Trends

4 t h Quarter – Reviewer

Globalization

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different
nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

EDUCATION FOR LABOR

Three D jobs:

 Dirty
 Difficult
 Dangerous

OBE- Outcome-Based Education

MIGRATION

Human trafficking- is the activity of illegally relocating a person/s to a country other than the person’s country of origin
to be exploited through forced labor.

UN defines human trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means
of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, or fraud, of deception.

Globalize- refers to the rise of global networks of economic systems.

4 DIFFERENT FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION (Paul James, 2014)

1. Embodied globalization- refers to the movement of migration of people

2. Agency-extended globalization- deals with the dispersion and exchange of agents or representatives of
various institutions, politics, and organizations.

3. Object- extended globalization- involves the mobility of goods, commodities and other objects of exchange
such as machinery, money, and food items.

4. Disembodied globalization- covers the diffusion of ideas, knowledge, and information such as Dos and
DON’Ts of dating, Cunfucian philosophy, and good study habits across the world.

DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Economic globalization- refers to international business, which covers all contracts and negotiations
concerning sales, investments, mobilization
 2. Sociocultural globalization- this dimension has two components: cultural globalization and social
globalization. Cultural globalization refers to the spread of ideas, values, and meanings across countries,
which broaden and increase social relations. Social globalization covers the diffusion of beliefs, practices,
and issues concerning population growth, media, urbanization, tourism, education and sports.

3. Political globalization- this involves institutions, public policies, and practices that cut across national borders
to facilitate international agreements and transactions. (EU, ICC, WTO)

4. Natural environment globalization- concerns the environment where the interaction of living species take
place. It promotes the sharing of natural resources such as fresh water, clean air, abundant aquatic
resources.

The Internet- both a product and stimulus of globalization, plays a key role in connecting peoples and integrating
polities, economies, and cultures, and is unconstrained by national boundaries.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

 Delocalization- covers the decreasing face-to-face encounter both for local and international transactions.
 Decrease in the power of national government- globalization is perceived to have shrunk the power of the
national government due to internationalization of financial markets, new technology, and services that tend
to constrain the national government’s freedom of action.
 Rise of MNC (Multinational Corporations)- considered as the forerunners of globalization
 Social inequality- unregulated capitalism led to unbalanced economic development of some regions.

Multidimensional consequences on the individuals, families, societies and economies:

1. Evolution of new family and household structures.

2. Use of modern technology to sustain family bonds across time and space.
3. Reconfiguration of family arrangements and roles.
4. More political and economic empowerment in the family and community for women.
5. Proliferation of families with unstable marriages and separated or divorced parents.
6. Culture of migration.

• Faith and Religion- one of the oldest forms of global networks.

Networks of Nature
THE ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY

Darwin used the metaphor of a tangled bank to describe the complex interactions between species. Those
interactions are varied: they can be antagonistic ones involving predation, herbivory and parasitism, or mutualistic
ones, such as those involving the pollination of flowers by insects.
Causes of Biodiversity Loss

 Habitat change
 Overexploitation
 Invasive Species
 Pollution
 Climate Change

THE CLIMATE SYSTEM

Components of Climate System

1. Atmosphere- layers upon layers of gas above us that filter radiation coming from the sun

2. Hydrosphere- bodies of water

3. Cryosphere- parts of the world made up of ice

4. Land surface- terrestrial component of the world

5. Biosphere- life forms of the world

Causes and Effects of Climate Change

 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

 Methane (CH4)
 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
 Halocarbons and Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs)
 Changes in land use
 Emmission of pollutants

Combating Climate Change

1. Adaptation
2. Mitigation
3. Science
4. Communication
5. Practice Environmental Ethics

Facts and Fallacies

Fallacy - originated from the Latin fallacia, which means deceit or fraud.

Informal Fallacies- is committed when a person, in the course of an argument, attempts to support a claim with a
proposition that is not logically relevant to the conclusion being drawn.
3 KINDS OF IF

1. Fallacy of insufficient evidence- the premises provided fail to adequately support the conclusion being
drawn.
 Fallacy of Assumption Without Proof
 Fallacy of Hasty Generalization
 Fallacy of False or Misleading Premise

2. Fallacy of Relevance- The premises provided are not logically relevant to the conclusion being drawn.

Argumentatum ad Hominem (Argument against the Person)

• Abusive (appeal to personality/poisoning the well)

• Circumstantial
• Tu Quoque (You also)
• Argumentatum ad Misericordiam (appeal to Pity)
• Argumentatum ad Baculum (Appeal to Force)
• Argumentatum ad Vericundiam (Appeal to Inapproriate Authority/General Eminence/Famous Person)
• Argumentatum ad Populum (Appeal to Popular Sentiment/Mob Appeal Fallcy)
• Genetic Fallacy
• Argumentatum ad Ignorantian (Argument from Ignorance)
• Petitio Principii (Begging the Question)
• Complex Question
• Ignoratio Elenchi (Fallacy of Irrelevant Conclusion/Red Herring Fallacy)
• False Cause
• Post Hoc Fallacy
• Simple Correlation
• Straw-Man Fallacy
• Accident
• Converse Accident
• Slippery Slope Fallacy
• Arithmetic Fallacy
• False Analogy
• Black or White Fallacy (Fallacy of False Dilemma)

3. Fallacies of Ambiguity- premises provided convey meanings that are not clear.
• Fallacy of Equivocation
• Fallacy of Amphiboly (Syntactic Ambiguity)
• Fallacy of Accent
• Fallacy of Composition
• Fallacy of Division (or Decomposition)
 Composing Arguments

Argument- combination of propositions wherein a given proposition or premise is used to support the truth of another
proposition (conclusion) being asserted

KINDS OF ARGUMENT
Deductive argument- is an argument wherein the truth of the conclusion necessarily proceeds from the truth of the
premises in such a way that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must necessarily be true; and if the
premises are false, then the conclusion must necessarily be false.
Inductive argument- is an argument wherein the truth of the conclusion is highly likely to proceed from the truth of the
premises in such a way that if the premises are true, then it is highly likely that the conclusion is also true
Conductive argument- is an argument wherein the premise offered to support the conclusion are divergent in such a
way that each of the premises provides to the conclusion that if any of the premises were removed, the conclusion is
still supported by the remaining premises.

NON- ARGUMENTS
• Unsupported opinion- is a proposition that is laid down by a person without providing statements that would
support the said proposition.
• Conditional statement- is a proposition that has an antecedent and a consequent. The antecedent is
introduced by the word “if” while the consequent by the word “then”. It takes up the form “if A, then B”.
• Explanation- and explanation is meant to answer the question “why?”. When we give an explanation, we
provide the reason/s why something is the case on a topic, that is not an issue.
• Report- is intended to inform the hearer about the thing being reported and not to persuade him/her to
believe the truth of any claim.
• Truth- adequatico rei et intellectus “the conformity of the thing and the intellect”. This means that the
thoughts in the mind should conform to the reality in the world.
• Logic- refer to the characteristic of an argument wherein its conclusion proceeds from the premises.
• Soundness- is the characteristic of arguments having both truth and logic.