CHAPTER III

Instructional
Resources
LESSON 1 Understanding Instructional Resources

Guided Practice

A. Preliminary Activity: Find answers to the following questions.

1. Does the school have library facilities?

Yes

2. Does the library contain textbooks and other reference materials?

Yes

3. Do teachers and students have access to the library resources?

Yes

4. Do teachers have a copy of the K to 12 curriculum guides?

Yes

5. Do teachers have a copy of the teacher's guide?

Yes

6. Do teachers have access to the Internet?

Yes

7. Do teachers have access to technology tools?

Yes

8. Does the school provide training of teachers in the use of varied

instructional resources?

Yes

B. Request permission to conduct an interview with teachers. Identify the

instructional resources used by teachers in teaching and learning.
1. What are the types of instructional resources used by teachers to motivate
learners about the lesson?

Graphic and interactive materials:

 Charts
 Illustrations
 Games
 Video
Traditional Instructional Materials:
 Chalk and Blackboard

2. What are the types of instructional resources used by teachers in the

delivery of the content of the lessons?

Traditional:
 Chalkboard
 Textbook/Handouts
 Image/graphics-based materials
 Graphics
 Illustration

Presentation Materials:
 Slideshow/PowerPoint presentation using Canva

Technological/Media Materials:
 Educational Video
 Speaker
 Laptop
 Smart TV

Additional Materials:
  Websites

3. What types of instructional resources are used by teachers in the

assessment of students' academic performance?

 Group projects such as role play and debate

 Weekly quiz
 Essay
 Assignment
 Drawing
 Video Creation
 Smart TV

4. What are the types of resources used by teachers in practical applications?

 Visual graphics
 Video and audio clips

Processing

Review the data you have gathered carefully. Answer the following questions:

1. How essential is the use of varied instructional resources to teaching and

learning?

The use of instructional materials is crucial in ensuring the students were

exposed to learning strategies that suit their particular learning preference. A
variety of instructional techniques will engages students more and help them
learn in ways that are appropriate for their abilities and levels of understanding.
2. Aside from the K to 12 Curriculum Guide and Teachers' Guide, what is the
most essential instructional resource?
 There are many different kinds of educational resources, but some of the most
popular ones are printed materials, graphics organizers and resources created
by teachers. Workbooks and textbooks are examples of conventional resources.
These are helpful and most essential resources for teaching new ideas to the
student that they might find challenging.
3. In the absence of available instructional resources, what is the best thing
that a teacher should do to support teaching and learning activities?

In the absence of available instructional resources, the best thing a teacher

can do to support teaching and learning is to introduce the concept to the
students with appropriate interaction, integrate activities and games, use
group work activities, and facilitate collaborative discussion.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

 I realized that:

I realized that in order to be a teacher, one needs to comprehend both the

potential of using high-quality instructional materials and the constraints of having
substandard resources, as teaching aids can either motivate or demotivate
student depending on their quality. The instructional materials contain the
primary knowledge that students will encounter, acquire, and use during a course
and they have the ability to encourage or demotivate them. Therefore, such
resources must be meticulously planned, selected, structured, and perfected
before being incorporated into a course. To improve student learning, the
planning and selection of instructional materials should address both the breadth
and depth of content.
Being what said, investing in instructional materials that motivate you students
could increase their capacity to acquire and retain information, thereby setting
the framework for their long-term educational success. As such, by providing
teachers and their classroom with a vast array of high-quality instructional
materials, they can easily develop curriculum foundations.
  I believe it is essential to:

I believe it is crucial to invest in instructional tools that can motivate students.

This will likely boost their capacity to learn and retain information providing the
framework for their future educational achievement. Similarly, by providing
teachers with a variety instructional materials for themselves and their classroom,
they may easily construct curriculum foundations.

 From now on, I am determined to:

I am now determined to employ educational resources in my classroom in the

future, but I will guarantee that they appeal to more than one sense. We are all
aware that students frequently rely on sight to view text and image and read
information, while other also rely on hearing to listen to the teacher. In light of the
fact that each student has their unique learning strength and weaknesses,
multisensory educational materials are an excellent choice because they
incorporate at least two of these sensory learning types. This type of teaching
tools can aid student in retaining more information. And in order to implement
multisensory instructions for their students, I will incorporate a member of
sensory experience into fun exercise so that all students can access and connect
with the material.

LESSON 2 Educational Researches and Literatures

Guided Practice

A. Preliminary Activity. Look for research journals and literatures that can be used
as instructional resources for your chosen field of specialization or major. Write
down your answers on the columns provided on the next page:
1. TEXTBOOKS

Name of Year Published Title of the Publisher City of

Author's (write N.D. if there Book Publication
 is no date
indicated)
Saloma, C., Understanding LEXICON Tandang Sora
Candelaria, 2016 Culture, Society PRESS, INC. Avenuw, 22A-22B
A. L., and Politics Ever Green Ve
Canuday, J.J Capitol Village,
Quezon City
Philippine Politics Vibal Group 1253 Gregorio
R.A Pawilen., N.D and Governance Inc. Araneta Ave,
Pawilen, R. Quezon City,
Metro Manila
Quezada- Daloy ng Dane 203 Mindanao
Reyes, Z., 1997 Kasaysayan Publishing Avenue Extension
Tantengco, Pamahalaang House, Inc. Project 8, 1106
N. Pilipino Quezon City

Dallo, E., Kayamanan mga Rex Bookstore 300 General

Antonio, E., 2007 kontemporaryong Inc. Santos, Cubao,
Emperial, isyu batayan at Quezon City 1109
M.C, and sanayang aklat Metro Manila
Soriano, C. sa araling
panlipunan
N.D Padayon: Araling Phoenix Quezon Ave,
Mactal, R. Panlipunan sa Publishing Quezon City,
Siglo 21 House 1121 Metro
Manila

2. RESEARCH JOURNALS

Name of Year Published Title of the Publisher City of

Author's (write N.D. if there Research Publication
is no date
indicated)
Baradat, L. 1997 Political Pearson One Lake Street
Ideologies: Their Prentice Hall Upper Saddle
Origin and 2008 River NJ 07458
impact Unite States
Defensor 2002 Politics and Central
Santiago, Governance: Professional Quezon City
M. With Philippine Books, Inc
Constitution
 Carlyle, T. 1981 On heroes and Project Germany
hero worship and Gutenberg
the heroic in
history
Della Social Blackwell United Kingdom
Porta, D. 2006 Movements an Publishing
and Diani, Introduction
M.

Pallavar, 2001 Power and its The London London

M. reforms: Hard, schedule of
soft, smart economics and
political
science
department of
international
relations

B. Request permission to conduct a survey. Request teachers to help you identify

resources where you can access education research and literatures. Write down
your answers below:

 Pdf Drive
 Global ETD Search
 Springer Link
 Eric
 Lib Guides Community
 Google Scholar
 The Virtual LRC
 LibGen
 DepEd Learning Portal

C. Find answers to the following questions:

1. Do teachers use educational research journals and literatures to support
the teaching and learning activities?
 Yes, using such instructional resources, it allows the teacher to create their new
knowledge about teaching and learning, and thus, could contribute to improve
classroom practice.

2. What are the challenges faced by teachers in using educational research

and literatures?
Time is one of the obstacle teachers confront when preparing educational
research and publications for classroom usage. We are all aware that locating a
supporting framework for our ideas when delivering subject information is a
difficult endeavor. Thus, one must use her/his big amount of time since they
should evaluate and read first such journals and articles to ensure that it might be
well-versed in research, but they lack the time to keep up with it all due to their
heavy workloads. In additions, teacher may find it challenging to locate the best
research and literary resources in the process due to the need for a variety of
tools, resources and abilities.

3. Does the school promote the use of research-based materials and

textbooks to support instruction?

Of course, yes it is common knowledge that research based materials and

textbooks serves as a vehicle for teachers and student training, as well as
assistance and relief from the weight of material searching, since understanding
how to utilized and adapt such educational tools contribute to teacher’s
professional experience expertise the school supported its use.

4. Are the teachers' instructional plans informed by research?

Yes, since from the past few years, teachers have already focuses more on the
use of research, especially into how students learn and the implications on
effective teaching using the instructional materials that they would be incorporate
to class.

Processing
Review the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

1. How do educational research and literatures help improve the content of

the lesson?
The educators benefited through various research and literally as it helps them is
having clear manuscript with the bases of the literature. Having said that
literature was a foundation in creating a well-crafted lesson. Thus, the new
knowledge further helps in improving the educational practices of the teachers
and professors. To add, it help them as well to clarify the complicated facts and
figures of a subject content. As such, if teacher stumped with context of the
subject. Researches and literature would be a greet tool to since it removes all
sorts of conclusion and get a proper understanding the content.

2. How do educational researches and literatures differ from other types of

instructional resources?

In contrast to other instructional resources that just serves as a supplement and

support for teaching and learning, the benefit of utilizing research and literature
shines out. This is due to the fact that when teachers are more active in using
research and literature, they are more aware of the most recent advancement in
their profession, and they are more inclined to include this material in their
classes, especially discoveries too recent to be included in the textbook.

3. How do teachers benefit from using these types of instructional resources?

Using such instructional tools as a strategy for enhancing teacher practices

demonstrates the ability to affect change in teaching, the classroom and beyond.
Consequently, the importance of research and literature cannot be overstated. It
is essential for teachers to succeed, as its primary functions are to inform action,
collect evidence for hypothesis and contribute to the advancement of knowledge
in a particular discipline.
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

 I realized that:

I realized that working to find research and literature for our pedagogy will
obviously be a challenging yet rewarding experience, provided that you put the
expertise and skill in it. It is also an opportunity for educators to pursue an in-
depth, original investigation of any subject matter they will teach. Similarly, if
these resources are incorporated, they provide the most effective solution to all
educational issues and also increase knowledge.

 I believe it is essential to:

I believe it is essential to promote educational research and literature as

teacher’s primary learning instructions. It is because with these resources in
education, it gives a systematic analysis of the topic. Also, the objectives must
clearly define in the research process. As well as one needs to study in a
systematic and controlled manner as this is exactly what the research work
provides an individual.

 From now on, I am determined to:

From now on, I am determined to use educational research and literatures for my
teaching practice since it does not only enhance my professional development,
but also equipped me with what I want to improve in class as well as provide me
the knowledge that I will also impart to my students.
 LESSON 3 Digital Media Resources

Guided Practice

Based on the survey, the teacher uses the following digital media in teaching and learning:

 YouTube
 Internet
 Digital Video
 Digital images
 Websites
 Online literature
 Open Educational Resources (Online Journal and Research)

A. Preliminary Activity. Conduct a survey of digital media used by teachers in

teaching and learning activities. Write your answers below.

B. Perform the following activities.

Since when the online class happen, we always develop an educational video as this was the only
means for us to deliver the lesson a when we a reporting. As such, I cannot deny that the entire
process of making video is quite pleasant, from filming yourself to the editing process. For me,
filming a video stimulates my creativity since I always make it sure it is appealing and amusing.
Nonetheless, creating a film necessitates exerting work and having patience, as well as
anticipating potential obstacle. Being what said, I also experience that my filming didn’t go
accordingly to plan since what I expect was far from my output. There are also occasions when
editing can be extremely draining due to the fact that sometimes your skills are not good enough,
such as when you want to make something excellent output but your editing power is insufficient. It
also cost your time since it require a takes an hour for to be done. I have also encountered
situations in which I did not film a particular sequence and despite my best effort, I am unable to
edit it since the proper video was not capture.
1. Create a short video clip about a specific lesson using ICT tools. Write your
experience in creating the video in the space provided below:
 2. Prepare presentation slides regarding a specific topic using PowerPoint or
other presentation software’s. Describe the process of creating
presentation slides.

When we’re designing presentations slides, one need to find a balance between keeping the
interest of audience and maintaining their attention, while not distracting them from key message.
As such, in making a slide, there are consideration that must needed to follow:

 Based on my PowerPoint, it is clear that is both innovative and straightforward as slides

must complement the words and not detract from them.
 I also refrained from filling empty spaces with extraneous material, as doing so would not
have helped the reader understand what I am saying. Therefore, the less clutter there is on
a slide, the greater the impact of my visual message.
 When creating a title page, I ensure that it is visually appealing so that the audience is
engage and prepared to listen before I begin discussing its contents.
 Less transition and animation are preferable. This is something I should always keep in
mind, as using various transition and animations on each slide could result in a presentation
that is dull and unpleasant to the audience.
 I also provide high quality graphics to give it professional appearance. Incorporating high-
quality photographs is also beneficial when creating presentations because it promotes
comprehension by allowing the audience to understand what we’re saying.
 Audio and video must also be included in slide presentations. Videos and audio clips are
terrific way to engage the audience and pick their interest because they provide a change of
pace and improve comprehension.
 3. Visit the DepEd Learning Portal through
https://rmds.deped.gov.ph/k_to_12. Check and observe how the learning
portal is designed. Describe your experience in accessing information from
the portal. Write down your observation below.

The website was quite informative. What I mean is that once you open it, you are welcomed with all
the knowledge you need to teach. All resources for primary grades through grade 12 have already
been given. In addition to the learning materials that may be downloaded, it also has a media
gallery part where teachers can browse illustration, video, audio and photo resources. In addition, it
comes with a tour that explains the functions of each key on the gateway, which I found to be the
most intriguing aspect. As an example, the first quick tour that was shown was the search engine in
the portal, which provides information that enables you to easily browse the required resources by
entering the species competencies code, the title of the LR or keyword and then bringing you to
what you are looking for. It is also possible to narrow the search keywords or LR description key,
making it easier to use. In general the portal is designed to be simple navigable, making it easier for
any teacher who want to use it.

4. Using Google or other search engines, look for Open Educational

Resources online and try to download an e-book. List down the websites
where you downloaded the materials below.

 MIT
http://ocw.mit.edu
 MERLOT
www.merlot.org
 The Open University
http://openlearn.open.ac.uk
 Khan Academy
www.khanacademy.org/
 TED Ideas
www.ted.com/index.php
 MIT World
http://mitworld.mit.edu
 Gresham College
www.gresham.ac.uk/lecture-and-events/past
 The RSA
www.thersa.org/events/video
 Nature
www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/category/vidoe

Processing

Review the data you have gathered carefully. Answer the following questions:

1. How does digital media impact student learning?

In a world that is becoming increasingly digital, adults are not the only ones
affected by technology. Digital media has a profound effect on young minds and
is actually transforming the education system. The chalkboard and allergen
causing erasers of previous classroom have disappeared. Now the walls are
covered with interactive whiteboards. Advanced projectors are suspended from
the ceilings. Students receive personal devices, such as tables and laptops, for
use in the classroom. Consequently, with these, studies indicate that students
achieve higher test scores when they take notes on paper as opposed to a
technological tool as due to the slower nature of handwriting, they have more
time to consider the material.

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using digital media in

teaching and learning? Write down your answers below:

Advantages Disadvantages
1. Such materials make education 1. Student’s inability to focus on
more inclusive. screens for extended periods of
time poses a significant obstacle to
their online learning. Long
durations of difficulty concentrating
on the screen may be detrimental
 to student’s eyesight.

2. Provides the chances to assist 2. Using cutting-edge gadgets as

students in learning at their optimal teaching resources is too
path and speed. expensive.

3. Teachers need experience to

3. Such learning aids facilitate the
manage digital resources: hence
development of effective self-
they need additional training to
directed learning skills in students.
operate video and audio recording
This also enhances student’s
equipment, virtual classroom and
critical thinking abilities, which are
lecture capture software and of
the foundation for the development
course learning management
of systematic reasoning.
software.
4. Student are more motivated as a
4. Unlike traditional materials, digital
result of the fact digital learning is
resources are more susceptible to
significantly more interactive and
technological faults, as video,
lasting than large textbook or one-
audio and internet connections
side lectures because it provides a
might become interrupted.
good context, a better sense of
potential and more engaging
activities than traditional
educational methods.

Other comments:

Today, digital resources have emerged as a necessary resource for students of all ages
around the world, because of this, teachers are learning and adopting new techniques
of education and academics. It has also extended students learning along with
performing extra-curricular activities as well.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

 I realized that:

I realized that in classes with a wide variety of students, educators must consider
the requirement of each individual student and assist all children in reaching their
full potential. Adaptive teaching is a potential method for achieving this goal, and
digital tools provide a fantastic opportunity to personalize learning for each
student and free up teacher’s time for personalized support.

 I believe it is essential to:

I believe it is essential to possess digital literacy in the teaching profession. In the

21st century, the significance, value and necessity of digital literacy cannot be
overlooked, especially for teachers. The world of education is increasingly
conducted through the aid of digital and student are more at ease pursuing their
education using technology.

 From now on, I am determined to:

I am now on, I am determined to resolve to learn how to utilize technological

tools successfully, and in order to do so I will ensure that I am digitally literate.
This is because it is essential not only to assist student’s in becoming
independent, critical learner’s, but also to bridge the between children
experiences in and out of school. Similarly, I would consider equity when
assisting students with digital literacy, given that it affects every aspects of their
lives beyond the classroom.
LESSON 4 Graphic Organizers as Resources for Visual Presentation

Guided Practice

A. Find answers to the questions indicated in the following forms of graphic

organizers.
1. Tables can be used for brainstorming and the assessment of learners' prior
knowledge about the topic.

Topic: Graphic Organizers_______________________________

List anything that comes in your mind about the topic:

 Identifies the connections between facts, concepts or ideas.
 Visual thinking tools that transform thought into visuals.
 Explain or simply complicated ideas.
 Organizes problems and solutions.
 Sequence and organize information.
 Organized and sequence information.
How will you use graphic organizers in teaching?
 Students will be encouraged to use graphic organizers to take notes on their
reading or research.
 In line of delivering a lecture with a normal PowerPoint or outline, I will offer the
content in a graphic organizer, as this will allow student to immediately
visualize the relationships between the concepts.
 Instead of administering a quiz to measure student understanding, I will have
students complete a graphic organizers that illustrates the relationships
between various terms or concept, or I will include a question of this type on a
quiz or assessment.
 When delivering content to students by lecture, reading or video, the context
step for teachers should be to have student interact with the material. Class
discussions or project-based learning can be used to reach this goal.
 In order to maximize the possibility that students will adhere to the most
essential classroom rules and procedures, I will present them in infographic
format.
What do you think are the benefits of using graphic organizers?

 Graphic organizers can be a key component in student organizing their

thoughts.
 With graphic organizers, student know and understand what they are expected
therefore, students are engaged and learning.
 With vivid shapes, symbols and connectors, graphics organizers visualize the
relationship between different parts therefore helps students to easily grasp the
content.
 When there is a large amount of information, it is hard for the brain to decode
and digest. The graphic organizers can logically organize the information.
 Since a picture is worth a thousand words, graphics organizers can simplify
such complicated ideas by visualizing them.
2. Using the Venn diagram below, identify the advantages of using graphic
organizers compared to other forms of instructional resources.
GRAPHICS ORGANIZER
They inspire
independent
thought and
learning, which
might be useful in
finding solutions to
problems
They can quickly and
readily establish
connections compare and
contrast between any two
given parts.
Graphic organizer
diagrams typically don’t
require much
explanation and can
help presenters save
considerable time.
OTHER FORM OF IMs
Hone student
Every instructional
creative skills.
material comes with
Motivate students to a unique function
learn. which makes each
of it differs from
Facilitate students each other.
learning increase
In digital media
student’s interest.
resources increase
Promote active students interest
learning since it could
Classroom provide video, text,
environment are image, games and
engaging. many more.
Teacher made
resources learning
of new ideas
becomes simpler as
the students.
Processing

Draw a concept map about graphic organizers. Identify the benefits of using graphic
organizers in student learning.

A visual representation of the relationships

between facts, thoughts and ideas. It directs the
user thoughts as they construct complete the
visual organizers.

Word Map
Cause and Venn
Cluster effect diagram
Web chart
 This graphic Assist student in Allow students to Allows student to
organizer is identifying, build a list of example the
helpful for pre- comprehending similarities and qualities of a
writing and and remembering differences specify word by
brainstorming. various between two identifying what
contributing items. the term is.
factors.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

 I realized that:

I realized that graphic organizers play crucial role in aiding learning because they
give a structure for transferring new knowledge from short-term memory to long-
term memory, thereby assisting students in transforming abstract ideas into more
concreate visual representation. As such, when designing effective classes, this
relationship between graphic organizers and thinking is the utmost importance.
 I believe it is essential to:

I believe it is essential to employ graphic organizers as a teaching method

because they provide students with a way to organize large volumes of
information, introduce a more sophisticated leans for analyzing complicate text,
and enable student to spot trends compare views. However, graphic organizers
may have the unintended effect of restricting students’ thinking to just filling in the
boxes, so allowing them to avoid the messy but crucial task of revealing critical
ideas or conceptual knowledge.

 From now on, I am determined to:

From now on, I am determined to use the graphic organizers as part of my

teaching resource to promote student learning, because it provides multiple
benefits for both the student and me. Nevertheless, every instructional tool has
its drawbacks, therefore I will carefully select the style of visual organizer that
could facilitate teaching and learning.
 LESSON 5 Teacher-made Instructional Resources

Guided Practice

A. Conduct a survey of instructional resources developed and produced by

teachers. List down your answers below.

 Flashcards
 Visual Aid
 Printed graphics
 PowerPoint Presentation
 Worksheets
 Quizzes
 Project

B. Describe how teacher-made resources are developed.

When we refer to teacher-made resources, we are essentially referring to anything that

teachers make to enhance instruction, and some of these material are used assess students’
knowledge of a particular topic. As such, when producing such resources, the first thing a
teacher should do is defined the objective of the material by analyzing the student learning
outcomes and the desired abilities of the student after utilizing the material. Next, it must be
simple so that it cannot be made difficult in class.

C. Identify the challenges faced by teachers in developing and producing

teacher-made resources.
In teaching, it is required that teacher-made materials are appropriate to utilize for teaching and
learning in order to cater learner’s need and interest. Some students in every classroom require
particular attention and planning in order to meet their teacher’s expectations. However, when
creating such materials, teachers encountered numerous obstacles. To elaborate, one of these is
time limits, as it takes a certain amount of time to design and create new teaching materials that
meet the needs of all students. In addition, financial constraints appear to be the reason why
most teachers are unable to acquire relevant teaching equipment and materials, thereby denying
students the opportunity to learn and preventing from implementing new techniques in the field.

Processing

Review the data you gathered carefully. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the primary consideration in developing and producing teacher-

made resources?

Creating and developing teacher-made materials provides the foundation for

what students will experience and learn. They have the ability to either motivate
or demotivate students. Therefore, teacher-created resources must be
meticulously designed, chosen, arranged and utilized.

2. How do students benefit from teacher-made resources?

The creation of teacher-made resources should be encouraged, since it offers

numerous advantages. When students are provided with familiar subject-related
information, it is easier for them to comprehend new concepts. Using teachers-
related materials, one can also learn independently with complete control over
their rate if learning.

3. How will you promote the use of teacher-made resources?

By encouraging teacher develop teacher-created resources, as it is an essential

tool for learning every subject in the school curriculum for it increases student
achievement by allowing them to interact with words, symbol and ideas in ways
that improve their skills and develop their knowledge.
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

 I realized that:

I realized that there are many factors to take into accounts when thinking about
whether or not to design teacher-made resources. Hence, teacher should ensure
to make this in the best possible way, such as adapt and modify materials to
supplement a course-book rather than starting from scratch, of course teacher
will become a better material designer only with a lot of practice and experience
in the matter.
 I believe it is essential to:

I believe it is essential to encourage teacher in all schools to begin developing

their own resources, as it plays a key role in their teaching practice. As such, we
are all aware that it is readily apparent to teachers that certain activities or
themes do not align with the real context of a certain group of students.
Consequently, by creating their own resources, teachers are able to take into
account the context.

 From now on, I am determined to:

From now on, I am determined to developed and generate my own learning

resources, as doing so will be financial to myself and my students. Nonetheless,
a great deal of care will be taken while designing materials to avoid any
ambiguity. Learners will be either consciously or subconsciously absorb this
sample, thus it must be executed with the utmost perfection.
CHAPTER IV
Instructional
Strategies
 LESSON 1 Constructivist Teaching

Guided Practice

Observe actual classes using the following constructivist teaching and learning
practices.

Constructivist Teaching Practices Observed Not Observed Other Comments

1. Active learning strategies Instead of listening, teachers
emphasize active learning
through interaction with
students, writing assignment
and classroom debates. He
often gives students activity
and project.
2. Meaningful learning activities The teacher provides
impactful activities, such as
creating videos and allows
students to express their
creativity by drawing what an
ideal society look like.
3. Effective questioning strategies Teacher promote the
Socratic method of teaching,
in which poses question to
his students during a
discussion and encourages
them to share their opinion
and thoughts on the topic.
4. Real-life and concrete examples When a teacher provides
example for his discussion,
he often relates them to real
world context, such as past
and future scenarios that a
student may face.
5. Cooperative learning activities Teacher assign group
activities that require
teamwork among members.
6. Problem-solving activities Teachers assign problem-
based exercises for student
to complete. One of these is
offering students situational
difficulties and asking them
to provide answers.
7. Active investigation Student are introduced to
topics in the classroom and
the teacher respond to their
question by investigating
them.
8. Integrative learning activities Teacher encourage students
to identify a current social
issues that arises in the
community.
9. Practice and feedback activities Following the completion of
class exercises, teacher
provides feedback to
student.
10. Effective motivation techniques Teacher offers his students
words of encouragement.
11. Generalizations are provided by Student are required to
accomplish a task and
students
participate in an activity in
multiple settings.
12. Positive classroom atmosphere The interactions between
students and teachers are
positive.
13. Lessons and activities are interesting The manner in which a
teacher discusses a topic
always piques student’s
 attention and interest.
14. Students are encouraged to take an Student are encouraged to
create their own educational
active role in learning
opportunities.
15. Experiential learning activities The teacher offers role plays
and other hand-on tasks to
the students.
16. Varied learning activities Different learning activities
are used to meet the
demands of students.
17. Students' views are respected Student thought and
opinions are valued in class.
18. Positive learning environment Students are aware of what
is expected of them in a
healthy learning environment
fostered by the existence of
clear classroom rules.
19. Linking ideas and concepts with real- The classroom instruction
relates to the students real-
life experiences
world context and
experience.
20. Modeling positive behavior Teacher demonstrates great
conduct in the classroom.
21. Available learning materials Incorporating technologies
such as TV, laptop,
smartphones and tablets, the
class does not rely solely on
traditional books.
22. Learning styles are respected All types of learners are
valued in the classroom.
23. Differentiated learning strategies Different strategies are
employed to fulfill the
requirement of student.
 Provide a narrative observation report on how teachers are using constructivist
teaching and learning in their classes.

Subject: Edukasyon sa Pagkakatao

Topic: Konsensiya ko, Gabay ko

Observation:
The rapid changes and increased complexity of today’s world present new challenges and put
new demand on our educational system. As such, educational system shift from traditional to
what we call a “student-centered classroom” where students construct their own learning. To
details, as I see in the classroom, most of the teachers do not follow this approach, including
my cooperating teacher, for she promotes an environment where the students are the center
of their own learning and her role is just to be facilitator and mentor in the class. For instance,
on the first day we were assigned to the school, he grouped the students into five and each
must perform a dialogue portraying in the character in the textbook. After, they are required to
answer the following problems by putting themselves in the character’s shoes.

Subject: Edukasyon sa Pagpakatao

Topic: Likas na Batas Moral

Observation:

Since the subject was ESP, it usually dealt with human nature and thus could easily relate to
real-life context. This topic, was all about the universal law, avoid what is wrong and do what is
right or simply talk about morality. As such, in order for the students to grasp meaningful
learning, the teacher relates his lessons to real-life experience, which sparks student’s
excitement about gaining knowledge about the important concepts. This not only gives live
context to students but also enables practical application of new ideas to situations they are
already familiar with.
Processing

Examine carefully the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

1. Does the teacher employ constructivist teaching-learning approaches?

Yes

2. How do students respond to constructivist activities?

While teacher uses the constructivist approach, the students become the center
of learning as well as control their learning. To detail, the students expresses
their interest given by the teacher and initiate interaction with others. They also
create their own decisions and confident in their ability to share their ideas and
opinion to class.

3. How did constructivist teaching improve the teaching and learning

practices in the school?

In a constructivist classroom, the teacher and student share responsibility and

decision-making and exhibit mutual respect. Students become more engaged
and independent since they are the ones who develop their own knowledge. As
for teachers, their effectiveness has increased as a consequence of their ability
to foster communication and provide flexibility, therefore meeting student’s
needs. Thus, the connection between student and instructors in a constructivist
classroom is mutually beneficial.

4. What things could be done to encourage the teachers to use constructivist

teaching learning approaches?
 Rather than relying entirely on the conventional technique, in which teaching is
primarily focused on imparting information to students, they cannot directly
transfer this information since only experience can enable students to develop
their own knowledge. Therefore, it is recommended that educators use this
method, since it has a significant influence on pedagogy.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

 I realized that:

I realized that constructivism is vital to comprehend since effects how all student
learn. Once teachers adopt this strategy, they may see that their student bring
their own unique experience to class every day. Therefore, makes teaching and
learning possible since it influences how well people can learn.

 I believe it is essential to:

I believe it is essential to include constructivist teaching into one’s classroom

because it may develop critical thinking and create and motivated students, given
that learning in all subjects areas requires the creation and construction of new
concepts. It is also crucial to mention that this strategy might produce learners
who are independent, curios thinkers who question, research and reasons,
empowering teachers to make decisions that will improve and enrich the growth
of their students.

 From now on, I am determined to:

From now on, I am determined to employ constructivist approach when I will be

teaching since given the fact that student learn more and enjoy learning more
when they are actively involved, rather than passive listeners, constructivism also
promotes social and communications skills by creating a classroom environment
that emphasizes collaborations and exchange ideas. By enabling students to
engages with their groups or classmates.
 LESSON 2 Differentiated Learning

Guided Practice

Observe actual classes using the following differentiated teaching and learning
practices.

Differentiated Teaching and Observed Not Observed Other Comments

Learning Practices
1. Varied learning activities based As there are many types of
on the learning styles of students in a classroom the
students teachers provides a variety
of teaching methods, such
as class discussions using
visual, auditory, and
instructional models, among
many others.
2. Respect of individual The class recognizes
differences differences comprehend their
significance, and respond
with curiosity, respect and
concern.
3. Objectives are designed based The objectives of the lesson
on the abilities of the students are designed to
accommodate the diverse
skills of the students.
4. Objectives consider the level of The objectives are not overly
students complicated and are
attainable by student.
5. Topics are modified based on Lesson are prepared
learners needs and background according to the requirement
views learning profiles and
background of the students.
6. Learning activities are designed The activities provided in the
to help every student learn classroom aid student’s
 learning.
7. Assessment results are used to The evaluations used to
improve instruction determine whether or not the
lessons objective are being
reached.
8. Provision for individual and Students and teachers are
collaborative learning grouped together.
9. Lessons are developmentally Students continue to be
appropriate driven to ask question and
achieve a better
understanding.
10. Uses various assessment tools Teachers continues to be
driven to ask question and
achieve a better
understanding.

Provide a narrative observation report on how teachers are using constructivist

teaching and learning in their classes.

Subject: Edukasyon ng Pagpakatao

Topic: Pagtatama sa Nagawang Maling Pasya

Observation:

Given that each classroom has children with various needs, my cooperating teacher employs
differentiated in his pedagogy. Initially, before the discussion, students are assigned and
exercise in which they must watch a brief video clip created by the teacher, after which she will
inquire as to what the video intends to highlight. After the first exercise, he divides the pupils into
groups in preparation for the following activity, which is the message relay. In addition to
interacting with one another, students take stretch breaks or play physical games during
transition throughout this activity.

Subject: Edukasyon ng Pagpakatao

Topic: Mga Karapatang Bilang Tao
Observation:

First and foremost my observation during the discussion, while he discuss this topic I able to
identify that he utilize the approach of constructivist approach where he ask his student what
are the possible right of every person living on this world. Having said that he able to get some
answer that might help him elaborate the class. This is a manifestation that the constructivist
approach is valuable since it can help the teacher to deliver the class discussion very well.

Subject: Ekonomiks
Topic: Mga Salik ng Demand
Observation:
The teacher present the problem and the student give their opinion and he allows the students
to discover and explore new ideas in their respective group. The students, defend and explain
their answer in front of their classmate. The teacher shows an illustration to support the student
ideas about the topic. They usually construct knowledges base on the teacher’s discussions on
the specific topic.

Subject: Ekonomiks
Topic: Supply at Demand
Observation:
I have observed that the teacher implies visual representation of the topic where it encouraged
learners to conduct ideas to answer their queries or confusion about the topic. The teacher
gives different activities based on students learning level. He allows the students to be flexible
and have to express their ideas without pressure on themselves.

Processing

Examine carefully the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

1. Does the teacher employ differentiated teaching-learning approaches?

Yes

2. How do students respond to differentiated teaching and learning activities?

Students have diverse learning styles in the classroom. Effectively delivering

individualized teaching may assist fulfill the different requirement of student in the
school, thus when a teacher employs varied learning in pedagogy, students are
supplied with many learning possibilities, which increases their drive to assume
more ownership of their dedication.

3. What are the challenges met by teachers in the implementation of

differentiated teaching and learning?

Quality instructions entails differentiated education. Teachers differentiate in

order to assist each student in learning and advancing by employing strategies
that are precisely customized to the student academic demands. Nevertheless,
to designing units and lesson plans, lecturing and spending countless hours
every week reviewing and marking homework, teacher are bombarded with work.

4. How does differentiated teaching and learning improve students' learning?

There are a number of substantial advantages to using differentiated education in

the classroom. Numerous educators think that the benefits of this teaching style
 far exceed its downside, and for good reason. First, it allows student to learn at
their own peace and their own manner in a differentiated approach, rather than
relying on a single lecture or set of assignment with every student is assessed,
the teacher customizes the classroom so that each student learn in the most
effective way for them and at a comfortable pace.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

 I realized that:

I realized that an integrated strategy provides a variety of benefits for both

student and teachers. To elaborate, by giving students with opportunity to study a
wide variety of topic discipline that promote cognitive linkages between
information and knowledge, this provides them with transferable abilities that will
be useful in their adult lives and future learning endeavors. This innovative
teaching and learning technique is a great way for students to become critical
thinkers since it utilizes earlier learning to generate curriculum-wide knowledge.

 I believe it is essential to:

I believe it is essential to consider the major characteristics of integrated

approach when incorporating it to classroom. As such, teachers must ensure that
their lesson target their learning objectives or standard while also including
material from other essential courses.

 From now on, I am determined to:

From now on, I am determined to integrate or unify two or more subjects, thereby
enhancing the teaching and learning experience for myself and my student. In
addition, when I will be integrating two or more subject into my teaching, I will
ensure that my students have a deeper understanding of the course material and
are able to apply what they have learned in the classroom to real-world
situations.
LESSON 3 Integrated Teaching and Learning

Guided Practice

Observe classes and provide sample curriculum themes that are used by teachers.

Title of Research Research Questions

N/A, no data could show to support this N/A, no data could show to support this
question. question.

N/A, no data could show to support this N/A, no data could show to support this
question. question.

N/A, no data could show to support this N/A, no data could show to support this
question. question.

N/A, no data could show to support this N/A, no data could show to support this
question. question.

N/A, no data could show to support this N/A, no data could show to support this
question. question.

N/A, no data could show to support this N/A, no data could show to support this
question. question.
 Provide a narrative observation report on how teachers are using integrated
teaching and learning in their classes.

Subject: Ekonomiks
Topic: Batas ng supply
Observation:

The teacher combines content area instruction with different skills instructions. He used project-
based learning where student instruct students to make a scenarios that feature the happening
inside the market. In this instructions, the student will use computer skills by exerting their critical
thinking.

Subject: Ekonomiks
Topic: Supply Schedule
Observation:

The teacher help the students bring together prior knowledge and experiences to support new
knowledge and experiences.

Subject: Ekonomiks
Topic: Supply Curve
Observation:

The teacher encourage students to identify a problem in their community such as environmental
issue that is important to the students.

Subject: Ekonomiks
Topic: Ekspektasyon ng presyo
Observation:

The teacher integrating real-world scenarios that will somehow picture out the real problem of
society.

Processing

Examine carefully the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

1. Does the teacher use integrated teaching-learning approaches?

Yes

2. How do students respond to integrated teaching and learning activities?

 When teacher implement this kind of approach in teaching, student will likely to
recognize biases, think critically, embrace ambiguity and analyze and ethical
concern of a certain topic.

3. What are the challenges met by teachers in the implementation of

integrated teaching and learning?

One of the main hurdles to attaining full integrated approach in educational

context is the requirement for collaboration of instructors. This may be
challenging to accomplish, but not impossible, when professional from different
disciplines collaborate for a common goal and assist students in making
connections between discipline or subject areas, interdisciplinary teaching and
learning is optimized.

4. How does integrated teaching and learning improve students' learning?

It has been shown than an integrated strategy provides students with several
benefits. To elaborate, when a teacher employs this strategy in his teaching, it is
probable that his student will gain an awareness for the variations across
discipline about the how to approach an issue and their discipline-specific norms
for valid evidence.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

 I realized that:

I realized than an integrated strategy provides a variety of benefits for both

students and teachers. To elaborate, by giving students with opportunity to study
a wide variety of topic discipline that promote cognitive linkages between
information and knowledge, this provides them with transferable abilities that will
be useful in their adult lives and future learning endeavors.
 I believe it is essential to:

I believe it is essential to consider the major characteristics of integrated

approach when incorporating it to classroom. As such, teachers must ensure that
their lessons target their learning objectives or standards while also including
material from other essential courses.

 From now on, I am determined to:

From now on, I am determined to integrate or unify two or more subjects, thereby
enhancing the teaching and learning experience for myself and my student. In
addition, when I will be integrating two or more subjects into my teaching, I will
ensure that my students have a deeper understanding of the course material and
are able to apply what they have learned in the classroom to real-world
scenarios.
 LESSON 4 Cooperative Learning

Guided Practice

Observe classes and provide examples of cooperative learning activities that are
used by teachers in their classes.

Subjects Cooperative Learning Activities

Edukasyon sa Pagpakatao Debate

Edukasyon sa Pagpakatao Role-play

Edukasyon sa Pagpakatao Talk show

Edukasyon sa Pagpakatao Think-pair-share

Provide a narrative observation report on how teachers are using

cooperative learning in their classes.

Subject: Edukasyon sa Pagpakatao

Topic: Konsenaiya Ko, Gabay ko
Observation:

When we say conscience we mean the voice in our inner self that gives advice to individual and
dictates what is the right to do?, prior to the discussion, the students are obliged to select a
partner, and they will be given that they should understand and share what they have learned
about it. To add, when the discussion of the content is done.
Processing

Examine carefully the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

1. Does the teacher use cooperative learning approaches?

Yes

2. How do students respond to cooperative learning activities?

During the time where the teacher incorporates learning in class, students tend to
enjoy what they are doing since they are learning together while they work on
academic tasks.

3. What are the challenges met by teachers in the implementation of

cooperative learning?

Cooperative learning has several restrictions that might make the process more
difficult than initially believed. Due to the dynamic nature of cooperative learning,
it cannot be utilized effectively in many circumstances. Teachers might also
develop the habit of depending on cooperative learning to keep students
engaged.

4. How does cooperative learning improve students' learning?

As cooperative learning encourages social relationships, students benefit from a

social viewpoint in a variety of ways. Cooperative learning improves oral
communication abilities because students can articulate their thinking and
conclusions.
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

 I realized that:

I realized that in modern education, student must be involved in learning in

several ways, as it has been highlighted as a vital ability for success in the 21 st
century and an essential component of deep learning. Cooperative learning in
might teach students to listen to what others have to say, provide and accept
assistance, reconcile disagreements and reach democratic solutions to issues.

 I believe it is essential to:

I believe it is essential to better understand that when integrating cooperative

approach in learning and teaching, teachers must looked at through the student’s
perspective since it is important to understand that cooperative learning may
successful for some students and unsuccessful for others.

 From now on, I am determined to:

From now on, I am determined to established cooperative approach in my

teaching someday. To ensure its success, I will understand how to structure
cooperative learning in groups, including their size, composition and the type of
task assigned. I will also set expectation for student behavior, individual and
group responsibilities and monitor both the process and outcomes of the group
experience in class.
 LESSON 5 Problem-based Learning

Guided Practice

Observe classes and provide examples of problem-based learning activities that

are used by teachers in teaching various topics.

Topics Problem-based Learning Activities

Konsensiya Ko, Gabay Ko Konsensiya Ko, Susundin Ko

Ang Pagkakaroon ng Isip at Kilos-Loob Mahabang Paglalakbay, Pagpili at

ay kapangyarihang Ipinagkaloob ng Diyos Paggawa ng Pasya

Pagtatama sa Nagawang Maling Pasya Sitwasyon Mo, Suriin Mo

Provide a narrative observation report on how teachers are using cooperative

learning in their classes.

Subject: Edukasyon sa Pagpakatao

Topic: Ang Pagkakaroon ng Isip at Kilos-Loob ay kapangyarihang Ipinagkaloob ng Diyos
Observation:

Based on the table above, most of the lesson requires students to put their selves on a situation.
Hence, on this lesson, the teacher gives a situational task in which students must as if they are
involved in a situation where they have to choose and make a decision. Upon making decision,
student must ensure that this are anchored to their intellect and will for them to come a correct
and better solutions.

Processing
Examine carefully the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

1. Does the teacher use problem-based learning approaches?

Yes

2. How do students respond to problem-based learning activities?

Through problem-based learning activities, student collaborate in a small groups.

Each student assumes a formal or informal function within the group, which often
alternates. This strategy also allows students to engages in reflection and
reasoning to create their own learning, allowing them to determine them to
determine what they currently know, what they need to learn, and how and where
to acquire new knowledge that may lead to the solution of the problem.

3. What are the challenges met by teachers in the implementation of problem-

based learning?

Upon implementing the problem based learning, instructors have to change their
traditional teaching methodologies in order to incorporate problem-based
learning. Their task is to question students’ knowledge, belief, give only hints to
correct their mistakes and guide the students in their research.

4. How does problem-based learning improve students' learning?

As a result of problem-based learning, student learning abilities, problem solving

skills, self-assessment approaches and data collection skills surpass those
students in traditional courses. They are better at activating existing knowledge,
they learn in a situation similar to their future context and they expound more on
the information offered which aids in their comprehension and retention of the
material.
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

 I realized that:

I realized that with a little bit of effort, a dash of innovation and a pinch of critical
learning might produce a well-rounded and engaged student who is ready to
confront life outside the classroom, while simultaneously teaching ideas and
inspiring lifetime learning.

 I believe it is essential to:

I believe it is essential to put consideration when teacher implement problem-

based learning in pedagogy. To do so, it is essential that the teacher select an
issue that is engaging, relevant and unique for the students. Also it must be
multifaceted enough to motivate students to conduct and identify several
answers. In addition, the problem must come from the unit’s curriculum and be
applicable to future situations.

 From now on, I am determined to:

From now on, I am determined to incorporate a problem-based learning strategy

into my teaching, as it provides student with a real-world challenge and requires
them to provide a well-reasoned response. The method of problem-based
learning also promotes young brains to remain active and think independently as
opposed to traditional learning, which supports just one correct response.