the literature of J. Clifford, "What is Thermal Conductivity? How is it Measured?" it
stated that thermal conductivity is the crucial factor in determining how well a material
56 | Page
conducts heat. This indicates that thermal conductivity has an important role in the process
of heat transfer. Additionally, the materials thermal conductivity varies depending on the
factors such as type, composition, and state of the material [73]. In contrast, resistivity is
a material's capacity to withstand the flow of heat [74].
2.14. Materials for Heat Pressing Machine
2.14.1. Thermal Insulation
Thermal insulations are used to minimize the heat transfer across a region or space. The
material used for thermal insulation aims to eliminate and remove the three basic heat
transfer mechanisms. Porous materials are the most common material used in insulations.
Its structure utilizes the low conductivity of the fluid within the pores of the insulator. The
fibrous thermal insulations can eliminate and reduce the convection and radiation
respectively [75, 76]. Thermal insulation is used to decrease the thermal conductivity of
an object as much as possible. which has applications that can be seen in heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning systems of a building and storage systems. Utilizing
fibrous material like mineral wool, glass fibers, polystyrene, and foams as conventional
insulation materials [77, 78].
2.14.1.1. Ceramic Wool/Fiber Blanket
According to Chen & Liu; Chen, Ye & Li, ceramic wool is a fibrous material used in
thermal insulations, it has a property of the lightweight, cheap to produce, low thermal
conductivity, good thermal stability, and better temperature resistance compared to other
insulating materials such as glass and rock wool. Its chemical compositions and structures
57 | Page
help to withstand the high temperature ranging 600 to 1300°C. Ceramic wool is applied in
high temperature kilns, heating devices or elements, and fillers in electrical and automotive
industries [79, 80].
In addition, according to Curran & Porter, ceramic fibers are normally
manufactured in a blanket form by the process of air blown or spun to create a fine fiber
which is formed into a blanket. This process makes the ceramic blanket have a high
porosity [81].
2.14.1.2. Alumina-based Ceramic Fiber Blanket
• According to Sedaghat et. al; Venkatesh et. al, alumina-based ceramic fibers are used as
insulating materials, they can be formed as blankets, sheets or mats depending on
applications that are used for. This material is heat resistant with low thermal conductivity,
thermal shock and electric resistance at high temperature [82, 83]. According to Yalamaç
et. al, alumina-based has an application used in furnaces, fuels cells and aerospace rockets.
It can also be applied in gaskets, thermal and electrical insulations and composite
reinforcement in metals, ceramic and polymer composites for stronger material [84]. In
this study the utilization of ceramic fiber blanket is used to reduce the heat transfer of the
heating elements in the pneumatic cylinder piston, and framing.
● Isowool Blanket by Isolite Insulating Products Co., Ltd. is a kind of refractory ceramic
fiber (RCF) with the properties of light weight, flexible, excellent insulation and resistance
to heat. The Isowool blanket 1260 grade has a maximum service temperature of 1260 ℃,
has a thermal conductivity of .09 W/m・K at 400 ℃, composed of chemicals like Al₂O₃
58 | Page
and Al₂O₃+SiO₂ with a percentage of 45.5% and 99& respectively. The thickness of this
material varies from 6, 12.5, and 25 mm thickness and a bulk density of 100, 130 and 160
kg/m^3 [85]. This RFC blanket is used in the machine due to its availability in the market
and can resist the heat on the heating element in the machine.
2.14.2. Heating Element
2.14.2.1. Plate Heater
A heating element that is based on the principle of air heating convection where it
uses the surface area to transfer the heat effectively with a working temperature up to 650℃
using stainless steel sheath. This kind of heater is commonly used for heating metal plates,
blocks, and dies by clamping the heating element onto the object’s surface for heat
conductivity. Using a temperature controller and a thermocouple the heating element can
be controlled. plate heater’s dimensions, shapes, sheath’s material can be modified
according to its applications like those which were wound on mica insulation and enclosed
with a metallic sheet (Iron, Steel, 304 Stainless steel, Aluminum, Zinc coated steel) [86,
87]. Kanthal® flat ribbons have different thickness ranging from 0.023 - 0.8mm, width
ranging from 0.038-4 mm, ratio of width/thickness max 40, depending on alloy and
tolerance and can be modified also depending on the request of the user [88]. Strip heaters
are used to heat surfaces inexpensively which can meet the budget for the heating element
of the pressing machine and can modify the dimensions that are fitted in the heating plate
of the machine.
2.14.2.2. Tubular Heater
A versatile heater where can be formed depending on the application it is needed.

59 | Page
A helically coiled Kanthal® resistance wire (NiCr alloys) will be the heating element of
the tubular heater that will be placed inside the sheath tube with two terminal pins at both
ends and highly compacted by magnesium oxide (MgO) as insulation for better transfer of
heat that can be used up to 1250ºC [89, 90]. Tubular heater can be used to heat the lower
heating plate of the machine.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the description of the research method is discussed as well as the parts,
operation, and testing procedures and fabrication of the paper heat pressing machine. As illustrated
in the image below, the conceptual framework of the study serves as the basis for the design of the
equipment.
3.1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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3.1.1. Research Paradigm
62 | Page
3.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.2.1. Problem Identification
Researchers conducted a study on a heat-pressing machine capable of drying paper made
from a mixture of water hyacinth and cogon grass. Paper drying is one of the major steps in the
papermaking process and one of the common methods of moisture removal is through pressing
where the wet paper is placed between two absorbent materials and then manually pressing it with
a sponge. Another method of pressing is by board pressing in which another felt will be placed on
top of a wet sheet before a wooden board then pressing it through standing on the top of it. Manual
pressing of wet paper for moisture removal resulted in undesirable quality of paper such as wavy
and wrinkly texture [56]. This study will aid in reducing the time consumption for paper drying or
moisture removal in the papermaking process. Paper drying through pressing is an important step
in the papermaking process. Sun drying, which is the most common method of drying handmade
paper, takes longer and degrades the quality of the paper. If necessary and convenient equipment
is provided, it will aid in reducing the time of pressing and drying process while maintaining the
qualities and characteristics of paper.
3.2.2. Problem Solution
Drying is one of the fundamental processes in handmade paper making that consumes more
time than other processes if done manually. It can last for a day just by pressing and drying the
formed sheet of paper. To speed up this water and moisture removal process in handmade paper
making, the integration of pressing and drying machines will be used. The researcher’s output will
utilize the two processes which can reduce the time in papermaking. The machine will do two
processes; one, will be the pressing of the formed handmade paper pulp without any temperature
63 | Page
in the heating plate and two, the needed temperature where the pressing action will be determined
and the drying process as the pressure will be associated with the temperature. Finally, the
handmade paper will be dried and ready for the finishing processes.
3.3. ENGINEERING CONCEPT
The design of this study was based on an analysis of multiple prior studies. This section
will discuss the relevant engineering concepts used in the study.
3.3.1. Compression
Compression exists when an external physical force is applied to or pressed into an object,
which results in the compaction of material. Depending on the sort of material that is compressed,
the effect may be momentary or permanent. Newton's Third Law of Motion states that there is an
equal and opposite reaction force for every action force. As shown in figure 20, an object lying on
the surface experiences the same amount of compression force applied to both ends of the object
[91].
Figure 20. Applied compression in a solid material.
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In this study, to aid the water removal process, compression will be done on the wet paper.
The machine's design has a big impact on how much water is removed from the forming and press
sections. The sheet typically has about 65% moisture when it leaves the press portion [6]. The
formed paper sheets will be placed between pellon fabric, which is typically used in the couching
process, before placing it on the surface of lower pressing plate. The material is compressed as the
upper drying plate is placed above it, removing moisture as a result.
3.3.2. Heat transfer
Heat is fundamentally transmitted by temperature gradient, in which the heat flows or
moves from a higher to a lower temperature region. It is a process which involves the conversion
or exchange of energy. In engineering, heat transfer is used to measure the rate of heat transfer at
a given temperature differential, as well as to estimate the cost, feasibility, and equipment size
required to identify a particular amount of heat [92].
In this study, the heating element, includes heating coils and heating strips, transfers heat to
the metal plate, which is then transferred to the wet sheet incorporating the application of
compressive load for the final pressing process.
3.3.3. Evaporation
A phenomenon known as evaporation occurs when a substance, such as a liquid or solid,
changes state and becomes a gas or vapor. Sublimation is used to describe the process in the case
of solid matter [93]. Evaporation is controlled by multiple factors such as net radiation,
atmospheric humidity, and air temperature. On the other hand, the actual evaporation is controlled
by hydrological and biological factors [94]. The mechanism of evaporation takes place in this
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study as the heated metal plate contacts the wet sheet of paper which results of having less moisture
after drying process.
3.4. DATA GATHERING
3.4.1. Experiment
The researcher adapted the study of Arnaldo et. al, entitled "Development of 80 GSM paper
from Water Hyacinth and Project Study Adviser: Cogon Grass" and from DOST- Forest Product
Research and Development Institute (figure 1). In this paper, the researcher did an experiment
using a manual paper-making process utilizing raw materials like cogon grass and water hyacinth
as the main component of the handmade paper. Using NaOH (lye or caustic soda) was used to
extract the fiber from the raw material. Sodium Hypochlorite (Zonrox) was used to bleach the
pulps after the beating process. The starch used in this experiment was cassava starch which helps
to bind the two pulps and to form the paper.
Figure 21. Process flow of papermaking
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Materials used in the experiment include the following: (Manual Process)
1. Dried Water hyacinth 7. Stainless Steel Pot 13. Baking paper
2. Dried Cogon grass 8. Basin 14. Plywood
3. 99% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 9. Food processor 15. Silkscreen
4. Sodium Hypochlorite 10. Blender 16. Scissors
5. Weighing scale 11. Water 17. Sponge
6. Gas stove 12. Pellon cloth
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68 | Page
Figure 22. Experimentation (Handmade Papermaking Process)
69 | Page
Table 7. Water Hyacinth Pulping

DESCRIPTION AMOUNT UNIT
Cooking Temperature 180 ̊C
Time 2 hrs
Chemical Charge 15 %
Sundry Weight of water Hyacinth 0.50 Kg
Oven Dry Weight Equivalent 0.45 Kg
Volume of Water 6.26 Li
NaOH Purity 99.00 %
Weight of NaOH for 0.07 Kg
68.1818 grams
Table 8. Water Hyacinth Bleaching

Sundry Weight of Water Hyacinth 0.15 Kg
Bleaching Time 15 Minutes
Consistency of Pulp 10 %
Chemical Charge 5 %
Purity of Sodium Hypochlorite 7 %
Amount of Bleaching Agent 0.096 Kg
96.45 grams
Total Volume of Bleach Liquor 1.35 Li
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Table 9. Cogon Grass Pulping

Cooking Temperature 180 ̊C
Time 3 hrs
Chemical Change 18 %
Sundry Weight of Cogon grass 0.78 Kg
Volume of Water 8.33 Li
NaOH Purity 99.00 %
Weight of NaOH for 0.13 Kg
127.27 grams
Table 10. Cogon Grass Bleaching

Sundry Weight of Cogon grass 0.25 Kg
Bleaching Time 15 Minutes
Consistency of Pulp 10 %
Chemical Charge 5 %
Purity of Sodium Hypochlorite 7 %
Amount of Bleaching Agent 0.16 Kg
160 grams
Total Volume of Bleach Liquor 2.24 Li
71 | Page
Table 11. Stock Preparation

Ratio Pulp Amount Amount Numbers of
Starch Amount of
(Cogon: WH) (Cogon: WH) of Starch paper
(%) Water (L)
(%) (g) Used (g) produced
75:25 150:50 10 20 7 3-4
The adapted study was able to produce handmade papers that can be used for arts and crafts
and kraft paper [19]. In this study, the handmade papers will be used as general-purpose kraft
paper. General-purpose kraft paper that ranges from 60gsm to 200gsm are can be used as printed
paper or used as packaging materials such as paper bags [95].
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3.5. HEAT PRESSING MACHINE DIAGRAMS
Diagrams below illustrate the procedure and presentation for pressing and drying of
handmade paper using the heat pressing machine.
Figure 23. Flow Chart for Pressing and Drying of Paper Using the Heat Pressing Machine
73 | Page
3.5.1. Electrical Diagram
Electrical diagram represents the actual connection of wires to different electrical,
pneumatic and heating components.
LEGEND:
A- 220V Source
B- 3-prong Plug
C- Main Switch
D- Circuit Breaker
E- Emergency Stop Button
F- Terminal Block
G- Power Supply
H- Plate Heater
I- Solid State Relay
J- Temperature Controller
K- Fuse Box
L- Heater Relay
M- Thermocouple
N- Rocker Switch
O- Machine ON Pilot Light
P- Heater ON Pilot Light
Q- Buzzer
R- Solenoid and Timer Relay
S- NC Buzzer Relay
T- Digital Timer
U- Reed Switch
V- Push Buttons
W- Solenoid Valve
Wiring Combination
Red-Black-Yellow: 220V Line
1, Line 2, and Ground
Red-Black: 220V Line 1 & 2
Yellow-Black:24VDC (+;-)
Red-Yellow:24VDC SSR (+;-)
Blue-Red: Reed Switch
Violet: Thermocouple
Combination (Blue-Red)
Figure 24. Wiring Diagram
74 | Page
3.5.2. Pneumatic and Control Diagram
Pneumatic and control diagram is an interconnected diagram which involves the movement
of cylinder with the help of solenoid valve. The controls energized the relay which switches the
solenoid valve into its 2nd position to extend the cylinder piston and the reed switch will be
energized when the magnetic cylinder piston reaches the sensor. The sensor will energize the timer
and after the set time is over the timer will de-energized the whole pneumatic system.
Figure 25. Pneumatic and Control Diagram
75 | Page
3.5.3. Ladder Diagram
The ladder diagram provides the sequence of flow in the machine operation. This illustrates
the connection of electromechanical switches and major components of the machine.
Figure 26. Pressing Control Ladder Diagram
Figure 27. Heater Ladder Diagram
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3.6. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Figure 28. Isometric View
77 | Page
Conceptual Design (Exploded View)
Figure 29. Exploded View
Table 12. The Heat Pressing Machine Components

PART NO. PART NAME
1 Roof Plate
2 Framing Assembly
3 Clamp Plate
4 Heating Plate
5 Pressing Plate
6 Base Plate
7 Linear Guide Bearing Adaptor
8 Linear Guide Bearing
9 Linear Guide Rod
10 Pneumatic Cylinder w/ Y-Knuckle
11 Control Panel
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Figure 30. Control Panel
Table 13. The Heat Pressing Machine Control Panel

PART NO. PART NAME
1 Control Panel Box
2 Main Switch
3 Emergency Stop Button
4 Heater On Light Indicator
5 Machine On Light Indicator
6 Digital Timer
7 Temperature Controller
8 Buzzer
9 Push Buttons
10 Heater Switch
79 | Page
*all dimensions are in millimeters (mm)
3.6.1. Roof Plate (ASTM A36 – MS Plate)
Figure 31. Roof Plate
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3.6.2. Framing Assembly (ASTM A36 – 2” x 2” x 3mm Steel Tubulars)
Figure 32. Framing Assembly
81 | Page
3.6.3. Clamp Plate (ASTM A36 – MS Plate)
Figure 33. Clamp Plate
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3.6.4. Heating Plate (Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6)
Figure 34. Heating plate
83 | Page
3.6.5. Pressing Plate (Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6)
Figure 35. Pressing Plate
84 | Page
3.6.6. Base Plate (ASTM A36 – MS Plate)
Figure 36. Base Plate
85 | Page
3.6.7. Linear Guide Bearing Adaptor (ASTM A36 – 2”x2”x3mm Angle Bar)
Figure 37. Linear Guide Bearing Adaptor
86 | Page
3.7. THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS
3.7.1. Components
a. Weight of the roof plate:
VRP = volume of the roof plate

LRP = length of the roof plate
WRP = width of the roof plate
t RP = thickness of the roof plate
ρMS = density of ASTM A36 mild steel plate (based on SolidWorks)
kg
= 7850
m3
roof plate dimensions: L x W = 450 mm x 450 mm
thickness of the roof plate: t RP = 10 mm
for volume of the roof plate:
VRP = LRP x WRP x t RP
= 450 mm x 450 mm x 10 mm
VRP = 2,025,000 mm3
Weight of the roof plate:
WRP = ρMS VRP
kg 1m 3
= (7850 m3) [2,025,000 mm3 x (1000 mm) ]
𝐖𝐑𝐏 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟗𝟔 𝐤𝐠
87 | Page
b. Weight of the framing assembly:
A1 = area of side A of the angle bar

A2 = area of side B of the angle bar
t = thickness of the angle bar
h = height of the angle bar
w = width of the angle bar
Vvertical = volume of the longer angle bar
Vhorizontal = volume of the shorter angle bar
ρMS = density of ASTM A36 mild steel (material of MS angle bar)
kg
= 7850
m3
MS angle bar dimensions: l x w x t = 2” x 2” x 3mm
Converting into millimeters: = 50.8 mm x 50.8 mm x 3 mm
b.1. Calculating the area of angle bar [96]
A1 = h x t
= 50.8 mm x 3 mm
A1 = 152.4 mm2
A2 = (w − t) x t
= (50.8 mm − 3 mm) x 3 mm
A2 = 143.4 mm2
Total Area (AT ) = A1 + A2
= 152.4 mm2 + 143.4 mm2
Total Area (AT ) = 295.8 mm2
88 | Page
b.2. Calculating the volume of angle bars
For vertical angle bars (column bars)
Vvertical = AT x hvertical x no. of vertical bars
= 295.8 mm2 x 740 mm x 4
Vvertical = 875,568 mm3
For horizontal angle bars
Vhorizontal = AT x hhorizontal x no. of horizontal bars
= 295.8 mm2 x 450 mm x 10
Vvertical = 1,331,100 mm3
Total Volume (VT ) = Vvertical + Vhorizontal
= 875,568 mm3 + 1,331,100 mm3
Total Volume (VT ) = 2,206,668 mm3
Weight of the framing assembly:
WFA = ρMS VT
kg 1m 3
= (7,850 m3 ) [2,206,668 mm3 x (1000 mm) ]
𝐖𝐅𝐀 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐠
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c. Weight of the clamp plate:
VCP = volume of the clamp plate

LCP = length of the clamp plate
WCP = width of the clamp plate
t CP = thickness of the clamp plate
ρMS = density of ASTM A36 mild steel plate
kg
= 7850
m3
Clamp plate dimensions: L x W = 310 mm x 310 mm
thickness of clamp plate: t CP = 10 mm
For volume of the clamp plate:
VCP = LCP x WCP x t CP
= 310 mm x 310 mm x 10 mm
VCP = 961,000 mm3
Weight of the clamp plate:
WCP = ρMS VCP
kg 1m 3
= (7850 m3) [961,000 mm3 x (1000 mm) ]
𝐖𝐂𝐏 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐠
90 | Page
d. Weight of the heating plate:
VHP = volume of the heating plate

LHP = length of the heating plate
WHP = width of the heating plate
t HP = thickness of the heating plate
VPH = volume of the plate heater
LPH = length of the plate heater
WPH = width of the plate heater
t PH = height of the plate heater
ρAL = density of aluminum 7075 − T6 (based on SolidWorks)
kg
= 2810
m3
heating plate dimensions: L x W = 310 mm x 310 mm
thickness of heating plate: t HP = 12 mm
plate heater dimensions: L x W x h = 230 mm x 230 mm x 5 mm
For volume of the aluminum plate:
VAL = LHP x WHP x t HP
= 310 mm x 310 mm x 12 mm
VAL = 1,153,200 mm3
For volume of the plate heater inserter
VPH = LPH x WPH x t PH + 2 (wire holes)
= 230 mm x 230 mm x 5 mm + 2 (50 mm x 40 mm x 5 mm)
VPH = 284,500 mm3
For volume of the heating plate
VHP = VAL − VPH
= 1,153,200 mm3 − 284,500 mm3
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VHP = 1,437,700 mm3
Weight of the heating plate:
WHP = ρAL VHP
kg 1m 3
= (2810 m3) [1,437,700 mm3 x (1000 mm) ]
𝐖𝐇𝐏 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟒 𝐤𝐠
e. Weight of the pressing plate
VPP = volume of the pressing plate

LPP = length of the pressing plate
WPP = width of the pressing plate
t PP = thickness of the pressing plate
ρAL = density of aluminum 7075 − T6 (based on SolidWorks)
kg
= 2810
m3
Pressing plate dimensions: L x W = 310 mm x 310 mm
thickness of pressing plate: t PP = 10 mm
for volume of the pressing plate:
VPP = LPP x WPP x t PP
= 310 mm x 310 mm x 10 mm
VPP = 961,000 mm3
92 | Page
Weight of the pressing plate:
WPP = ρAL VPP
kg 1m 3
= (2810 m3) [961,000 mm3 x (1000 mm) ]
𝐖𝐏𝐏 = 𝟐. 𝟕 𝐤𝐠
f. Weight of the base plate
VBP = volume of the base plate

LBP = length of the base plate
WBP = width of the base plate
t BP = thickness of the base plate
ρMS = density of ASTM A36 mild steel plate (based on SolidWorks)
kg
= 7850
m3
Base plate dimensions: L x W = 450 mm x 450 mm
thickness of base plate: t BP = 10 mm
for volume of the base plate:
VBP = LBP x WBP x t BP
= 450 mm x 450 mm x 10 mm
VBP = 2,025,000 mm3
Weight of the base plate:
WBP = ρMS VBP
kg 1m 3
= (7850 m3) [2,025,000 mm3 x (1000 mm) ]
𝐖𝐁𝐏 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟗𝟔 𝐤𝐠
93 | Page
g. Weight of the linear guide bearing adaptor:

AT = total area of the angle bar (from b. 1)
L = length of angle bar
ρMS = density of ASTM A36 mild steel (based on SolidWorks)
kg
= 7850
m3
for volume of the bearing adaptor:
VBA = AT x L
= 295.8 mm2 x 50.8 mm
VBA = 15,026.64 mm3
Weight of the bearing adaptor
WBA = ρMS VBA
kg 1m 3
= (7850 ) [15,026.64 mm3 x ( ) ]
m3 1000 mm
𝐖𝐁𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝐤𝐠
h. Total Load of Framing and Plate Assembly:
WT = WRP + WFA + WCP + WHP + WPP + WBP + WBA
= 15.896 kg + 17.322 kg + 7.544 kg + 4.04 kg + 2.7 kg + 15.896 kg + 0.118 kg
𝐖𝐓 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐠
The total weight obtained by the machine in terms of its framing and plates is
63.516 kg.
94 | Page
3.7.2. Stress Obtained by the Pressing Plates (Aluminum Plates)
1. For 1st stage: Pressing Only

SpressingAL = pressing stress on aluminum
Fpressing = pressing force [3.7.3. a]
AAL = area of aluminum plate
*Using pressing force (Fpressing ) calculated from 3.7.3.a: 4.35 kN or 4350 N
Fpressing 4350 N N
SpressingAL = = = 45,625.35 2 ≈ 𝟒𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚
AAL 0.310 m x 0.310 m m
*On pressing stage only, both aluminum plates receive the same amount of stress with
45.625 kPa.
2. For 2nd stage: Pressing with Heating

StotalAL = total stress on aluminum
SpressingAL = pressing stress on aluminum [3.7.2.1]
SthermalAL @min = thermal stress on aluminum at minimum temperature (50°C)
SthermalAL @max = thermal stress on aluminum at maximum temperature (170°C)
EAL = modulus of elasticity of Aluminum 7075 − T6 (based on SolidWorks)
αAL = coefficient of thermal expansion of Aluminum 7075 − T6 (based on SolidWorks)
Tf = heating temperature
Ti = temperature before heating
For total stress obtained on aluminum: StotalAL = SpressingAL + SthermalAL
*Applying the minimum and maximum temperature of 50°C & 170°C [61]
Calculate the thermal stress on pressing plates (aluminum plates):
SthermalAL = EAL αAL ΔT = EAL αAL (Tf − Ti )
Take note that the modulus of elasticity E of Aluminum 7075-T6 based on SolidWorks is
N
7.2x1010 m2. Also, the ambient room temperature used based on PAGASA is 26.6°C [97]
95 | Page
a. If the temperature applied is minimum at 50°C.
N 2.4x10−5
SthermalAL @min (50°C) = (7.2x1010 ) ( ) (50°C − 26.6°C)
m2 K
N
SthermalAL @min (50°C) = 40,435,000 = 40.435 MPa
m2
StotalAL = 45,625.35 Pa + 40,435,000 Pa = 40,480,625.35 Pa
≈ 𝟒𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚
b. If the temperature applied is maximum at 170°C.
N 2.4x10−5
SthermalAL @max (170°C) = (7.2x1010 ) ( ) (170°C − 26.6°C)
m2 K
N
SthermalAL @max (170°C) = 247,795,200 = 247.795 MPa
m2
StotalAL = 45,625.35 Pa + 247,795,200 Pa = 247,840,825.4 Pa
≈ 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟖𝟒𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Based on SolidWorks Material Properties feature, the yield strength (𝑆𝑌 ) of Aluminum
Alloy 7075-T6 is 505,000,000 𝑃𝑎 or 505 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The calculated total stresses when the applied
temperature is between 50°C and 170°C are less than the yield strength. Therefore, the applied
temperature for heating is acceptable.
96 | Page
3. Minimum and maximum elongations on pressing plates (Aluminum Plates)

δaxialAL = axial elongation on aluminum
δthermalAL = thermal elongation on aluminum
δtotalAL = total elongation on aluminum
Fpressing = pressing force [3.7.3. a]
LAL = axial length or thickness of aluminum
AAL = area of aluminum
Tf = heating temperature
a. At minimum temperature of 50°C:
For axial elongation:
Fpressing LAL (4350 N)(0.010 m)

𝛅𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐋 = = = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝐦
AAL EAL 10 N
(0.310 m x 0.310 m) (7.2x10 )
m2
For thermal elongation:
δthermalAL @50°C = αAL LAL ΔT = αAL LAL (Tf(min) − Ti )
*take note that the thermal expansion coefficient (α) of Aluminum 7075-T6 based
on SolidWorks is 2.36x10−5 /K .
2.36x10−5
=( ) (0.010 m)(50°C − 26.6°C)
K
𝛅𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐀𝐋 @𝟓𝟎°𝐂 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟐𝟐𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦
Total elongation of aluminum plate at 50°C:
𝛅𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐀𝐋 @50°C = δaxialAL + δthermalAL @50°C
= 6.287x10−9 m + 5.522x10−6 m = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦
b. At maximum temperature of 170°C:

97 | Page
*same axial elongation 𝛅𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐀𝐋 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝐦
δthermalAL @170°C = αAL LAL ΔT = αAL LAL (Tf(max) − Ti )
2.36x10−5
=( ) (0.010 m)(170°C − 26.6°C)
K
𝛅𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐀𝐋 @𝟏𝟕𝟎°𝐂 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦
Total elongation of aluminum plate at 170°C:
𝛅𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐀𝐋 @170°C = δaxialAL + δthermalAL @170°C
= 6.287x10−9 m + 3.384x10−5 m = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦
4. Determining factors of safety (FOS) at minimum and maximum temperature:

FOS = factor of safety
SM = mean stress
SA = alternating stress
SY AL = yield strength of Aluminum 7075 − T6 (based on SolidWorks)
SN AL = endurance strength of Aluminum 7075 − T6 [98]
StotalAL = total stress on aluminum [@50°C: 3.7.2.2. a. and @170°C: 3.7.2.2. b. ]
Since the machine operation involves repetition of pressing, the stress is continuous. In this
case, factor of safety is highly considered. To determine the FOS for continuous or repeated
operations, the variable stress formula is used.
Smax + Smin Smax − Smin

1 SM SA 2 2
= + = +
FOS SYAL SNAL SYAL SNAL
a. FOS at minimum temperature of 50°C
StotalAL @50°C + Smin StotalAL @50°C − Smin

1 2 2
= +
FOS SYAL SNAL
98 | Page
40.480 MPa + 0 MPa 40.480 MPa − 0 MPa

1 2 2
= +
FOS 505 MPa 159 MPa
𝐅𝐎𝐒 @𝟓𝟎°𝐂 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟕
b. FOS at maximum temperature of 170°C
StotalAL @170°C + Smin StotalAL @170°C − Smin

1 2 2
= +
FOS SYAL SNAL
247.841 MPa + 0 MPa 247.841 MPa − 0 MPa

1 2 2
= +
FOS 505 MPa 159 MPa
𝐅𝐎𝐒 @𝟏𝟕𝟎°𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖
Using the variable stress formula and applying the maximum temperature of 170°C, the
calculated FOS is less than 1. This means that 170°C causes high amount of stress and may cause
deformation to the aluminum plate when repeating stress is applied. Therefore, the maximum
temperature of 170°C for paper drying is unacceptable.
5. Determining maximum temperature that aluminum plate can hold:

FOS = factor of safety
StotalAL @FOS = total stress on aluminum at required factor of safety
SY AL = yield strength of Aluminum 7075 − T6 (based on SolidWorks)
SN AL = endurance strength of Aluminum 7075 − T6 [98]
SpressingAL = pressing stress on aluminum [3.7.2.1]
Tf@FOS = maximum heating temperature at required factor of safety
Using a factor of safety of 1.5, as recommended generally [99], determine first the total
stress allowed given this number of FOS.

99 | Page
StotalAL @FOS + Smin StotalAL @FOS − Smin

1 2 2
= +
FOS SYAL SNAL
StotalAL @FOS (1.5) + 0 MPa StotalAL @FOS (1.5) − 0 MPa

1 2 2
= +
1.5 505 MPa 159 MPa
𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐀𝐋 @𝐅𝐎𝐒 (𝟏. 𝟓) = 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚
The design stress or the maximum allowable stress for a FOS of 1.5 should be 161.23 MPa.
To determine the maximum temperature in accordance with the FOS, the calculated stress can be
used.
StotalAL @FOS (1.5) = SpressingAL + SthermalAL @FOS (1.5)
StotalAL @FOS (1.5) = SpressingAL + EAL αAL (Tf@FOS(1.5) − Ti )
N 2.4x10−5
161.23x106 Pa = 30,624.35 Pa + (7.2x1010 ) ( ) (Tf@FOS(1.5) − 26.6°C)
m2 K
𝐓𝐟@𝐅𝐎𝐒(𝟏.𝟓) = 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟖𝟗°𝐂
The suggested range of working temperature for the pressing and heating stage of drying
paper is 50°C to 119.89°C to minimize/avoid deformation on aluminum plates and in accordance
with the factor of safety (FOS) of 1.5, considering that the operation is continuous or repeating,
100 | Page
3.7.3. Pneumatic System Calculations
a. Load for Pressing

PP(max) = Maximum Pressure for pressing
FPaper(max) = Maximum load that paper can handle
FP(max) = Maximum load for pressing
Apaper = Area of paper
Lpaper = Length of paper
Wpaper = Width of paper
The bursting strength of paper indicates how much pressure it can withstand before
rupturing [100]. Based on study by Arnaldo et. al. [55], the burst index of paper with 81.92 gsm
g kPa m2
or 81.92 is 0.88 . To obtain bursting strength:
m2 g
Burst Strength = Burst Index × Grammage [101]
kPa m2 g
Burst Strength = 0.88 x 81.92
g m2
Burst Strength = 72.09 kPa
The maximum pressure that paper can withstand is 72.09 kPa. Therefore:
Burst Strength = PP(max)
Fpaper(max)
PP(max) = [101]
Apaper
FPaper(max) = FP(max)
FP(max) = PP(max) × Apaper
101 | Page
In this study, the dimension of paper is 8.5 inches by 11 inches. To determine the area of
to be pressing region:
0.0254 m 2
Apaper = Lpaper x Wpaper = (8.5 in x 11 in) ( )
1 in
𝐀 𝐩𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟑 𝐦𝟐
To determine the maximum load for pressing:
FP(max) = PP(max) × Apaper
FP(max) = 72.09 kPa × 0.0603 m2
𝐅𝐏(𝐦𝐚𝐱) = 4.35 kN or 443.42 kgm
The maximum load for pressing based on bursting strength of paper adapted from study of
Arnaldo et. al. [55] is 4.35 kN or 443.42 kgm.
b. Minimum Bore Diameter of the Cylinder

Pair = PC = Required pressure for pressing inside the compressor tank and cylinder
FC = Required load produced by cylinder for pressing
AC = Area of cylinder using bore diameter
Fnet = Selected load for pressing
FTUPP = Load produced by mass of total upper pressing plate
Fn = Friction force
mTUPP = mass of total upper pressing plate
mCP = mass of clamp plate [from 3.7.1. c]
mHP = mass of heating plate [from 3.7.1. d]
FC
Pair = [101]
AC
FC
AC =
Pair
102 | Page
For load produced by cylinder, the weight of total upper pressing plate must be considered:
FC = Fnet + FTUPP
For maximum selected pressing load, researchers selected 300kgm which is less than the
maximum pressing load that the paper can handle.
m 1N 1 kN
𝐅𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 300 kg x 9.81 x x = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒 𝐤𝐍
s2 kg − m 1000 N
1
s2
FTUPP = (mclamp plate + mheating plate )g
m
FTUPP = (7.554 kg + 4.04 kg) (9.81 ) = 113.74 N
s2
1 kN
𝐅𝐓𝐔𝐏𝐏 = 113.74 N x = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟒 𝐤𝐍
1000 N
FC = (2.94 kN + 0.114 kN) × 1.5
𝐅𝐂 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟖 𝐤𝐍
The required force produced by cylinder is 4.58 kN.
In selecting the pneumatic cylinder, it is necessary to select an area that can produce a force
50% greater than the required load to make up with the friction and losses in the system [103].
To obtain the minimum bore size of the cylinder, the air pressure selected from the
kN
compressor is 600 kPa or 600 m2.
103 | Page
FC (4.58 kN)
AC = =
Pair kN
600 2
m
AC = 0.0076 m2
To calculate the bore diameter of cylinder,
πD2B
AC =
4
4AC 4( 0.0076 m2 )
DB = √ = √
π π
𝐃𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖 𝐦 = 𝟗𝟖 𝐦𝐦
The required bore diameter of cylinder to produce 2.94 kN or 300 kgm with 50% safety
factor using an air pressure of 600 𝑘𝑃𝑎 is 98 mm.
c. Air consumption for pressing

VAP = required air volume for pressing
VC = volume of the cylinder
AC = area of cylinder using bore diameter
DB = bore diameter of the cylinder
L = stroke
CRF = compression ratio factor
Patm = atmospheric pressure of air
Pair = air pressure inside of the cylinder
VAP = AC x L x CRF [104]
where: VC = AC x L
104 | Page
The selected bore size of the cylinder is 100 mm or 0.1 m, therefore, to obtain the bore area
of the cylinder,
πD2B π(0.1 m)2

AC = = = 0.0078 m2
4 4
To obtain the compression ratio factor (CRF),

Patm +Pair
CRF = [105]
Patm
101.325 kPa + 600 kPa

CRF = = 6.92
101.325 kPa
To obtain the volume of cylinder based on bore size using 150 mm or 0.15m stroke,
VC = AC x L
VC = 0.0078 m2 x 0.15m = 0.00118 m3
1000 L
VC = 0.00118 m3 x = 1.18 L
1 m3
VAP = VC x CRF
= 1.18 L x 6.92
𝐕𝐀𝐏 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟔 𝐋
The required air volume consumption for pressing is 8.16 liters.
105 | Page
d. Air consumption for retraction

VAR = required air volume for retracting
VCWR = volume of cylinder with reduction of piston rod volume
ACWR = area of cylinder with rod
L = stroke
AC = bore area of the cylinder
Ar = area of rod
DB = bore diameter of cylinder
Dr = diameter of rod
CRF = compression ratio factor
VAR = VCWR x CRF [104]
To calculate the volume of cylinder with piston rod area for displacement from bottom
dead center to top dead center,
VCWR = ACWR x L = L (Ac − Ar ) [104]
To obtain the area of cylinder reducing the area of piston rod,
πD2B πd2r π(0.1 m)2 π(0.025 m)2

ACWR = [ − ]=[ − ]
4 4 4 4
𝐀 𝐂𝐖𝐑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟒 𝐦𝟐
VCWR = 0.15 m x 0.0074 m2 = 0.001104 m3
1000 L
VCWR = 0.001104 m3 x
1 m3
𝐕𝐂𝐖𝐑 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝐋
106 | Page
VAR = 1.104 L x 6.92
𝐕𝐀𝐑 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟒 𝐋
The required air volume consumption for retraction is 7.64 liters.
e. Required Compressor Work

W = required compressor power
k = Boltzmann′ s constant = 1.4 (air)
Patm = atmospheric pressure of air
V̇comp = capacity of compressor
Pcomp = air pressure inside of the air compressor tank
k−1
kPatm V̇comp Pcomp k
W= [( P ) − 1] [105]
k−1 atm
From the specification of the compressor,
ft 3 1 m 3 1 min
V̇comp = 3 x( ) x
min 3.281 ft 60 s
m3
V̇comp = 0.001416
s
To obtain the required compressor work,
kN m3 1.4−1
(1.4) (101.325 2 ) (0.001416 s ) 600 kPa 1.4
m
W= [( ) − 1]
1.4 − 1 101.325 kPa
𝟏 𝐡𝐩
𝐖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐖 𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝐡𝐩
𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟔 𝐤𝐖
The required compressor power for pressing is 0.45 hp.
107 | Page
3.7.4. Heat Transfer on Heating Plate
The drying temperature of paper has an important role in the processing of pulp in
papermaking [106]. Following the drying process, fiber properties were changed [107,108]. Based
on the study (106,109,110), a temperature range of 50°C to 170°C was used for drying cellulose
fiber.
a. To determine the heat transfer from heating plate to wet paper:
A(t hot − t cold )

Q= [110]
X X X
( 1) + ( 2) + ⋯ + ( n)
k1 k2 kn
Q = Heat transmitted in (W)
k = Thermal conductivity in (W/m-K)
A = Heat transfer Area in (m²)
thot = Surface temperature from hot side in (°C or K)
tcold = Surface temperature from cold side in (°C or K)
X = Thickness of heating plate
k (Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6 plate) = 130 W/m-K [From SolidWorks]
k (Teflon sheet) = 0.3 W/m-K [112]
k (Pellon cloth) = 0.046 W/m-K [113]
k (Wet paper) = 0.05 W/m-K [114]
Room temperature = 26.6 °C [97]
t1= 50°C t3= 100°C t5= 150°C
t2= 75°C t4= 125°C t6= 170°C
A= 0.310 m x 0.310 m
X1 (heating plate) = 12 mm = 0.012 m X3 (pellon cloth) = 0.3 mm = 0.0003 m
X2 (teflon sheet) = 0.1 mm = 0.0001 m X4 (wet paper) = 0.290 mm = 0.00029 m
108 | Page
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(50°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟏 =𝟓𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 m − K 0.3 m − K 0.046 m − K 0.05 m − K
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟒𝟏 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝐤𝐖
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(75°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟐 =𝟕𝟓°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 m − K 0.3 m − K 0.046 m − K 0.05 m − K
𝐐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐖
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(100°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟑 =𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 m − K 0.3 m − K 0.046 m − K 0.05 m − K
𝐐 = 𝟓𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟓. 𝟖𝟖 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐖
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(125°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟒 =𝟏𝟐𝟓°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 m − K 0.3 m − K 0.046 m − K 0.05 m − K
𝐐 = 𝟕𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟐 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟐 𝐤𝐖
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(150°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟓 =𝟏𝟓𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m
( W ) + ( W ) + ( W ) + ( W )
130 m − K 0.3 m − K 0.046 m − K 0.05 m − K
𝐐 = 𝟗𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐖
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(170°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟔 =𝟏𝟕𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 m − K 0.3 m − K 0.046 m − K 0.05 m − K
109 | Page
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟏. 𝟎𝟔 𝐖 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟏 𝐤𝐖
After 5 minutes the pellon is removed from wet paper @100°C
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(100°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟑 =𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.00029 m
( W )+( W )+( W )
130 m − C 0.3 m − C 0.05 m − C
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟎𝟏 𝐖 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐖
After 3 minutes the pellon is removed from wet paper @125°C
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(125°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟒 =𝟏𝟐𝟓°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.00029 m
( W ) + ( W ) + ( W )
130 m − K 0.3 m − K 0.05 m − K
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟐 𝐖 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐖
After 1 minute the pellon is removed from wet paper @150°C
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(150°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟓 =𝟏𝟓𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.00029 m
( W )+( W )+( W )
130 m − K 0.3 m − K 0.05 m − K
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟒. 𝟖𝟐 𝐖 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟓 𝐤𝐖
After 1 minute the pellon is removed from wet paper @170°C
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(170°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟔 =𝟏𝟕𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.00029 m
( W )+( W )+( W )
130 m − K 0.3 m − K 0.05 m − K
𝐐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝐖 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝐤𝐖
110 | Page
b. To determine the heat transfer from heating plate to base plate:

Q= [111]
X X X
( 1) + ( 2) + ⋯ + ( n)
k1 k2 kn
Q = Heat transmitted in (W)
k = Thermal conductivity in (W/m-K)
A = Heat transfer Area in (m²)
thot = Surface temperature from hot side in (°C or K)
tcold = Surface temperature from cold side in (°C or K)
X = Thickness of heating plate
k (Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6) = 130 W/m-K [From SolidWorks]
k (teflon sheet) = 0.3 W/m-K [112] k (Mild Steel ASTM A36) = 50 W/m-k
k (pellon cloth) = 0.046 W/m-K [113] [114]
k (wet paper) = 0.05 W/m-K [114]
Room temperature = 26.6 °C [97]
t1 = 50°C t3 = 100°C t5 = 150°C
t2 = 75°C t4 = 125°C t6 = 170°C
A= 0.310 m x 0.310 m
X1 (heating plate) = 12 mm = 0.012 m X4 (wet paper) = 0.290 mm = 0.00029 m
X2 (teflon sheet) = 0.1 mm = 0.0001 m X5 (pellon cloth) = 0.3 mm ≈ 0.0003 m
X3 (pellon cloth) = 0.3 mm = 0.0003 m X6 (teflon sheet) = 0.1 mm = 0.0001 m
X7 (Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6 plate) = 12 mm = 0.012 m
X8 (Mild Steel ASTM A36 plate) = 10 mm = 0.01 m
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(50°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟏 =𝟓𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m 0.0003 m 0.0001 m 0.012 m 0.01 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.3 0.046 0.05 0.046 0.3 130 50
m−K m−K m−K m−K m−K m−K m−K m−K
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝐤𝐖
111 | Page
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(75°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟐 =𝟕𝟓°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m 0.0003 m 0.0001 m 0.012 m 0.01 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.3 0.046 0.05 0.046 0.3 130 50
𝐐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟗 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐖
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(100°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟑 =𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m 0.0003 m 0.0001 m 0.012 m 0.01 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.3 0.046 0.05 0.046 0.3 130 50
𝐐 = 𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟓 𝐤𝐖
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(125°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟒 =𝟏𝟐𝟓°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m 0.0003 m 0.0001 m 0.012 m 0.01 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.3 0.046 0.05 0.046 0.3 130 50
𝐐 = 𝟒𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟏 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐖
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(150°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟓 =𝟏𝟓𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m 0.0003 m 0.0001 m 0.012 m 0.01 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.3 0.046 0.05 0.046 0.3 130 50
𝐐 = 𝟓𝟗𝟔. 𝟎𝟕 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟔 𝐤𝐖
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(170°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

𝐐@𝐭 𝟔 =𝟏𝟕𝟎°𝐂 =
0.012 m 0.0001 m 0.0003 m 0.00029 m 0.0003 m 0.0001 m 0.012 m 0.01 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.3 0.046 0.05 0.046 0.3 130 50
𝐐 = 𝟔𝟗𝟐. 𝟔𝟖 𝐖 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑 𝐤𝐖
c. To determine the heat required and time using 1300 W heating plate
𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐪 = 𝐦𝐀𝐋 𝐜𝐀𝐋 𝚫𝐓 [116]
𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐪
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 (𝐬) = 𝐏 [116]
𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞
Qreq= heat required

mAL = mass of heating plate (aluminum plate)
cAL = specific heat capacity of Aluminum 7075-T6
Pheating plate= power of heating plate
112 | Page
mAL = 4.04
cAL = 960 J/kg-K [From SolidWorks]
Pheating plate = 1300W = 1300 J/s [from fabricator]
t1 = 50°C t3 = 100°C t5 = 150°C
t2 = 75°C t4 = 125°C t6 = 170°C
Upper heating plate (with heating plate)
J
𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐪@𝐭𝟏 =𝟓𝟎°𝐂 = (4.04 kg) (960 ) [(50°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾 = 90,754.56 J
kg − K
= 𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐉
90,754.56 J
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝐬
J
1300 s
J
𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐪@𝐭 𝟐=𝟕𝟓°𝐂 = (4.04 kg) (960 ) [(75°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾 = 187,714.56 J
kg − K
= 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟕𝟏 𝐤𝐉
187,714.56 J
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = = 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟎 𝐬
J
1300 s
J
𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐪@𝐭 𝟑 =𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝐂 = (4.04 kg) (960 ) [(100°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾
kg − K
= 284,674.56 J = 𝟐𝟖𝟒. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐉
284,674.56 J
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 𝐬
J
1300 s
113 | Page
J
𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐪@𝐭 𝟒 =𝟏𝟐𝟓°𝐂 = (4.04 kg) (960 ) [(125°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾
kg − K
= 381,634.56 J = 𝟑𝟖𝟏. 𝟔𝟑 𝐤𝐉
381,634.56 J
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = = 𝟐𝟖𝟑. 𝟓𝟕 𝐬
J
1300 s
J
𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐪@𝐭 𝟓 =𝟏𝟓𝟎°𝐂 = (4.04 kg) (960 ) [(150°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾
kg − K
= 478,594.56 J = 𝟒𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟗 𝐤𝐉
478,594.56 J
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = = 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟓 𝐬
J
1300 s
J
𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐪@𝐭𝟔 =𝟏𝟕𝟎°𝐂 = (3.867 kg) (960 ) [(170°C + 273) − (26.6°C + 273)]𝐾
kg − K
= 556,162.56 J = 𝟓𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐉
556,162.56 J
𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = = 𝟒𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟐 𝐬
J
1300 s
d. To determine the effect of ambient temperature to the heating plate surface:
𝐐 = 𝐡𝐜𝐀 𝐀𝐋 𝚫𝐓 [117]
Q = heat transfer from surface convection in W

hc= heat transfer coefficient in W/m²-k
A = heat transfer area of aluminum m²
t1 = hot surface temperature in °C or K
t2 = fluid or air temperature in °C or K
hc (for gases in free convection) = 5 to 37 W/m²-K [118]
hc1 = 5 W/m²-k
114 | Page
hc2 = 37 W/m²-k
A= 0.310 m x 0.310 m
t1 = 26.6°C
t2 (ambient or air temperature) = 23.8°C [119]
W
Q = (5 ) (0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(26.6°C + 273) − (23.8°C + 273)]K = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 𝐖
m2
−K
W
Q = (37 ) (0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(26.6°C + 273) − (23.8°C + 273)]K = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟔 𝐖
m2 − K
e. To determine the rate of heat transfer within the insulator of heating plate and heat
transfer from heating plate to aluminum spacer

Q= [110]
X X X
( 1) + ( 2) + ⋯ + ( n)
k1 k2 kn
Q= heat transfer within the insulator in W)
k= thermal conductivity in W/m-K
A= heat transfer Area of insulator in m²
X= thickness of insulator
thot= surface temperature from hot side in °C or K)
tcold= surface temperature from cold side in °C or K
k (Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6) = 130 W/m-K [From SolidWorks]
k (Ceramic fiber paper) = 0.057 W/m-K [from fabricator]
k (Rigid muscovite mica sheet) = 3.0 W/m-K [from fabricator]
k (Ceramic fiber blanket) = 0.12 W/m-K [from fabricator]
k (Mild steel ASTM A36) = 50 W/m-K [115]
k (Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6 spacer) = 130 W/m-k [from SolidWorks]
A= 0.310 m x 0.310 m
115 | Page
X1 (heating plate) = 12 mm = 0.012 m
X2 (ceramic fiber paper) = 1 mm = 0.001 m
X3 (mica sheet) = 1.5 mm = 0.0015 m
X4 (ceramic fiber blanket) = 10 mm = 0.010 m
X5 (Mild steel ASTM A36 clamp) = 10 mm = 0.01 m
X6 (Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6 spacer) = 38 mm = 0.038 m
t1 = 50°C t3 = 100°C t5 = 150°C
t2 = 75°C t4 = 125°C t6 =170°C
Q within the insulator @t1=50°C
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(50°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

Q= = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 𝐖
0.012 m 0.001 m 0.0015 m 0.01 m 0.01 m 0.038 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.057 3.0 0.12 50 130
m−K m−K m−K m−K m−K m−K
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(75°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

Q= = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟔𝟐 𝐖
0.012 m 0.001 m 0.0015 m 0.01 m 0.01 m 0.038 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.057 3.0 0.12 50 130
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(100°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

Q= = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟏𝟖 𝐖
0.012 m 0.001 m 0.0015 m 0.01 m 0.01 m 0.038 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.057 3.0 0.12 50 130
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(125°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

Q= = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟕𝟒 𝐖
0.012 m 0.001 m 0.0015 m 0.01 m 0.01 m 0.038 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.057 3.0 0.12 50 130
116 | Page
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(150°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

Q= = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟏 𝐖
0.012 m 0.001 m 0.0015 m 0.01 m 0.01 m 0.038 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.057 3.0 0.12 50 130
Q within the insulator @t6=170
(0.310 m x 0.310 m)[(170°C+273)−(26.6°C+273)]𝐾

Q= = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟏𝟔 𝐖
0.012 m 0.001 m 0.0015 m 0.01 m 0.01 m 0.038 m
( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )+( W )
130 0.057 3.0 0.12 50 130
Table 14. Summary of Computations

Weight of the Components
Roof Plate 15.896 kg
Framing Assembly 17.322 kg
Clamp Plate 7.554 kg
Heating Plate 4.04 kg
Pressing Plate 2.7 kg
Base Plate 15.896 kg
Linear Guide Bearing Adaptor 0.118 kg
Total Load of Framing and Plate Assembly 63.516 kg
Stresses and Elongation on the Heating Plates
Total Minimum Stress 40.48 MPa
Minimum Elongation 0.005528 mm
Total Maximum Stress 247.841 MPa
Maximum Elongation 0.03385mm
Details about Paper from Cogon Grass and Water Hyacinth
Burst Strength 70.4 kPa
Area of Paper 0.0603 m2
Maximum Load for Pressing 4.35 kN or 443.42 kgm
Pneumatic System Calculations
Maximum Pressing Load by Cylinder 2.94 kN or 300 kgm
Bore Cylinder Area 0.0076 m2
Cylinder Volume 0.00118 m3
Air Pressure Inside of Cylinder 8 kg/cm2 or 784.53 kPa
Compression Ratio Factor 6.92
Air Consumption for Pressing 8.16 L
Air Consumption for Retraction 7.64 L
Required Compressor Power 0.45 hp
Heat Transfer Calculations
Heat transfer from heating plate to wet paper @t=50°C 0.176 kW
117 | Page

Heat transfer from heating plate to wet paper @t=100°C 0.553 k W
Heat transfer from heating plate to wet paper
1.133 kW
w/out Pellon @t=100°C°C
1.519 kW
w/out Pellon @t=125°C
1.905 kW
2.214 kW
Heat transfer from heating plate to base plate @t=50°C 0.113 kW
Heat required @t=50°C 90.75 kJ
Time to heat @t=50°C 69.81 s
Effect of ambient temperature to the heating plate surface 1.35 W to 9.96 W
Heat transfer within the insulator @ t=50°C 22.05 W
118 | Page
3.8. TESTING AND EVALUATION
In this section, the testing procedure and evaluation of the heat press machine will be
discussed. The machine testing will be divided into three subparts: pre-operation, during operation,
and post-operation. On the other hand, the evaluation will be conducted on the consumed time,
remaining moisture content, and the quality of the paper.
3.8.1. Machine Testing
Pre-operation
1. Before starting the operation, make sure that the heating press machine is placed in a
designated working area to avoid further accidents.
2. Prepare the couched wet sheet formed paper made from a combination of 75% cogon grass
and 25% water hyacinth, with cassava starch as a binding agent. Obtain the initial mass of
wet sheet formed paper.
3. Turn on the air compressor to fill up the air compressor tank.
4. Open the discharge valve at the compressor for supply compressed air.
5. Check if the air hoses are connected properly to the fittings. Make sure there are no air
leakages to avoid air loss and maintain the air pressure inside the system.
6. Ensure that the heating plate and temperature controller function properly.
During operation
1. Place the couched wet sheet formed paper into the pressing platform for initial pressing.
2. Monitor the supplied air pressure by checking the pressure regulator at FRL Unit. The
required air pressure is set at 583 kPa to produce 300kgm load used for pressing and based
on the formula:
119 | Page
Pressing Load (kN)

Air Pressure (kPa) = Area of Cylinder (m2) [102]
The calculated required air pressure included the 50% safety factor for vertical operations
of pneumatic cylinder to cover up the losses [103].
3. Move the heating plate down by pressing the two push buttons at the same time.
4. When the timer stopped counting, the cylinder piston rod will automatically retract, and
the heating plate will be lifted. Record the mass of the paper after initial pressing.
5. Finish the initial pressing for all prepared couched wet sheet formed paper before
proceeding to setting up the heat press machine for final pressing since the application of
heat will take place, which is not required for initial pressing.
6. After initial pressing, turn on the rocker switch for heating plate.
7. Set up the temperature required for final pressing at the temperature controller. The
temperature will range from 50°C to 170°C [61]. Obtain the temperature set for both
heating plates.
8. Set the initial time for heat pressing the wet sheet with pellon cloth.
9. Set the time for thorough drying of a wet sheet without pellon cloth while placed between
teflon sheet.
10. Put the wet sheet formed paper between teflon paper before placing it again into the
pressing platform to prevent sticking on heating surface.
11. With the application of heat, move the upper plate down by pressing both push buttons.
12. Monitor and obtain the dwell time of pressing and drying of paper to attain the proper
moisture content remaining in the paper.
120 | Page
13. The heating plate will automatically lift after the timer stopped counting to obtain the final
pressed paper.
Post-operation
1. Carefully remove the teflon sheets with paper sheet placed in between from pressing
platform.
2. Remove the paper from teflon.
3. Obtain the mass of the final pressed paper.
3.8.2. Evaluation
After the drying process, paper still contains 5%-8% moisture content, in which moisture
removal is obtained 92%-95% [13]. The moisture content of paper needs to be considered in paper
manufacturing and must be controlled because it affects the quality of paper. Excessive drying of
paper will cause brittleness of paper [6]. Curling occurs due to non-uniform drying of the wet
sheet, where non-uniform drying occurs due to different dryer surface contact with the wet sheet
[12]. Also, cockling or shrinkage of paper while drying occurs when the wet sheet sticks to the hot
dryer surface and rapid drying [12]. Moisture removed can be calculated using the formula:
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡−𝐵𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = [120]
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Various studies indicated that the application of pressure and high temperature to formed
hand sheets is required for paper drying [61, 64, 68]. The paper produced from the combination of
75% cogon grass and 25% water hyacinth, with cassava starch as a binding agent, has a burst index
of 0.88 kPa.m2/g, in which by calculation, the maximum load of 8.5 inches by 11 inches paper can
withstand is 4.25 kN or 433.23 kg.
121 | Page
Meanwhile, based on the study [1,4,5], a temperature range of 50°C to 170°C was used for
drying cellulose fiber. In addition to that, based on the experiment performed, it requires 30
minutes to 40 minutes to dry the paper by using a single heat plate or flat iron set on linen ironing
temperature, which ranges from 150 °C to 200 °C [121], and insufficient paper area coverage.
Initial pressing is performed by applying a load to a wet hand sheet without heat, which
reduces the cost of paper drying since the thermal drying section is the most expensive process on
conventional paper machines [12].
To attain the suitable parameters which include temperature and dwell time for pressing
and drying, researchers designed a table for data gathering. For initial pressing, the pressing load
will be applied is 300 kgm or 2.94 kN, which is in the range of the computed maximum load and
the maximum capacity of load that the machine can offer due to pressure limit and availability of
the cylinder. For final pressing, the pressing load to be used is 300 kgm. Lastly, the drying
temperature will be used to set both heating plates will range from 50°C to 170°C. The objective
of this experiment is to attain suitable parameters, including temperature and dwell time, by
evaluating the moisture removed from the pressed and dried paper.
Table 15. Data Gathering for Parameters

A. Using 50°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting
Moisture
Initial Initial Pressing Final Pressing
Removed
Paper Mass
Mass Mass
Sample of
Load Time Mass Load Time (With Time (Pellon
Paper
Pellon) Removed)
300 300
TX
kg kg
122 | Page
B. Using 75°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting

Paper Mass Mass Mass Moisture
Sample of Load Time Mass Load Time (With Time (Pellon Removed
Paper Pellon) Removed)
300 300
TX
kg kg
C. Using 100°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting

300 300
TX
kg kg
D. Using 125°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting

300 300
TX
kg kg
E. Using 150°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting

300 300
TX
kg kg
123 | Page
F. Using 170°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting

300 300
TX
kg kg
G. Moisture Removed Data Sheet

Using 50°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting
Final Press Moisture Removed
Paper Sample Initial Press Moisture Removed
With Pellon Pellon Removed
TX

TX

TX

TX

TX
124 | Page

TX
3.9. GANTT CHART
Figure 38. Gantt Chart
125 | Page
3.10. FABRICATION PHASE
3.10.1. Selection of Materials
The Material selection are choice of materials and components based on the following factors:
a. Availability in the market
b. Cost of the materials
c. Suitability of materials
d. Ease of use
Table 16. Material Selection

Components Description/ Application Specification/Unit
MACHINE FABRICATION MATERIALS
The mild steel plates will be used ASTM A36
as the roof and base plate. Dimensions:
450x450x10mm and
310x310x10mm
Mild Steel Plate

The aluminum plate will be used Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6
as the heating plate and pressing Dimensions:
plate of the machine. 310x310x12mm and
310x310x10mm
Aluminum Plate
The mild steel angle bar is used in ASTM A36
the framing assembly of the Dimension: 2in x 2in x
machine. It will also be used as a 3mm 20ft
mount or adaptor for the linear
bearing.
Mild Steel Angle Bar
126 | Page
The stainless-steel rod will be used AISI 304

to support the cylinder mounted Dimensions: 5/8in-Dia x
below the roof plate. 3ft
Stainless Steel Rod

The stainless-steel shaft will be AISI 304
used as a guide or rail for the linear Dimensions: 16mm-Dia x
bearing. 205mm
Stainless Steel Shaft

The linear bearing will guide the BS BALL Linear Bearing
upper plate connected to the Model: LSBR-16-UU
pneumatic cylinder. Dimensions: 16mm-Dia
Housing Material:
Aluminum
Linear Bearing
The bracket and spacer will be Fabricated by Fabricator
used to connect on the Y-knuckle. Spacer thickness: 20mm
Material: Aluminum
Bracket and Spacer
127 | Page
The Allen cap screws will be used Material: Stainless steel

to fasten the brackets, plates, and Dimensions: M6x16 and
spacers. M8x20
Allen Cap Screw

The Allen cap screws, and nuts Material: Stainless steel
will be used to fasten the linear Dimension: M15 x 50
bearing mount/bracket.
Allen
Cap Screw and Nut
The machine screw and nut will Material: Stainless steel
use to fasten the DIN rail inside the Screw dimensions: 5/32 x
panel box. 1 inches and M4 x12mm
Machine Screw and Nut

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The double-acting pneumatic UNI-AIR Pneumatic
cylinder will press the formed Cylinder
paper by extending it with Model:SC-100x150-S
compressed air from the air Bore diameter: 100mm
compressor. This actuator will Length of stroke: 150mm
press the formed paper, reducing Pressure range: 0.15-0.8
its water content. MPa
SCS model: Double acting
Double Acting Pneumatic /Magnetic piston
Cylinder
128 | Page
The air compressor will convert UNI-AIR Air Compressor

the atmospheric air to compress air Model: 8001-30
used as energy in the pressing Power: 800W
process. While the tank will serve Voltage: 220V/60Hz
as the vessel or storage of the Pressure: 0.8MPa
compressed air. The compressed Current: 3.4 A
air in the air compressor will be Speed: 1440 RPM
transferred in the air cylinder Tank volume: 30liters
Portable Air Compressor which causes it to extend or Exhaust volume:
with Tank retract. 125L/min
Pneumatic solenoid valve is used Uni-air Solenoid Valve
to control the direction of air going 5/2 Way Single Coil
to the cylinder. Port P is the inlet Spring Return
of air from the compressor, Port B Model: 4V410-15
is the outlet air from the inlet port Port size: ½ inch
going to the extended port of the Pressure range: 0.15-0.8
cylinder, while port A is going to MPa
the retract port of the cylinder. Voltage range: 1.6V -
Port R and S are exhaust ports that 26.4VDC
came from extend and retract port Power: 3W
of the cylinder. The electrical coil
of the solenoid will be the one who
energized and de-energized the
valve. When it is de-energized,
spring will help to return to its
Pneumatic Solenoid Valve
original position.
A push-to-connect 90-degree UNI-AIR 90-degree
elbow fittings were used to Elbow Fittings
connect pneumatic tube/hose to Model: SPL10-04
different pneumatic components Fitting type: Quick
like air compressor, FRL, and connect
Solenoid valve. Connector type & size: ½
inch male connector
Pneumatic Elbow Fittings Tube size: 10mm OD
The reed switch will be used as a Troho Reed switch
sensing device to start the timer of Model: CS1-U
pressing. The reed switch will be Length: 1.5m
energized when the magnetic Wiring Method: 2 Wires
piston contacted with sensor, then Switching logic: SPST
this sensor will switch in the timer Normally closed
which will start the pressing Operating voltage: 5-
operation. 240V AC/DC
Reed Switch
129 | Page
Light indicator: LED

A push-to-connect straight fitting UNI-AIR 180-degree/
was used to connect the pneumatic Straight Fitting
tube/hose to the air compressor Model: PCF10-02
with ¼ inch threaded port. Fitting type: Quick
connect
Connector type and size:
Pneumatic Straight Fittings ¼ inch female connector
Tube size: 10mm OD
Pneumatic tube/hose will be used UNI-AIR Polyurethane
as a passageway of compressed air Tube
coming from the compressor Inner diameter: 6mm
going to the different components Outer diameter: 10mm
like FRL, Solenoid valve and Wall thickness: 2mm
Pneumatic cylinder.
Pneumatic Tube/Hose
Pneumatic tube/hose will be used UNI-AIR Polyurethane
as a passageway of drained Tube
impurities like water and dirt that Inner diameter: 4mm
once filtered by the FRL. Outer diameter: 6mm
Wall thickness: 1mm
Pneumatic Tube/Hose
The filter, regulator, and lubricator UNI-AIR Filter, Regulator
will be used to prolong the life of and Lubricator
the cylinder by filtering impurities Model: BFC4000
of air like moisture and dirt. The Port size: ½ inch
regulator helps to regulate the Working pressure and
pressure going to the cylinder. The temperature: up to 1.0
lubricator will be used to lubricate MPa and –5 to 70 °C
the cylinder with mineral oil. Filter grade: 40 μm
Filter, Regulator and Draining system: Semi-
Lubricator (F.R.L) auto drain with 4mm port.
Push-to-connect speed controllers UNI-AIR Speed
are a valve which will be used as Controller
the pneumatic cylinder fitting Model: JSC10-04
which also controls the speed of Fitting type: Quick
air going into the cylinder. connect
Connector size and type:
½ inch Male
Tube size: 10mm OD
Speed Control Valve
130 | Page
Silencer will be used to reduce the UNI-AIR Silencer

sound of air exiting the system. Model: BSLM-04
Connector size and type:
½ inch Male
Working pressure and
temperature: up to 1.0
MPa and –10 to 80°C
Body: Sintered Bronze
Silencer Base: Brass
Sound pressure level:
85dB
The Y-knuckle joint will be used Uni-air Y-knuckle joint
as an accessory of the cylinder Model: Y-80/100
which connect the cylinder to the Type: Threaded
pressing plates cylinder rod diameter
(bore): 80 mm to 100 mm
Y-Knuckle Joint
The Teflon tape will be used in Hoteche PFTE Thread
sealing the threaded fittings and in Seal Tape
the compressor. Model: 438003
Width: 12mm
Thickness: 0.075mm
Length: 10m
Density: 0.3g/cm3
Teflon Tape Material: PTFE
HEATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The heater will be the source of Fabricated Heat plate with
heat for the heating plate to reduce Fiberglass Wire
the moisture or to dry the formed Dimensions: 9inch x 9inch
paper. x5mm
Power: 1300W
Voltage: 220V
Current: 6A
Heater
Solid state relay (SSR) is used to Fotek Solid State Relay
control or switch on/off the heat Model: SSR-40 DA
plate when a set temperature is Input Voltage: 4-32VDC
achieved by the temperature Max rated load voltage:
controller. 24-380VAC
Max load current: 40A
Solid State Relay (SSR)
131 | Page
The temperature controller is an SDE Temperature

electrical device used as a remote Controller
or controller of the temperature. It Model: TCE3-S W1T/R-2
will control the temperature of the Input: Universal, Type K
heat plate that is sensed by a Output: Relay/SSR
thermocouple and control it by the Supply: 100-240VAC
controller according to the value
set by an operator which can be set
Temperature Controller
manually.
The thermocouple will be used as Unison Standard
a sensor to measure the Thermocouple
temperature from the heat plate Model: KM-41
which will be displayed in the Output: Type K
temperature controller. No. of wires: 2
Probe type: 1/4″ or M6
nut
Wire type: Lead wire
Thermocouple stainless steel braided
The ceramic fiber will be used as ISOWOOL Ceramic Fiber
insulator of the upper part of the Dimension: 610mm x
heat plate which reduces the heat 305mm
transfer in the upper clamping Thickness: 25mm
plate. Thermal conductivity:
0.12 W/m-k
Ceramic Fiber Blanket

The Mica sheet will also be used Rigid Muscovite Mica
as insulator of the upper part of the Sheet
heat plate which reduces the heat Dimension: 1.5mm x
transfer in the upper clamping 500mm x 600mm
plate, it will also be used to reduce Thickness: 1.5mm
the heat transfer between the Thermal conductivity: 3.0
bearing and its bracket. W/m-k
Mica Sheet Insulator
The ceramic fiber paper will also Ceramic Fiber Paper
be used as insulator of the upper Dimension: 1mm x
part of the heat plate which 305mm x 381mm
reduces the heat transfer in the Thickness: 1mm
upper clamping plate. Thermal conductivity:
0.057 W/m-k
Ceramic Fiber Paper
132 | Page
The heat sink will be used as Heat Sink

absorber of heat coming from the Body: Aluminum
solid-state relay (SSR). Type: Small type
Heat sink
The fiber glass wire will be used as Fiber Glass Wire
wire for heat plate. It also has a Wire size:16 AWG
heat resistance insulator which is Insulation:
good for energizing the heater Mica/Fiberglass
without melting the insulator. Length: 4 Meter
Fiber Glass Wire

The fiber glass jacket will be used Fiber Glass Jacket
to cover the connection of the two- Wire range: 16-14 AWG
fiber glass wires. Length: 1 Meter
Fiber Glass Jacket

The butt wire connector will be Butt Wire Connector
used to connect the fiber glass wire Model: BN 1.25
to extend its length. Type: Short Barrel; Single
Crimp
Wire range: 16-14 AWG
Materials: Copper with
Butt Wire Connector Tin Plated
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
The panel box will be used as the SDE Panel Box
enclosure or housing of electrical Model: SPB-35x25x15
components. It will also be used as Material: Steel
the main controller for the Body Protection: Powder
machine's operation because the coating
temperature controller, timer and Dimension: 350mm x
buttons are on the panel box. 250mm x 150mm
Panel Box
133 | Page
The rotary isolator switch will be Rotary Isolator Switch

used as the “main switch” of the Model: D11-32A
entire system. This switch is a Current Rating: 32A
safety feature of a machine where Poles: 3
it can cut off or restore the Position: 2 (ON/OFF)
electricity before and after
opening the circuit breaker.
Rotary Isolator Switch/ Cam
Switch
The Miniature circuit breaker will SDE Miniature Circuit
be used as one of the main Breaker
switches of the whole machine. Model: SDM6 2P 10A
MCB will be used to on/off the Voltage: 220V
flow of current into the electrical Current: 10A
part of the machine. Poles: 2
KAIC Rating: 4.5
Miniature Circuit Breaker Rail type: DIN
The Emergency stop Button will SDE Emergency Stop
be used as a safety feature of the Button
machine. The machine will be Model: LA167-D7
turned off when the emergency Rated insulated voltage:
stop button is pushed. 690V
Ith (Rated current): 10A
Emergency Stop Button
The terminal block will be used to SDE Terminal Block
connect wires going safely and Model: TB1512
securely to different electrical Current: 15A
components. Terminal block was Ways: 12 Ways
used to connect 2 or more lines by
having some electrical jumpers.
Terminal Block
The power supply will be used to LEADER Power Supply
convert the high voltage (220AC) Model: PS24-5A
into low voltage (24DC). This Input: 110/220VAC
power supply will also be used to Output: 24VDC
power up 24VDC electrical Current: 5A
components like Relay, Pilot light, Power: 120W
Solenoid, and push button for safer
operation.
Power Supply
134 | Page
The digital timer will be used to SDE Digital Timer

set a time when pressing the Model: DH48S-2Z
formed paper. This will energize Time range: 0.001s-99h
when the reed switch contacts the and 99m
cylinder piston. It will be used as Max. Power: 2W
a switch OFF or return the Voltage: 24VDC-220VAC
solenoid valve to its original Pins: 8 Pins
position when the set value is Frequency: 50/60Hz
Digital Timer
reached.
The fuse box will be used as a Fuse Box
holder of the fuse which is safety Model: FS-102
feature of the heater relay when Voltage and current
the 220V contacted by the relay. rating: 250VAC 10A
Fuse size: 6x30mm
Fuse Box
The miniature power relay is a OMRON Miniature Power
device that switches ON/OFF an Relay
electrical device. It will be used to Model: MY4N-J
contact/energize the 220VAC at Rated Voltage: 24VDC
the temperature relay, 24DC Switching current: 5A
solenoid and timer relay. It is also Max. switching voltage:
used to turn off the buzzer when 250VAC and 125VDC
Miniature Power Relay the pressing plate touches the Pins: 14 pins
lower pressing plate. Poles: 4 poles
Contact Config.: 4DPT
The push button will be used to SDE Push Button
switch ON the Pneumatic system Model: LA167-D8-11
where when it is pushed, the Type: Momentary
solenoid relay will be energized Color: Green
which causes the solenoid valve to Diameter: 22mm (about
move to its 2nd position, the timer 0.87 in)
relay will also energize when the Ui: 415V
reed switch has contacted the Ith: 10A
Push Button magnetic piston of the cylinder.
The pilot light will be used as a SDE Pilot Light
light indicator when the machine Model: AD16-22DS
and the heater are energized. The Voltage: 24V AC/DC
red pilot light is for Heater ON, Color: Green and Red
and the green pilot light is for Diameter: 22mm
Machine ON.
Pilot Light/ Light Indicator
135 | Page
The buzzer will be used as a safety SDE Buzzer

feature of the machine. This Model: AD16-22SM
component will buzz and blink a Voltage: 24V AC/DC
light to warn the operator or Color: Red
nearby person that the cylinder is Diameter: 22mm
extending to press a formed paper.
Buzzer w/ Light Indicator

The rocker switch will be used as SDE Rocker Switch
a heater system switch. This Model: KCD7-2x1
component will ON/OFF the Position: 2
heater system when the second Pins: 4 pins
pressing is initiated. Current: 15A
Rocker Switch
The terminal lugs will be used to SDE Terminal lugs
easily attach the wires to different Model: SV 2-4
terminals of the electrical Type: Y-Type (Insulated)
components like terminal blocks, Wire size: 16-14 AWG
relays, switches, and other
components. This component also
secures the wire ends to lessen the
Terminal Lugs probability of having short circuit
or malfunction.
The cable gland will be used to SDE Cable Gland
securely attach the different wires Model: PG-11
going inside/outside the panel box. Material: Nylon plastic
Seal: Rubber O-ring
Wire size: 2-7mm
Cable Gland
The stranded wire will be used as Stranded wire
connection of different electrical Insulation type: TF or
components. It is easily used PVC insulation
because of its flexibility and soft Wire size: 16 AWG
wire. The wire color will be used
to determine if it is 220VAC or
24VDC (Red and Black AC,
Yellow is 24VDC and Black is
Stranded Wire
0VDC)
136 | Page
The royal cord will be used as the Wiremax Royal Cable

main wire connected to the power Model: 3C*1.25
source like electrical outlet. Core: 3 cores
Core size: 16 AWG
Maximum rating
temperature and voltage:
60⁰ 300V
Royal Cord
The DIN rail will be used to mount DIN Rail
electrical components inside the Model: C45-H
panel box. Materials: Aluminum
Length: 1m
Thickness: 1.2mm (about
0.05 in)
DIN Rail
Cable tie and mount will be used Mitsushi Nylon Cable Tie
to hold or fasten the wires inside and Unbranded Self-
the panel box. It is a low cost and Adhesive Mount
easy to use fastener. The mount Material: Nylon 66 (Cable
will be used to hold the cable tie in tie); Plastic (Mount)
one place. Dimension: 3.6x150mm
(Cable tie); 19x19mm
Cable Tie and Mount (Mount)
The electrical plug will be used to Omni 3-Prong Electrical
supply current to the machine's Plug
electrical system. It has a safety Model: WPR-103
feature to protect an operator from Current: 15A
electrical shock. Voltage: 250V
Electrical Plug
The universal Adapter will be used Powerhouse Universal
to adapt the 3-prong plug to no Adapter
ground outlet. Model: PHE-UA-500
Current: 15A
Voltage: 250V
Material: Plastic
Metal: 100% Copper
Universal Adapter/Adaptor
137 | Page
The electrical tape is used to Ingco Electrical Tape

insulate the open wires. It will also Model: HPET1103
be used to cover open wires that Material: PVC
can cause electrical shock to a Length: 10 Yards
person. Width: 18mm
Electrical Tape Thickness: 0.13mm
EXPERIMENTATION MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
The dried water hyacinth will be Weight: 1kg
used as one of the raw materials
needed to make non-wood paper.
This raw material made up 25% of
the pulp in the papermaking
process.
Dried Water Hyacinth
The dried cogon grass will also be Weight: >1kg
used as raw material in making
non-wood paper. This raw
material made up 75% of the pulp
in the papermaking process.
Dried Cogon Grass

The NaOH will be used in pulping Volume: 3 L
process by mixing it with raw
material while cooking to help
extract the fiber from the raw
material.
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hypochlorite will be used Volume: 3 L
as bleaching agent. This chemical
will make the pulp whiter to
produce almost white paper sheet.
Sodium Hypochlorite
138 | Page
The Cassava starch will be served Weight: 250 grams

as a binding agent to make the pulp
stick together.
Cassava Starch
The Pellon cloth will be used to Type: 1050H pellon cloth
hold the pulp while undergoing Thermal conductivity:
couching and pressing. 0.046 W/m-k
Thickness: 0.3mm (about
0.01 in)
Dimension: 8.5 x 11
inches
Pellon Cloth
Teflon sheet is a non-stick paper Thermal conductivity: 0.3
used to hold the wet paper sheet W/m-k
when put in the heat pressing Dimension: 8.5 x 11
machine. inches
Teflon Sheet
Sieving screen will be used to Dimension: 8.5 x 11
form wet sheets from pulp in water inches
basin.
Sieving Screen
139 | Page
3.10.2. Fabrication Process Flow Diagram
Canvas of Materials Purchasing of Materials

●Fabrication components
● Fabrication components
●Heating components
●Heating components
●Pneumatic components
●Pneumatic components
●Electrical components
●Electrical components
Polishing of Machine Assembly of Parts Fabrication of Machine Parts

●Powerder coating ●Machine structure ●Heating and pressing plate
●Testing of pnuematic system ●Pneumatic components ●Roof and base plate
●Testing of electrical system ●Heating components ●Spacers and brackets
●Testing of heating system ●Electrical components ●Linear guide
Figure 39. Flow of fabrication process
140 | Page
3.11. POST-FABRICATION PHASE
3.11.1. Bills of Materials
The table below consists of materials and labor cost in fabricating the machine. The
fabricator and proponents agreed on what design and materials will be used which can be seen in
the contract signed by each proponent and fabricator. Some of the fabrication components were
bought by fabricator, while the other components and materials were bought by the proponents.
Hantverk Technologies located at Cabuyao, Laguna was the fabricator chosen by the proponents.
Table 17. List and Price of Materials

Unit Amount
Item
Item Name and Dimension/Specification Qty. Unit Price Price
#
(in Php) (in Php)
A. Fabrication and Metal Components
1 Mild steel plate (310 x 310 x 10 mm) 1 Piece
3092 3092
2 Mild steel plate (450 x 450 x 10 mm) 2 Pieces
3 Aluminum plate (310 x 310 x 10mm) 1 Piece 1106 1106
4 Aluminum plate (310 x 310 x 12mm) 1 Piece 1382 1382
5 Stainless steel rod (5/8in-Dia x 3ft) 1 Piece 500 500
6 Mild steel angle bar (2in. x 2in. x 3mm) 2 Pieces 1025 2050
7 Stainless steel shaft (16mm-Dia x 405mm) 2 Pieces 260 520
8 Linear bearing (LSBR16-UU, 16mm-Dia) 4 Pieces 550 2200
9 Aluminum Bracket (Aluminum) 1 Piece 300 300
10 Aluminum Spacers (10mm-Thick) 2 Pieces 75 150
11 Allen cap screw (M6 x 16mm) 18 Pieces 11 198
14 Allen cap screw w/ nut (M15 x 50mm) 4 Pieces 22 88
15 Machine screw and nut (5/32 x 1in) 30 Pieces 1 30
16 Machine screw and nut (M4 x 12mm) 10 Pieces 3 30
17 Paint job (Powder coat) 1 Set 1330 1330
18 Machine fabrication and delivery 1 Set 29250 29250
TOTAL 42394
141 | Page
B. Pneumatic System Components

19 Portable air compressor (1HP) 1 Piece 7250 7250
20 Pneumatic cylinder (100mm x 150mm) 1 Piece 2140 2140
21 Solenoid Valve (5/2 way, 24VDC) 1 Piece 920 920
22 Elbow fittings (10mm x 1/2 in) 6 Piece 62 372
23 Straight fittings (10mm x 1/4in) 1 Piece 46 46
24 Pneumatic hose (10mm x 6mm) 5 Meters 34 170
25 Pneumatic hose (6mm x 4mm) 1 Meter 13 13
26 Speed controller (10mm x 1/2in) 2 Pieces 163 326
27 Silencer (1/2in) 2 Pieces 32 64
28 Filter, Regulator, Lubricator (FRL 1/2in) 1 Piece 1150 1150
29 Reed switch (Troho CS1-U, 24VDC) 1 Piece 200 200
30 Y-Knuckle (Cast steel) 1 Piece 240 240
31 Teflon tape (PFTE 10m x 12mm) 1 Piece 11 11
TOTAL 12902
C. Heating System Component
32 Plate heater (1300W 220V, 9in x 9in) 1 Piece 2830 2830
33 Digital temp controller (TCE3-S W1T/R-2) 1 Piece 1500 1500
34 Thermocouple (Type-k output, 2 wires) 1 Piece 280 280
35 Mica board insulation (500mm x 600mm) 1 Piece 556 556
36 Ceramic fiber paper (12in x 15in) 1 Piece 263 263
37 Ceramic fiber paper (1ft x 2ft) 1 Piece 360 360
38 Fiber glass wire (16 AWG) 2 Meters 35 35
39 Fiber glass tubing (16-14 AWG) 1 Meter 22 22
40 Solid state relay (FOTEK-SSR-40 DA) 1 Piece 260 260
41 Heat sink (Small size, Aluminum body) 1 Piece 105 105
42 Butt Connector (Short barrel) 4 Pieces 3 12
TOTAL 6223
D. Electrical Components
43 Control box (350mm x 25mm x 15mm) 1 Piece 1050 1050
44 Main switch (32A, 3P) 1 Piece 506 506
45 Emergency stop button (22mm-Dia) 1 Piece 73 73
46 Miniature circuit breaker (10A, 2P) 1 Piece 180 180
47 Terminal block (15A, 12 Pairs) 1 Piece 23 23
142 | Page
48 Power supply (120W, 5A, 220V-24VDC) 1 Piece 680 680

49 Power relay (MY4NJ 14 PINS, 5A, 24VDC) 3 Pieces 150 450
50 Relay socket (PYF14A, 5A) 3 Pieces 28 84
51 Digital timer (DH48S-2Z, 5A, 24-240V) 1 Piece 490 490
52 Timer socket (PF083A, 5A) 1 Piece 20 20
53 Push button (22mm, Green) 2 Pieces 58 116
54 Pilot light (22mm, Green and red) 2 Pieces 45 90
55 Buzzer (22mm, 24VDC) 1 Piece 70 70
56 Insulated terminal lug (1.25-2 and 2-4) 140 Pieces 0.80 176
57 Royal wire (3Core, 16AWG) 5 Meters 55 275
58 TF wire (16AWG, red, yellow & black) 25 Meters 18 450
59 Fuse box (FS-102) 1 Set 43 43
60 Rocker switch (KCD7 2X1, 4 Pin) 1 Piece 25 25
61 DIN Rail (C45-H, Aluminum) 1 Meter 110 110
62 Cable gland (PG11) 3 Pieces 8 24
63 Electrical Plug (3Prong 15A, 250V) 1 Piece 43 43
64 Universal adaptor (15A, 250V 100% copper) 1 Piece 36 36
65 Electrical tape (PVC, 10yd x 18mm) 1 Piece 12 12
66 Cable tie (3mm x 150mm) 2 Packs 16 32
67 Cable tie holder (19mm x 19mm) 5 Packs 10.6 53
68 Electrical Fabrication 1 Pax 2500 2500
TOTAL 7611
OVERALL TOTAL 69130
143 | Page
3.11.2. Main Parts of Heat Pressing Machine
1 HP Air Compressor is a pneumatic device that draws in outside air and compresses it,
converting power into potential energy in the compressed air.
Figure 40. Air Compressor Tank
5/2 Way Single Coil Spring Return Solenoid Valve is an electromechanical device that
controls the flow of fluids or gasses.
Figure 41. Solenoid Valve
144 | Page
Heating Plate is a heating element that is designed in the form of a plate.
Figure 42. Heating Plate
Air Cylinder is a mechanical device that converts the energy of compressed air into linear motion.
Figure 43. Pneumatic Cylinder
145 | Page
Speed Controller is a tool used to regulate and manage the velocity or speed of airflow in a
system.
Figure 44. Cylinder Speed Controller
Filter, Regulator, and Lubricator (FRL Unit) is used to clean and condition compressed air
before it is fed to different pneumatic components and systems.
Figure 45. FRL Unit
146 | Page
3.11.3. Machine Operation Procedures
Before Operation:
1. Plug in both the air compressor and the machine to the outlet.
Figure 46. Plugging into the Electric Supply

2. Switch on the air compressor.
Figure 47. Turning On the Air Compressor
3. Open the valve of the air compressor. The pneumatic cylinder will retract as it is its initial
operating position.
Figure 48. Discharging Compressed Air
147 | Page
4. Open the control panel and turn on the circuit breaker. Close the control panel afterwards.
Figure 49. Power Connection from Circuit Breaker
5. Turn on the machine using the main switch. The 'machine on' indicator (green) lights up.
Figure 50. Main Switch and Machine On Pilot Light
During Operation:
a. For initial pressing:
1. Set the time of pressing needed for initial pressing using the digital timer.
Figure 51. Time Setting for Initial Pressing
148 | Page
2. When the sheet is ready to be pressed, push the green buttons at the same time using a
finger of both hands to extend the pneumatic cylinder. The timer starts when the wet sheet
starts to be pressed.
Figure 52. Pushing the Plate Down Button
3. When the timer stops, the pneumatic cylinder retracts.
4. Repeat the procedure for initial pressing of papers.
b. For final pressing:
1. Switch on the heater switch. The temperature controller will be enabled, and the 'heater on'
indicator (red) lights up.
Figure 53. Heater Switch and Heater Pilot Light On
149 | Page
2. Set the temperature needed for heating. Wait until the temperature of the heater reaches the
set value.
Figure 54. Temperature Setting
3. When the temperature reached the set value, perform steps 1 to 3 of initial pressing, but set
the timer needed for final pressing.
Figure 55. Setting Time for Final Pressing
4. Repeat the procedure for final pressing of papers.
150 | Page
c. In case of emergency:
1. Push the emergency button immediately to temporarily stop the operation of the machine
and retract the pneumatic cylinder.
Figure 56. Activation of Emergency Button
2. Rotate clockwise the emergency button to return the machine back to its normal operation.
Figure 57. Deactivation of Emergency Button
After Operation:
1. Switch off the heater switch to cool down the plates. 'Heater on' indicator shuts off.
*Remember that the plates and parts of the machine that have warning indications are still
hot sometime after the heater system shuts off. Do not touch any of them within some
hours.
151 | Page
Figure 58. Turning off the Heating Source
2. Turn off the machine using the main switch. The 'machine on' indicator also shuts off.
Figure 59. Turning Off the Machine
3. Open the control panel and turn off the circuit breaker. Close the control panel afterwards.
Figure 60. Cutting Off the Power Supply from Circuit Breaker
152 | Page
4. Switch off the air compressor.
Figure 61. Turning Off the Air Compressor
5. Plug out both air compressor and machine from the outlet.
Figure 62. Plugging Out from Electric Supply
6. Stay the discharge valve of the compressor open to drain the air left in the compressor.
Figure 63. Draining of Compressed Air
153 | Page
7. Close the valve when pressure gauge reads no more pressure. The pneumatic cylinder will
extend gradually as it loses air pressure.
Figure 64. Turning Off the Discharge Valve
3.11.4. Safety Operations of the Machine
1. Make sure to have knowledge on operating the machine. Read first the manual to perform
the proper procedure of the operation.
2. Always wear protective equipment such as gloves when putting wet sheets between the
pressing plates.
3. Always read and follow the labels attached on the machine.
4. Conduct electrical inspections on a regular basis.
5. Do not remove pneumatic hose connections while there is still air pressure (read on
pressure gauge)
6. Always close the valve of the air compressor every after use.
7. Be careful on putting wet sheets on the pressing area. Make sure that no hands or other
materials are in the pressing area before proceeding. In case this happens, press the
emergency stop button to stop the machine operation temporarily.
154 | Page
8. Be mindful also that the plates are extremely hot when heated as part of paper drying, so
make sure to use a protective tool to put a wet sheet properly and safely on the pressing
area.
9. Before using the machine, turn on first the circuit breaker followed by the main switch.
After using the machine, turn off first the main switch then last is the circuit breaker.
Always turn off the circuit breaker after operating the machine.
10. Always lock the control panel to avoid unauthorized access.
3.11.5. Maintenance of the Machine
1. After using the machine, make sure to clean the water canal, base plate, heating and
pressing plate.
- Water from the pressed paper has pulps and then flows to the water canal. It can
lodge the drainage hole and the canal itself when it dries. So make sure to clear the water
canal to avoid obstructions of draining water and prevent overflow.
- Some pulp and paper particles stick and dry on the heating and pressing plates.
Clean them with water and wipe it with a piece of cloth or rag. Perform cleaning after the
operation, considering that the machine has already cooled down.
2. Ensure that the plates are still in proper alignment and securely fastened.
3. Check the linear bearing movement and alignment. Lubricate if necessary to avoid friction
for smooth movement.
4. Protect the electrical wires and pneumatic hoses/tubes away from the pressing area of the
machine.
155 | Page
5. Check air leakages on pneumatic fittings and hoses.
6. Monitor the temperature of the parts that are exposed and might be affected by heating.
7. Make sure to drain the air left in the compressor.
8. Always clean the machine before and after use to minimize the dust.
Daily Maintenance:
1. Pneumatic Cylinder - Clean the outside of the cylinder to free from dust.
2. Heating Plates (aluminum plates) - Some pulp and paper particles stick and dry on the
heating and pressing plates. Clean them with water and wipe it with a piece of cloth or rag.
Perform cleaning after the operation, considering that the machine has already cooled
down.
3. Base Plate - Water from the pressed paper has pulps and then flows to the water canal. It
can lodge the drainage hole and the canal itself when it dries. So, make sure to clear the
water canal to avoid obstructions of draining water and prevent overflow.
4. Air Compressor - Make sure to empty the air compressor and close the gate valve every
after use.
5. Fittings - Check the leaks.
6. Remove and clean the catch basin of the water drained from pressing.
7. Check the functionality of the machine by means of checking also the electrical wiring and
components.
Weekly Maintenance:
1. Pneumatic Cylinder - Check the lubrication of the piston rod.
2. Air Compressor - Drain the air compressor (water that is being filtered).
156 | Page
3. Air Filter, Regulator and Lubricator - Monitor the level of water filtered; monitor and
maintain the oil level of the lubricator.
4. Linear Bearing - Check the movement, add lubrication if needed.
5. Clean the machine generally to free from dust.
Table 18. Maintenance Schedule

Daily or
Item to be checked Weekly Monthly Annually
if necessary
Pneumatic Cylinder
Lubrication of the piston rod ✓ ✓ ✓
Cleanliness of the outside parts of the
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
actuator/cylinder
Air Compressor
Air compressor water draining ✓ ✓ ✓
Leaks ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Emptying the air compressor ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Pneumatic Fittings and Tubes/Hoses
Leaks ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Functionality (i.e., if lost thread) ✓ ✓ ✓
Air Filter, Regulator and Lubricator (FRL)
Air filter water level ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Air lubricator oil level ✓ ✓ ✓
Aluminum Plates and Clamp Plate
Cleanliness of the plates (clean/remove
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
sticking objects)
Clamping of the plates and insulators ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Base Plate
Water canal obstructions ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Drain holes (if clogged) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Linear Bearing
Alignment ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Movement and lubrication ✓ ✓ ✓
Allen Cap Screws and Washers
157 | Page
Thread intact and tightening of screws ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Deformed washers ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Electrical Wiring
Loose/broken/cut connections ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Damaged wires ✓ ✓ ✓
Insulations ✓ ✓ ✓
Electrical parts ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
3.11.6. Experiment with Machine
Materials:
1. Dried water hyacinth 4. Sodium hydroxide
2. Dried cogon grass 5. Sodium hypochlorite (Zonrox)
3. Water 6. Cassava starch
Variables:
1. Weight of wet paper sheets
2. Drying temperature
3. Drying time
4. Percentage of moisture removed
Indicators:
1. Change in weight of paper
2. Moisture content of 5-8%
Tools/Equipment:
1. Cooking pot 3. Blender
2. Hollander beater machine 4. Food processor
158 | Page
5. Measuring cup 10. Latex Gloves
6. Weighing scale 11. Sponge
7. Pellon cloth 12. Spatula
8. Teflon sheets 13. Heat pressing machine
9. Sieve screen
Paper making process using water hyacinth and cogon grass:
1. Preparation and size reduction of water hyacinth and cogon grass with size ranging from 3
to 5 cm.
2. Preparation of cooking materials like water, water hyacinth, cogon grass, and NaOh for
pulping.
Table 19. Preparation for cooking raw materials

Water hyacinth 500g
Cogon grass 900g
NaOH for Water hyacinth 68.1818g
NaOH for Cogon grass 127.27g
Water for Water hyacinth 6.26 L
Water for Cogon grass 8.33 L
3. For pulping, the water hyacinth and cogon grass were cooked at a temperature between
150°C and 180°C for 2 hours and 3 hours, respectively.
159 | Page
4. After cooking, rinse the produce pulps before placing on a Hollander beater machine. If
the pulps do not meet the desired consistency, beat it again using food processor or blender
to achieve the desired consistency.
5. Prepare the produced pulp and Zonrox bleach, then use zonrox to bleach the pulp to
produce whiter paper sheets.
Table 20. Bleach Needed for Raw Materials

Zonrox bleach for water hyacinth 384 mL
Zonrox bleach for Cogon grass 640 mL
6. Rinse the pulp to remove the bleach, then prepare 20 grams of cassava starch for every 150
grams of cogon grass and 50 grams of water hyacinth that will be used as a binding material
in sheet formation.
7. Combine 150 grams of cogon grass (75% of the mixture) and 50 grams of water hyacinth
(25% of the mixture), with 20 grams of cassava starch as binding agent.
8. Use the sieve screen to form paper sheets, then gently use the sponge to remove excess
water in the sheets.
9. Place the produce sheets in the machine for initial pressing without heating to reduce the
moisture content of the wet paper.
10. After the initial pressing, press the sheets using the heat pressing machine within the
temperature range setting.
160 | Page
Table 21. Temperature per sample paper

T1 50°C
T2 75°C
T3-T12 100°C
T13-T22 125°C
T23-T32 150°C
T33-T42 170°C
11. The paper is ready for finishing steps like cutting and calendaring.
12. The produced papers were used for making paper bags that will be used for testing the load
capacity it can carry.
161 | Page
Documentation of Experimentation with the Machine
Figure 65. Weighing of raw materials and size reduction
Figure 66. Cooking of raw materials for pulping
162 | Page
Figure 67. Rinsing of pulp after cooking
Figure 68. Beating of pulp
Figure 69. Preparation of materials for bleaching
163 | Page
Figure 70. Bleaching of pulps
Figure 71. Mixing of pulps and binding material
Figure 72. Sheet forming and couching
164 | Page
Figure 73. Tapping of sieving screen to remove the wet sheet
Figure 74. Initial pressing of wet sheet
Figure 75. Final pressing with heat of wet sheet
165 | Page
Figure 76. Paperbag Load Capacity Testing
3.12. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Algal - the excessive proliferation of bacteria that resemble algae or microscopic algae in
fresh, salt, or brackish waters.
• Basis Weight – is the weight of fiber per unit area of the paper.
• Lignin – It is a complex organic polymer that is deposited in many plants' cell walls, giving
them a woody, stiff texture.
• Cellulose- is an insoluble material that serves as the primary building block for plant cell
walls and vegetable fibers like cotton. It is a polysaccharide made up of chains of
monomers of glucose.
• Cogon grass - Imperata Cylindrica is a terrestrial invasive plant which came from the
Japan and is commonly used as erosion control.
• Delignification - is a method of obtaining lignin from sources such as wood or plants by
using mechanical or chemical pulping.
166 | Page
• Drying - is a process of removing moisture or water from a solid or semisolid material
with the presence of heat.
• Fiber - it is composed mostly of cellulose with a combination of other components such
as lignin.
• Heat Press Machine - is a machine with a purpose of applying heat and pressure in a
certain period of time.
• Hemicellulose - is a simpler structure compared to cellulose, and can be located in either
the lignin shell, and inside of cellulose
• Holocellulose - is can be obtained after the removal of lignin from natural resources
• Hydraulic pressing - A tool that transmits strong force in slow motion to a huge plunger
by forcing liquid into the cylinder which it moves through the use of a small-diameter
piston pump.
• Lignocellulosic fiber - is made up of lignin, cellulose, carbohydrate polymers, and
hemicellulose, which give plant tissue its strength and resiliency.
• Paper - is a sheet material that is produced mechanically or chemically from cellulose
fibers.
• Physicochemical properties - consist of a substance's inherent chemical and physical
properties.
• Pneumatic pressing - Tools that are operated by manipulating compressed air are also
referred to as air press machines.
• Pressing - involves of placing a metal flat sheet into the stamping press.
167 | Page
• Pulp - is a soft and shapeless mass of material.
• Pulping - is the procedure for mechanically or chemically separating fibers from raw
materials.
3.13. LIST OF ACRONYMS
• PSA - Philippine Statistics Authority
• DOST - Department of Science and Technology
• DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources
• WH - Water Hyacinth
• GSM - Grams per square meter
• PALF - Pineapple Leaf Fiber
• HYP - High Yield Pulp
• RCF - Refractory Ceramic Fiber
168 | Page
CHAPTER IV
TESTING, PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULT
This chapter involves providing data, computations, and findings based on actual testing
and data gathering. The capability and suitability of the machine parts, safety, and operational
process using the various temperature were evaluated according to the conceptual design and
operation.
4.1. Initial Inspection of the Machine
Before proceeding to the actual testing of the machine, the proponents inspected the major
parts and electrical components of the machine.
Table 22. Inspection Data Sheet

TRIAL TRIAL TRIAL
COMPONENTS BASIS REMARKS
1 2 3
The proponents will

observe the possible
1. Machine
noticeable changes ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
Structure
in the overall
machine structure.
169 | Page
First bearings
were damaged
and replaced
due to rough
flow of
extension and
The up and down retraction of
2. Bearing movement of the the upper
X ✓ ✓
Alignment heating plate will pressing plate
be observed. which is
caused by
misaligned
linear guide,
and loose y-
knuckle
bracket.
Power connection
will be observed
3. Wiring by checking the
✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
Connection energization of
electrical
components.
Temperature
sensed by the
4. Heater thermocouple must ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
attain the set
temperature.
The temperature
controller must be
5. Temperature
used to control the ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
Controller
temperature
setting.
Infrared
thermometer will
be used to
The detected
compare the
temperature
6. Thermocouple detected ✓ ✓ ✓
has a ±5°C
temperature of the
margin.
heating plate with
the temperature
sensed by shown
170 | Page
at temperature
controller.
To verify the
timer, one sets a
specific time and
7. Timer then checks ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
whether the timer
has concluded at
that time.
visually examines
the pilot light to
ensure that it is
8. Machine On free from any
✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
Pilot Light damage, it is
turned on to ensure
it emits a
consistent light.
visually examines
the pilot light to
ensure that it is
9. Heating On free from any
✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
Pilot Light damage, it is
turned on to ensure
it emits a
consistent light.
Activates the
buzzer to test its
sound output, by
10. Buzzer ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
simulating the
condition in actual
machine operation.
Performs an initial
test by pushing the
11. Push Buttons ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
button to verify its
function correctly.
In order to verify
the correct
operation of the
12. Power Supply power supply, a ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
voltmeter is
utilized to
ascertain the
171 | Page
smooth flow of
electricity.
By measuring the
voltage at the relay
input and output
terminals using a
voltmeter to ensure
the smooth flow of
13. Relays ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
electricity.
Observation in
regards to whether
it energizes the
component it is
contacted to.
The fuse box is
inspected visually
14. Fuse Box ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
whether it thus
burnt or not.
Rocker switch is
inspected by
15. Rocker Switch ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
toggling back and
forth.
Main switch is
toggled gently to
on or off positions
16. Main Switch to identify if it's ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
moving smoothly
without sticking or
resistance.
Multimeter is used
to verify if the
emergency stop
button is
functioning
17. Emergency Stop accordingly to
✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
Button open/close contact.
Observation on
whether it can
immediately stop
the machine
operation entirely
172 | Page
Multimeter is used
to verify the
proper flow of
electricity. By
18. Solid State visual inspection,
✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
Relay to ensure the wires
are completely
intact. Contact to
the heater is being
observed.
Turning the
machine on
operation, visual
inspection of any
19. Compressor damage and ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
observation of its
air intake and any
possible leaks on
fittings.
Inspection of seals
and gaskets of the
Cylinder. During
machine operation,
observation on the
20. Cylinder ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
extension and
retract the rod to
ensure a smooth
ement without any
binding
During machine
operation,
observation of
21. Speed
cylinder's ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
Controller
movement if it
matches the
desired speed
During machine
operation,
observation of the
22. Reed Switch ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
reed switch
whether it
energizes every
173 | Page
time it detects the

piston rod as it
extends.
Visual observation
23. Pneumatic Hose for possible air
✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
and Fittings leakage mostly in
the fittings.
Observation of
valve movements
whether it's closed,
allowing, or
24. Solenoid Valve blocking the flow ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
of air. To ensure a
smooth operation
without sticking or
erratic movement.
Observation of
fitting for possible
leakages, drain
valve is observed
25. FRL Unit to ensure an ✓ ✓ ✓ Passed
effective removal
of moisture or
condensate in the
system.
4.2. Experimentation Results
After the proponents prepared couched wet sheet based on paper-making process using a
combination of 75% cogon grass and 25% water hyacinth, with cassava starch as a binding agent
[55], data gathering for the parameters needed started. The heat press machine was used to press
and dry wet sheets to complete the papermaking process. The objective of this experiment is to
attain the suitable parameters, including temperature and dwell time, by evaluating the moisture
removed from the pressed and dried paper while considering the moisture content of paper during
the drying process is about 5% to 8%, which moisture removal is at 92% to 95% [13].
174 | Page
Before initial pressing, the initial mass of the wet sheet was recorded. For initial pressing
or pressing the wet sheet without heat, the dwell time and after mass of the wet sheet was recorded.
On the other hand, for final pressing that includes heat, the temperature setting, dwell time, and
final mass of the paper were recorded.
Based on observations, at 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, and 170°C, pellon cloth sticks with the
paper upon final pressing, which causes obtaining the final pressed paper difficultly. The
proponents addressed this problem by removing pellon cloth when the wet sheet is still not
completely dry. For the mentioned temperature settings, the dwell time and after mass for heat
pressing paper with pellon cloth were also recorded.
Table 23. Using 50°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting

Initial Pressing Final Pressing
Paper Initial Mass Mass Moisture
Sample of Paper Load Time Mass Load Time (With Removed
Pellon)
300 300 9.5
T1 49g 5mins 37g 5g 89.8%
kg kg hrs
175 | Page
Figure 77. Dwell Time at 50°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting
Figure 78. Moisture Removal Percentage at 50°C Final Pressing Temperature Setting
Table 23 indicates the data gathered for 50°C temperature setting for final pressing, in
which initial pressing removed 24.49% moisture content of the sample by being initially pressed
176 | Page
for 5 minutes. For final pressing, moisture removal percentage of the sample was increased to
89.8% by being final pressed for 9.5 hours or 570 minutes. The proponents did not proceed to test
another set of samples for the same temperature setting due to the longer time needed to dry the
paper.

Paper Mass
Mass Moisture Removed
Sample of Load Time Mass Load Time
Paper (With Pellon)
300 300
T2 39g 5mins 31g 2 hrs 6g 84.62%
kg kg
177 | Page
For final pressing using 75°C temperature setting, as shown in Table 24, 20.51% of
moisture content from the sample paper was removed at initial pressing for 5 minutes. Meanwhile,
final pressing for 2 hours or 120 minutes increased the moisture removal percentage to 84.62%.
Similar to the previous temperature setting, due to longer time needed for drying each paper, the
proponents did not proceed to test another set of sample papers.

300 5 300 10 5
T3 40g 30g 8g 4g 90%
kg mins kg mins mins
300 5 300 5 8
T4 40g 34g 7g 5g 87.50%
178 | Page
300 5 300 8 2
T5 49g 30g 22g 7g 85.71%
300 5 300 10 18
T6 50g 29g 10g 7g 86.00%
300 5 300 5 15
T7 30g 24g 18g 5g 83.33%
300 5 300 5 16
T8 40g 30g 14g 6g 85.00%
300 5 300 5 15
T9 45g 29g 16g 7g 84.44%
300 5 300 5 15
T10 45g 21g 12g 4g 91.11%
300 5 300 5 12
T11 49g 24g 13g 6g 87.76%
300 5 300 5 3
T12 52g 23g 8g 5g 90.38%
179 | Page
Table 25 shows the data gathered for the obtained dwell time and moisture removal using
100°C temperature setting for final pressing. The total duration for final pressing ranges from 8 to
28 minutes as illustrated in Figure 80. Also, as shown in Figure 81, initial pressing removed about
15% to 55.77% moisture content of the 10 samples by being initially pressed for 5 minutes. For
final pressing, moisture removal of the samples was increased to a range of 83.33%-91.11% by
being final pressed for 5-10 minutes with pellon and 2-18 minutes with removed pellon.
Sample paper T12 obtained the lowest duration for final pressing with the final pressing
time of 8 minutes and total moisture removal of 90.38% while sample paper T6 obtained the
highest duration with the final pressing of 28 minutes and total moisture removal of 86%. T6 and
T12 both obtain high initial mass for the sample set, however as shown in the Fig.58, moisture
removal at 5 minutes or initial pressing for T6 is lower than T12 which explains that the moisture
180 | Page
content of T12 is higher than T6. In addition to that, the final mass of T6 is 7 grams, which is
higher than the final mass T12 that is 5 grams. The grammage and thickness of paper are directly
proportional with each other, high grammage of paper causes more thickness on paper [122], in
which the grammage of paper is directly proportional to the mass of paper [101]. Therefore, T6 is
thicker than T12, which requires more time for drying while taking the heat transfer concept into
the account [110].

300 5 300 5 18
T13 59g 44g 19g 7g 88.14%
300 5 300 3 12
T14 38g 15g 13g 4g 89.47%
300 5 300 3 10
T15 33g 17g 13g 4g 87.88%
300 5 300 4 10
T16 43g 23g 12g 4g 90.70%
300 5 300 3 10
T17 52g 23g 18g 5g 90.38%
300 5 300 3 10
T18 65g 37g 20g 6g 90.77%
300 5 300 3 10
T19 65g 27g 14g 5g 92.31%
300 5 300 3 10
T20 46g 27g 13g 5g 89.13%
300 5 300 3 10
T21 48g 31g 17g 5g 89.58%
300 5 300 3 10
T22 62g 34g 17g 6g 90.32%
181 | Page
182 | Page
For final pressing using 125°C temperature setting, the gathered data were indicated in
Table 26, in which 25.42%-60.53% of moisture content from the sample papers, as shown in
Figure 83, was removed at initial pressing for 5 minutes. For final pressing, moisture removal of
the samples was increased to a range of 87.88%-92.31% by being final pressed for 3-5 minutes
with pellon and 10-18 minutes with removed pellon. The total duration for final pressing ranges
from 13-23 minutes, as illustrated in Figure 82. Also, T13 required longer time to dry due to its
larger final mass compared to other papers in the sample set [100,110,122].

300 5 300 5 5
T23 55g 46g 27g 8g 85.45%
300 5 300 3 6
T24 56g 33g 13g 6g 89.29%
300 5 300 3 5
T25 56g 31g 14g 6g 89.29%
300 5 300 3 4
T26 56g 33g 14g 6g 89.29%
300 5 300 2 4
T27 50g 27g 12g 6g 88.00%
300 5 300 1 4
T28 48g 28 14g 5g 89.58%
kg mins kg min mins
300 5 300 1 7
T29 59g 37g 26g 7g 88.14%
kg mins kg min mins
300 5 300 1 4
T30 66g 41g 15g 7g 89.39%
kg mins kg min mins
300 5 300 1 4
T31 72g 43g 25g 7g 90.28%
kg mins kg min mins
300 5 300 1 4
T32 91g 46g 19g 8g 91.21%
kg mins kg min mins
183 | Page
184 | Page
Table 27 indicates the collected data using 150°C temperature setting for final pressing. As
presented in Figure 84, final pressing takes between 5 and 10 minutes in total. Initial pressing
removed about 16.36% to 49.45% moisture content of the 10 samples, as shown in Figure 85, by
being initially pressed for 5 minutes. By final pressing the samples for 1–5 minutes with pellon
and 4–7 minutes with pellon removed, moisture removal of the samples was raised to a range of
85.45%–91.21%.

300 5 300 3
T33 40g 18g 1 min 11g 5g 87.50%
kg mins kg mins
300 5 300 2
T34 43g 17g 1 min 14g 5g 88.37%
kg mins kg mins
300 5 300 2
T35 47g 18g 1 min 11g 5g 89.36%
kg mins kg mins
300 5 300 0.5 2
T36 48g 20g 15g 7g 85.42%
kg mins kg min mins
300 5 300 3
T37 64g 41g 1 min 19g 7g 89.06%
kg mins kg mins
300 5 300 3
T38 56g 37g 1 min 23g 7g 87.50%
kg mins kg mins
300 5 300 3
T39 83g 50g 1 min 18g 6g 92.77%
kg mins kg mins
300 5 300 3
T40 51g 36g 1 min 18g 8g 84.31%
kg mins kg mins
300 5 300 1
T41 55g 37g 1 min 13g 5g 90.91%
kg mins kg min
300 5 300 1
T42 56g 39g 1 min 13g 6g 89.29%
kg mins kg min
185 | Page
For final pressing using 170°C temperature setting, the collected data were indicated in
Table 28. As shown in Figure 86, the total duration for final pressing ranges from 2-4 minutes.
186 | Page
Figure 87 shows that 29.41%-61.7% of moisture content from the sample papers was removed at
initial pressing for 5 minutes. For final pressing, moisture removal of the samples was increased
to a range of 84.31%-92.77% by being final pressed for 0.5-1 minute with pellon and 1-3 minutes
with removed pellon.
Table 29. Moisture Removal Data Sheet

Paper Sample Initial Press Moisture Removed (%) Final Press Moisture Removed (%)
T1 24.49 89.80
Paper Sample Initial Press Moisture Removed (%) Final Press Moisture Removed (%)
T2 20.51 84.62
Final Press Moisture Removed (%)

Paper Sample Initial Press Moisture Removed (%)
T3 25.00 80.00 90.00
T4 15.00 82.50 87.50
T5 38.78 55.10 85.71
T6 42.00 80.00 86.00
T7 20.00 40.00 83.33
T8 25.00 65.00 85.00
T9 35.56 64.44 84.44
187 | Page
T10 53.33 73.33 91.11
T11 51.02 73.47 87.76
T12 55.77 84.62 90.38

T13 25.42 67.80 88.14
T14 60.53 65.79 89.47
T15 48.48 60.61 87.88
T16 46.51 72.09 90.70
T17 55.77 65.38 90.38
T18 43.08 69.23 90.77
T19 58.46 78.46 92.31
T20 41.30 71.74 89.13
T21 35.42 64.58 89.58
T22 45.16 72.58 90.32

T23 16.36 50.91 85.45
188 | Page
T24 41.07 76.79 89.29
T25 44.64 75.00 89.29
T26 41.07 75.00 89.29
T27 46.00 76.00 88.00
T28 41.67 70.83 89.58
T29 37.29 55.93 88.14
T30 37.88 77.27 89.39
T31 40.28 65.28 90.28
T32 49.45 79.12 91.21

T33 55.00 72.50 87.50
T34 60.47 67.44 88.37
T35 61.70 76.60 89.36
T36 58.33 68.75 85.42
T37 35.94 70.31 89.06
T38 33.93 58.93 87.50
T39 39.76 78.31 92.77
T40 29.41 64.71 84.31
189 | Page
T41 32.73 76.36 90.91
T42 30.36 76.79 89.29
Table 29 shows the moisture removal percentage of different temperature settings at initial
pressing and final pressing. Initial pressing using 300kgm pressing load removed the moisture
content of paper samples to a range of 15% to 61.7%. On the other hand, 50°C temperature setting
for final pressing increased the moisture removal percentage from 24.49% to 89.80% of sample
paper T1 for 9.5 hours while 75°C temperature setting for final pressing increased the moisture
removal percentage from 20.51% to 84.62% for 2 hours.
At final pressing using 100°C temperature setting, moisture removal percentage increased
from 15%- 55.77% to 83.33%-91.11% for 8-28 minutes in paper samples T3 to T12. 125°C
temperature setting for final pressing increased the moisture removal percentage from 25.42%-
60.53% to 87.88%-92.31% for 13-23 minutes in paper samples T13 to T22. For 150°C final press
temperature setting, there is also an increase of moisture removal percentage from 16.36%-49.45%
to 85.45%–91.21% for 5-10 minutes in paper samples T23 to T32. Lastly, 170°C final press
temperature setting increased the moisture removal percentage from 29.41%-61.7% to 84.31%-
92.77% in paper samples T33 to T42 for 2-4 minutes.
Table 30. Ranges of Dwell Time and Moisture Removal Percentage at Different Final Press
Temperature Settings
Temperature Paper Final Pressing Total Moisture
Setting Sample Duration Removed
50°C T1 9.5 hours 89.80%
190 | Page
75°C T2 2 hours 84.62%

100°C T3-T12 8-28 minutes 83.33%-91.11%
125°C T13-T22 13-23 minutes 87.88%-92.31%
150°C T23-T32 5-10 minutes 85.45%–91.21%
170°C T33-T42 2-4 minutes 84.31%-92.77%
Figure 89. Final Press Duration and Moisture Removed at Different Temperature Settings
According to a study, a paper should obtain at least 92% moisture removed, and this
becomes the basis of the experiment. The data shows in Table 30 that the total moisture removed
from the paper samples ranges from 83.33% to 92.77%. Particularly, paper samples T19 and T39
reached the desired moisture content of the experiment with 92.31% and 92.77%, respectively. In
addition to that, as illustrated in Figure 88, higher final press temperature setting results to shorter
time for drying the paper. These amounts of moisture removal were attained for about 2 minutes
191 | Page
when the temperature is 170°C and 9.5 hours when the temperature is 50°C. In comparison, manual
paper drying processes lasts up to 1-3 days [56], or 30 minutes to 2 days depending on the weather
condition [59].
4.3. Pressing and Drying Using Various Pressing Load
The main pressing load that was used for several trials was 300kgm, which is the maximum
pressing load that the machine can offer with considerable safety factor. To obtain data for
checking if lower pressing load still can attain similar results of moisture removal and dwell time,
the proponents also performed experiment for 100kgm and 200kgm pressing load using the
machine. Due to the longer time consumed when the final press temperature settings are 50°C and
75°C, these final press temperature settings are not included for the lower pressing loads.
Table 31. Using 100kgm Pressing Load

Initial
Initial Final Pressing
Pressing
Paper Mass Moisture
Mass Mass
Sample of Temperature Removed
Time Mass Time (With Time (Pellon
Paper Setting
Pellon) Removed)
5 10 27
T43 80g 47g 100°C 29g 7g 91.25%
mins mins mins
5 5 10
T44 78g 39g 125°C 24g 7g 91.03%
mins mins mins
5 5 2
T45 71g 40g 150°C 19g 6g 91.55%
mins mins mins
5 1 3
T46 76g 41g 170°C 21g 6g 92.11%
mins min mins
Table 31 shows the obtained data using 100kgm pressing load for different final press
temperature settings. The total duration for pressing and drying the sample papers ranges from 9
192 | Page
to 42 minutes, where dwell time of 9 minutes can be obtained using 170°C and a dwell time of 42
minutes requires 100°C temperature setting for final pressing. Also, the moisture removal
percentage takes place from 91.03% to 92.11%, in which 92.11% was obtained from 170°C final
press temperature setting.
Table 32. Using 200kgm Pressing Load

Initial
Initial Final Pressing
Pressing
Paper Mass Moisture
Mass Mass
Sample of Temperature Removed
Time Mass Time (With Time (Pellon
Paper Setting
Pellon) Removed)
5 10 12
T47 60g 40g 100°C 7g 5g 91.67%
mins mins mins
5 5 5
T48 64g 40g 125°C 15g 5g 92.19%
mins mins mins
5 2 3
T49 61g 37g 150°C 19g 6g 90.16%
mins mins mins
5 1 3
T50 58g 18g 170°C 18g 4g 93.10%
mins min mins
The data obtained with a pressing load of 200kgm and various final press temperature
settings are shown in Table 32. The sample papers took 9 to 27 minutes to press and dry in total,
with a dwell time of 9 minutes being achieved at 170°C and 27 minutes requiring a final pressing
temperature setting of 100°C. Also, the moisture removal percentage ranges from 90.16% to
93.10%, with 93.10% coming from the final press temperature setting of 170°C.
193 | Page
Table 33. Dwell Time and Moisture Removal Comparison Using Different Pressing Load
Minimum Dwell Time Moisture Removed
Temperature Setting
100kgm 200kgm 300kgm 100kgm 200kgm 300kgm
100°C 42 mins 27 mins 13 mins 91.25% 91.67% 83.33%-91.11%
125°C 20 mins 15 mins 18 mins 91.03% 92.19% 87.88%-92.31%
150°C 12 mins 10 mins 10 mins 91.55% 90.16% 85.45%–91.21%
170°C 9 mins 9 mins 7 mins 92.11% 93.10% 84.31%-92.77%
Table 33 summarizes the data collected for dwell time and moisture removed using
different pressing loads and various final press temperature settings. In terms of minimum dwell
time, using 300kgm pressing load can obtain the shortest time for drying, 7 minutes, when the final
press temperature setting is 170°C. Regardless of the pressing load, minimum dwell time still takes
longer when the final press temperature is lower. However, based on observations, a greater
pressing load requires a shorter time for pressing and drying the paper. Also, the highest obtained
moisture removal percentage is 93.10%, which was obtained by using 200kgm pressing load and
170°C final press temperature setting.
4.4. Testing of Paper Load Capacity
After producing paper made from the combination of 75% cogon grass and 25% water
hyacinth, with cassava starch as a binding agent, the proponents made a paper bag to test the load
capacity it can carry by putting heavy objects inside the paper bag and carrying it while walking
around for about 1 to 2 minutes.
194 | Page
Table 34. Paperbag Load Capacity

Load (grams) Paperbag Made Using Paper Pressed from Temperature Setting
100°C 125°C 150°C 170°C
500 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
750 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
1000 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
1250 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
1500 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
1750 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
2000 ✓ ✓* ✓ ✓
2250 ✓ ✓* ✓* ✓
2500 ✓ ✓* ✓* ✓
3000 ✓ ✓* ✓* ✓
3500 ✓ ✓* ✓* ✓
4000 X ✓* ✓* ✓
4250 X X ✓* ✓
4500 X X ✓* ✓
4750 X X ✓* ✓
5000 X X ✓* ✓
5250 X X ✓* ✓
5500 X X X ✓*
6000 X X X X
Note: * indicates slightly tearing of paper
195 | Page
Table 34 shows the data obtained from testing for the load paper bag can carry. Based on
observations, the paper bag made from paper dried using 100°C final press temperature setting can
hold around 3500g or 3.5kg load. On the other hand, paper bag made from paper dried using 125°C
final press temperature setting can carry around 1750g or 1.75kg load without being torn, however,
it can carry up to 4000g or 4kg load with slight tear. The paper bag that was dried using 150°C
final press temperature setting can accommodate up to 2000g or 2kg load without being torn and
up to 5250g or 5.25kg having slight tear. Lastly, paper bag that was dried using 170°C final press
temperature setting can carry up to 5250g or 5.25kg without being torn and up to 5500g or 5.5kg
with slight tear. It can be observed that paper dried using 170°C final press temperature setting can
carry a greater amount of load, which is 5.25kg, compared to paper dried using 100°C final press
temperature setting that can only hold around 3.5kg load, under the same testing procedure.
4.5. Economic Analysis
As per the proponent’s observation and data results, a pressing mass of 300kg and 170°C
produce good quality of paper with an average moisture remove of 88.45% and an average time
of 8.35 minutes which is faster than other temperature parameter used by the proponents. For
economic analysis of the heat pressing machine for paper production using water hyacinth and
cogon grass, the total cost of the machine, the daily electrical consumption, daily water
consumption, daily labor cost and the cost of raw materials for a 1-week operation are used to
determine the length year when the investment has been returned (return of investment) and the
rate of return.
196 | Page
Table 35. Cost of Machine

Item # Description Quantity Price
1 Fabrication and Metal Components 1 Set ₱ 42394
2 Pneumatic System Components 1 Set ₱ 12902
3 Heating System Components 1 Set ₱ 6223
4 Electrical Components 1 Set ₱ 7611
Total Amount ₱ 69130
Table 36. Cost of Tools/Equipment

Item # Equipment/Tools Quantity Price
1 Teflon Sheet 4 Sheets ₱ 260
2 Spatula 1 Piece ₱ 60
3 Sponge 1 Piece ₱ 20
4 Sieving Screen 3 Pieces ₱ 334
Total Amount ₱ 674
Table 37. Total Machine and Equipment Expenses

Item # Description Price
1 Machine Expenses ₱ 69130
2 Equipment ₱ 674
Total ₱ 69804
Table 38. Weekly Expenses of Raw Materials

Item Raw Materials Quantity Unit Price Price
#
1 Water Hyacinth 500 Pieces ₱0.3 / Piece ₱ 150
2 Cogon Grass 9 Bundles ₱50 / Bundle ₱ 450
3 NaOH 1.1 ₱80 / 25kg ₱ 8.8
Kilogram Sack
4 NaClO 5 Liter ₱139 / Gallon ₱ 183.48
5 Cassava Starch 1.25 ₱2150 / 50kg ₱ 53.75
Kilograms Sack
6 Pellon Cloth 5 Yards ₱1500 / roll ₱ 150
7 OPP Plastic Packaging 30 Pieces ₱300 / 300 ₱ 30
Pcs
8 Branding (Sticker) 30 Pieces ₱0.5 / Piece ₱ 15
197 | Page
Total Amount Per 1-Week Operation ₱ 1026.03

(5 Days)
Total Amount For 1-Day Operation ₱ 205.206
Table 39. Daily Electric Consumption
Item# Machine Components Qty. Total Power Consumption (kW)
1. Compressor 1 800
2. Solenoid 1 3
3. Heater 1 1300
4. Temperature Controller 1 8
5. Power supply 1 120
6. Digital timer 1 2
7. Relay 3 2.7
8. Solid state relay 1 3.84
9. Pilot light 2 0.96
10. Buzzer 1 0.48
Total Power Consumption 2240.98 W
Total Power Consumption Per Hour 2.241 kWh
Total Power Consumption Per Day 17.928 kWh
Electricity Rate Per kWh ₱ 11.3168 / kWh [123]
Electrical Consumption Per Day ₱ 202.886
Table 40. Daily Water Consumption

Item# Process Total Power Consumption (kW)
1 Cooking and Rinsing 80 Liters
2 Bleaching and Rinsing 84 Liters
2 Sheet Formation and Couching 84 Liters
Total Water Consumption 248 Liters or 0.248 m3
Water Rate Per Cu. Meter ₱ 18.13 per m3 [124]
Water Consumption Per Day ₱ 4.496
Table 41. Daily Labor Cost

Item# Labor Cost Qty. Unit Quantity Total Labor Cost a Day
1. 533 [125] 3 Pax. ₱ 1599
Table 42. Total Daily Expenses

Item Expenses Price
1 Raw materials ₱ 205.206
2 Electric consumption ₱ 202.886
3 Water consumption ₱ 4.496
4 Labor Cost ₱ 1599
198 | Page
Total Daily Expenses ₱2011.588

The total daily expense to make 60 papers are 2011.588 Pesos which will initially cost a
paper at 33.526 Pesos.
Return of Investment (INITIAL COST + 30% OF INITIAL COST)
Cost of Paper = Inital Cost of Paper + (Initial Cost of paper x 30%)

Cost of Paper = 33.526 Pesos + (33.526 Pesos x 30%)
Cost of Paper = 43.584 Pesos
Gross income = Paper Made Per Operation x Cost of Paper
Gross income = 60 Papers x 43.584 Pesos
𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟒 𝐏𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐬
Table 43. Given for ROI with 30% Margin of Profit
Expenses Price (Php)
Capital (Machine and Equipment Expenses) 69804
Gross income 2615.04
Daily Operating expenses 2011.588
Net Income per day 603.452
Annual Net Income = Net Income Per Day x Day Per Year
Average Working Days = 250 Days [126]
Annual Net Income = 603.452 Pesos x 250 Days
𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐞𝐭 𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟑 𝐏𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐬
Capital or Machine and Equipment Expenses
Years When Investment will Return =
Annual Net Income
69804 Pesos
Years When Investment will Return =
150863 Pesos
𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐑𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟑 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬
Therefore, the year when the investment of the machine will return is approximately 5
months and 17 Days.
199 | Page
Rate of Return
Annual Net Income

Rate of Return = x 100
Capital or Machine and Equipment Expenses
150863 Pesos
Rate of Return = x 100
69804 Pesos
𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟑%
Therefore, investing in the Heat Pressing Machine has a net gain of 216.123% from the
investment’s cost over a year.
For the result of economic analysis of the heat pressing machine for paper production using
water hyacinth and cogon grass, the initial cost of paper is 33.526 pesos and the profit margin of
30% makes the cost of paper to 43.584 pesos. The total years when the capital will be returned is
approximately 5 months and 17 days with a rate or return of 216.123%.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths Weaknesses
• The strength of the product is it does not • The main weakness of the product is its
use any wood raw materials hence, the costs is not a good price for special paper.
researcher uses non-wood materials and • Low production and high expenses in
invasive materials which cause paper making leads to high cost of paper.
environmental problems.
• The product can be used as leaves for
scrapbooks, invitations, paper bags or
other special paper products.
Opportunities Threats
• Can make new materials in paper making • Recycled paper products with lower cost
instead of using wood materials. and high production.
• Reduce environmental problem caused • Consumer will stay with the conventional
paper due to its lower prices.
by invasive species like water hyacinth
and cogon grass.
• To make new materials in paper products.
200 | Page
To lessen the price of paper made from water hyacinth and cogon grass. Make the
production form 60 papers per day to 150-180 papers per day to make the price of paper competent
to the market of handmade paper. To make the production higher the heat press machine need to
reconstruct into larger machine which can accommodate 3 papers at the same time.
201 | Page
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations from
the results obtained from the actual experimentation.
5.1. Summary of Findings
• The initial pressing of paper reduced a 15% to 61.7% moisture content in the paper.
• After initial pressing, final pressing totally reduced 83.33% to 92.77% of moisture in the
paper.
• The temperature setting greatly affects the heat transfer and the duration of drying.
• Gradual temperature setting will result in a lower temperature difference.
• At 100°C temperature setting, the importance of removing the pellon cloth from the paper
will avoid the chances of pellon cloth sticking to the paper.
• The heat press machine produces a low moisture content paper made from Cogon Grass
and Water Hyacinth.
• The machine consists of two functions. The initial pressing or cold pressing and final
pressing with heater.
• Procedures are consisting of initial pressing with a dwell time of 5 minutes, and heat
pressing with different temperatures setting ranging from 50°C to 170°C with dwelling
time ranging from 570 minutes to 2 minutes respectively.
202 | Page
Using 300kgm Pressing Load
• The 50°C temperature setting removed a moisture content of 89.8% from a single sample.
• The 75°C temperature setting removed a moisture content of 84.62% from a single sample.
• The 100°C temperature setting removed moisture content ranging from 83.33% to 91.11%
and having a 10 data samples.
• The 125°C temperature setting removed moisture content ranging from 88.14% to 90.77%.
and having 10 data samples.
Using 100kgm and 200kgm Pressing Loads
• The 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, and 170°C temperature settings for final pressing removed
moisture content 91.25%, 91.03%, 91.55%, and 92.11% at 100kgm pressing load,
respectively.
• The 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, and 170°C temperature settings for final pressing removed
moisture content 91.67%, 92.19%, 90.16%, and 93.10% at 200kgm pressing load,
respectively.
• The total duration for pressing and drying the paper using 100kgm pressing load ranges
from 9 minutes to 42 minutes.
203 | Page
• The total duration for pressing and drying the paper using 200kgm pressing load takes place
between 9 minutes and 27 minutes.
5.2. Conclusion
The purpose of this study was to design and fabricate a heat-pressing machine for
papermaking made from a combination of cogon grass and water hyacinth, with cassava starch as
a binding agent, as main raw materials. Several trials and testing were done on wet sheets
throughout the process of experimentation. Uniform pressing load and controllable temperature
setting were applied to the pressing and drying process for data gathering.
Initial pressing aided the reduction of moisture content on paper which reduced the
requirement of heat on pressing by simply using pure load. Also, initial pressing was performed
using a fixed pressing load for entire sample papers in the experiment using the machine.
Initial pressing helps in reducing the moisture content of wet paper, that also affects the
time in the drying process. In addition, the level of temperature significantly affected the time of
drying of paper, the lower the temperature the longer it takes to dry the wet sheets. It is proved by
multiple testing of wet sheets that higher temperature level will result in a faster drying process.
In addition, usage of greater pressing load requires a shorter time to dry the paper.
To sum up, the application of pressing with an adequate level of temperature is the most
important factor in the drying process of papermaking. The target moisture removed was achieved
during the process, the percentage of moisture removed was obtained by comparing the mass of
paper before and after the drying process. Although the mass of sample papers was different from
each sample, the drying duration still shows similarities.
204 | Page
5.3. Recommendations
• Consider applying wheels on the table for ease of transport with an additional of levelling
feet for stabilization.
• Apply additional insulations on different machine parts such as the base plate, angle bar,
frame, bearing and pneumatic cylinder rod.
• Use proper instrumentations for pulp sieving to make the sheet forming measurements
consistent.
• Use a larger sieving screen as an allowance for cutting clean edges and consistent paper
sizes.
• Use an alternative couching material (pellon) that can withstand greater heat temperatures
that won't stick to the paper once the drying process starts.
• Use of device or equipment to acquire the newly pressed paper from the heated plate.
• Consider applying a multilayer pressing area for multiple papers pressed in one pressing.
• Redesign the drain canal, make the diameter larger to prevent overflow.
• Redesign the heat sensor, make it closer to acquire more accurate value for the temperature
setting of the temperature controller.
• For further research on using the machine for other types of ingredients
o Other researchers at the Technological University of the Philippines – Taguig, may
use different kinds of paper-making components, the machine can be used to test
for its efficiency on different raw materials.
• Consider developing a machine for sheet forming and couching for papermaking processes.
205 | Page
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APPENDICES
216 | Page
APPENDIX A. RECEIPTS
217 | Page
218 | Page
219 | Page
220 | Page
221 | Page
222 | Page
223 | Page
224 | Page
APPENDIX B. DOCUMENTATION / PHOTOGRAPHS
225 | Page
226 | Page
227 | Page
228 | Page
229 | Page
230 | Page
231 | Page
APPENDIX C. LIST OF ALL EXPENSES

HEAT PRESSING MACHINE
FABRICATION AND METAL COMPONENTS
NO. MATERIAL QTY. UNIT UNIT PRICE PRICE FROM
1 MS PLATE 1 SET 3092 3092 FABRICATOR
2 ALUMINUM PLATE 1 PCS 1106 1106 LIMHUACO
3 ALUMINUM PLATE 1 PCS 1382 1382 LIMHUACO
4 SS ROD 1 PCS 500 500 LIMHUACO
5 ANGLE BAR 2 PCS 1025 2050 FABRICATOR
6 SS ROD 2 PCS 260 520 E-GIZMO
BEARING
7 BEARING 4 PCS 550 2200
COUNTRY
ALUMINUM
8 1 PCS 300 300 FABRICATOR
BRACKET
9 ALUMINUM SPACER 2 PCS 75 150 FABRICATOR
10 ALLEN CAP SCREW 18 PCS 11 198 FABRICATOR
11 ALLEN CAP SCREW 4 PCS 12 48 FABRICATOR
ALLEN CAP SCREW
12 4 PCS 22 88 FABRICATOR
WITH NUT
13 POWDER COATING 1 SET 1330 1330 FABRICATOR
MACHINE
14 1 SET 28000 28000 FABRICATOR
FABRICATON
MACHINE SCREW
15 30 PCS 1 30 DEECO
AND NUT
MACHINE SCREW
16 10 PCS 3 30 MOTOR SHOP
AND NUT
17 ALLEN CAP SCREW 10 PCS 12 120 TO SUY
TOTAL 41144
HEATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
18 HEATER 1 PCS 2845 2830 UNISON
19 SOLID STATE RELAY 1 PCS 260 260 DEECO
DIGITAL TEMP.
20 1 PCS 150 1500 ANIGO
CONTROLLER
21 THERMOCUPLE 1 PCS 280 280 UNISON
22 MICA BOARD INS. 1 PCS 556 556 UNISON
CERAMIC FIBER
23 1 PCS 263 263 UNISON
SHEET
CERAMIC FIBER
24 2 PCS 180 360 UNISON
BLANKET
25 BUTT CONNECTOR 4 PCS 3 12 EDSUN
26 FIBER GLASS WIRE 1 MTRS 35 35 EDSUN
27 FIBER GLASS TUBING 1 MTRS 22 22 EDSUN
TOTAL 6118
232 | Page
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS

28 AIR COMPRESSOR 1 PCS 7250 7250 ANIGO
PNUEMATIC
29 1 PCS 2140 2140 ANIGO
CYLINDER
30 SOLENOID VALVE 1 PCS 920 920 ANIGO
31 FITTINGS 6 PCS 62 372 ANIGO
32 TUBINGS 5 MTRS 34 170 ANIGO
33 SPEED CONTROLLER 2 PCS 163 326 ANIGO
34 SILENCER 2 PCS 32 64 ANIGO
FILTER, REGULATOR
35 1 PCS 1150 1150 ANIGO
AND LUB
36 Y-KNUCKLE 1 PCS 240 240 ANIGO
37 TUBINGS 1 MTRS 13 13 ANIGO
38 FITTINGS 1 PCS 46 46 ANIGO
39 TEFLON TAPE 1 PCS 11 11 SHOPEE
TOTAL 12702
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
40 CONTROL BOX 1 PCS 1050 1050 ANIGO
MAIN POWER
41 1 PCS 544 521 SHOPEE
BUTTON
42 EMERGENCY STOP 1 PCS 73 73 ANIGO
43 CIRCUIT BREAKER 1 PCS 180 180 ANIGO
44 TERMINAL BLOCK 1 PCS 23 23 ANIGO
45 POWER SUPPLY 1 PCS 680 680 DEECO
46 RELAY 4 PCS 150 600 ANIGO
47 RELAY SOCKET 4 PCS 28 112 ANIGO
48 TIMER RELAY 1 PCS 490 490 ANIGO
TIMER RELAY
49 1 PCS 20 20 ANIGO
SOCKET
50 REED SWITCH 1 PCS 200 200 ANIGO
51 PUSH BUTTONS 2 PCS 58 116 ANIGO
LIGHT
52 INDICATOR/PILOT 2 PCS 45 90 ANIGO
LIGHT
BUZZER w/ LIGHT
53 1 PCS 70 70 ANIGO
IND.
54 TERMINAL LUGS 1 PACKS 132 132 ANIGO
55 HEAT SINK 1 PCS 105 105 ANIGO
56 ROYAL WIRE 5 MTRS 55 275 JUNVIER
STRANDED WIRE
57 (RED, BLACK, 25 MTRS 18 450 JUNVIER
OTHER)
58 FUSE BOX 1 PCS 43 43 ANIGO
233 | Page
59 ROCKER SWITCH 1 PCS 25 25 ANIGO

60 DIN RAIL 1 MTRS 110 110 ANIGO
61 CABLE GLAND 3 PCS 8 24 ANIGO
CABLE TIE &
62 2 PACKS 16 32 SHOPEE
HOLDER
63 CABLE TIE HOLDER 5 PACKS 10 50 SHOPEE
64 FABRICATION 1 PCS 2500 2500 --------
65 ELECTRIC PLUG 1 PCS 43 43 SHOPEE
UNIVERSAL
66 1 PCS 36 36 SHOPEE
ADAPTOR/ADAPTER
67 ELECTRICAL TAPE 1 PCS 12 12 SHOPEE
TERMINAL LUG
68 38 PCS 2 76 JUNVIER
ASSORTED
TOTAL 8138
EXPERIMENTATION EXPENSES
69 PELLON CLOTH 3 YARDS 35 105 SHOPEE
70 TEFLON PAPER 4 SHEETS 65 260 SHOPEE
71 SILK SCREEN 1 PCS 130 130 SHOPEE
LA FAMILIA
72 STAPLE CLAMP 1 BOX 60 60
HARDWARE
VILLAGE
73 SILK SCREEN FRAME 1 PCS 144 144 CONSTRUCTION
SUPPLY INC.
74 NaClO (ZONROX) 4 LITERS 42.5 170 PUREGOLD
75 NaOH 1 PACK 360 360 BAMBANG
76 NaOH 1 PACK 69 69 SHOPEE
77 DRIED COGON GRASS 5 BUNDLE 50 250 CALAMBA
DRIED WATER VDM WATER
78 1 BUNDLE 150 150
HYACINTH LILY
79 LPG 1 TANK 250 250 ---------
80 CASSAVA STARCH 1/4 KG 60 15 WET MARKET
SIDEWALK
81 BASAHAN 9 PCS 4 36
STORE
INFRARED O&J GLOBAL
82 1 PCS 480 480
THERMOMETER TRADING
83 THERMOMETER 1 PCS 250 250 BAMBANG
84 MASKING TAPE 1 PCS 25 25 MR. DIY
85 DISPOSABLE GLOVES 5 PAIRS 5 25 SHOPEE
TOTAL 2779
TABLE MAKING EXPENSES
LA FAMILIA
86 PLYWOOD 1 PCS 870 870
HARDWARE
234 | Page
VILLAGE
87 CUTTING DISC 1 PCS 60 60 CONSTRUCTION
SUPPLY INC.
LA FAMILIA
88 FLAP DISC 2 PCS 50 100
HARDWARE
LA FAMILIA
89 STICKWEL 2 PCS 65 130
HARDWARE
DARWIN
90 ANGLE BAR 19 KG 48 912 SILAPAN
TRADING
VILLAGE
91 WELDING ROD 1/2 BOX 240 120 CONSTRUCTION
SUPPLY INC.
PAINTWELL
92 ELASTOMERIC PAINT 2 CANS 20 120
TRAIDING
AUTOMOTIVE PAINTWELL
93 2 CANS 80 160
LACQUER PAINT TRAIDING
94 PAINT BRUSH 1 PCS 21 21 MR. DIY
95 PAINT BRUSH 1 PCS 27 27 MR. DIY
SM HYPER
96 TRAY 1 PCS 150 150
MARKET
TAGUIG
97 SANDPAPER 1 SHEETS 15 15
HARDWARE
TOTAL 2685
PRINT, PAPER, TOKEN AND FOOD EXPENSES
98 PRINT 15 PAGES 5 75 TUP
FOLDER OF
99 SLIDING FOLDER 1 PCS 12 TUP
CONTRACT
100 BOND PAPER 5 RIMS 220 1100 SHOPEE
101 INK 4 COLORS 60 240 SHOPEE
MAKATI SCHOOL
102 PAPER BINDER CLIP 15 105
SUPPLIES
NATIONAL
103 FOLDER 7 PCS 7 49
BOOKS STORE
104 TOKEN 7 SET 286 2002 DAISO JAPAN
105 TOKEN 1 PCS 88 88 DAISO JAPAN
106 STICKER 2 SHEETS 60 120 PRINTING SHOP
107 WIRE TAG 1 SHEETS 60 60 PRINTING SHOP
108 FOOD FOR PANELIST 1 SET 1717 1717 BONCHON
TAGUIG
109 BLENDER REPAIR 1 SET 150 150 ELECTRONIC
REPAIR SHOP
GRAMMAR ON-
110 PROOFREAD 1 SET 1550 1550
THE-GO
111 BOOKBIND 4 SET 400 1200 ESTIMATION
235 | Page
TOTAL 8468
TRANSACTION FEE, DELIVERY FEE AND TRANSPORTATION EXPENSES
UNIT EXPENS LOCATION/
NO. DESCRIPTION QTY. UNIT
EXPENSES ES DROPOFF
112 TRANSPORTATION 3 PAX 70 210 QUIAPO/ MANILA
113 TRANSPORTATION 7 PAX 150 1050 CABUYAO
116 TRANSPORTATION 4 PAX 50 200 ALABANG
118 TRANSPORTATION 4 PAX 85 340 SAN JUAN
128 TRANSPORTATION 5 PAX 78 390 SM STA ROSA
CABUYAO AND
135 TRANSPORTATION 2 PAX 215 430
CALAMBA
QUIAPO AND
TAGUIG
QUIAPO AND
CABUYAO
140 TRANSACTION FEE 1 SET 61 61 --------
FABRICATOR
141 1 SET 1250 1250 TAGUIG
DELIVERY FEE
COURIER DELIVERY
142 1 SET 288 288 TAGUIG
FEE
TOTAL 9088
OVERALL EXPENSES 91122
236 | Page
CURRICULUM
VITAE
237 | Page
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Design and Fabrication of Heat Pressing Machine For Paper Production Using Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass

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Design and Fabrication of Heat Pressing Machine For Paper Production Using Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass

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Technological University of the Philippines-Taguig

Km. 14 East Service Road, Western Bicutan, Taguig City

Mechanical and Allied Department

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HEAT PRESSING MACHINE

ABLOG, JOHN JEFERSON R.

DR. JUNE RAYMOND MARIANO

approval and acceptance.

Engr. Nemalyn P. Decapia June Raymond L. Mariano, Ph.D.

in Mechanical Engineering by the panel of oral examinees.

Engr. Louie J. Canta Engr. Jefferson C. Rufo

Engr. Abegail Joy C. España Engr. Rendel M. Deligos

Prof. Teodoro M. Nimuan

Rexmelle F. Decapia Jr., Ph.D. Engr. Triztan S. Dela Cruz

As senior Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering student of Technological

this request as well.

Engr. Nemalyn P. Decapia June Raymond L. Mariano, Ph.D.

Rexmelle F. Decapia Jr., Ph.D. Engr. Triztan S. Dela Cruz

John Jeferson R. Ablog Emmanuel M. Areglado

John Ruvel P. Cadeliña Mariella D. Candido

John Cristopher C. Dayrit Andrew James L. Jamisola

LANGUAGE EDITING CERTIFICATION

ANGELICA E. JUSTINIANO, LPT

the research and contributed to its overall excellence.

knowledge you have imparted to us.

To our fellow classmates and friends,

To the participants of our study,

our heartfelt gratitude for their time and contributions.

To the university administration and staff,

academic environment that our university has provided.

To our significant partners,

Finally, to anyone else who has supported us during this journey,

for paper production.

temperature, dwell time, and moisture removed.

processing after this process.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND ITS BACKGROUND ................................................ 22

1.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 22

1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY............................................................................. 24

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................... 26

1.3.1. General Objective ................................................................................................ 26

1.3.2. Specific Objectives .............................................................................................. 26

1.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................. 26

1.5. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION .................................................................................. 28

1.5.1. Scope ................................................................................................................... 28

1.5.2. Delimitations ....................................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES ......................... 29

2.1. Overview of Paper Production and Consumption in the Philippines ........................... 29

2.2. Non-wood Fibers as Alternative Raw Materials for Papermaking .............................. 29

2.4. Cogon Grass as Raw Material for Paper Making ......................................................... 31

2.5. Water Hyacinth as Raw Material for Paper Making .................................................... 32

2.6. Characteristics Considered in Paper Making ............................................................... 33

2.7. Chemical Analysis of Water Hyacinth and Cogon Grass ............................................ 33

2.10. Papermaking Processes ................................................................................................ 38

2.10.1. Manual/Handmade Papermaking .................................................................... 38

2.10.2. Conventional Papermaking.............................................................................. 40

2.11. Manual Drying of Paper ............................................................................................... 42

2.12. Pressing and Drying Machines for Handmade Paper ................................................... 43

2.13. Heat transfer ................................................................................................................. 56

2.14. Materials for Heat Pressing Machine ........................................................................... 57

2.14.1. Thermal Insulation ........................................................................................... 57

2.14.2. Heating Element .............................................................................................. 59

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................... 61