MAPÚA UNIVERSITY

Muralla St. Intramuros, Manila

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Experiment No. 1
TENSILE TEST OF REINFORCING STEEL BAR

NAME: MARVIL, John Mitchell M. Date of Submission: June 2, 2021

STUDENT NO.: 2018101266
COURSE/SECTION: ME136P-2/E01

90
GRADE

Engr Jennifer A. Buenconsejo-Valdez

INSTRUCTOR
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 1

OBJECTIVES 2

INTRODUCTION 2

METHOD/PROCEDURES 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 6

CONCLUSIONS 7

REFERENCES 8

2
 ABSTRACT

The Universal Testing Machine (UTM), also known as the universal tester, materials
testing machine, or materials test frame, is a machine that is used to assess mostly the tensile
strength and compressive strength of a material. In this laboratory report Universal Testing
Machine will be discussed in the following – in the topics what are its uses, what are the parts of
a Universal Testing Machine and its importance, and the definition of a Universal Testing
Machine. A universal testing machine (UTM) is a machine that uses tensile, compressive, or
transverse stresses to evaluate the mechanical properties (tension, compression, etc.) of a test
specimen. The machine's name comes from the wide range of tests it can perform on various
types of materials. UTM can be used to do various tests like as peel tests, flexural tests, tension
tests, bend tests, friction testing, spring testing, and so on.
OBJECTIVES

1. To be able to know the definition of Universal Testing Machine

2. To familiarize with the major and minor parts of Universal Testing Machine
3. To be able to differentiate methods and procedures using the Universal Testing Machine

INTRODUCTION

The Universal Testing Machine is an electric machine used in Engineering where the
main mechanical properties of a given specimen of a construction material are being tested.
Using the Universal Testing Machine, the mechanical properties such as tension, compression,
and bending capacity along with other properties are tested by this machine.

The usual processes that is done by the Universal Testing Machine are pulling,
compressing, bending, and stretching until they break. All sorts of materials are tested such as
metals and non-metals.

Parts of a Universal Testing Machine:

A universal testing machine consists of two main parts :

Loading Unit & Control Unit

The LOADING UNIT of a UTM consists of the following components:

1. Load Frame

A universal testing machine's load frame can be designed with either a single or
double support. The load Frame comprises of a table, higher crosshead, and lower
crosshead (where the specimen is placed for the compression test).

2. Upper crosshead and Lower crosshead

One end of the test specimen is clamped by the upper crosshead. The adjustable
crosshead in the load frame is the lower crosshead, whose screws can be loosened and
tightened for height adjustment. A tapered slit is located in the center of each crossheads.
The tensile test specimen will be gripped and held in this slot by a pair of racking jaws.

3. Elongation Scale

An elongation scale that comes with the loading unit is used to measure the
relative displacement of the lower and higher tables.

The main components of the CONTROL UNIT in a universal testing machine are:

1. Hydraulic Power Unit

An oil pump feeds non-pulsing oil into the load unit's main cylinder. The smooth
application of load on the specimen is made possible by this flow. An electric motor and
a sump drive the oil pump in a hydraulic power unit.
2. Load Measuring Unit
This device contains a pendulum dynamometer, which consists of a tiny cylinder
with a piston that moves in tandem with the non-pulsating oil flow. The pivot lever
connects the pendulum to the piston. The load supplied to the specimen causes the pivot
lever to deflect. This deflection is transformed to a load pointer, which appears on the
dial as a load.
A knob on the load measuring unit can be used to alter the load application range
(0-100 kN; 0-250 kN; 0-500 kN and 0-1000 kN). The overall accuracy of the machine is
controlled by the accuracy of the measurement unit.
 3. Control Devices
Electric or hydraulic control devices can be used. Switches are used in electric
control devices to move the crossheads and turn the unit on and off. Right Control Valve
and Left Control Valve or Release Valve are the two valves that make up a hydraulic
control mechanism. To apply load to the specimen, a right control valve is used.

METHODS/PROCEDURES:

The main functions of UTM are to test the mechanical properties of materials. The standard tests

performed by UTM are:

1. Tensile Test

The tensile test is conducted on UTM. It is hydraulically operates a pump, oil in oil sump,

load dial indicator and central buttons. The left has upper, middle and lower cross heads i.e;

specimen grips (or jaws). Idle cross head can be moved up and down for adjustment.

2. Compression Test

Compression tests are used to examine a material's behavior under applied crushing

pressures, and are often performed on a universal testing machine utilizing platens or specific

fixtures to apply compressive pressure to a test specimen (generally of either a cuboid or

cylindrical geometry).

3. Adhesion Tests

The adhesive can be used to attach two flexible substrates, two rigid substrates, or a

flexible and rigid substrate together. To measure the adhesive's strength, these three types usually

require universal test devices.

4. Pull-Out Tests

A pullout test determines the strength of a particular specimen by injecting special

tension jacks into the specimen being tested.

 5. Bending Test

A bend test is a technique for determining a material's stiffness and yield qualities. Bend

tests for ductility are a straightforward approach to assess a material's quality by evaluating its

ability to withstand cracking or other surface imperfections during a single continuous bend.

6. Hysteresis Test

Testing for the retardation of an effect when the forces acting upon a body are change

Procedures:

1. Prepare the specimens

2. Adjust the test machine
3. Install the specimen
4. Check again the measurements
5. Test Procedure
6. Remove the test piece and the recording paper
7. Measure the distance using vernier caliper
8. Power off the machine
9. Finalize and organize your data
RESULTS and DISCUSSIONS:

As we have done the laboratory report on using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
commonly referred to as “tensile tester”, “compression tester”, and “bend tester”. There are other
UTMs that have been stripped of features or marketed to a specific industry, resulting in
specialized titles like "texture analyzer" for food, "top load compression tester" for packing and
tubing, and "peel tester" for adhesives, tapes, and labels.

A UTM can now do all of these tests, as well as others. For an R&D lab or QC
department, a UTM is an excellent multi-purpose equipment. Here are a few examples of what a
UTM can perform:

Tensile Test: Clamp each end of a single piece of anything and pull it apart until it
breaks. This metric determines how strong (tensile strength), how stretchy (elongation),
and how stiff it is (tensile modulus).

Compression Test: A tensile test's opposite. You compress a thing between two level
plates until it reaches a particular load or distance, or the result breaks. The maximum
force that can be applied before breaking (compressive force) or the load at displacement
are two common metrics.

Peel Test: The test is similar to a tensile test. Instead of separating a single component,
you separate two materials that have been bound together. One clamp holds one
substance while the second clamp holds the other components in this test. Then you
separate them by a few inches. During the test, the force is measured up to 1000 times per
second, and the average of all the data is recorded as the "average peel force."

Bend Test: This is a compression test in which a length of material is supported by

spanning it across two supports on opposite ends. Underneath it, there is nothing to
support the central section. Then, from above, press down in the middle of the material
span until the supported material breaks or reaches a certain distance. This test
determines how strong and stiff the material is in flexure (flexural strength) (flexural
modulus).
 Puncture Test: You secure a circular chunk of material around its perimeter in this test.
Then, from above, you press down on the material with a "puncture probe" until it
punctures. Puncture resistance is the force that occurs when a product cracks.

CONCLUSION:

After doing the laboratory report the objectives for the experiment Universal Testing
Machine objectives were met. In this report we were able to define what is a Universal Testing
Machine by mentioning what it does and how it operates.

The laboratory report also was able to show the major and minor parts of the Universal
Testing Machine which was included in the introduction, the report also shows a brief
description of each part and how it is important to the universal testing machine.

Lastly the report was able to mention different methods and procedures in using the
Universal Testing Machine by citing different kinds of tests like – Tensile Test, Compression
Test, Peel Test, Bend Test, and Puncture Test, that are performed using the Universal Testing
Machine. Procedures on how to use the universal testing machine were also cited.
REFERENCES:

“Universal Testing Machine – Components and Functions.” The Constructor, May 31, 2019.
https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/universal-testing-machine-components-
functions/2449/.

“What Is a Universal Testing Machine?” ADMET, February 25, 2021.

https://www.admet.com/what-is-a-universal-testing-machine-2/.

“Testing Procedure for Tensile Test Machine , Universal Test Machines - Haida Equipment.”
Haida Testing Machine. Accessed May 30, 2021.
https://www.haidatestequipment.com/news/testing-procedure-for-tensile-test-machine.htm.

“What Is a Universal Testing Machine?” ADMET, February 25, 2021.

https://www.admet.com/what-is-a-universal-testing-machine-2/.