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ﻋﺎﻳﺐﻛﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ: :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ :ﺍﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻦ ﺭﻋﺎﺩ /ﺑﻮﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ 2012/2011
ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ
ﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ
ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ
** ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ .
** ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ .
** ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻘﻨﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .
** ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻬﻴﺄﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ .
** ﺧﻄﻂ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ...................ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ .
** ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻦ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ .
** ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺃﲤﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰒ ﺃﺭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ .
** ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺇﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺭﻓﻴﻘﻚ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺃﻋﲏ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻚ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ .
( ( CO ( ) / H C O
2 g 2 2 4 aq )) H 2C2O4 = 2CO2 + 2 H + + 2e − ) ) (( I ( ) / I
2 aq
−
aq
2 I (−aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2e −
) ) ( (O ( ) / H O
2 aq 2 2 aq
H 2O2( aq ) = O2 ) ( aq + 2 H (+aq ) + 2e− ( (H O
2 ) 2 aq
) / H 2O( l ) ) H 2O2( aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) + 2 e− → 2 H 2O( l
( ( Mno −
) 4 aq
) / Mn(2aq+ ) ) Mno4−( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5e − = Mn(2aq+ ) + +4 H 2O(l
( (Cr O
2
2−
) 7 aq
/ 2Cr(3aq+ )) ) Cr2O72(−aq ) + 14 H (+aq ) + 6e − = 2Cr(3aq+ ) + +7 H 2O( l
** ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ :ﲢﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ :
m ρ ×V -ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ mﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺣﺠﻤﻴﺔ ρﻭ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ : V
) V ( l ) , ρ ( g / l ) , M ( g / mol ) , m ( g ﲝﻴﺚ : =n =
M M
VM = 22, 4 l / mol : (T = 0 0 C = 273,15 0 K , P = 1 atm : VM ،ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ) =n
Vg
-ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ :
VM
P ×V
{P ( pascal ) , V ( m ) , T ( K 3 0
)
= 00 C + 273,15 , R = 8,31 SI } ﺗِﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ =n
R ×T
-ﻏﺎﺯ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ :
1× R × T
}{1 atm = 1, 013 ×10 pa 5
= VM
P
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳛﺴﺐ ) VMﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﺃﻱ ( n = 1 molﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ :
ρeau = 1 Kg / l :ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ، ρs . n = 10
p×d -ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ) : p ( 0 0ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻭﺓ : d = ρ s ،ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ :
M ρ eau
-ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ n = C × V :
) C 4 H 9Cl ( l ) + 2H 2O ( l ) → C 4 H 9OH ( l ) + H 3O (+aq ) + Cl (−aq ** ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ :
σ ( t ) = λH O H 3O + t + λCl Cl − t
+ −
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
3
x (t )
{) σ ( s / m ) , λ ( s.m2 / mol ) , V ( m3 ) , C ( mol / m3 } = ) x (t
xmax
) .σ ( t
(
σ ( t ) = λH 3O+ + λCl − . )
V
ﲝﻴﺚ:
σ max ⇐
max (
σ = λ + + λ − . xmax
H 3O Cl )
V
1 dx 1 d ( C × V ) dC ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ : dx ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ : ∆x x2 − x1 ** ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ :
=v = = =v =v =
V dt V dt dt dt ∆t t2 − t1
20/1
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :
ﲜﺮﺡ ﰲ ﻳﺪﻩ .ﻓﺎﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ) H 2O 2(aqﲢﻤﻞ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﻢ 2 ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ 3ﻉ ﺕ
)ﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺴﻮﺟﻴﲏ ﺫﻭ 20ﺣﺠﻮﻡ ) . ( 20 Volumes
ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ،ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ .
-1ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﻧﺰﱘ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻼﺯ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ .
ﺃ /ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﳘﺎ . ( H 2O2 / H 2O ) , ( O2 / H 2O2 ) :
-ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻤﺬﺝ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ .
ﺏ /ﻧﻈﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻓﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻏﻮﺓ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﻙ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ .
-ﺇﺷﺮﺡ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ؟
ﺝ /ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻫﻞ ﺗﻨﺼﺤﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ،ﺇﺷﺮﺡ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ؟
-2ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﻘﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻪ ﻣﺰﳚﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻌﺔ . 500 mL
(K )
aq
+ −
ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ +I H 2O2
ﺣﻴﺚ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ C = 0,1 mol / l ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ) ( H 2O2
)(1 18 ml 2 ml
ﳓﻘﻖ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻄﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ :
)( 2 10 ml 1 ml
ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ ﻭﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ
ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ) ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ( . 30 mlﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ :
) 2 I (−aq ) + H 2O2( aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) → I 2( aq ) + 2 H 2O(l
-1ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ .ﰒ ﺇﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ .
– 2ﺃ -ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ .
ﺏ -ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
) [ I 2 ] ( mol / l – 3ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ .
1 ﺃ – ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﳌﺎ t = 30 min ﺏ– ﺇﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ )(1
ﺟـ -ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ) (1ﻋﻨﺪ t = 30 minﺇﻧﺘﻬﻰ ؟ ﻋﻠﻞ .
2
– 4ﺃ -ﻋﺮﻑ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ . I 2( aq )
. ﺏ -ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ t = 5 min
20/8
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ :ﺍﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻦ ﺭﻋﺎﺩ /ﺑﻮﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ 2012/2011
ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ
20 VO
= ) ) n(O2( g ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ⇐ n(O2( g ) ) = 2( g ) : ** ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ V = 1Lﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﳛﺮﺭ VO2 = 20 Lﻣﻦ ) O 2( g
22, 4 VM
n(O2( g ) ) = 0,89 mol ⇐
n( H 2O2 )i = 2 x f = [ H 2O2 ] × V ** ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ n(O2( g ) ) = x f = 0.89 mol :ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ [ H 2O2 ]i = 1.79mol / L
n( H 2O2 )i = [ H 2O2 ]i .V ﺏ -ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟـ H 2O 2ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺸﺮ ﻳﻦ ) : (VH O = 20 ml
2 2
−2
n( H 2O2 )i = 3.6 × 10 mol ⇐ ⇐ n( H 2O2 )i = 1, 79 × 0.02
-3ﺃ -ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ .
ﺏ /ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) Fe +3(aq
−
MnO ) 4( aq
ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ .
-4ﺃ -ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﲟﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ :ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ :
ﺏ -ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ :
− +
ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮ 2MnO ) 4( aq + 5H 2O2( aq ) + 6 H ) ( aq ) = 2Mn(2aq+ ) + 5O2( g ) + 8H 2O(l
ﺝ -ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ :
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) 2MnO 4(−aq ) + 5H 2O 2(aq ) + 6H (+aq ) = 2Mn (2aq+ ) + 5O 2( g ) + 8H 2O ( l
20/9
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ
n ( H 2O 2 ) = 50. MnO 4− V
ﺩ -ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳊﻈﺔ tﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ . éq :
5 MnO4− .Véq MnO4− .Véq [ H 2O2 ] .V nMnO− nH O
= (1) ............ [ H 2O2 ]i i ⇐ i
= i
⇐ 4
= 2 2 ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ :
2V 2 5 2 5
: V = 10 mlﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ) VH O = 200 mlﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ( ﺗﻜﻮﻥ :
2 2
) ( 2 ) .............. n( H O
2 2 tot
= Véq ⇐ n( H 2O2 ) tot = 50 × 2 × 10−2 .Véq ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ :
ﻫـ -ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ .
) (3.6 × 10−2 − Véq ) (n( H 2O2 )i − n( H 2O2 ) tot
( 3) ............ =x = xﻭ ﻣﻦ ) ( 2ﳒﺪ : ⇐ n( H 2O2 ) tot = n( H 2O2 ) i − 2 x
2 2
ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ . ﻭ -ﺇﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ :ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ) ( 3) ; ( 2
ﺍﻟﺒﻴـــــــــــﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
) t ( min 1, 20 2, 75 4, 24 7, 05 13,32 22, 27 27,38 43, 35 55, 00
) Veq ( min 34, 4 33 31 28 21, 6 18,1 14, 2 8, 60 5,90
) n ( H 2O2 )( mmol 34, 4 33 31 28 21, 6 18,1 14, 2 8, 60 5,90
) X ( mmol 0,8 1,8 2, 5 4, 0 7, 3 8, 95 10,9 13, 7 15, 0
ﺍﻟﺒﻴـــــــــــﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧـــــــﻲ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
) t ( min 1, 75 2,30 4, 42 7, 05 13,17 22, 22 27, 42 41,50 55, 00
) Veq ( min 32, 5 31, 0 25, 4 22, 0 15, 0 8, 2 6, 0 3,5 1,8
) n ( H 2O2 )( mmol 32, 5 31, 0 25, 4 22, 0 15, 0 8, 2 6, 0 3,5 1,8
) X ( mmol 1, 75 2, 5 5,3 7, 0 10,5 13,9 15, 0 16, 2 17,1
20/10
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ
ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :
) S 2O 82(−aq ) + 2e − = 2SO 42(−aq -1ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺘﲔ :
2I (−aq ) = I 2(aq ) + 2e −
) S 2O82(−aq ) + 2 I (−aq ) = I ( aq ) 2 + 2 SO42(−aq
C2 × V2
nS O2− nS O 2− nI −
2 8
=
= ⇐ 28 -2ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ :
1 2 1 2
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ
10 50
1
≠
2
ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ
10 × 10 −3 1× 50 ×10 −3
1
=
2
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ⇐ nS O 2− = 10 × 10−3 mol
2 8
( )
-3ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﻈﻤﻲ :
nI − 50
) S 2O82(−aq ⇐ xmax = 10 mmolﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻫﻮ : = xmax = = 25mmol ﻋﻨﺪ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
2 2
nS2O82− 10
x
max = = =10mmol
1 1
-6ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ :ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ .ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ t1/ 2 ≈ 24 min ⇐ n ( t1/ 2 ) = 5 mmol :
xmax
= ) x ( t1/2 -7ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ) : ( t1/2ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ = 5 × 10 −3 mol :
2
S 2O8−2 = 5 × 10−2 mol / l = ⇐ S 2O8−2
(10 − 5) ×10−3 C ×V − x
⇐ S 2O8−2 = 1 1 **
−1
10 V1 + V2
( (I
) 2 aq
) / I (−aq ) 2I (−aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2e− ﻭ ( (S O
2
2−
) 8 aq
) / SO42(−aq ) ) S 2O82(−aq ) + 2e − = 2 SO42(−aq ﲝﻴﺚ
-3ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻫﻮ ) I (−aqﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ -4.ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﻫﻮ ) S2O82(−aqﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ .
) S 2O82(−aq ) + 2 I (−aq ) = I ( aq ) 2 + 2 SO42(−aq -5ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ .ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﲔ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ :
( )
n S2O82(−aq ) = 7,5 ×10−3 mol ( )
⇐ n S2O82(−aq ) = C1 × V1 -6ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ :
n ( I ( ) ) = 0,5 × C
−
aq 2 mol ) (
⇐ n I (−aq ) = C2 × V2
ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) S 2O82(−aq + ) 2 I (−aq → ) I 2( aq + ) 2 SO42(−aq -7ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ :
** ﻧﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) x ( tﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) [ I 2 ] = f ( tﺍﳌﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .
) x (t
= ] [ I2 ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻥ nI ( t ) = x ( t ) = [ I 2 ] × V :ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ :
V 2
ﺇﺫﻥ [ I 2 ] :ﻭ ) x ( tﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) [ I 2 ] = f ( tﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) x ( t ) = g ( tﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ .
-8ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ . t = 25 min
) 1 dx ( t ) d ( x ( t ) / V
= ) v (t. = ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ :
V dt dt
) d ([ I 2 ]t ) x (t
= ) v (t ⇐ ﲝﻴﺚ = [ I 2 ]t :
dt V
ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ t = 25 minﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﻞ
ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ .
= ) ⇐ v ( 25 min
( 3, 9 − 1, 7 ) ×10−3
25 − 0
v ( 25 min ) = 8.8 ×10 mol / L.min
−5
[ I2 ] f :ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﳒﺪ = 6 × 10 −3 mol / L : -9ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ [ I 2 ] f
** ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ :ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ x f = 6 ×10−3 mol ⇐ x f = 6 × 10−3 × 1 ⇐ x f = [ I 2 ] f × V = 6 × 10 −3 mol / L :
ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ n ( S2O82(−aq ) ) = 7,5 ×10−3 molﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ) ) ( S2O82(−aqﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ x fﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) . I (−aq
-10ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ : t1/2ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ .
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ Iﻭ x tﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ :ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟـ ] [ I 2
ﻫﻲ . t1/ 2 = 15 min : ]( ) [ 2
2
-11ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ C2ﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ :ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ) I (−aqﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ :
2 × 6 ×10−3 2x
C2 = 2, 4 ×10 −2 mol / L = C2ﻭﻣﻨﻪ : ⇐ C2 = f ⇐ 0,5 × C2 − 2 x f = 0
0,5 0,5
20/13
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ
ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :
. (( H
+
) aq
)/ H2 (g ( ( Znﻭ ) 2+
) aq
) / Zn( S ) -1ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ( Ox / Rédﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻲ :
(( H +
) aq
)/ H2 (g ) ) 2 H (+aq ) + 2e− = H 2 ( g ﻭ (( Zn 2+
) aq
) / Zn( S ) Zn( S ) = Zn(2a+q ) + 2e − : ﲝﻴﺚ
VH 2
= ) n ( H2 -2ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟـﻐﺎﺯ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ) n ( H 2ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ VMﻭ : VH
VM 2
20/14
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ
ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ :
** ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ :ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) ( 2
-1ﻧﻀﻊ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﰲ 40 mlﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ .
-2ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ( 2ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﻧﺼﻔﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ :
( 2Mno −
) 4 ( aq
) / Mn 2(+aq ) ) Mno4− ( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5 e − = Mn 2(+aq ) + 4 H 2O( aq
ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) 5C3 H 8O( aq ) + 2 Mno4− ( aq ) + 6 H (+aq ) = 5C3 H 6O( aq ) + 2 Mn 2(+aq ) + 6 H 2O( aq
ﺡ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ n0′ = 1, 3 × 10−2 n0 = 10−2 ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ 0 0 ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ
ﺡ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) 1,3 ×10−2 − 5x ( t ) 10−2 − 2x ( t ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ) 5x ( t ) 2x ( t ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ
−2 −2
ﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ 1,3 × 10 − 5 xmax − 2 xmax ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ
10
5 xmax 2 xmax
-3ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ . t = 50 sﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ x ( 50 s ) = 1,97 ×10 mol :
−3
) n ( mol (
n H 3O + ) ) n ( CO2 (
n Ca +2 )
ﳌﺎ t = 50 s n ( H 3O + ) − 2 x ( 50 s ) = 6, 06 ×10−3 x ( 50s ) = 1,97 ×10−3 x ( 50s ) = 1,97 ×10−3
20/16
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ
-7ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳊﻈﺔ ﲜﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ .
-8ﺃ -ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ H 3O(+aq ) ، Ca(+aq2 ) :ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ ) . Cl(−aq
σ ( t ) = λCl Cl − t + λH O H 3O + t + λCa Ca +2 t
− + +2 ﺏ -ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ σ 0ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ) ( t = 0
3
ﺝ -ﺗﺒﻴﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ) σ ( tﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ) x ( tﲝﻴﺚ . σ ( t ) = 4, 25 − 580.x ( t ) :
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ (1) ................... σ ( t ) = λCl Cl − t + λH O H 3O + t + λCa Ca +2 t :
−
3
+ +2
** ) : Cl(−aqﺷﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ . Cl − 0 = Cl − t = 102 mol / m3 :
( ) ( ) ( )
-ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﲜﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ nt H 3O + = n0 H 3O + − 2 x ( t ) :ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ nt Ca +2 = x ( t ) :
+
= H 3O
) 10−2 − 2 x ( t
= ⇐ H 3O + ( )
) n H 3O + − 2 x ( t
**
t 100 × 10−6 t V
+2 ) x (t +2 ) x (t
Ca t = 100 ×10 −6 ⇐ Ca t = V **
−3 10
−2
) − 2x (t ) x (t
× σ ( t ) = 7,5 × 10 × 10 + 35 × 10
−3 +2
+ 12 × 10 −3
× ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (1ﳒﺪ :
100 × 10−6 100 ×10 −6
) σ ( t ) = 4, 25 − 580.x ( t ) ⇐ σ ( t ) = 0,75 + 3,5 − 700 × x ( t ) + 120 × x ( t
) σ ( t ) = 4, 25 − 580.x ( t ﻭﻣﻨﻪ :
σ max = 4, 25 − 580 × 5 × 10−3 mol ⇐ σ max = 4, 25 − 580.xmax ﺩ -ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ . σ max
σ max = 1,35 s / m ⇐
20/17
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ
ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ :
-1ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ) ( Ox / Rédﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ :
( (I
) 2 aq
) / I (−aq ) 2 I(−aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2 e−
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) 2 I (−aq + ) H 2O2( aq + ) 2 H (+aq = ) I 2( aq + ) 2 H 2O( l
ﺡ .ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ 1,8 × 10 −3 0, 2 × 10−3 ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ 0 ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ
) 1,8 ×10−3 − 2x ( tﺡ .ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) 0, 2 × 10−3 − x ( t ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ x ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ
ﺡ .ﺎﺋﻴﺔ 1, 4 × 10−3 0 ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ 0, 2 × 10−3 ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ
x f = 0, 2 × 10−3 ⇐ { أو x f = 0, 2 ×10−3 2 x f = 1,8 ×10−3 }: ﲝﻴﺚ ﰲ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ
(n ) ( I2 = xf –3ﺃ– ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﺩ ) :
0, 2 × 10−3 ) n( I
= ] [ I 2 ] = 6, 67 ×10−3 mol / L ⇐ [ I 2 ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺎ ⇐ [ I 2 ] = 2 :
0, 03 Vtotale
[ I 2 ] = 5,3 × 10−3 mol / L ﺏ– ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ) (1ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ : t = 30 minﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﳒﺪ :
ﺝ -ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﱂ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﱃ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ .
] d [ I2
=v -4ﺃ– ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ :
dt
ﺏ– ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ .
ﺝ -ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ) (1ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ) . ( 2
ﺩ -ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ،ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ،ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ – ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﲪﻀﻲ .
20/18
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ
ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ :
-1ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ :ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﱰﻳﻮﻡ ، Mg +2 :ﻭ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ H 2( g ) :
−2
n0 ( Mg ) = 3, 7 × 10−3 mol ⇐ n0 ( Mg ) = 9 ×10 = ) ⇐ n0 ( Mg
m
-2ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ :
24,3 M
n0 ( H + ) = 2 × 10−2 mol ⇐ n0 ( H + ) = 1.10−1 × 200 × 10−3 ⇐ n0 ( H + ) = n0 ( HCl ) = C × V ′
--3ﺃ -ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ
) Mg ( s + ) 2H + (aq = ) Mg +2(aq + ) H 2( g
ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ n0 ( Mg ) = 3, 7 × 10−3 mol n0 ( H + ) = 2 × 10 −2 mol 0 0
ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) 3, 7 × 10−3 − x ( t ) 2 × 10−2 − 2 x ( t ) x (t ) x (t
ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ 3, 7 × 10−3 − x f 2 ×10−2 − 2 x f xf xf
ﺏ -ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ :
x f = 10−2 2 ×10−2 − 2 x f = 0
x f = 3, 7 × 10−3 mol ﻭﻣﻨﻪ : ⇐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ﳒﺪ :ﺃﻭ
−3 −3
x f = 3,7 ×10 3, 7 ×10 − x f = 0
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺪ ﻫﻮ :ﺍﳌﻐﱰﻳﻮﻡ ) ( Mgﻷﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻔﺬ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ .
PH 2V H 2 = n H RT
2
-4ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ xﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ : PHﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ
2
20/19
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ
xmax
= ) x ( t1/2ﲝﻴﺚ xmax = 3, 6 mmolﺑﺎﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ t1/ 2 = 87,5 s : -6ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ :ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ = 1,8 mmol :
2
1 3,8 − 1, 5 dx
v = 5, 75 × 10−5 mol / s.l =⇐ v :ﳝﺜﻞ ﳑﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ t=180sﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳒﺪ
0, 2 220 − 20 dt
-7ﺗﻌﻴﱭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ t = 180 sﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ) Mg+2(aqﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ :
ﳓﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ، 293 K 0ﺃﻱ ﺣﺠﻢ 1 mol
1× 8, 31× 293 n.R.T
= V0 = 24,13 L ⇐ V0 = 2413 ×105 m3 ⇐ V0ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﳌﺎ t = 180 sﳒﺪ : = ⇐ V0 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ :
1, 009 × 10 5
P
Vg
VH 2 = 82 ml ⇐ VH 2 = 24,13 × 3, 4 × 10−3 = ⇐ nH 2 ** ; x = 3, 4 mmol = nH 2
V0
3, 4 ×10−3 nMg 2+
Mg 2 + = 1, 7 ×10 −2 mol / l = Mg 2+ = ⇐ Mg 2+ ⇐ nH 2 = nMg 2+ = Mg 2+ V **
0, 2 V
) x (t
= H 3O + t = Cl − tﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (1ﳒﺪ : ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﻥ :
V
=K
(λ H 3O +
+ λCl − ) ﲝﻴﺚ : ( 2 ) .................. =σ
(λ H 3O +
+ λCl − ) ) x (t
V V
σ ×V σ (t ) .n 0
= ) x (t = ) x (tﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ( 2ﳒﺪ : -4ﺗﺒﻴﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ tﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ :
(λH 3O +
+ λCl − ) σf
n0 ×σ n 0 × σ ×V
= ) x (t ﻓﻨﺠﺪ : = ) x (t : ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ n 0ﳒﺪ
V
xf
(
× λH O + + λCl −
3
) (
n 0 × λH O + + λCl −
3
)
σ ( t ) .n0
= ) x (t
σf
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ
xf
V
(
× λH O + + λCl − = σ f
3
) ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ( 2ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ
5,1× 3, 7 × 10−3
x ( t ) = 2,07 × 10−3 mol = ) ⇐ x (t -5ﺃ -ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ) x (tﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ : t 1
9,1
ﺏ -ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ n ( t1 ) = 1, 63 × 10−3 ⇐ n ( t1 ) = 3, 7 × 10−3 − 2, 07 × 10−3 ⇐ n ( t1 ) = 3, 7 × 10−3 − x ( t ) :
m
= ) m = 92,5 × 1, 63 ×10 −3 ⇐ m = M × n ( t1 ) ⇐ n ( t1ﻭﻣﻨﻪ m = 0,15 g
M