MODULE 7: PARTS &

frame is the movable crosshead

whose screws can be loosened
FUNCTIONS/USES OF UTM for height adjustment and
tightened.
 ELONGATION SCALE -
relative movement of the lower
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is
and upper table is measured by
used to determine the mechanical an elongation scale which is
properties of a material by a given provided along with the loading
specimen and can be used for wide unit.

range of tests and can perform over 2. Control Unit – where variations
various materials. in the application of the load
and the corresponding test
 for concrete compressive strength
 reinforced concrete for compressive result are obtained.
strength and flexural or bending strength  HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT -
 for steel tensile strength consists of an oil pump that
UTM FOR COMPRESSION AND TENSION provides non-pulsating oil flow
into the main cylinder of the
load unit.
 LOAD MEASURING UNIT -
has a pendulum dynamometer
unit that has a small cylinder
with a piston which moves with
UTM FOR FLEXURE the non-pulsating oil flow.

The range of load application can be adjusted

by means of a knob in the load measuring
unit (0-100 kN; 0-250 kN; 0-500 kN and 0-1000
kN). The accuracy of measuring unit controls
the overall accuracy of the machine.

A universal testing machine consists  CONTROL DEVICES - can be

electric or hydraulic. Electric
of two main parts:
control devices make use of
1. Loading Unit – where the switches to move the
arrangement of the test crossheads and switch on/off
the unit. A hydraulic control
specimen and the exertion of
device consists of two valves,
the load is held. Right Control Valve and Left
Control Valve or Release Valve.
 LOAD FRAME A right control valve is used to
apply load on the specimen. The
left control valve is used to
release the load application.

FUNCTIONS OF UTM

Tension Test on Steel Rod - used to

test a wide variety of materials like
concrete, steel, cables, springs, steel
wires and chains, slings, links, rope,
winches, steel ropes, etc.

 UPPER & LOWER Compression testing - used to

CROSSHEAD - The upper determine how a product or material
crosshead is used to clamp one reacts when it is compressed,
end of the test specimen. The
squashed, crushed or flattened by
lower crosshead in the load
measuring fundamental parameters
that determine the specimen behavior Wood is the most common building
under a compressive load. materials because of the following
properties: a strong material,
Bending test, sometimes called
durability, light in weight, ease of
flexure testing or transverse beam
fastening; and with artistic and
testing, measures the behavior of
natural beauty.
materials subjected to simple beam
loading. It is commonly performed on
relatively flexible materials such as
polymers, wood, and composites.

GROWTH RINGS OR ANNUAL RINGS -

determining the age of a tree by
counting rings.

Force v/s Displacement (crosshead movement) Graph

From the load deflection graph, the stress-strain CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD

analysis, modulus of elasticity, yield strength of
the specimen tested can be determined.
The wood that are classified as good lumber
that grows larger by the addition of new layer
on the outer surface each year identified by
botanists as “oxygen’s” (alam kong ‘di tama
MODULE 8: Testing of Wood ‘yang “oxygen’s” pero nasa module kasi
Samples for Bending, HAHAHAHAHA)

Compression, Shear, Tension Some grow up to 1/8” to ½” in diameter per

year or more. Whereas some grow at the rate
and Water Content of only ¼” to ½” in 10 to 15 years or more.

Timber - woody material of trees that  MODE OF GROWTH - less

are suitable for house construction, preferred for lumbering because
bridge and ship building, furniture and of the center core of its log
cabinet making, carving, and which is soft and brittle in
engraving for most structures used in character.
agriculture, commerce, and
industries. We refer to trees in the  Exogenous (MAHOGANY)
forest as standing timber, or to round are those growing trees
or square logs as round and square which are the most
timber. preferred for lumbering.
 Endogenous (BAMBOO) are
the insides growing trees.
Wood - defined as the lignified water
conducting, strengthening and  DENSITY - refers to the quality
storage tissues of branches, stem, of the mass and volume of the
and roots of trees. Organic material wood.
that generally used in its natural  SOFTWOOD (PINE) – also
state. A fibrous substance which known as CONIFERS or
composes the pith and the bark. Wood EVERGREEN.
is also known as Xylem.
  HARDWOOD (NARRA) - are strength. The size,
generally deciduous and character and location of
have broad leaves. the knots are of
importance. Example: in
cross bending strength,
 LEAVES - The characteristics of knots on the upper surface
the tree when it comes to its of the beam do not detract
leaves are needle shaped and from the strength as much
broad shaped. as on the lower part of the
beam.

 SHADES OR COLOR OF WOOD -

white, yellow, orange, red,
brown, and black, etc.

 GRAIN - straight grain, cross

grain, fine grain & coarse grain.

 NATURE OF THE SURFACE  WEIGHT OF WOOD - is also an

WHEN SEWED - plain, grained important consideration. Heavy
and figured or marked. woods are generally strong,
light wood are usually weak.
 HARDNESS - expressed as
PROPERTIES OF WOOD resistance to indentation or to
the saw or axe across the grain.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 FURNITURE
 Strength is the general term  FLOORING
used in reference to the ability  CROSS TIES
of wood to resist stresses and  HANDLES
strain.  CLEAVABILITY - the resistance
 Wood is resistant to of wood to cleavage along the
compression along the grains. The line of least
fibers. resistance in cleavage is along
 Stiffness or the ability to the radius because the wood
resist bending as in floor rays are in this direction.
joists and beams  Wood splits much more
supporting heavy load. easily when wet because
 Strength in tension or the moisture softens the fibers
ability to resist lengthwise and reduces adhesion
stresses. across the grain.
 Shearing strength or the Straightens in the grain
ability of the fibers to however, determines the
resist rupture along or ease with which wood
across the grain. splits.
 MOISTURE - is an important
factor in the strength of wood.
Thus, to a certain extent,
strength increases with the
degree of seasoning of wood.
 KNOTS or other defects in
wood also influence
  Flexibility and toughness,
moisture content of
influences flexibility
considerable degree.
 Toughness refers to combined
strength, shock resistance and
pliability of wood.
 Durability as applied to wood
means the ability to resist decay
or simply the length of its life
under a given condition.
Durability as applied to wood
means the ability to resist decay
or simply the length of its life
under a given condition.
TESTING OF WOODS IN
TERMS OF BENDING,
COMPRESSION, SHEAR,
TENSION, AND WATER
CONTENT
BENDING OR FLEXURAL TESTING -
performed to determine the elastic
modulus of bending or flexural stress
of timber or wood. A length of timber
or wood is placed across a span and
applying load perpendicular to the
grain of the specimen to bend until
failure.
as to apply clamping force prior
wood to testing.
to a  Loading direction - controls how
the test specimen is set up and
how much force is applied.
 Specimen - portion of a sample
taken for evaluation of some
specific characteristic or
property.
SHEAR TESTING OF WOOD - The
shearing strength of the wood is
dependent of the load applied on the
grains or fibers direction and the
breaking is on the radial plane or
tangential. Shearing strength is
measured 10 to 15 % of its tensile
strength along the grain and directly
proportional to its density.
 The self-adjusting bearing - Is
typically used in the
compression side of the wood
sample to minimize the friction
and lateral forces that can occur
during the testing process.
 Oil Hole - refers to a small,
drilled hole in the wood sample
that is filled with oil before the
testing process begins.
 Test Specimen - refers to a
small, rectangular-shaped piece
of wood that is cut from a larger
sample and used for testing.

COMPRESSION TESTING OF WOOD - TENSILE TESTING OF WOOD -

The determination of the conducted parallel and perpendicular
measurement of the compressive to the grain or fiber and it is defined
strength of wood is by loading a block as the ratio of the ultimate strength
of wood parallel to the grain until it from a stress test to the cross-
fails. sectional area of the specimen. The
test is performed parallel to the
 Moving stroke - It can give loads
direction of the gage section and the
in the load cell or also called
tensile strength is directly
moving load.
proportional to the density of the
 Load cell - a block that is
wood.
designed to hold a load at one
point to measure compression. WATER CONTENT TESTING OF WOOD
 Sample holder - it holds the - The moisture content of wood varies
sample. from 8% to 25% by weight and it is
 Pneumatic controller - is used to defined as the ratio weight of
open and close the pins, as well moisture or water in a piece of wood
to the oven dried weight of wood.
Wood is hygroscopic material, and its gross area and one-half
moisture content is dependent on the cells open at both ends.
relative humidity of the air and  usually made of a mixture
causes the wood to expand and ratio of 1:3:6 concrete with
shrink. cement and sand mixture
ratio of 1:7, 1:8 or 1:9 and
 PIN METER gets their name
a maximum size of 10 mm
because they have two pins, or
coarse aggregates.
electrodes, that must be pushed
into the wood. An electric Load bearing blocks range from 15 cm
current run between those two to 20 cm and are used to carry load
pins. aside from its own weight.
 PINLESS METERS use an
Non-bearing blocks are intended for
electromagnetic sensor to
walls, partitions, fences, or dividers
measure moisture content. All
carrying its own weight with
you must do is hold the sensor
thickness ranges from 7.5 cm to 10
plate in full contact with a flat
cm.
piece of wood.

MODULE 9: DETERMINING
THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
OF CONCRETE HOLLOW
BLOCKS

CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

Compressive Strength (ASTM C140/140M -14)
MODULE 10: DETERMINING
 most common materials for THE SETTING TIME OF
walling in building
PORTLAND CEMENT
construction because of
their availability, low cost,
and their ease in
PORTLAND CEMENT
installation.
 classified as bearing and  most common type of cement in
non-bearing blocks and are general use around the world,
compressive materials, used as a basic ingredient of
filled with mortar in their concrete, mortar, stucco, and
hollow part, spread by most non-specialty grout.
mortar per layer and  Usually originates from
reinforced horizontally and limestones.
vertically to increase their  constitutes a finely ground
resistance lateral forces. powder, formed mainly by
 measured 40 cm (length) x calcium silicates and, to a
20 cm (width) x 4 inches lesser extent, by calcium
(thickness) or 40 cm aluminates.
(length) x 20 cm (width) x  type of hydraulic cement that is
5 inches (thickness) have typically used for reinforced
three cells and areas masonry.
greater than 20% of the
 sulfate attack because of
certain limitations of
composition. It is
intermediate between type
HISTORY OF PORTLAND CEMENT
I OPC and type IV LOW
1824 – when Joseph Aspdin & HEAT CEMENT.
James Parker patented the
Manufactured under ASTM
Portland cement mixture.
STANDARD ASTM C150
1843 – when William Aspdin (son fo TYPE II.
Joseph) improved the mixture and
started the production of Portland APPLICATION: USE WHEN
cement near London, at factory in EXPOSED TO MODERATE SULFATE
Rotherhithe. ACTION, OR WHERE MODERATE
HEAT OF HYDRATION IS
REQUIRED.
MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND C. RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND
CEMENT CEMENT - Strength developed in
 WET PROCESS standard mortar cube after 3
 DRY PROCESS days is of the same order as the
7 days strength ordinary
Portland cement, used where
high early strength is necessary
and should not be used in mass
concrete works owing to high
rate of heat development since
the difference in temperature
between interior and exterior of
HYDRATION – chemical reaction with the concrete may lead to
water. cracks.

D. LOW HEAT CEMENT -

CLASSIFICATION OF PORTLAND Percentage of C3S and C3A are
CEMENT lower in this cement than
ordinary Portland cement and
A. ORDINARY PORTLAND rapid hardening cement while
CEMENT - Nearly 60% of the that of C2S is higher, results in a
cement used is Ordinary slower rate of reaction, lower
Portland cement, admirably evolution of heat and lower early
suited to all construction work strength but the ultimate
which is free from sulphate strength remains more or less
attack, has a medium rate of unaffected and used in mass
strength development and heat concrete and places where
generation and has an adequate moderate sulfate attack is likely
resistance to dry shrinkage and to occur.
cracking, but has less
Application/Use: Due to its low rate
resistance to chemical attack.
of heat of hydration LHC is used for
B. MODERATE SULFATE mass cotreating structures such as
RESISTANCE - This type of Dams, Large raft footings, Tunnels,
cement is resistant to etc.
 E. SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT USE FOR FOUNDATION, MARINE
- This type of cement is WORKS, AND FABRICATION OF RC
specially made to resist sulfate PIPES.
attack and it is suitable for
I. NATURAL CEMENT - produced in
structures to be built in places
a simple process that begins
where sulfate attack is likely to
with the calcination, at a very
occur.
low temperature, of crushed
carbonate sedimentary rocks,
like limestone, in kilns. The
F. PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE resulting clinker is ground into a
SLAG CEMENT - Blast furnace fine powder and is at once ready
slag cement is the mixture of for use.
ordinary Portland cement and J. HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT (HAC) -
fine granulated blast furnace It is a special cement compound
slag obtained as a byproduct in that develops strength very
the manufacture of steel. quickly. It is produced much in
the same way as other forms of
Used in ready mixed concrete plants.
cement, but its unique makeup
Used for structures meant for water
results in characteristics that
retaining such as retaining walls,
are unique to HAC. Specifically,
rivers, ports, tunnels for improvement
high alumina cement is
in impermeability.
chemical resistant and can
G. WHITE OR COLORED CEMENT - withstand frigid temperatures.
similar to ordinary gray.
General Features of the Main
Portland cement in all respects
except for its high degree of
Types of Portland Cement as
whiteness. It is made from raw available in the Market
materials containing very high
little iron oxide (gray color of
ordinary Portland cement is due
to the iron oxide present). These
raw materials used for white
cement are high purity
limestone, pure white chalk and
China clay.
H. SUPER SULPHATED CEMENT -
manufactured by grinding
together a mixture of 80-85
percent granulated slag, 10-15
percent gypsum, and about 5
percent Portland cement
clinker. The product is ground
finer than that of Portland PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL CEMENT
cement.

Water cement ratio:

A minimum of 0.5 w/c ratio needs

to be used. Leaner mixes than 1:6
is not recommended for super
sulphated cement.
APPARATUS FOR TESTING OF
SETTING TIME OF PORTLAND
CEMENT (ASTM Designation C 191 –
08)

 VICAT APPARATUS/AUTOMATIC
VICAT APPARATUS
 BEAKER
 STEEL TROWEL
 CONICAL RING
 BENCHTOP LABORATORY
MIXER
 SPECIMEN MOLDS