‫ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻳﺐﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‪: :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻦ ﺭﻋﺎﺩ ‪ /‬ﺑﻮﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ‪2012/2011‬‬
‫ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‬
‫** ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻘﻨﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻬﻴﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺧﻄﻂ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ‪ ...................‬ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻦ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺃﲤﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰒ ﺃﺭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺇﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺭﻓﻴﻘﻚ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺃﻋﲏ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻚ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫** ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ) ‪: ( Ox / Réd‬‬

‫( ‪(S O‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2−‬‬
‫) ‪6 aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ S2O32−( aq‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2S2O32−( aq ) → S4O62−( aq ) + 2e−‬‬ ‫) ) ( ‪( S O ( ) / SO‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2−‬‬
‫‪8 aq‬‬
‫‪2−‬‬
‫‪4 aq‬‬
‫) ‪S2O82(−aq ) + 2e − = 2 SO42(−aq‬‬

‫( ‪( CO ( ) / H C O‬‬
‫‪2 g‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4 aq‬‬ ‫))‬ ‫‪H 2C2O4 = 2CO2 + 2 H + + 2e −‬‬ ‫) ) (‪( I ( ) / I‬‬
‫‪2 aq‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪aq‬‬
‫‪2 I (−aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2e −‬‬

‫) ) ( ‪(O ( ) / H O‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪aq‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 aq‬‬
‫‪H 2O2( aq ) = O2‬‬ ‫) ‪( aq‬‬ ‫‪+ 2 H (+aq ) + 2e−‬‬ ‫( ‪(H O‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫) ‪2 aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ H 2O( l‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪H 2O2( aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) + 2 e− → 2 H 2O( l‬‬

‫( ‪( Mno‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫) ‪4 aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ Mn(2aq+‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪Mno4−( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5e − = Mn(2aq+ ) + +4 H 2O(l‬‬

‫( ‪(Cr O‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2−‬‬
‫) ‪7 aq‬‬
‫‪/ 2Cr(3aq+‬‬ ‫))‬ ‫) ‪Cr2O72(−aq ) + 14 H (+aq ) + 6e − = 2Cr(3aq+ ) + +7 H 2O( l‬‬

‫** ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ :‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m ρ ×V‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ ‪ m‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺣﺠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ρ‬ﻭ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪: V‬‬
‫) ‪V ( l ) , ρ ( g / l ) , M ( g / mol ) , m ( g‬‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬ ‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬

‫‪VM = 22, 4 l / mol‬‬ ‫‪: (T = 0 0 C = 273,15 0 K ,‬‬ ‫‪P = 1 atm‬‬ ‫‪ : VM ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ )‬ ‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪Vg‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪VM‬‬
‫‪P ×V‬‬
‫‪{P ( pascal ) , V ( m ) , T ( K‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪= 00 C + 273,15 , R = 8,31 SI‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫ﺗِﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪R ×T‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻏﺎﺯ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1× R × T‬‬
‫}‪{1 atm = 1, 013 ×10 pa‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫= ‪VM‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳛﺴﺐ ‪ ) VM‬ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﺃﻱ ‪ ( n = 1 mol‬ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ρeau = 1 Kg / l‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ρs‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪n = 10‬‬
‫‪p×d‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ) ‪ : p ( 0 0‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻭﺓ ‪ : d = ρ s ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪ρ eau‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪n = C × V :‬‬
‫) ‪C 4 H 9Cl ( l ) + 2H 2O ( l ) → C 4 H 9OH ( l ) + H 3O (+aq ) + Cl (−aq‬‬ ‫** ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ ( t ) = λH O  H 3O +  t + λCl Cl −  t‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪x (t ) ‬‬
‫{‬‫) ‪σ ( s / m ) , λ ( s.m2 / mol ) , V ( m3 ) , C ( mol / m3‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫= ) ‪x (t‬‬
‫‪xmax‬‬
‫) ‪.σ ( t‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪σ ( t ) = λH 3O+ + λCl − .‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ max‬‬ ‫‪⇐ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ max‬‬ ‫(‬
‫‪σ = λ + + λ − . xmax ‬‬
‫‪H 3O‬‬ ‫‪Cl‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪1 dx 1 d ( C × V ) dC‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪∆x x2 − x1‬‬ ‫** ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫=‪v‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‪v‬‬ ‫=‪v‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪V dt V‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪∆t t2 − t1‬‬
‫‪20/1‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﲜﺮﺡ ﰲ ﻳﺪﻩ ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ) ‪ H 2O 2(aq‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﻢ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ ‪ 3‬ﻉ ﺕ‬
‫)ﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺴﻮﺟﻴﲏ ﺫﻭ ‪ 20‬ﺣﺠﻮﻡ ) ‪. ( 20 Volumes‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﻧﺰﱘ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻼﺯ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ /‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﳘﺎ ‪. ( H 2O2 / H 2O ) , ( O2 / H 2O2 ) :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻤﺬﺝ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ /‬ﻧﻈﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻓﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻏﻮﺓ ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﻙ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺷﺮﺡ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ؟‬
‫ﺝ‪ /‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻞ ﺗﻨﺼﺤﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺷﺮﺡ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ؟‬
‫‪ -2‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﻘﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻪ ﻣﺰﳚﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻌﺔ ‪. 500 mL‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ) ‪- ( 2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺸﺮ ) ‪( 2‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ )‪- (1‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺸﺮ )‪(1‬‬

‫** ‪ 10 mL‬ﻣﻦ ) ‪ (Fe +3 + 3Cl −‬ﻏﲑ ﳏﻤﺾ‬ ‫** ‪ 5 mL‬ﻣﻦ ) ‪ (Fe +3 + 3Cl −‬ﻏﲑ ﳏﻤﺾ‬
‫** ‪C FeCl3 = 0.2mol / L‬‬ ‫** ‪C FeCl3 = 0.2mol / L‬‬
‫** ‪ 170 mL‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫** ‪ 175mL‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫** ‪ 20mL‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﺑـ ‪ 20‬ﺣﺠﻮﻡ‬ ‫** ‪ 20mL‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﺑـ ‪ 20‬ﺣﺠﻮﻡ‬

‫ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ /‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ] ‪ [ H 2O 2‬ﺑـ ‪ 20‬ﺣﺠﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ /‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪ H 2O 2‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺸﺮﻳﻦ ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ‪ R = 8.314SI :‬ﻭ ‪P = 1.013 ×105 pa‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 10 mL‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﳍﺎ ‪ 10 mL‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺟﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ‪10 mL‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ‪. C = 1mol / L‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ /‬ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪﻱ ؟‬
‫ﺏ‪ /‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) ‪ Fe +3(aq‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ؟‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻧﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ) ) ‪ (K (+aq ) + MnO 4(−aq‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ‪.C = 2.00 ×10−2 mol / L‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﳚﺐ ﺳﻜﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ . V éq‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﲤﻜﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴـــــــــــﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫) ‪t ( min‬‬ ‫‪1, 20‬‬ ‫‪2, 75‬‬ ‫‪4, 24‬‬ ‫‪7, 05‬‬ ‫‪13,32‬‬ ‫‪22, 27‬‬ ‫‪27,38‬‬ ‫‪43, 35‬‬ ‫‪55, 00‬‬
‫) ‪Veq ( min‬‬ ‫‪34, 4‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪21, 6‬‬ ‫‪18,1‬‬ ‫‪14, 2‬‬ ‫‪8, 60‬‬ ‫‪5,90‬‬
‫) ‪n ( H 2O2 )( mmol‬‬
‫) ‪X ( mmol‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪20/2‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴـــــــــــﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧـــــــﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫) ‪t ( min‬‬ ‫‪1, 75‬‬ ‫‪2,30‬‬ ‫‪4, 42‬‬ ‫‪7, 05‬‬ ‫‪13,17‬‬ ‫‪22, 22‬‬ ‫‪27, 42‬‬ ‫‪41,50‬‬ ‫‪55, 00‬‬
‫) ‪Veq ( min‬‬ ‫‪32, 5‬‬ ‫‪31, 0‬‬ ‫‪25, 4‬‬ ‫‪22, 0‬‬ ‫‪15, 0‬‬ ‫‪8, 2‬‬ ‫‪6, 0‬‬ ‫‪3,5‬‬ ‫‪1,8‬‬
‫) ‪n ( H 2O2 )( mmol‬‬
‫) ‪X ( mmol‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ /‬ﺍﺷﺮﺡ ﲟﺨﻄﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ /‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ /‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ /‬ﺍﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳊﻈﺔ ‪ t‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪n( H 2O2 ) = 50 ×  MnO4−  × Véq :‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ /‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ /‬ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻥ‪ /‬ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﲔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭ‪ /‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﲔ ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻱ‪ /‬ﻫﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﲰﻲ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬﻳﻦ ؟‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺳﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ) ‪ ( S1‬ﺑﲑﻭﻛﺴﻮﺩﻳﻜﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ) ) ‪ (2 K (+aq ) + S2O82−( aq‬ﻭﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫) ‪ ( S2‬ﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ) ) ‪ ( K (+aq ) + I −( aq‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪. 250 C‬‬
‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﳕﺰﺝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ) ‪ ( t = 0‬ﺣﺠﻤﺎ ) ‪ (V1 = 50 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ) ‪ ( S1‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ) ‪ ( C1‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ) ‪ (V2 = 50 ml‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ) ‪ ( S2‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ) ‪ . ( C2 = 1 mol / L‬ﻧﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﰲ ﳊﻈﺎﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺘﲔ ﰒ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﳘﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪2−‬‬
‫‪S 2O 8‬‬ ‫‪)mmol‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪- 1 -‬‬ ‫‪. (I‬‬ ‫) ‪2 ( aq‬‬
‫ﻭ ) ) ‪/ I −( aq‬‬ ‫) ) ‪( S2O8 2 −( aq ) / SO4 2−( aq‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ) ‪. ( C1‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻧﺸﻰﺀ ﺟﺪﻭﻻ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻋﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪t (min) 40‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ) ‪. ( t1/2‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ) ‪( t = 10 min‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪20/3‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ‪ CH 3OCH 3‬ﻣﻴﺜﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻥ ) ‪ ( méthoxyméthane‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 504o C‬ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻥ ‪ CH 4‬ﻭ‬
‫) ‪CH 3OCH 3( g ) → CH 4( g ) + CH 2O( g‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻧﺎﻝ ‪ CH 2O‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺪ ﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺎﺀ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ V‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ) ‪ (a‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ‪ CH 3OCH 3‬ﻭ ﻧﻘﻴﺲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ Pt‬ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺀ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪t (min‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪20, 5‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪32, 5‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬ ‫‪160‬‬
‫) ‪Pt (KPa‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪36, 2‬‬ ‫‪38, 6‬‬ ‫‪41, 6‬‬ ‫‪44, 6‬‬ ‫‪46,1‬‬ ‫‪48, 4‬‬ ‫‪49,9‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪56,8‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪59, 6‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ng‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧـﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ t‬ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ‪ (a ) :‬ﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) ‪. x(t‬‬
‫) ‪x(t‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺟــﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ T‬ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ R ،‬ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺃ(‪ -‬ﻋﱪ ﰲ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ t‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫) ‪Pt (KPa‬‬ ‫(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪ ، R = 8.31J / mol.o K‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ ، Pt‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫)‬
‫ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ‪ P0‬ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪. PV = nRT :‬‬
‫ﺏ ( ﺑﲔ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪x(t‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ‪. Pt‬‬ ‫ﺟـ ( ﻋﱪ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪. t = 25 min‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻪ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ) ‪. Pt (t‬‬
‫ﺃ ( ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪. t = 20 min‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫) ‪t (min‬‬ ‫ﺏ ( ﻋﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬ﰒ ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪:‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ) ‪ ، ( t = 0‬ﳕﺰﺝ ﺣﺠﻤﺎ ) ‪ (V1 = 500 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ) ‪ ( S1‬ﻟﺒﲑﻭﻛﺴﻮ ﺩﻳﻜﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ) ) ‪(2 K (+aq ) + S2O8 2 −( aq‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ) ‪ (V2 = 500 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ) ‪ ( S2‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ) ) ‪( K (+aq ) + I −( aq‬‬ ‫‪(C‬‬‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ) ‪= 1, 5 ×10 −2 mol / L‬‬
‫ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ) ‪. ( C2‬‬
‫ﰲ ﳊﻈﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﻭ ﻧﱪﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ ‪ .‬ﻧﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬
‫‪  I‬ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪.‬‬ ‫) ‪2 ( aq‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ‪‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﱪﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ؟‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ‪ ( Ox / Réd‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ؟ ﻋﻠﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪ ؟ ﻋﻠﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻋﲔ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪20/4‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻦ ﺭﻋﺎﺩ ‪ /‬ﺑﻮﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ‪2012/2011‬‬
‫ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-1‬ﺃ‪-‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻤﺬﺝ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪H 2O2 + 2e− + 2 H + = 2 H 2O‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺘﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪H 2O2 = O2 + 2e − + 2 H +‬‬
‫) ‪2 H 2O2( aq ) = O2( g ) + 2 H 2O(l‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻼﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﻧﻨﺼﺢ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻛﻤﻨﻈﻒ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺃ‪ /‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ] ‪ [ H 2O 2‬ﺑـ ) ‪ ( 20‬ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪2 H 2O 2 (aq ) = O 2 ( g ) +‬‬ ‫) ‪2 H 2O (l‬‬ ‫** ﻧﺴﺘﻌﲔ ﲜﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫** ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪n 0 (H 2O 2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪PV M = nRT →V M = 22.4L / mol‬‬
‫ﺡ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪n 0 (H 2O 2 ) − 2x f‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪2x f‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪VO‬‬
‫= ) ) ‪n(O2( g‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪⇐ n(O2( g ) ) = 2( g ) :‬‬ ‫** ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ‪ V = 1L‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﳛﺮﺭ ‪ VO2 = 20 L‬ﻣﻦ ) ‪O 2( g‬‬
‫‪22, 4‬‬ ‫‪VM‬‬
‫‪n(O2( g ) ) = 0,89 mol‬‬ ‫⇐‬
‫‪n( H 2O2 )i = 2 x f = [ H 2O2 ] × V‬‬ ‫** ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ‪ n(O2( g ) ) = x f = 0.89 mol :‬ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪[ H 2O2 ]i = 1.79mol / L‬‬
‫‪n( H 2O2 )i = [ H 2O2 ]i .V‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪ H 2O 2‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺸﺮ ﻳﻦ ) ‪: (VH O = 20 ml‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬

‫‪−2‬‬
‫‪n( H 2O2 )i = 3.6 × 10 mol‬‬ ‫⇐ ‪⇐ n( H 2O2 )i = 1, 79 × 0.02‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) ‪Fe +3(aq‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪MnO‬‬ ‫) ‪4( aq‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﲟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪2MnO‬‬ ‫) ‪4( aq‬‬ ‫‪+ 5H 2O2( aq ) + 6 H‬‬ ‫) ‪( aq‬‬ ‫) ‪= 2Mn(2aq+ ) + 5O2( g ) + 8H 2O(l‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫) ‪2MnO 4(−aq ) + 5H 2O 2(aq ) + 6H (+aq ) = 2Mn (2aq+ ) + 5O 2( g ) + 8H 2O ( l‬‬

‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪nMnO −‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫‪nH 2O2‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪nMnO− − 2 x f‬‬ ‫‪nH 2O2 − 5 x f‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪2x f‬‬ ‫‪5x f‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪20/9‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫‪n ( H 2O 2 ) = 50.  MnO 4−  V‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳊﻈﺔ ‪ t‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‪. éq :‬‬
‫‪5  MnO4−  .Véq‬‬ ‫‪ MnO4−  .Véq [ H 2O2 ] .V‬‬ ‫‪nMnO− nH O‬‬
‫= ‪(1) ............ [ H 2O2 ]i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫⇐‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2V‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪ : V = 10 ml‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪ ) VH O = 200 ml‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ( ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬

‫‪5.  MnO4−  .Véq 200‬‬

‫‪−‬‬
‫‪n( H 2O2 ) tot = 50.  MnO  .Véq ⇐ n( H 2O2 ) tot‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ ⇐ n( H O ) = [ H 2O2 ] .VH O‬ﻣﻦ )‪ (1‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 2 t‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫) ‪( 2 ) .............. n( H O‬‬
‫‪2 2 tot‬‬
‫‪= Véq‬‬ ‫‪⇐ n( H 2O2 ) tot = 50 × 2 × 10−2 .Véq‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪(3.6 × 10−2 − Véq‬‬ ‫) ‪(n( H 2O2 )i − n( H 2O2 ) tot‬‬
‫‪( 3) ............‬‬ ‫=‪x‬‬ ‫= ‪ x‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ) ‪ ( 2‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪⇐ n( H 2O2 ) tot = n( H 2O2 ) i − 2 x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ -‬ﺇﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ) ‪( 3) ; ( 2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴـــــــــــﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫) ‪t ( min‬‬ ‫‪1, 20‬‬ ‫‪2, 75‬‬ ‫‪4, 24‬‬ ‫‪7, 05‬‬ ‫‪13,32‬‬ ‫‪22, 27‬‬ ‫‪27,38‬‬ ‫‪43, 35‬‬ ‫‪55, 00‬‬
‫) ‪Veq ( min‬‬ ‫‪34, 4‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪21, 6‬‬ ‫‪18,1‬‬ ‫‪14, 2‬‬ ‫‪8, 60‬‬ ‫‪5,90‬‬
‫) ‪n ( H 2O2 )( mmol‬‬ ‫‪34, 4‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪21, 6‬‬ ‫‪18,1‬‬ ‫‪14, 2‬‬ ‫‪8, 60‬‬ ‫‪5,90‬‬
‫) ‪X ( mmol‬‬ ‫‪0,8‬‬ ‫‪1,8‬‬ ‫‪2, 5‬‬ ‫‪4, 0‬‬ ‫‪7, 3‬‬ ‫‪8, 95‬‬ ‫‪10,9‬‬ ‫‪13, 7‬‬ ‫‪15, 0‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴـــــــــــﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧـــــــﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫) ‪t ( min‬‬ ‫‪1, 75‬‬ ‫‪2,30‬‬ ‫‪4, 42‬‬ ‫‪7, 05‬‬ ‫‪13,17‬‬ ‫‪22, 22‬‬ ‫‪27, 42‬‬ ‫‪41,50‬‬ ‫‪55, 00‬‬
‫) ‪Veq ( min‬‬ ‫‪32, 5‬‬ ‫‪31, 0‬‬ ‫‪25, 4‬‬ ‫‪22, 0‬‬ ‫‪15, 0‬‬ ‫‪8, 2‬‬ ‫‪6, 0‬‬ ‫‪3,5‬‬ ‫‪1,8‬‬
‫) ‪n ( H 2O2 )( mmol‬‬ ‫‪32, 5‬‬ ‫‪31, 0‬‬ ‫‪25, 4‬‬ ‫‪22, 0‬‬ ‫‪15, 0‬‬ ‫‪8, 2‬‬ ‫‪6, 0‬‬ ‫‪3,5‬‬ ‫‪1,8‬‬
‫) ‪X ( mmol‬‬ ‫‪1, 75‬‬ ‫‪2, 5‬‬ ‫‪5,3‬‬ ‫‪7, 0‬‬ ‫‪10,5‬‬ ‫‪13,9‬‬ ‫‪15, 0‬‬ ‫‪16, 2‬‬ ‫‪17,1‬‬

‫ﻥ‪ -‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﲔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭ‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺸﺮ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( 2‬ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺸﺮ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪. (1‬‬
‫ﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬﻳﻦ ‪................ ، ................ :‬‬

‫‪20/10‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪S 2O 82(−aq ) + 2e − = 2SO 42(−aq‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺘﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2I (−aq ) = I 2(aq ) + 2e −‬‬
‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq ) + 2 I (−aq ) = I ( aq ) 2 + 2 SO42(−aq‬‬

‫‪C2 × V2‬‬
‫‪nS O2−‬‬ ‫‪nS O 2− nI −‬‬
‫‪2 8‬‬
‫=‬
‫= ‪⇐ 28‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫‪10 50‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫≠‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪10 × 10 −3 1× 50 ×10 −3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪⇐ nS O 2− = 10 × 10−3 mol‬‬
‫‪2 8‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪nI − 50‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq‬‬ ‫⇐ ‪ xmax = 10 mmol‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫= ‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪= = 25mmol ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬‫‪S2O82−‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ max‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬‫‪10‬‬‫‪mmol‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪nS O‬‬ ‫‪10 × 10−3‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ) ‪: (C 1‬‬
‫‪2−‬‬
‫‪C1 = 0, 2 mol / l‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐ C1‬‬ ‫‪2 8‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪50 × 10−3‬‬

‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 I (−aq‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 SO42(−aq‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫) ‪I 2( aq‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪10 ×10 −3‬‬ ‫‪50 × 10−3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪10 ×10−3 − x ( t‬‬ ‫‪50 × 10−3 − 2x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2x‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪30 × 10−3‬‬ ‫‪10 ×10 −3‬‬ ‫‪20 × 10−3‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ‪.‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪t1/ 2 ≈ 24 min ⇐ n ( t1/ 2 ) = 5 mmol :‬‬
‫‪xmax‬‬
‫= ) ‪x ( t1/2‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ) ‪ : ( t1/2‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪= 5 × 10 −3 mol :‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ S 2O8−2  = 5 × 10−2 mol / l‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐  S 2O8−2 ‬‬
‫‪(10 − 5) ×10−3‬‬ ‫‪C ×V − x‬‬
‫‪⇐  S 2O8−2  = 1 1‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬

‫‪ I −  = 0, 4 mol / l‬‬ ‫‪⇐  I ‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫=‪‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪50 − 2 × 5 ) × 10−3‬‬ ‫‪C V − 2x‬‬
‫‪⇐  I −  = 2 2‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬

‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻟﲔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ K +  = 0, 7 mol / l‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐  K + ‬‬

‫‪( 2 ×10 + 50 ) ×10−3‬‬ ‫= ‪⇐  K + ‬‬
‫‪2C1V1 + C2V2‬‬
‫**‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬
‫‪5 × 10−3‬‬
‫‪[ I 2 ] = 5 ×10−2 mol / l‬‬ ‫= ] ‪⇐ [ I2‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫= ] ‪⇐ [ I2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫**‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬

‫‪ SO42 −  = 0,1mol / l‬‬ ‫‪2 × 5 ×10 −3‬‬ ‫‪2x‬‬

‫= ‪⇐  SO42− ‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫= ‪⇐  SO42− ‬‬ ‫**‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪V1 + V2‬‬

‫= ‪ v‬ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪n ( S 2O82 − ) = f ( t ) :‬‬

‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪: t = 10 min‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪dn ( S 2O8‬‬ ‫‪2−‬‬
‫)‬ ‫) ‪dn ( S 2O82 −‬‬
‫‪⇐ n ( S 2O82 − ) = 10 − x‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺘﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫) ‪dn ( S 2O82−‬‬
‫‪ ( S 2O‬ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t = 10 min‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ : −‬ﻫﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎﺀ )‬
‫‪2−‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫) ‪dn ( S O‬‬ ‫‪4−9‬‬
‫‪2−‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪v ≈ 0, 21 mmol / min‬‬ ‫‪v=−‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪24 − 0‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪20/11‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫) ‪CH 3OCH 3( g ) → CH 4( g ) + CH 2O( g‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺀ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪a−x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪a − xmax‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪ng = nCH 3OCH 3 + nCH 4 + nCH 2O = ( a − x ) + x + x‬‬
‫⇐ ‪ng = a + x‬‬
‫‪ ) . P = P0 = 32 KPa = 32000 Pa‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ (‬ ‫‪ –3‬ﺃ(‪ -‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ ، t = 0‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a.R.T‬‬
‫= ‪ ، (1) ....... P0‬ﲝﻴﺚ ) ‪( n0 = a‬‬ ‫** ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t = 0‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪⇐ P0 .V = a.R.T : P0 .V = n0 .R.T‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪ Pt .V = nt .R.T‬ﲝﻴﺚ ) ‪.RT + .RT ⇐ Pt .V = ( a + x ) .R.T ⇐ ( nt = a + x‬‬ ‫** ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪: t‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪x Pt − P0‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪( 3) ...............‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (1‬ﳒﺪ ‪ ( 2 ) ........ Pt = P0 + .RT :‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪R.T‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ –3‬ﺏ(‪ -‬ﳚﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻩ ﻷﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﻲ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x Pt − 32 x103‬‬ ‫‪x Pt − P0‬‬
‫‪( 4 ) ...............‬‬ ‫‪= 1.55 x10−4 Pt − 5‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ‬‫=‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ –3‬ﺝ(‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ ( 3‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪8.31x777‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪R.T‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﳌﺎ ‪ t = 25 min‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪Pt = 46,1 KPa = 46100 Pa :‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪= 2 x10−3 mol / L‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ ( 4‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪= 1.55 x10−4. ( 46100 ) − 5 ≈ 2.mol / m3 :‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪[CH 4 ] = [CH 2O ] = 2 x10−3 mol / L ⇐ [CH 4 ] = [CH 2O ] = x :‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪a x‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪a−x‬‬
‫‪[CH 3OCH 3 ] = ( 5 − 2 ) = 3mol / m3‬‬ ‫= ] ‪⇐ [ CH 3OCH 3‬‬ ‫‪− = 0 −‬‬ ‫= ] ‪⇐ [CH 3OCH 3‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V V R.T V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫) ‪Pt (KPa‬‬ ‫‪[CH 3OCH 3 ] = 3x10−3 mol / L‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬

‫‪1 dx‬‬
‫=‪v‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ –4‬ﺃ(‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V dt‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪ ( 4‬ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 dx‬‬ ‫‪dP‬‬
‫=‪v‬‬ ‫‪. = 1.55 x10 − 4. t‬‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪V dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪.‬ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪: P = f ( t‬‬
‫‪∆Pt (60 − 36)x103‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 461.54 Pa / min‬‬
‫‪∆t‬‬ ‫‪52 − 0‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪v = 1,55 x10−4 × 461, 54 :‬‬
‫‪v = 7.1x10−2 mol / m3 min‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬
‫) ‪t (min‬‬ ‫= ) ‪x ( t1/2‬‬ ‫‪ –4‬ﺏ(‪ -‬ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪t1‬‬ ‫** ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪( 5 ) ..... Pt max = P0 + max .R.T : ( 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫) ‪2.V ( P ( t1/ 2 ) − P0‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ‪( 5‬‬ ‫= ‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪⇐ P ( t1/ 2 ) = P0 +‬‬ ‫** ﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪× R.T : t = t1/ 2‬‬
‫‪R.T‬‬ ‫‪2.V‬‬
‫ﳒﺪ ‪ ، P ( t1/2 ) = ( 32 + 60 ) / 2 = 46 KPa ⇐ P ( t1/2 ) = ( P0 + Pt max ) / 2 :‬ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪t1/ 2 = 24 min :‬‬
‫‪20/12‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻧﱪﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ‪ ( Ox / Réd‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻲ ‪ ( S2O82(−aq ) / SO42(−aq ) ) :‬ﻭ ) ) ‪. ( I 2( aq ) / I (−aq‬‬

‫( ‪(I‬‬
‫) ‪2 aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ I (−aq‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2I (−aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2e−‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫( ‪(S O‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2−‬‬
‫) ‪8 aq‬‬
‫) ‪/ SO42(−aq‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq ) + 2e − = 2 SO42(−aq‬‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻫﻮ ) ‪ I (−aq‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ‪ -4.‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﻫﻮ ) ‪ S2O82(−aq‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq ) + 2 I (−aq ) = I ( aq ) 2 + 2 SO42(−aq‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ‪ .‬ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﲔ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪n S2O82(−aq ) = 7,5 ×10−3 mol‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪⇐ n S2O82(−aq ) = C1 × V1‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n ( I ( ) ) = 0,5 × C‬‬
‫‪−‬‬
‫‪aq‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪mol‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪⇐ n I (−aq ) = C2 × V2‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫) ‪S 2O82(−aq‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 I (−aq‬‬ ‫→‬ ‫) ‪I 2( aq‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪2 SO42(−aq‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪7,5 × 10−3‬‬ ‫‪0,5 × C2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪7,5 ×10−3 − x ( t‬‬ ‫) ‪0,5 × C2 − 2 x ( t‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬ ‫) ‪2x (t‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ .‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪7,5 × 10−3 − xmax‬‬ ‫‪0,5 × C2 − 2 xmax‬‬ ‫‪xmax‬‬ ‫‪2xmax‬‬

‫** ﻧﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) ‪ x ( t‬ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪ [ I 2 ] = f ( t‬ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪x (t‬‬
‫= ] ‪[ I2‬‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻥ ‪ nI ( t ) = x ( t ) = [ I 2 ] × V :‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ‪ [ I 2 ] :‬ﻭ ) ‪ x ( t‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪ [ I 2 ] = f ( t‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) ‪ x ( t ) = g ( t‬ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪. t = 25 min‬‬
‫) ‪1 dx ( t ) d ( x ( t ) / V‬‬
‫= ) ‪v (t‬‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫) ‪d ([ I 2 ]t‬‬ ‫) ‪x (t‬‬
‫= ) ‪v (t‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪= [ I 2 ]t :‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪ t = 25 min‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫= ) ‪⇐ v ( 25 min‬‬
‫‪( 3, 9 − 1, 7 ) ×10−3‬‬
‫‪25 − 0‬‬
‫‪v ( 25 min ) = 8.8 ×10 mol / L.min‬‬
‫‪−5‬‬

‫‪[ I2 ] f‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﳒﺪ ‪= 6 × 10 −3 mol / L :‬‬ ‫‪ -9‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ‪[ I 2 ] f‬‬
‫** ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ‪ :‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪x f = 6 ×10−3 mol ⇐ x f = 6 × 10−3 × 1 ⇐ x f = [ I 2 ] f × V = 6 × 10 −3 mol / L :‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ n ( S2O82(−aq ) ) = 7,5 ×10−3 mol‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ) ) ‪ ( S2O82(−aq‬ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ‪ x f‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) ‪. I (−aq‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ : t1/2‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ I‬ﻭ ‪ x t‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟـ ] ‪[ I 2‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ‪. t1/ 2 = 15 min :‬‬ ‫]‪( ) [ 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -11‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ‪ C2‬ﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ‪ :‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ) ‪ I (−aq‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 × 6 ×10−3‬‬ ‫‪2x‬‬
‫‪C2 = 2, 4 ×10 −2 mol / L‬‬ ‫= ‪ C2‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪⇐ C2 = f ⇐ 0,5 × C2 − 2 x f = 0‬‬
‫‪0,5‬‬ ‫‪0,5‬‬
‫‪20/13‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‬