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3 Serie 10 Exosol Aiebk Unite1
3 Serie 10 Exosol Aiebk Unite1
ﻋﺎﻳﺐﻛﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ: :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ :ﺍﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻦ ﺭﻋﺎﺩ /ﺑﻮﺳﻌﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ 2012/2011
ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ
ﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ
ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ
** ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ .
** ﺍﻧﺘﺒﻪ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ .
** ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻘﻨﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .
** ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻬﻴﺄﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ .
** ﺧﻄﻂ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ...................ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ .
** ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻦ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ .
** ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺃﲤﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰒ ﺃﺭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ .
** ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺇﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺭﻓﻴﻘﻚ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺃﻋﲏ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻚ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ .
( ( CO ( ) / H C O
2 g 2 2 4 aq )) H 2C2O4 = 2CO2 + 2 H + + 2e − ) ) (( I ( ) / I
2 aq
−
aq
2 I (−aq ) = I 2( aq ) + 2e −
) ) ( (O ( ) / H O
2 aq 2 2 aq
H 2O2( aq ) = O2 ) ( aq + 2 H (+aq ) + 2e− ( (H O
2 ) 2 aq
) / H 2O( l ) ) H 2O2( aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) + 2 e− → 2 H 2O( l
( ( Mno −
) 4 aq
) / Mn(2aq+ ) ) Mno4−( aq ) + 8 H (+aq ) + 5e − = Mn(2aq+ ) + +4 H 2O(l
( (Cr O
2
2−
) 7 aq
/ 2Cr(3aq+ )) ) Cr2O72(−aq ) + 14 H (+aq ) + 6e − = 2Cr(3aq+ ) + +7 H 2O( l
** ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ :ﲢﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ :
m ρ ×V -ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ mﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺣﺠﻤﻴﺔ ρﻭ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ : V
) V ( l ) , ρ ( g / l ) , M ( g / mol ) , m ( g ﲝﻴﺚ : =n =
M M
VM = 22, 4 l / mol : (T = 0 0 C = 273,15 0 K , P = 1 atm : VM ،ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ) =n
Vg
-ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ :
VM
P ×V
{P ( pascal ) , V ( m ) , T ( K 3 0
)
= 00 C + 273,15 , R = 8,31 SI } ﺗِﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ =n
R ×T
-ﻏﺎﺯ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ :
1× R × T
}{1 atm = 1, 013 ×10 pa 5
= VM
P
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳛﺴﺐ ) VMﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﺃﻱ ( n = 1 molﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ :
ρeau = 1 Kg / l :ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ، ρs . n = 10
p×d -ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ) : p ( 0 0ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻭﺓ : d = ρ s ،ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ :
M ρ eau
-ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ n = C × V :
) C 4 H 9Cl ( l ) + 2H 2O ( l ) → C 4 H 9OH ( l ) + H 3O (+aq ) + Cl (−aq ** ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ :
σ ( t ) = λH O H 3O + t + λCl Cl − t
+ −
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
3
x (t )
{) σ ( s / m ) , λ ( s.m2 / mol ) , V ( m3 ) , C ( mol / m3 } = ) x (t
xmax
) .σ ( t
(
σ ( t ) = λH 3O+ + λCl − . )
V
ﲝﻴﺚ:
σ max ⇐
max (
σ = λ + + λ − . xmax
H 3O Cl )
V
1 dx 1 d ( C × V ) dC ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ : dx ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ : ∆x x2 − x1 ** ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ :
=v = = =v =v =
V dt V dt dt dt ∆t t2 − t1
20/1
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :
ﲜﺮﺡ ﰲ ﻳﺪﻩ .ﻓﺎﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ) H 2O 2(aqﲢﻤﻞ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﻢ 2 ﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ 3ﻉ ﺕ
)ﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺴﻮﺟﻴﲏ ﺫﻭ 20ﺣﺠﻮﻡ ) . ( 20 Volumes
ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ،ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ .
-1ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﻧﺰﱘ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻼﺯ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ .
ﺃ /ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﳘﺎ . ( H 2O2 / H 2O ) , ( O2 / H 2O2 ) :
-ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻤﺬﺝ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ .
ﺏ /ﻧﻈﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﻓﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻏﻮﺓ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﻙ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ .
-ﺇﺷﺮﺡ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ؟
ﺝ /ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻫﻞ ﺗﻨﺼﺤﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ،ﺇﺷﺮﺡ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ؟
-2ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺪ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﻘﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻪ ﻣﺰﳚﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻌﺔ . 500 mL
(K )
aq
+ −
ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ +I H 2O2
ﺣﻴﺚ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ C = 0,1 mol / l ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ) ( H 2O2
)(1 18 ml 2 ml
ﳓﻘﻖ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻄﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ :
)( 2 10 ml 1 ml
ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ ﻭﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ
ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ) ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ( . 30 mlﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ :
) 2 I (−aq ) + H 2O2( aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) → I 2( aq ) + 2 H 2O(l
-1ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ .ﰒ ﺇﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ .
– 2ﺃ -ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ .
ﺏ -ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
) [ I 2 ] ( mol / l – 3ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ .
1 ﺃ – ﺃﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ .
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﳌﺎ t = 30 min ﺏ– ﺇﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ )(1
ﺟـ -ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ) (1ﻋﻨﺪ t = 30 minﺇﻧﺘﻬﻰ ؟ ﻋﻠﻞ .
2
– 4ﺃ -ﻋﺮﻑ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ . I 2( aq )
. ﺏ -ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ t = 5 min
20/8
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ :ﻋﺎﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ