თამარ მახარობლიძე

Qvin-ra kategoriis
sinqroniuli analizisaTvis qarTulSi

qarTvelologiur tradiciul enaTmecnierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom

qarTulsa da, saerTod, qarTvelur enebSi ar arsebobs adamiani-
nivTis morfologiuri kategoria. Cven viziarebT Aarnold Ciqobavas
mier gamoTqmul (Tavis droze uaryofil) sapirispiro mosazrebas.
qarTvelur enebSi da, ra Tqma unda, kerZod, qarTul enaSi araTu
diaqroniul WrilSi, aramed sinqroniul donezec gvaqvs sakmaod
mkafiod gamoxatuli vin-ra kategoriis morfosemantika.
DarsebiT saxelebSi arsebobs aRiarebuli leqsikuri jgufebi vin da
ra, sadac mkveTrad aris es opozicia gamijnuli. ismis kiTxva: raSi
dasWirda tradiciul enaTmecnierebasDarsebiT saxelTa
morfologiaSi amdagvari leqsikur-semantikuri jgufis Setana?
adamiani-nivTis kategoria asaxvas povebs enis morfo-semantur
da morfo-sintaqsur doneze sxvadasxvagvari gamovlinebiT. am
kategoriis wminda leqsikur-semantikuri Rirebulebebi aisaxeba
zemoxsenebul arsebiTi saxelis jgufebsa da nacvalsaxelebSi. es
imdenad naTelia, rom Cven uxerxuladac migvaCnia
specialistebisaTvis nacvalsaxelebSi am kategoriis Zireuli
mniSvnelobis mtkiceba. aRvniSnavT mxolod im garemoebas, rom
piris kategoriis ZiriTadi diaTeza swored vin-ra morfosemantikuri
kategoriis arsSiOmdgomareobs da es kategoria asaxulia
nacvalsaxelTa sxvadasxva jgufSi.
pirveli da meore pirebi aris vin kategoriis. mesame piris
semantika gacilebiT farToa, igi moicavs adamianisa da nivTis
kategoriebs da amdenad, brunvis formebSi adamiani-nivTis
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kategoriis saopozicio formaTa gaCenac amitom swored mesame
pirSi iyo mosalodneli. is-man/mas opoziciuri fuZemonacvleobac
iZleva Sesabamis semantikur safuZvels, rom savsebiT
daveTanxmoT a. Ciqobavas klas-kategoriis niSnebis gamoyofis
sakiTxSi. Mman/mas brunvebi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, adamianis
kategoriis aRmniSvnelia: man – rogorc moazrovne subieqtis
brunva da mas – rogorc dativi, iribi obieqtis anu zmnis
moqmedebaSi CarTuli meore sulieri, vin-kategoriis aqtantis
brunva. sagulisxmoa, rom nacvalsaxelTa danarCen brunvaTa
formebi analogiiTaa nawarmoebi da xSirad arc gamoiyeneba an,
saerTod, formanaklia. qarTulSi nacvalsaxelTa fleqsia kavkasiuri
enebisaTvis nacnob e. w. ergatiuli brunebis models imeorebs.
(mas, misi, man - aq m adamianis niSania, s, n – nivTisa).Uufro
zustad, orive SemTxvevaSi es aris adamianis anu moazrovne
subieqtis kategoria, romelic ergativad aisaxeba am tipis
brunebaSi.
vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoria asaxulia brunvaSic – gvaqvs
sasubieqto da saobieqto brunvebi. Bbrunvis sistemaSi am
kategoriis asaxva savsebiT bunebrivia, ramdenadac aRaravin
davobs brunvis formaTa nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis Taobaze.
cxadia, vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoria nacvalsaxelebidan
gadavidoda saxelTa brunebis sistemaSic. Aamas winaT
gamoqveynebul naSromSi Cven gamovTqviT mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom ergativi aris moazrovne subieqtis mier Sesrulebuli
aqti da vin-sulierobis morfo-semantika aris amosavali. zanurSi
ergativis referenti “q” momdinareobs ganusazRvreli
nacvalsaxelidan k-oCi / k-aci (-ac/-uc determinanti sufiqsebi ucxo
araa qarTulisaTvis, iseve rogorc -oC/-uC megrulisaTvis). qarTulsa
da svanurSic moTxrobiTis m/man nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis

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niSani unda momdinareobdes vin-adamianis kategoriidan (me,
mare - svan.).
sasubieqto brunvebis garda vin-sulierobis kategoria Sesabamisi
referentiTaa mocemuli axal QqarTulSi vokativSi. mTlianad Zvel
qarTulSi am kategoriis ufro aSkara suraTia sakuTar saxelTa
brunebaSi. Ees garkveulwilad axal qarTulSi dResac aris
gamoxatuli brunvasa da ricxvSi.
vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoria naTlad aisaxeba zmnis
pirebSic,Mm- - pirveli obieqturi piris niSani, v- - pirveli subieqturi
piris niSani formidan v-in.
amdenad, savsebiT naTeli suraTia vin-ra morfosemantikuri
kategoriis arsebobisa saxelebisa da zmnebis fleqsiaSi Sesabamisi
referentebiT. Eenis sinqroniul doneze gafermkrTalebulia
adamiani-nivTis kategoriis etimologiuri suraTi. sinamdvileSi
zemoT aRniSnuli morfemebi unda CaiTvalos ormagi funqciis
mqoned. Eenis ganviTarebis universaluri kanonebidan
gamomdinare, cxadia, moxda funqciaTa Serwyma da win
wamoiwia meoreulma funqciam, xolo vin-ra morfosemantikuri
Sinaarsi darCa kategoriis istoriaSi. Tumca am faqtoris gareSe
srulyofili ver iqneba sxva kategoriebis kvleva.
vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoria sistemas qmnis saxelTa
derivaciaSic: aris nawarmoebi saxelebi, romlebic mxolod vin-
kategorias aRniSnavs. Egamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi parametri,
esenia: 1. suli, rwmena da masTan dakavSirebuli formebi.
uzenaesis yovelgvari forma iqneba vin-kategoriisa. (ufali,
morwmune, sulganabuli, sulSewuxebuli da a. S.) aq unda
aRiniSnos, rom qarTulSi gvaqvs ormagi standarti: vin-kategoriisa
aris Ze kacisa da masTan dakavSirebuli enobrivi movlenebi, xolo
romelime warmarTuli RvTaeba iqneba ra, raRac Zala anu nivTis
kategoriis mqone; 2. azrovneba da masTan dakavSirebuli
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formebi. (goni, Wkua, tvini, azri, fiqri, varaudi, CaTvla,
mxedvelobaSi qona/miReba – utvino, azriani, ugunuri, nafiqri da
a. S.) 3. enasa da metyvelebasTan dakavSirebuli formebi.
A(Tqma, saTqmeli, ueno, mWevrmetyveli, sityvamaxvili da a. S. )
aseve ZiriTadad vin-kategorias aRniSnavs adamianis sxeulis
nawilebTan dakavSirebuli nawarmoebi formebi, Tumca aq
SesaZloa, sulierebis semantika mTlianad aisaxos da am jgufSi
Seva cxovelic: Tavgatexili mgeli, fexmokle tura da a. S.
sxvadasxva enebs aqvT gansxvavebuli midgoma klas-
kategoriebTan. Aase magaliTad, afrikis romelime enaSi (CiCova)
calke klasia is, rac izrdeba. qarTulisaTvis ki, magaliTad, mcenare
usulo, ra-kategoriaa, romelic arafriT gansxvavdeba danarCeni
sxva nivTis kategoriis klasisagan.
vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoria naTeli antonimuri sistemiT
asaxulia zedsarTav saxelebsa da mimReobebSi. Ael-ur cnobili
opoziciis garda, aris formebi, romlebic mxolod vin-sulierobis
kategoriisTvisaa gankuTvnili, mag. Uuzneo/zneobrivi, mosaubre,
uTqmeli, morwmune/urwmuno, alali, boroti, keTili, mtyuani,
marTali da a. S. aq SesaZloa qvejgufTa gamoyofac. vin-ra
morfosemantikuri kategoriis mixedviT aq Sesabamisi klasifikaciac
misaRebi iqneboda.
cnobil naSromSi “iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali”
a. Ciqobava mimoixilavs gramatikuli klasebis sakiTxs qarTvelur
enebSi da friad sagulisxmo daskvnebs akeTebs faqtebze
dayrdnobiT. [1, 118-134] igi saubrobs adamiani-nivTis derivaciul
afiqsebze, el-ur mawarmoebelTa semantikur opoziciaze da
mimReobebSi m-s (l/r/n/d variantebiT) afiqsTa pirveladi funqciebis
Sesaxeb. [2, 24-46 ]U unda aRiniSnos, rom a. Ciqobavas
mecnieruli dakvirvebani da mis mier warmodgenili da
gaanalizebuli masala (rasac aq, gasagebi mizezebis gamo ar
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 ganvixilavT) friad aqtualuria vin-ra kategoriis sinqroniuli analizis
mkvlevarTaTvis.
adamiani-nivTis morfo-semantikuri kategoria asaxulia znaTa
derivaciul kategoriebSi. igi safuZvlad udevs ergatiulobasa da
destinacias, pirisa da ricxvis kategorias, aseve is gamoixateba
zmniswinebSi. mi-/mo- zmniswinebSi mimarTuleba aiTvleba pirveli
pirisagan, romlis niSania m- Sesabamisi opoziciiT – w- sTan
wa-/wamo- formebSi. Oorientacia mTlianad vin-ra
morfosemantikuri kategoriis pirdapir amsaxvelia. Pmoqmedeba
pirveli pirisken, anu mimarTeba vin-kategoriis mqone metyvelebis
subieqtTan.
vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoria yvelaze naTlad mocemuli
gvaqvs fuZemonacvle zmnebSi: maqvs-myavs, waReba-wayvana,
motana-moyvana da a. S. Tuki Cven migvaCnia, rom meore
subieqturi piris niSani aris “x-”, romelic sul oriode zmnaSia, ratom
ar SegviZlia, Tundac mxolod am fuZemonacvleobis safuZvelze,
gamovyoT qarTulSi vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoria. Uunda
iTqvas, rom aseTi tipis magaliTebi Zvel qarTulSi ufro uxvadaa
(miZs - mivis), rac metyvelebs adamiani-nivTis kategoriis
Sesustebis tendenciaze enis ganviTarebis Semdgom procesSi.
vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoria aisaxeba sxva metyvelebis
nawilebSic; TandebulebSi SeiZleba gamovyoT “mier”, igi aris vin
morfosemantikuri kategoriis mqone, rogorc ergativis Sesabamisi
forma (Sdr. Mmoqmedeba kacis mier an imoqmeda kacma).
savaraudod, aqac SeiZleba m- vin-kategoriis morfemis gamoyofa.
SorisdebulTa didi nawili vin-kategoriis azriT aris avsebuli,
ramdenadac Tavad emocia mxolod adamianis maxasiaTebelia.
G aRsaniSnavia, rom poetikaSi SesaZloa, dairRves zRvari vin-ra
kategoriis Soris da nivTi gasulierdes, magram mas ver eqneba
wminda lingvisturi Rirebuleba konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis.
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 EenaTa midgoma vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoriis mimarT
sxvadasxvaa. es damokidebulia eris an tomis fsiqo-socialur,
religiur, eTnogeografiul da sxva tipis yofiT faqtorebze da, ra Tqma
unda, am konkretul enebze molaparake xalxis azrovnebis
abstraqciis doneze – anu eris enobriv niWze. Mmravalenovani
internetenciklopedis mixedviT, saxelTa klas-kategoriis zogadi
kriteriumebi moicavs Semdgom opoziciebs:

 sulieri - usulo
 racionaluri – iracionaluri
 adamiani - nivTi
 mamrobiTi da sxva
 kaci da sxvaA
 mamrobiTi, mdedrobiTi da usqeso
 Zlieri da susti
 gazviadebuli da kninobiTi [3]

Cven amdagvar klasifikacias ver gaviziarebT, Tundac imis gamo, rom aq

bevri ram klasifikaciis miRma rCeba. gTavazobT Cvens universalur
saklasifikacio models:

AA adamiani ----- Aa mdedr. MAb mamr. AAc saS.

BB nivTi

BB1. sulieri ------- B1a mdedr. B1b mamr. B1c saS.

B2. usulo U--------- BB BB2a saganTa Tvisobriobis (zoma, feri, forma,

Zala, sinaTle, zrdis dinamika, ciuri sxeulebi, religiuri erTeulebi da a.S.)
mixedviT sqesi an klasi; B2b danarCeni

rac ufro martivad gamoiyureba es saklasifikacio sqema konkretul enaSi, miT

ufro maRalia am enaze mosaubre xalxTa lingvisturi azrovnebisa da abstraqciis
unari. Ues universaluri tipologiuri movlenaa da Sesabamisad, am kategoriis

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gamoxatvas verc erTi ena ver ascdeboda. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am
enciklopediaSi qarTulTan erTad ormocdaaTamde enaa gamoyofili, romlebSic ar
aRiniSneba sqesi da klasi. Tumca es Zalze saeWvod gamoiyureba, radganac am
jgufSia Setanili finur-ungruli enebi, romlebic mesame pirSi ganasxvaveben sulier
da usulo sagnebs, aqvea baskuric, romelsac axasiaTebs alokuturi formebi. am
jgufSia iaponuri, romelsac saerTod gansxvavebuli midgoma eqneba am
movlenisadmi, vidre sxva aglutinaciur enebs, miT ufro rom iaponurSi aris
nacvalsaxelTa didi mravalferovneba molaparake pirTan mimarTebis mixedviT.
ARimils iwvevs am jgufSi esperantos Setana. Ffaqtia, rom Tanamedrove qarTulSi
ar aris arc sqesi da arc klasi, Tavdapirvelad ki iyo yvelaze daxvewili, zogadi
adamiani-nivTis morfo-semantikuri opozicia. dRes igi ZiriTadad asaxulia mxolod
nacvalsaxelTa sistemaSi da aqedan ganfenilia sxvadasxva morfologiur formasa da
kategoriaSi.

amerikeli aborigenebis algonqiur enaTa jgufi ganasxvavebs sulier da usulo

jgufebs, magram Zlevamosili usulo nivTi aq sulieria. Aavstraliur enebSi (dirbali)
gamoiyofa oTxi jgufi: 1. sulieri kaci; 2. qali, wyali, cecxli, Zaladoba; 3. saWmeli,
xili da bostneuli; 4. sxvadasxva (yvela danarCeni). Aaqve ngangikurungur enaSi
calke jgufia iaraRisTvis, anindiliakvaSi gamoiyofa saxelTa klasi, romelic Suqs
gamoscems an ireklavs, diiar enaSi mdedrobiTi upirispirdeba yvelafer danarCens.
Ppapua axal gvineis enebSi (alamblaksa da sepik hilSi) aris mamrobiTi, romelSic
gaerTianebulia maRali, mogrZo, Txeli da wvrili nivTebic (uxsenebeli, Tevzi, isari,
maRali xe da sxv. ). Ees upirispirdeba mdedrobiT jgufs, romelSic Sedis mokle,
msxvili, dabali da farTo nivTebi (saxli, bayayi, msxvili xe). saintereso viTarebaa
niger-kongo enebSi. germaneli mecnieri karl mienhofi bantuSi gamoyofs 22 klass,
Tumca realurad arc erT enas amdeni klasi ara aqvs. svahilis aqvs -15, sesozos -18,
danarCenebs – 10. fula enaSi calke klasia siTxisTvis. zande ki gamoyofs oTx
klass: 1. kaci, 2. qali, 3. sulieri 4. danarCeni. Aaq 80-mde usulo saxeli sulier
kategorias miekuTvneba: ciuri sxeulebi, sakvebi mcenareebi, zogi metali da
arametali nivTebi. religiuri mosazrebebis gamo gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia

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sferos. indoevropuli enebi gamoyofen gramatikuli sqesis sam jgufs. Kkavkasiur
enaTa Soris lezgiurs, udiursa da aRulurs ara aqvs saxelTa klasi, zogi ena or klass
ganasxvavebs, bacburi ki rva klass gamoyofs. Yyvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli sistema
aris oTxi klasi: 1. kaci, 2. qali, 3. sulieri da garkveuli nivTebi 4. yvela danarCeni.
andiurSi calke klasia mwerebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiur enebSi klas-
kategoriebi ara marto arsebiTebSia gamoyofili, is aReniSneba zedsarTavebs,
nacvalsaxelebsa da zmnebsac.

qarTul enaSi mocemuli gvaqvs vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoriis sistemuri

suraTi rogorc saxelTa da zmnaTa fleqsiaSi, aseve maT derivaciaSic. Ees
kategoria ganfenilia enis mTel sistemaSi. Nnacvalsaxelebidan igi gadatanilia
saxelTa fleqsiasa da zmnis pirSi. Sesabamisad, igi aisaxeba polipersonaluri
zmnis yvela kategoriaSi. vin-ra morfo-semantika safuZvlad udevs enis mraval
kategorias, Tumca konkretuli referenti mas ar SeunarCunebia, TiTo-orola
gamonaklisis garda. radganac vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoria Zevs
mravali sxva kategoriis SinaarsSi, mas konkretuli referenti aRar sWirdeba.
warmovidginoT romelime X morfema yvela am SemTxvevaSi. Ees
ewinaaRmdegeba enis zogad universalur kanonebs da ena am morfemas mainc
dakargavda an kombinirebul semantikas mogvcemda sxva morfemebTan, rac
naTlad ikiTxeba qarTuli enis analizisas. enis sistemaSi klasis ketegoriis
morfologiurma gafermkrTalebam gamoiwvia rigi procesebisa: magaliTad,
metyvelebis subieqtTan mimarTebaSi meore piris semantikis cvla (migce -
mogce), fuZemonacvle zmnaTa saopozicio formebis raodenobis Semcireba (miZs -
mivis), fleqsiur morfemaTa ormagi funqciis gadasinjva, klasovanidan pirovan
uRvlilebaze gadasvla da a.S.
amJamad vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoriis referencireba enaSi mocemuli
gvaqvs xelobisa da sadaurobis saxelebSi, mimReobebSi, fuZemonacvle zmnebsa
da piris kategoriis binarul opiziciaSi. klasis kategorias aqvs sintaqsuri Zalac:
magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxmebis
sakiTxi. Tumca, aq ufro farTo moculobis – sulieri-usulos kategoriasTan gvaqvs

8
saqme. aqac naTelia klasis kategoriis gauCinarebis mkveTri tendencia. vin-ra
kategoriis Sesabamisi fonosemantikuri suraTi ase gamoiyureba: labialuri bgerebiT
aRiniSneba vin kategoria da amas ki saopoziciod aqvs nivTis kategoriis
aRmniSvneli nunismieri s/w, an sonori variantebi n, r, l. diaqroniuli suraTi
aRadgens d nivTis afiqssac. [1, 118-130] xmovnebSic SeimCneva vin-ra kategoriis
opoziciuri wyvilebi kerZo morfologiur kategoriaTa SemTxvevebSi.E
sxvaTa Soris, interess moklebuli ar unda iyos bagismierTa da nunismierTa
opozicia vin-ra kategoriis mixedviT tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT. Uunda iTqvas, rom
magaliTad, rusuli da inglisuri (aseve sxva enebic) aseTive opozicias qmnian.
saerTod, labialur bgeraTa fonosemantika naTelia. Ees SedarebiT xelmisawvdomi
bgerebia, rac universalurad aisaxeba bavSvis metyvelebaSi. Bbunebrivia, rom
swored labialuri bgerebi qmnian vin-kategoriis fonosemantikas. (Tumca
sainteresoa b -BnivTis kategoriis niSani Crdilo kavkasiurSi).
saintereso iqneboda am mimarTulebiT kvlevis gagrZeleba da kavkasiur enebTan
vin-ra morfosemantikuri kategoriis sistemaTa SepirispirebiTi analizi.

About the synchronic analysis of class categories in Georgian

Basing on the investigation results of the general semantic parameters of the language we
can conclude, that the general semantic categories are universal for any language. We could
expose this as the universal regulation. So, the semantic of the category of classes seems also to
be universal.
Different languages expose the regulations by diverse type linguistic models giving the
priority to the dominant categories. There are the different kinds of reflection of the universal
category of classes in different language systems. The Indo-European languages have three
forms of gender; Iberian languages have the category of animated-unanimated things; the other
languages have the different signs for such classification. Some languages use the systems of
religious or social signs for proper identification etc.
The universal classification scheme of class category:
1. Human - 1. a. Female; 1. b. Male; 1. c. Neutral
2. Thing - 2. A. Animated; 2. A. a. Female 2. A. b. Male 2. A. c. Neutral
2. B Un-animated
2. B. a. Classes by the different signs (size, color, forth, light, dynamic, growth,
astronomical things, religious units etc.)
2. B. b. Anything else.
In the Kartvelian languages we have the semantic category of classes not only in the
diachronic level, but on the synchronic level of these languages as well exposing the class
category with the concrete morphological and semantic units. Although the category of classes is
not productive in temporary system of the Kartvalian languages and it has the tendency of
disappearing.
9
 literatura:

1. a. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tbilisi. Tsu. 1979.

2. a. Ciqobava, saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi. Tbilisi 1942.
3. a. Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi. ergatiuli konstruqciis
raobis Teoriebi. Tbilisi, 1961.
4. a. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria. Tbilisi, 1965
5. r. amirejibi, CiCeva - afrikuli enebi. Tbilisi, 2003.
6. Г.В. Топуриа Морфология склонения в Дагестанских языках. Мецниереба. Тбилиси.
1995

7. Carl Friedrich Michael Meinhof, C 1948 (1st edn 1906) Grundzüge einer vergleichenden
Grammatik der Bantusprachen. Reimer, Berlin

8. v. Sengelia qarTvelur da Cerqezul enobriv sistemaTa istoriis zogi sakiTxi. Tbilisi, 2006

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